Modelling Behaviour

Mette Ramsgaard ThomsenMartin Tamke • Christoph GengnagelBillie Faircloth • Fabian ScheurerEditors

Modelling BehaviourDesign Modelling Symposium 2015

123

EditorsMette Ramsgaard ThomsenSchools of Architecture, Design andConservation

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine ArtsCopenhagenDenmark

and

Schools of Architecture, Design andConservation, Centre for InformationTechnology and Architecture (CITA)

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine ArtsCopenhagenDenmark

Martin TamkeSchools of Architecture, Centre for ITand Architecture

Royal Danish Academy of Fine ArtCopenhagenDenmark

Christoph GengnagelUniversity of ArtsBerlinGermany

Billie FairclothKieran TimberlakePhiladelphia, PAUSA

Fabian Scheurerdesigntoproduction GmbHErlenbach, ZürichSwitzerland

ISBN 978-3-319-24206-4 ISBN 978-3-319-24208-8 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24208-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015949452

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole orpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse ofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names areexempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information inthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher northe authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the materialcontained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Cover and chapter graphics: Olga Krukovskaya

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media(www.springer.com)

Scientific Committee

We would like to thank the members of the Scientific Committee of theDesign Modelling Symposium Copenhagen 2015 for their efforts inreviewing and guidance to the authors of the published contributions.

Al Fischer, Buro Happold, BathAreti Markopoulou, IAAC, BarcelonaAxel Kilian, Princeton UniversityBillie Faircloth, Kieran TimberlakeBob Sheil, UCL, LondonBrady Peters, TorontoBranko Kolarevic, UCAChristian Derix, Woods Bagots, LondonChristoph Gengnagel, UdK, BerlinDaniel Davis, CASE, New YorkDavid Gerber, USC, Los AngelesDavid Stasiuk, CITA, CopenhagenFabian Scheurer, designtoproductionGünther Filz, Universität InnsbruckJane Burry, RMIT, MelbourneJonas Runberger, White ArchitectsJonathan Rabagliati, Foster & PartnersJulian Lienhard, Universität StuttgartMark Pauly, EPFL, LausanneMartin Tamke, CITA, CopenhagenMette Ramsgaard Thomsen, CITA, CopenhagenMichael Hensel, Oslo School of Architecture and DesignNeil Burford, University of DundeeNorbert Palz, UdK BerlinOliver Tessmann, KTH, StockholmOlivier Bavarel, UR Navier, Université Paris-EstPaul Nicolas, CITA, CopenhagenPaul Shepherd, University of BathPeter v. Bülow, University of MichiganPhil Ayres, CITA, CopenhagenPhilipp Block, ETH ZürichRaoul Wessel, University of BonnRoland Wüchner, TU MünchenSean Ahlquist, Taubmann College

v

Sean Hanna, UCL, LondonSigrid Adriaenssens, Princeton UniversityStefan Peters, TU GrazTim Schork, Monash UniversityTobias Wallisser, ABK Stuttgart, LAVAToni Kotnik, Singapore University of Technology and DesignTore Banke, BIGXavier De Kestelier, Foster & Partners

vi Scientific Committee

Contents

Part I Modelling and Design of Behaviour

Modelling Aggregate Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Karola Dierichs, Desislava Angelova and Achim Menges

A Multiscale Adaptive Mesh Refinement Approachto Architectured Steel Specification in the Designof a Frameless Stressed Skin Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Paul Nicholas, David Stasiuk, Esben Clausen Nørgaard,Christopher Hutchinson and Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen

Topology Optimisation for Steel Structural Designwith Additive Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Shibo Ren and Salomé Galjaard

Challenges of Scale Modelling Material Behaviourof Additive-Manufactured Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Nicholas Williams, Daniel Prohasky, Jane Burry, Kristof Crolla,Martin Leary, Milan Brandt, Mike Xie and Hamed Seifi

Form-Finding and Design Potentials of Bending-ActivePlate Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Simon Schleicher, Andrew Rastetter, Riccardo La Magna,Andreas Schönbrunner, Nicola Haberbosch and Jan Knippers

Form-Finding of Architectural Membranesin a CAD-Environment Using the AiCAD-Concept . . . . . . . . . . 65Benedikt Philipp, Michael Breitenberger, Roland Wuchnerand Kai-Uwe Bletzinger

Balancing Behaviours—Designing with CombinatorialEquilibrium Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Patrick Ole Ohlbrock

Hybrid Tower, Designing Soft Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen, Martin Tamke,Anders Holden Deleuran, Ida Katrine Friis Tinning,Henrik Leander Evers, Christoph Gengnagel and Michel Schmeck

vii

Integrating Differentiated Knit Logics and Pre-Stressin Textile Hybrid Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Sean Ahlquist

Thermal Responsive Envelope: Computational AssemblingBehavioural Composites by Additiveand Subtractive Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Isak Worre Foged and Anke Pasold

Formations of Energy: Modelling Toward an Understandingof Open Thermodynamic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Jacob Mans and James Yamada

Thinking Massively Parallel: Design ModellingThermoactive Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Jeffrey L. Boyer, Yao Yu and Ajit Naik

The Architecture of the ILL-Tempered Environment . . . . . . . . 149Djordje Stojanovic

Designing the Desert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Henrik Malm, Sam Joyce, Martha Tsigkari,Khaled El-Ashry and Francis Aish

Part II Modelling and Design of Processes

Digital Inca: An Assembly Method for Free-FormGeometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Brandon Clifford and Wes McGee

Decomposing Three-Dimensional Shapes into Self-supporting,Discrete-Element Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Ursula Frick, Tom Van Mele and Philippe Block

Computational Brick Stacking for ConstructingFree-Form Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Danil Nagy, John Locke and David Benjamin

Automated Casting Systems for Spatial Concrete Lattices . . . . . 213Philippe Morel and Thibault Schwartz

Additive Manufacturing and Multi-Objective Optimizationof Graded Polystyrene Aggregate Concrete Structures . . . . . . . 225Romain Duballet, Clément Gosselin and Philippe Roux

viii Contents

Integrated Design and Fabrication Strategiesfor Fibrous Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Gundula Schieber, Valentin Koslowski, Jan Knippers,Moritz Dörstelmann, Marshall Prado,Lauren Vasey and Achim Menges

Automated and User Controlled Variation and Optimizationof Grid Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Eva Pirker

Simulation Methods for the Erection of Strained GridShells Via Pneumatic Falsework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Gregory Quinn and Christoph Gengnagel

From 3-Point-Constellations to Self-organizing Folded/BentSpatial Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Günther H. Filz and Stefan Kainzwaldner

Simulating Fusion: An Epistemological Analysis of a NewDesign Tool for an Imminent Multi-material Future . . . . . . . . . 283Kostas Grigoriadis

Modelling Behaviour for DistributedAdditive Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Jorge Duro Royo, Laia Mogas Soldevila,Markus Kayser and Neri Oxman

Design Equilibrium of Form, Materiality and Fabrication:A Bacterial-Inspired Multidisciplinary OptimisationStrategy for Free-Form Concrete Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Frédéric Waimer and Jan Knippers

Design with Material Uncertainty: Responsive Designand Fabrication in Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315Felix Raspall

Harnessing the Informal Processes Around the ComputationalDesign Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Jonas Runberger and Frans Magnusson

A Generic Communication Library for Human-RobotInteraction on Construction Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Thibault Schwartz

Part III Modelling and Design of Information

Towards AI Drawing Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357Robert Vierlinger

Contents ix

Agent-Based Decision Control—How to AppreciateMultivariate Optimisation in Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Kristoffer Negendahl, Thomas Perkov and Jakub Kolarik

Implementation of Decentralized Version Control in CollectiveDesign Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383Yasushi Sakai and Daisuke Tsunoda

Assessing Implicit Knowledge in BIM Modelswith Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397Thomas Krijnen and Martin Tamke

BIM-PIM-CIM: The Challenges of Modelling Urban DesignBehaviours Between Building and City Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407Mark Burry, Justyna Anna Karakiewicz, Dominik Holzer,Marcus White, Gideon D.P.A. Aschwanden and Tom Kvan

EPIFLOW: Adaptive Analytical Design Frameworkfor Resilient Urban Water Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Dana Cupkova, Nicolas Azel and Christine Mondor

Integrated Forest Biometrics for Landscape-ResponsiveCoastal Urbanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433Keith Van de Riet and Uta Berger

Ubiquitous Monitoring and Adaptationof the Tempered Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445Ryan Welch, Roderick Bates, Christopher Connock and Eric Eisele

Keeping an Eye Out: Real Time, Real World Modelingof Behavior in Health Care Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459Christopher Beorkrem, Steve Danilowicz, Eric Sauda,Richard Souvenir, Scott Spurlock and Donna Lanclos

Energy Efficiency Assessment Based on Realistic OccupancyPatterns Obtained Through Stochastic Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . 469Lavinia Chiara Tagliabue, Massimiliano Manfrenand Enrico De Angelis

Boosting the Efficiency of Architectural Visual Scripts . . . . . . . 479Malgorzata A. Zboinska

Modelling with Forces: Grammar-Based Graphic Staticsfor Diverse Architectural Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491Juney Lee, Corentin Fivet and Caitlin Mueller

x Contents

ShapeOp—A Robust and Extensible GeometricModelling Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505Mario Deuss, Anders Holden Deleuran, Sofien Bouaziz,Bailin Deng, Daniel Piker and Mark Pauly

Iterating Towards Affordability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517Michail Georgiou, Odysseas Georgiou and Chris Williams

3dj: 3d Sampling Haptic and Optically PerformativeTextures Remixed from 3d Scans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527Sayjel V. Patel and Caitlin T. Mueller

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

Contents xi

Contributors

Sean Ahlquist Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

Francis Aish Foster + Partners, City Hall, London

Desislava Angelova Institute for Computational Design, University ofStuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

Gideon D.P.A. Aschwanden Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

Nicolas Azel Cornell University, Ithaca, USA

Roderick Bates KieranTimberlake, Philadelphia, USA

David Benjamin The Living an Autodesk Studio, New York, Brooklyn,USA

Christopher Beorkrem School of Architecture, University of NorthCarolina Charlotte, Charlotte, USA

Uta Berger Forest Biometrics/Systems Analysis, Dresden University ofTechnology, Dresden, Germany

Kai-Uwe Bletzinger Structural Analysis, Technische Universität München,Munich, Germany

Philippe Block Block Research Group, ETH Zurich Institute of Technologyin Architecture, Zürich, Switzerland

Sofien Bouaziz École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne,Switzerland

Jeffrey L. Boyer University of Michigan and dbHMS, Chicago, USA

Milan Brandt Advanced Manufacturing Precinct (AMP), RMIT University,Melbourne, Australia

Michael Breitenberger Structural Analysis, Technische UniversitätMünchen, Munich, Germany

Jane Burry Spatial Information Architecture Laboratory (SIAL), School ofArchitecture and Design, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia

xiii

Mark Burry Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning, University ofMelbourne, Melbourne, Australia

Brandon Clifford Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)/MatterDesign, Boston, USA

Christopher Connock KieranTimberlake, Philadelphia, USA

Kristof Crolla Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’sRepublic of China

Dana Cupkova Carnegie Mellon School of Architecture, Pittsburgh, USA

Steve Danilowicz School of Architecture, University of North CarolinaCharlotte, Charlotte, USA

Enrico De Angelis Politecnico di Milano, DABC, Milan, Italy

Anders Holden Deleuran The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Schoolsof Architecture Design and Conservation, Centre for Information Technologyand Architecture (CITA), Copenhagen, Denmark

Bailin Deng École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne,Switzerland

Mario Deuss École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne,Switzerland

Karola Dierichs Institute for Computational Design, University of Stuttgart,Stuttgart, Germany

Romain Duballet Ponts ParisTech, ENSA Paris Malaquais, Paris, France

Moritz Dörstelmann Institute for Computational Design (ICD), Stuttgart,Germany

Eric Eisele KieranTimberlake, Philadelphia, USA

Khaled El-Ashry Foster + Partners, City Hall, London

Henrik Leander Evers The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Schools ofArchitecture Design and Conservation, Centre for Information Technologyand Architecture (CITA), Copenhagen, Denmark

Günther H. Filz Faculty of Architecture, Institute of Design/unit koge.Structure and Design, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

Corentin Fivet Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA

Isak Worre Foged Department of Architecture and Media Technology,Aalborg University, Aalborg, DenmarkAREA, Copenhagen, Denmark

Ursula Frick Block Research Group, ETH Zurich Institute of Technology inArchitecture, Zurich, Switzerland

Salomé Galjaard Arup, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

xiv Contributors

Christoph Gengnagel Department of Structural Design and Technology(KET), University of Arts Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Michail Georgiou HUB Design + Engineering Platform, ARC, University ofNicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus

Odysseas Georgiou HUB Design + Engineering Platform, ARC, Universityof Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus

Clément Gosselin ENSA Paris Malaquais, Paris, France

Kostas Grigoriadis School of Architecture, Royal College of Art, London,UK

Nicola Haberbosch Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design(ITKE), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

Dominik Holzer Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning, Universityof Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

Christopher Hutchinson Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

Sam Joyce Foster + Partners, City Hall, London

Stefan Kainzwaldner Faculty of Architecture, Institute of Design/unit koge.Structure and Design, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

Justyna Anna Karakiewicz Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

Markus Kayser Department of Architecture and Urban Planning (SA+P),Media Lab, Mediated Matter Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA

Jan Knippers Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE),University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

Jakub Kolarik Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby,Denmark

Valentin Koslowski Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design(ITKE), Stuttgart, Germany

Thomas Krijnen Department of the Built Environment, EindhovenUniversity of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Tom Kvan Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning, University ofMelbourne, Melbourne, Australia

Riccardo La Magna Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design(ITKE), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

Donna Lanclos University Library, University of North Carolina Charlotte,Charlotte, USA

Contributors xv

Martin Leary Advanced Manufacturing Precinct (AMP), RMIT University,Melbourne, Australia

Juney Lee Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA

John Locke The Living an Autodesk Studio, New York, Brooklyn, USA

Frans Magnusson White arkitekter AB/Chalmers, Gothenburg, Sweden

Henrik Malm Foster + Partners, City Hall, London

Massimiliano Manfren Politecnico di Milano, DABC, Milan, Italy

Jacob Mans GSD, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA

Wes McGee University of Michigan/Matter Design, Ann Arbor, USA

Achim Menges Institute for Computational Design (ICD), Stuttgart,Germany

Achim Menges Institute for Computational Design, University of Stuttgart,Stuttgart, Germany

Christine Mondor Carnegie Mellon School of Architecture, Pittsburgh,USA

Philippe Morel ENSA Paris-Malaquais/EZCT Architecture and DesignResearch, Paris, France

Caitlin T. Mueller Department of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Cambridge, USA

Danil Nagy The Living an Autodesk Studio, New York, Brooklyn, USA

Ajit Naik dbHMS, Chicago, USA

Kristoffer Negendahl Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby,Denmark

Paul Nicholas Centre for IT and Architecture, Royal Danish Academy ofFine Art, School of Architecture, Copenhagen, Denmark

Esben Clausen Nørgaard Centre for IT and Architecture, Royal DanishAcademy of Fine Art, School of Architecture, Copenhagen, Denmark

Patrick Ole Ohlbrock ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Neri Oxman Department of Architecture and Urban Planning (SA+P),Media Lab, Mediated Matter Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA

Anke Pasold AREA, Copenhagen, Denmark

Sayjel V. Patel Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT-SUTDCollaboration, Cambridge, USA

Mark Pauly École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne,Switzerland

xvi Contributors

Thomas Perkov Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby,Denmark

Benedikt Philipp Structural Analysis, Technische Universität München,Munich, Germany

Daniel Piker Robert McNeel and Associates, London, UK

Eva Pirker Institute of Structural Design, Graz University of Technology,Graz, Austria

Marshall Prado Institute for Computational Design (ICD), Stuttgart,Germany

Daniel Prohasky Spatial Information Architecture Laboratory (SIAL),School of Architecture and Design, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia

Gregory Quinn Department of Structural Design and Technology (KET),University of Arts Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Felix Raspall Harvard University Graduate School of Design, Cambridge,MA, USA

Andrew Rastetter College of Environmental Design (CED), University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, USA

Shibo Ren Arup, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Philippe Roux Arts et Métiers ParisTech, ENSA Paris Malaquais, Paris,France

Jorge Duro Royo Department of Architecture and Urban Planning (SA+P),Media Lab, Mediated Matter Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA

Jonas Runberger White arkitekter AB/KTH, Stockholm, Sweden

Yasushi Sakai Nikken Sekkei, Tokyo, Japan

Eric Sauda School of Architecture, University of North Carolina Charlotte,Charlotte, USA

Gundula Schieber Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design(ITKE), Stuttgart, Germany

Simon Schleicher College of Environmental Design (CED), University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, USA

Michel Schmeck Department for Structural Design and Technology (KET),University of Arts Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Thibault Schwartz HAL Robotics Ltd, London, UK

Andreas Schönbrunner Institute of Building Structures and StructuralDesign (ITKE), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

Hamed Seifi Centre for Innovative Structures and Materials, RMITUniversity, Melbourne, Australia

Contributors xvii

Laia Mogas Soldevila Department of Architecture and Urban Planning(SA+P), Media Lab, Mediated Matter Group, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA

Richard Souvenir Department of Computer Science, University of NorthCarolina Charlotte, Charlotte, USA

Scott Spurlock Department of Computer Science, University of NorthCarolina Charlotte, Charlotte, USA

David Stasiuk Centre for IT and Architecture, Royal Danish Academy ofFine Art, School of Architecture, Copenhagen, Denmark

Djordje Stojanovic Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,Belgrade, Serbia

Lavinia Chiara Tagliabue Angelo Luigi Camillo Ciribini, University ofBrescia, DICATAM, Brescia, Italy

Martin Tamke Centre for IT and Architecture, Royal Danish Academy ofFine Art, School of Architecture, Copenhagen, Denmark

Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen Centre for IT and Architecture, Royal DanishAcademy of Fine Art, School of Architecture, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centrefor Information Technology and Architecture (CITA), The Royal DanishAcademy of Fine Art, School of Architecture, Design and Conservation,Copenhagen, Denmark

Ida Katrine Friis Tinning Centre for IT and Architecture, Royal DanishAcademy of Fine Art, School of Architecture, Copenhagen, Denmark

Martha Tsigkari Foster + Partners, City Hall, London

Daisuke Tsunoda Nikken Sekkei, Tokyo, Japan

Tom Van Mele Block Research Group, ETH Zurich Institute of Technologyin Architecture, Zurich, Switzerland

Keith Van de Riet School of Architecture, Florida Atlantic University, FortLauderdale, USA

Lauren Vasey Institute for Computational Design (ICD), Stuttgart, Germany

Robert Vierlinger Institute of Architecture, Institute for Structural Design,University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Frédéric Waimer Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design(itke), Stuttgart, Germany

Ryan Welch KieranTimberlake, Philadelphia, USA

Marcus White Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning, University ofMelbourne, Melbourne, Australia

xviii Contributors

Chris Williams University of Bath, Bath, UK

Nicholas Williams Spatial Information Architecture Laboratory (SIAL),School of Architecture and Design, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia

Roland Wuchner Structural Analysis, Technische Universität München,Munich, Germany

Mike Xie Centre for Innovative Structures and Materials, RMIT University,Melbourne, Australia

James Yamada MetaLAB, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA

Yao Yu dbHMS, Chicago, USA

Malgorzata A. Zboinska Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg,Sweden

Contributors xix

Introduction

The 5th Design Modelling Symposium moves to Copenhagen and to CITA(Centre for Information Technology and Architecture) at The Royal DanishAcademy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation.The Conference maintains its focus on the creation of a shared platform inwhich architects and engineers, and those in associated fields such asmaterials science, computer science, ecology, physics or urban design, canexchange research questions, methods and results. The foundational moti-vation for the Design Modelling Symposium continues to be the need toinvestigate the practices that arise when computational design is dispersedacross the knowledge fields that make up building design. By assemblingleading professional and academic researchers biennially, the Symposiumqueries how our practices change, expand and crossover as methods emergeto assemble design, analysis, simulation, communication, specification,fabrication, construction and post-occupancy evaluation into an integratedsequence. The Symposium asks what the nature of these new practices willbe and how promised ideals will form; these are ideals of information flowinguninterrupted between design phases, supporting strategic and creativefeedback between stakeholders and enabling collaboration.

This broad vision contains a multitude of contributions to the field—fromthe advanced design of City Information Models and Geographic InformationSystems that integrate Open Data and analyse spatial information, across theexploratory development of methods for design integrating simulation, to theintricate experiments in materials deposition and assembly using industrialrobots. The emerging field is heterogeneous and often contradictory: Are weaiming to devise a unified method by which all project information can beassembled into one integrated model? Or, Is the distributed nature of anetworked model, one that is project specific and parses only the informationit needs, a more holistic vision for the future? Can architecture extend itsrelevance as we become increasingly aware of Big Data methods foranalysing and integrating data into meaningful design decisions? What arethe means by which we can simulate and analyse time-based phenomena inour design representations? And, What are the real consequences of theexperiments in advanced robotic fabrication on building culture and theconception of its underlying material practices?

The Design Modelling Symposium Copenhagen 2015 brings thesedivergent conversations together through the concept of behaviour and thebehaving model.

xxi

The Behaving Model

Models that integrate computational logic into design permit us to discover,predict or orchestrate the nuanced behaviour of architecture. Such modelsseek to emulate phenomena at scale and in-time, attempting a congruoussimulation of the potential relationship between architecture and its contexts.We are entering a new practice in which a rich array of extended informationmodels fundamentally enrich our field. Here, a mashup of diverse inputs maybe pursued: environmental, social, structural or material inputs formerlyparticularised by discrete disciplines now assembled, associated andsynthesised in the model. By integrating the simulation of events, whetheroccupancy, environmental impact or the dynamic behaviour of structures andmaterials under stress, our models are radically changing from staticdescription of intent to dynamic analyses of event.

This shift in focus from 3-dimensional geometric extension to an-dimensional field of divergent, heterogeneous and conflicting informationtriggers deep changes in the way we work as architects. It necessitates newmethods by which the parsing of information, its analysis and its calculationcan become part of our representations. We need to develop modellingparadigms by which these information flows can be critically assessed andemployed in ways that support creative practice. As such, we need to learnfrom neighbouring fields in which parallel efforts for information modellinghave longer and more established traditions. Rather than reinventing our ownpractices for design modelling, we need to consolidate new hybrid practicesthat transfer core concepts as well as techniques by which information can bemade practical in design execution. Modelling behaviour thus affects theboundaries of our disciplines. Becoming the shared interface for multipledisciplines—architects, engineers, planners and fabricators as well asmaterial scientists, ecologists and physicists—such models interface thebreadth of design practice expanding the concerns of architectural designwhile simultaneously infiltrating our thinking with proprietary designmethods and traditions for analysis and representation.

A Need for Validation

The behaving model expands architecture’s address and defines new methodsfor designing to the extent that it is imperative for us to devise ways tovalidate and verify our new modelling practices. As the field of informationmodelling matures, we need to discuss and query the solidity of ourmodelling conventions. The processes of validation necessarily vary. Thevalidation of an urban model necessitates other means of testing than thosethat engage directly with structure and material. In some parts of our practice,the role of the prototype has taken on a central role by which designsimulations are not only tested but also calibrated and informed. Here, theempirical analysis and evaluation of structural and material behaviourbecomes central for a new modelling practice. Jointly, these new modellingpractices are poised for robust querying asking how we develop a sharedcriticality across the field.

xxii Introduction

Across Scale

A central focus of the Design Modelling Symposium Copenhagen—Modelling Behaviour is the inter-scalar nature of contemporary designpractice. Building design practices have traditionally been organisedhierarchically into a sequenced set of subsystems—foundation, substructure,superstructure, envelope, and roof—each one with its own team ofspecialised professions. The dogma of systems obfuscates our ability tosee systems, whole buildings and hence cities as (forms of and forming)matter, energy, and ecology across miniscule and monumental scales. Newdesign-based information modelling methods are increasingly focussed oninvestigating inter-scalar interdependencies: urban morphology may shaperegional weather patterns, the presence or absence of vegetation or habitat.A single building’s form—its height and solar orientation—contributes to thecreation of local microclimates, while its materials absorb or reflect sunlight,instantiating the overall increase in the city’s temperature when compared torural surroundings. These observations expand the field of architecture andurban planning, and hence the agency of design, to include the dynamicand temporal aspects of social and ecological infrastructure. The agency ofdesign is further expanded to the design of materials for architecture,ones which based on advanced fabrication tools can lead to materials withbespoke performances directly engineered at the molecular scale in responseto local site or use scenarios. These emergent practices expand thearchitectural design space necessitating the development of new modellingand validation methods that can simultaneously engage design activity atthe material scale—interfacing fabrication protocols and controllingmanufacture—and design activity at building scale allowing meaningfuland operational feedback between scales.

Design Modelling Symposium 2015 aims to foster a discussion on thefuture of these practices. By building on the understanding that current toolsfor architectural representation are impeding design innovation, we ask whatnew modelling paradigms and infrastructures we need to develop and tosupport real progress in our field. The conference broadly seeks to ascertainways in which advanced information models delimit system boundaries,capture information and integrate feedback in future design scenarios acrossthe expanded digital design process. Here, the digital design process isinclusive of structures, envelopes and materials—from their analysis,simulation and specification, to their fabrication and inhabitation.

The conference engages this breadth of concern through 3 trajectories.These form the three parts of this book.

Modelling and Design of Behaviour

As the profession is moving into performance-based practices, buildings areincreasingly evaluated through their observed behaviour. This can be seen inthe strengthening of a collective academic research interest in questioninghow structural or thermal behaviour of architectural objects can be designed,or in professional practice, where clients and society rightfully ask that abuilding’s projected costs or energy consumption are retained during

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building lifespan. Over the last decade, the profession has made great leaps inthe modelling and simulation of behaviour. In thermal simulation, tools andmethods have been created that provide feedback in early design stages andlarge-scale industry efforts are set in place to verify the built outcome, whilein structural design the tradition of almost linear design with definedmechanical models has been transformed into the modelling of interactivesystems including multi-perspective models. But what is the identity andpurpose of the behavioural model for other relevant areas of buildingpractice? And how are behaviours defined, represented and simulated, whichcross domains? Contemporary design research is linking a wide array ofsimulation practices. Here, researchers and industry are investigatingproject-specific design of the thermal heat conductivity of materials, theuse of material behaviour for kinetic building parts and the linkage ofoccupancy monitoring and simulation for design. Through these emergentpractices, it becomes evident that design models are growing in complexityand have to predict behaviour in nonlinear and multi-scalar relations. Thischallenges the current practices of modelling in the profession, as models of adiverse range of disciplines have to be linked and modellers are facing theproblem to do this in the context of a volatile design process. And while thesciences have developed modelling paradigms, such as discreet eventsimulation, to codify the behaviour of complex system into an orderedsequence of well-defined events and behaviours, building design resists adirect transfer of approaches. Simultaneously, new means for measuring areemerging, which use statistical methods and the datasets, that are providedthrough the ubiquity of the net and the interconnectedness of data. How dowe create new design methods for engaging with these new informationflows while retaining the intuitive, creative and communicable dimensions ofarchitectural design practice?

Modelling and Design of Processes

Where CAD was focused on defining the end result of a design process, theprofession is venturing into new areas in which the design and descriptionof the processes itself is central. On one side, the digital models becomedynamic by containing parametric descriptions that algorithmically define apath to the end result instead of an explicit solution. On the other side, theprocesses of building and operation are moving back into the focus of thedesign. Robotic fabrication and assembly, the planning of large-scaleconstruction, life cycle management or facility management all necessitatenew dynamic representations in which processes can be designed, simulated,coordinated and communicated within large teams of distinct disciplinarybackgrounds. Contemporary architectural research is increasingly concernedwith the exploration of new digital fabrication technologies employing a hostof advanced CNC tools including the industrial robot. Where these lead to theinvention of novel material and structural systems, they remain largelyspeculative and foreign to building production. However, in parallelindustries such as the automotive industry and industrial design, newconcepts such as Industry 4.0 are challenging the way we understandproduction. Here, computational technologies including CNC fabrication,

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sensing, cloud computing and virtual prototyping are fundamentallyinnovating industry. The conference aims to discuss how we bridge to theseinnovations in parallel industries while retaining our own advances within thefield? How do the more speculative research led design experimentscontribute to this development? What are the methods of dynamic modelling,how do we critically assess and understand input, and how can the modelintegrate into a heterogeneous workflow?

Modelling and Design of Information

What defines the underlying infrastructures of the behavioural model? Forthe model to become a true analytical tool, we need to develop our owncritical practices by which to discuss and evaluate how information isdefined, stored and retrieved as well as computed, handled and scaled. Asarchitects and engineers become increasingly involved in research into newstructural morphologies and hybrid structures, it becomes central tounderstand the data employed by the model as something generated as partof the design project rather than being predefined. As material design andfabrication similarly becomes a new part of an extended digital chain, itbecomes fundamental that we find ways by which these materials can beformalised and parameterised so as to control material composition, gradingand performance. At the same time, the field is positioned within a societalsea change in which data are being generated, analysed and exploited. Theglobal push towards Open Data is creating new foundations as cities,municipalities and private shareholders are sharing data on their infrastruc-tures, energy consumption and events. This new platform allows architectsand urban designers to engage a breadth of relevant data into their models.The challenge remains how these data streams are parsed, interfaced andimportantly how they are compounded within the design model.

Mette Ramsgaard ThomsenMartin Tamke

Christoph GengnagelBillie FairclothFabian Scheurer

The Design Modelling Symposium 2015: Modelling Behaviour was held inCopenhagen, Denmark, at CITA (Centre for Information Technology andArchitecture, Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture,Design and Conservation).

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