Models of Science: An OverviewModels of Science: An Overview

Andrea ScharnhorstKaty Börner

Workshop on “Modelling Science”

October 6-9, 2009Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Andrea ScharnhorstKaty Börner

Workshop on “Modelling Science”

October 6-9, 2009Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Mathematical ApproachesMathematical Approaches

Process characteristics of

Stochastic processes

Distributions, Growth

Lotka, Price, Egghe/Rousseau Glänzel/Schubert, Rogers….

Agents interactions

Agent-rule based modelling

GrowthDistributions

Gilbert, Grim, Kutcher, …

Group interactions

Populations dynamics models(stochastic)GrowthCompetition

Goffman,Yablonsky, Bruckner et al. ,…

Process interactions

System dynamicsGrowthCompetition

Sterman

Agents interactions

Social network analysis

Structure versus performance

…..

Agents interactions

Complex network models

Evolving structures

Barabasi, Newman, Fronczak …..

…..

PR^2: Which type of models do you use (mathematical approach)?

Mathematical Approaches: Origins and PrevalenceMathematical Approaches: Origins and Prevalence

# publications

Sto

chas

tic

Epi

dem

ic

Age

nt-b

ased

Net

wor

k

19481940

1954

19671970

1990

2000

ORIGIN

APPLICATION

Identify and define major terms and concepts.

Describe science studies/ models in a uniform, replicable way.

See Special Issue of Journal of Informetrics, 3(3), 2009.for a first attempt.

Editorial is available at http://ivl.slis.indiana.edu/km/pub/2009-borner-scharnhorst-joi-sos-intro.pdf

Science of Science Conceptualization(s)

Toward a Model Type Taxonomy: PR^2sToward a Model Type Taxonomy: PR^2s

Which phenomena/question/effect does your model describe?

– PhenomenaWhich type of models do you use? Where these models used otherwise, what is their disciplinary origin?

– Type of models / class of modelsWhat are the building blocks of your model? What are the main entities/subjects/objects? Which kinds of interaction does the model cover?

– OperationalizationHow you would characterize your model: as a thought experiment, as an explanation for a measured effect, ...

– Epistemic purposeHow did you validate your model? (Common sense, theoretical insights, observations, data)

– Validation approachWhich visualization you used in the analysis of the phenomena AND the presentation of your model results?

– Visualization

Which phenomena/question/effect does your model describe?

– PhenomenaWhich type of models do you use? Where these models used otherwise, what is their disciplinary origin?

– Type of models / class of modelsWhat are the building blocks of your model? What are the main entities/subjects/objects? Which kinds of interaction does the model cover?

– OperationalizationHow you would characterize your model: as a thought experiment, as an explanation for a measured effect, ...

– Epistemic purposeHow did you validate your model? (Common sense, theoretical insights, observations, data)

– Validation approachWhich visualization you used in the analysis of the phenomena AND the presentation of your model results?

– Visualization

Communication Text Actors

words journals references authors institutions countries…

Co-word mapsSemantic maps(Callon, Rip,White)

Citation environmentsof journals (Leydesdorff)

Maps of science(Boyack, Börner, Klavans;Leydesdorff, Rafols)

Bibliographic couplingCitation networks

Co-citation networks(Marshokova, Small/Griffith)

Productivity(Lotka)

Coauthorship(…..)

Disciplinary profilesPerformanceImpact (…..)

International collaboration (…..)

What is a topic?What is a paradigm?

What are fields and disciplines?

What are the hot areas and research fronts?What are the knowledge flows?

Core and peripheryof knowledge exchange in a globalized economy

Biographies, key player, Individual vs group dynamics

Key players, evaluation

Example: Modeled Phenomena/Question/EffectExample: Modeled Phenomena/Question/Effect

PriceGoffman

http://dev.epic.slis.indiana.edu http://dev.epic.slis.indiana.edu

Scholarly Marketplaces / Inventories of Science Studies/Models

The Quest for a Science Models InventoryThe Quest for a Science Models Inventory

Please download and complete xls form linked from

http://sci.slis.indiana.edu/amsterdam.xls

Every morning, we will generate new networks from• Co-author• Author-model• Author-insitution• Author-software• Author-data.

Please download and complete xls form linked from

http://sci.slis.indiana.edu/amsterdam.xls

Every morning, we will generate new networks from• Co-author• Author-model• Author-insitution• Author-software• Author-data.

THANK YOU!THANK YOU!

The perspective of scale, time and “specimen”The perspective of scale, time and “specimen”

Macro

Arrow of time

Meso

Micro

… and many other perspectives… and many other perspectives

Substrates

Data bases

Visualizations

Software tools