modelling lids using pcswmm - trieca...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Modelling LIDs using PCSWMM - TRIECA Conferencetrieca.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/LID-Modeling-Mar-28-2012.pdf · 1977 SWMM ported to minicomputer 1981 EPA SWMM 3 released 1984](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021504/5aa400fa7f8b9ac8748b5029/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Modelling LIDs using PCSWMM and EPA SWMM5
March 28, 2012
Presented by: Rob James (CHI)
Credit to: Lewis Rossman (US EPA)
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1977SWMM ported to minicomputer
1981EPA SWMM 3released
1984PCSWMM released1st PC versionFORTRAN
1988EPA SWMM 4released
2004EPA SWMM 5released
1991PCSWMM4First GUI versionBASIC
1995PCSWMM ‘95First 32-bit Windowsversion - Visual Basic
1998PCSWMM ’98First GIS-based versionVisual Basic
2002PCSWMM 2002Genetic algorithmbased calibration
IBM PC/AT Intel 80-486 IBM PowerPC Intel Pentium III Intel Quad Core
1993SWMM-USERSlistserv
2007PCSWMM.NETFirst multi-threadedversion - C#, .NET 3.5
2010-2011PCSWMM 2011• Real-time flood
forecasting• Integrated 2D
modeling• French, Spanish,
Chinese language versions
Intel i7
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Processing power increase over the history of PCSWMM
100,000,000
TIMES
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PCSWMM`s computational grid at CHI
1,000,000,000,000
FLOPS
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So how much is 1 trillion floating point operations?
1 x 60s x 60m x 2100h x 40y
302,400,000
1,000,000,000,000= 0.03%
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PCSWMM: Spatial DSS for EPA SWMM5
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PCSWMM: Spatial DSS for EPA SWMM5
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PCSWMM/SWMM5 LID toolbox
• Physically-based processes
• Flexible components
• SWMM Version 5.0.022
• Simplifies the modeling of:– Lot level implementations
– Watershed scale or city master planning
– Single event
– Continuous
– Performance degradation
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Examples of SWMM5 LID controls
Vegetative Swale Rain Garden
Street Planter
Rain Barrel
Porous Pavement Infiltration Trench
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EPA SWMM5 LID toolkit: follows the methodology of PCSWMM for PP
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Conceptual Model of an LID Process
Surface Zone
Soil Zone
Storage Zone
Runon
Infiltration
Percolation
Infiltration
Overflow
Underdrain
ET
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Flow Balance Equations
11101 qfeqt
d
pfeft
D 212
3333 qfeft
dp
Surface d1
Soil
Storage d3
q0
f1
fp
f3
q1
q3
e1, e2, e3
D2
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Infiltration Flux
Classical Green-Ampt Eqn: (depth d is normally ignored) F
dKf sat
))((1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (minutes)
Infi
ltra
tio
n R
ate
(in
/hr)
depth included depth ignored
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Time (minutes)
Po
nd
ed
Dep
th (
inch
es)
depth included depth ignored
Effect of ponded depth (d) on infiltration rate (Ksat = 0.5 in/hr)
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DKf p
)(1)(
Rate of percolation (fp) through the unsaturated soil zone as a function of moisture content ( is described by Darcy’s Law:
))(exp( HCOKK sat
))(exp(135 PCOFC
K = hydraulic conductivity, = capillary tension, = porosity, FC = field capacity, and HCO and PCO are coefficients.
Percolation Flux
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Outflow Fluxeso Flux rates are functions of zone’s water depth (d)
o Surface zone
– Overland flow using Manning’s formula
Q = (1.49/n)AR2/3S1/2 where A and R depend on d
– Overflow using the weir equation
Q = CWL(d)1.5
o Storage zone underdrain flow
Q = CD(d)
n = Manning’s roughness, A = flow area, R = hyd. radius, S = surface slope, L = length of weir crest, and Cw, CD, and are coefficients.
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Representing Different LID Alternatives
LID Alternative Zones Processes (besides ET)
Rain Barrel Surface,
Storage
Surface Overflow
Storage Underdrain Flow
Porous Pavement Surface,
Storage
Surface Overland Flow
Storage Infiltration*
Infiltration Trench Surface,
Storage
Surface Overflow
Storage Infiltration
Vegetative Swale Surface Surface Overland Flow
Surface Infiltration
Bioretention Cell Surface,
Soil,
Storage
Surface Overflow
Soil Infiltration
Soil Percolation
Storage Infiltration*
*May also include storage underdrain flow
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Bio-retention cell – ‘Street Planter’
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LID example: Valleyfield, PQ
• New residential development to include 22 boulevard planters
• Reduce minor system inflow
• Reduce pollutant loading
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Boulevard Planters
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Alternate designs
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Valleyfield, Quebec – LID retrofit example
Bio-retention cell to be installed in typical residential neighbourhood
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PCSWMM LID representation
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PCSWMM LID representation: surface
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PCSWMM LID representation: surface storage
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PCSWMM LID representation: soil
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PCSWMM LID representation: storage
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PCSWMM LID representation: tile drain
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Continuous LID analysis
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Continuous LID analysis: small events
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Continuous LID analysis: large events
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Continuous LID analysis: clogging potential
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Enabling continuous LID analysis: Rainfall Processing with PCSWMM
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Runoff for 1-inch, 6-hr Event
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00
Ru
no
ff (
cfs
)
No Planters 3 Planters 5 Planters
Rossman (2009)
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Effect of Number of Planters
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Planters
Perc
en
t R
un
off
Rossman (2009)
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36
Loss of Stored Water Over Time
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (hrs)
Losses (in/hr) Storage Depth (ft)
Rossman (2009)
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Runoff With No Planters
Elapsed Time (days)
400350300250200150100500
Ru
no
ff (
CF
S)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Runoff With Five Planters
Elapsed Time (days)
400350300250200150100500
Ru
no
ff (
CF
S)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Long Term Performance
Rossman (2009)
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Olds College Demonstration Project
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Olds College: lot-level analysis
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Olds College: subcatchments
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Olds College : roof to cistern
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Olds College: roof to landscaping
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Olds College : absorbent landscaping
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Olds College: bio-retention area
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Olds College : parking lot 2
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Olds College: oil & grit separator
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Olds College: parking lot 2
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Olds College: permeable pavement
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Olds College: wet pond
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Olds College: Irrigation
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Continuous simulation of re-use
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Irrigation
If the rainfall in the preceding two days is more than 10 mm, irrigation is delayed.
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Irrigation
• Rule 1IF SIMULATION MONTH = 5AND SIMULATION DAY = 6AND NODE SU_RG DEPTH = 0AND NODE SU DEPTH > 2THEN PUMP P1 SETTING = 1
• Rule 2IF SIMULATION MONTH = 6AND SIMULATION DAY = 3AND NODE SU_RG DEPTH = 0AND NODE SU DEPTH > 2THEN PUMP P1 SETTING = 1
• Rule 3IF SIMULATION MONTH = 6AND SIMULATION DAY = 6AND NODE SU_RG DEPTH = 0AND NODE SU DEPTH > 2THEN PUMP P1 SETTING = 1.5ELSE PUMP P1 STATUS = OFF
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Single event LID analysis: detention pond sizing
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Design storm analysis: pond sizing no LIDs
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Design storm analysis: pond sizing with LIDs
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PCSWMM/SWMM5 LID modeling
• Physically-based processes
• Flexible components
• SWMM Version 5.0.022
• Simplifies the modeling of:– Lot level implementations
– Watershed scale or city master planning
– Single event
– Continuous
– Performance degradation