modelling capabilities for aerosols and climate at cccma knut von salzen canadian centre for climate...
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Modelling Capabilities for Aerosols and Climate at CCCma
Knut von Salzen
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) Environment Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Acknowledgements: M. Namazi, J. Li, J. Cole, J. Scinocca, J. Fyfe, N. Gillett (CCCma)W. R. Leaitch, S. Sharma, L. Huang (CCMR, Environment Canada)A. Herber (AWI Bremerhaven)
[email protected] www.cccma.ec.gc.ca
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General features
• Resolution: T63 (ca. 2.8°), 49 levels to approx. 1hPa
• Spectral advection, hybridization of tracer variable, physics filter
• Orographic and non-orographic gravity wave drag
• Radiation: Correlated-k distribution and Monte carlo Independent Column Approximation (McICA) methods
• Local and non-local turbulent mixing
• Mass flux schemes for deep and shallow convection
• Prognostic cloud liquid water and ice, statistical cloud scheme
New features
• Most recent version of the CLASS land surface scheme (version 3.6)
• Parameterizations for snow microphysics and snow albedo
• Prognostic aerosol microphysics (size distributions) for sulphate, sea salt, mineral dust, hydrophobic and hydrophilic black and organic carbon
• Improved direct radiative aerosol forcings (internally mixed aerosol)
• 1st and 2nd aerosol indirect effects, using online non-adiabatic parcel model
• Absorption of solar radiation by black carbon in cloud droplets
Canadian Atmospheric Global Climate Model (CanAM4.2)
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Large Increases in Black Carbon Emissionsfrom Human Activities
Historic(Lamarque et al., 2010)
Future(Moss et al., 2010)
Anthropo-genic
VegetationFires
FSUN AmericaEurope
S+E Asia
Other
FSUN AmericaEuropeS+E Asia
Other
RCP6.0
RCP8.5
RCP6.0
RCP2.6
RCP8.5
RCP2.6
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Land
BC
Ocean
BCBC
Black Carbon Sources + Sinks in CanESM4.2-PAM
BC
hydrophobic
hydrophilic
24 hrs
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gravitationalsettling
wet depositionSinks
dry deposition
coagulation& condensation
condensationnucleation
& coagulation
inorganic & organicvapours
mechanical production(sea salt, mineral dust)
approx. dry particle radius (µm)
emissions
Sources
Aerosol Microphysical Processes in CanAM4.2
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Droplet Activation and Growth
25 cm/s50 cm/s100 cm/s 200 cm/s
updraft wind speedCircles: New numerical solutionBullets: Detailed parcel model (Shantz and Leaitch)
Water-solubleorganics in aerosol
Water-insoluble organics in aerosol
heig
ht
(m)
supersaturation (%) supersaturation (%)
CDNC (m-3)
CDNC (m-3)
cloud layer
adiabaticair parcel
heig
ht
(m)
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• Analysis of radiative forcings of different types of aerosol in CanAM4.2 by emission region and sector
• Validation of temporal variability in simulated aerosol concentrations on multi-year and seasonal time scales using surface observations
• Validation of vertical profiles and horizontal BC concentration distributions based on aircraft observations
• Analyze roles of biomass and fossil fuel emissions for black carbon concentrations through comparisons with isotopic data
• Investigate contributions of Arctic DMS emissions to aerosol burdens
• Detection and attribution of changes in Arctic climate to changes in aerosol emissions
• Climate mitigation scenario simulations for black carbon
Summary of Plans for Aerosol and Climate Modelling
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- Lookup table function of: SWE, underlying surface albedo, solar zenith angle, snow grain size, BC concentration, wavelength interval
- Diffuse albedo, direct albedo, diffuse transmission, and direct transmission
- Single layer of snow over bare ground (consistent with CLASS)
- Detailed offline DISORT calculations at 280 wavelengths. Results averaged over CCCma solar radiation bands
- Total albedo for each band is weighted average (based on incident radiation) of direct and diffuse albedo
SWE (kg/m2) SWE (kg/m2)
Gra
in s
ize
(mic
rons
)
Diffuse albedo Diffuse trans
Parameterization of Snow Albedo
Means for0.2-0.69 microns, black surface, θ=0o
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droplets/cm3
Cloud Droplet NumberConcentration in low Clouds
for JJA
Obs: MODIS, 2001(Bennartz, pers. comm.)
Improved Simulation of Cloud Droplets and Aerosol Forcings
Satellite observations
CanAM with aerosol microphysics CanAM with bulk aerosol scheme
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dry + melt-freeze
metamorphism
Atmosphere
Surface Snow Layer
snowfallBC dry + wet
deposition
BC melt waterscavenging
Parameterizations for Snow Microphysics
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Clear-Sky Planetary Albedo BiasesMarch-April-May (MAM) June-July-August (JJA)
New snow albedoparameterization
CLASS 3.6
(Anomalies vs. CERESEBAF V2.7, 2003-2008,
masked by modelled SWE)
Improved biases from new parameterizations for snow albedo
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Simulation of Multicomponent Aerosols withthe PLA Aerosol Model (PAM)
Example from application of PAM in a developmental version of the Canadian atmospheric global climate model (CanAM4-PAM)
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Effects of Aerosols on Clouds & Climate
more reflection:Cloud albedo effect
less precipitation:Cloud lifetime effect
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The strength of aerosol radiative forcings from aerosol/cloud interactions depends on how strongly cloud droplet concentrations respond to changes in aerosol concentrations
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Extended Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM4.2-PAM)
• Under development. Frozen model expected to become available Oct 2013.
• Developmental atmospheric component: CanAM4-PAM.
• Fully coupled 3D model for atmosphere, land surface, ocean, cryosphere, and carbon cycle.
• Resolution in atmosphere: T63 (ca. 2.8°), 49 levels to approx. 1hPa.
• Spectral/hybrid representation of large-scale advection of tracers.
• Prognostic aerosol size distributions for Sulphate, sea salt, mineral dust, hydrophobic and hydrophilic black and organic carbon using interactively coupled Piecewise Lognormal Approximation (PLA) Aerosol Model (PAM). Standard aerosol processes: Emissions, transport, dry and wet deposition, coagulation, binary homogeneous nucleation, chemical production for clear- and cloudy-sky.
• Interactive direct radiative calculations for internally mixed hydrophilic BC/OC/SO4.
• 1st and 2nd indirect effects using online non-adiabatic parcel model.
• Absorption of solar radiation by BC in cloud droplets.
• New parameterization for absorption of solar radiation by BC in snow based on tabulated, pre-calculated albedo and prognostic parameterization for BC snow concentration and grain size (single layer).