models of civil society - tom g....
TRANSCRIPT
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Models of Civil Society
Dr. Tom G. Palmer“Ambassadors for Change: Individual Liberty and
Personal Responsibility”Cairo, Egypt
August 16, 2006
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Themes
• Definitions• Historical Origins in Europe and in the Middle
East• Relations of Civil Society to the State• Relations of Individuals to Groups• The Formation of Identity• Challenges to Formation of Civil Society in
the Middle East
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Definitions
• Does “Civil” Society distinguish the civilparts of society from the uncivil parts, orcivil societies from uncivil societies?
• What role does motivation of actors playin defining civil society?
• Civil Society in its historicalmanifestations
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Definitions, continued
• The confusion of defining civil societyby motivation– Hegel and Marx: civil society is motivated
only by self-interest– Barber and Kymlicka: civil society is
motivated only by lack of self-interest• Such definitions birfurcate human life
and lead to confusion
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Defining Civil Society byRelations Among Persons
• “Those who are unitedinto one Body, andhave a commonestablish’d Law andJudicature to appeal to,with Authority to decideControversies betweenthem, and punishOffenders, are in CivilSociety one withanother….”– John Locke, Second Treatise of
Government, §87
John Locke
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Civil Society in Europe Emergedfrom the Medieval “Communes” –
Independent Cities• “Stadtluft macht
frei, nach Ablaufevon Jahr und Tag.”
• “City air makes youfree, after the lapseof a year and aday.”
Medieval City of Cologne (Roman/Latin“Colonia”)
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Civil Society’s Two LinguisticRoots in European Languages• Latin Civitas: a city
understood as alegal association,not as a mere place(Urb)– From Civitas we
derive “civilization”and “civil behavior”
• German Burg: afortified or strongand defended place– From Burg we derive
“bürgerlich” (Marx:“BürgerlicheGesellschaft”),“bourgeois,”“burgher,” “borough,”“Pittsburg,” etc.
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Relations of Civil Society tothe State
• The Officers of theState are Limited intheir Functions andhave onlyEnumerated Powers– Example: U.S. Bill of
Rights, AmendmentTen
• The Members ofCivil Society haveUnenumeratedRights– Example: U.S. Bill of
Rights, AmendmentNine
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Relations of Individuals toGroups
• In a Collectivist Order, the Individual is (Allegedly)Completely Absorbed by the Group
• In a Civil Society, the Individual is a Member of ManyGroups, none of which Absorb Him or HerCompletely
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The Complexity of CivilSociety
• “Our present system ofassociation, which resembles agreat number of infinitelyintersecting circles, rests on thepossibility of belonging withone part, one aspect of one’sindividuality, perhaps with onlyone closely defined part ofone’s range of ability, to oneorganization, and with others toothers.”– Otto von Gierke, Das Deutsche
Genossenschaftsrecht
Otto von Gierke
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Relations Among Individuals and GroupsIn Civil Society Are Like IKEA Furniture
• “There are firms which produce,advertise, and market modularfurniture. The point about suchfurniture is that it comes in bits whichare agglutinative: you can buy one bitwhich will function on its own, butwhen your needs, income or spaceavailable augment, you can buy anotherbit. It will fit in with the one acquiredpreviously, and the whole thing willstill have a coherence, aesthetically andtechnically. You can combine andrecombine the bits at will. . . .Whatgenuine Civil Society really requires isnot modular furniture, but modularman.”
– Ernest Gellner, Conditions ofLiberty: Civil Society and itsRivals
Ernest Gellner
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In Civil Society, Identities AreComplex
• Individuals CanForm Their OwnIdentities– Identity is partly
given, but also partlycreated
• Through Association• Through Fashion• Through Education• Through Choices
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Challenges to Civil Society• Statist/Collectivist
Ideologies– Nationalism– Racism– Intolerance– Sexism– Protectionism– Socialism
• Rentier States– The Resource Curse– The Foreign Aid
Curse• Taxation Effect• Spending Effect
(Patronage)• Group Formation
Effect• Repression Effect
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Some Steps Toward CivilSociety
• Establishing GenderEquality before the Law
• Protecting Religiousand Social Pluralism
• Establishing andDefending anIndependent Judiciaryfor a Law-GovernedState
• Combatting CollectivistIdeologies
• EliminatingBureaucratic Obstaclesto Formation of CivilAssociations, whetherNon-Profit or For-Profit
• Freeing Trade fromState and EliteDomination
• Freeing the Media• Freeing Education• Freeing Our Minds
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One Great Human Being WhoFreed His Own Mind
• “The contest wasnow ended; thechain was severed;God and right stoodvindicated. I was AFREEMAN, and thevoice of peace andjoy thrilled myheart.”– Frederick Douglass,
1817? - 1895