modeling of bau-lundu trunk water main by using epanet ... of bau-lundu trunk water main... ·...

· MODELING OF BAU-LUNDU TRUNK WATER MAIN BY USING EPANET SOFTWARE

8elIgalmano Low

Master of Engineering (Civil) 2012

1

I Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Modeling Of Bau-Lundu Trunk Water Main By Using EPANET Software P.KHIOMAT MAKLUMAT AKAOEMIK

11I111111 flI~illllllllll 1000246355

By

Bellgalmano Low

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

Master of Engineering in Civil Engineering

Faculty of Engineering

U niversiti Malaysia Sar~wak

May 2012

I

I

Dedicated to my beloved:

Wife, Sylvia Christopher Sipen

Daughter, EI\!ieka Chrissy Low

Son, Cruz Artra Low

Parents and Family.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude and thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Darrien

Mah Yau Seng for his guidance, helps, advices and suggestions throughout the project. His

tireless effort in directing this dissertation study is invaluable and greatly appreciated.

Special thanks and appreciation to Professor Salim Said, Professor Frederik Josep

Putuhena and Puan Rosmina Ahmad Bustami who had willingly rendered their support,

encouragement, and contributed ideas in achieving the goal of this project. I am also very

thankful to Dr. Onni Suhaiza Selaman and Dr. Delsye Teo Ching Lee for their guidance,

advices and motivation.

I also wish to extend my appreciation to KT A (Sarawak) Sdn. Bhd., and the staff of

JKR Water Supply Branch and Water Works Section, JKR Divisional Kuching who had

kindly helped to provide relevant information and materials for this project in various

occasions. Without their support and assistance, this project would have never been possible.

Most of all thank you to my wife, who had pati'ently supported me in completing this

project, and to my two children who always give me a reason to smile. Their support has

meant the most.

11

ABSTRACT

(The increase in nwnber of populations with an improved standard of living in

communities and the effects of extensive land use particularly in gravity feed water system

catchment areas have caused a tremendous increase in level of demand for treated water in

rural areas. Thus, a precise decision to embark for the upgrading of the existing or

construction of new water supply infrastructures to meet the growing need and future demand

has become an essential requirement for water supply agencies. Further augmentation of

treated water from source of sufficient supply can be achieved through expansion of existing

distribution network by upgrading or installation of new water main.

The objective of this study is to dev<:lop a hydraulic model that can be used as a

management tool for water distribution system and check the supplying capacity of the

proposed Bau-Lundu trunk water main. The analysis of the hydraulic modeling for the

proposed trunk main is conducted using EPANET software. The projected peak water demand

up to year 2022 is used in the model application. Hydraulic simulations are performed to the

trunk main in six scenarios using steady state analysis. After examined the performance and

advantages of each scenario based on residual pressures, construction feasibilities and

economical aspects, the most acceptable scenario is selected. By virtue of the trunk water

main has been successfully analyzed in different scenarios and computational results are

produced, therefore a hydraulic model as water management tool has been fruitful as

demonstrated.

111

--------------====-~~==-=- - - ---

ABSTRAK

Pertambahan bilangan penduduk dengan peningkatan tara! hidup masyarakat dan

kesan penggunaan tanah secara meluas terutamanya di kawasan sistem tadahan air graviti

telah menyebabkan kenaikan mendadak tahap permintaan air terawat di kawasan luar

bandar. Oleh itu, keputusan tepat yang menjurus kepada penambahbaikan infrastruktur

infrastruktur bekalan air yang sedia ada atau pembinaan yang baru untuk manampung

pertambahan keperluan serta permintaan masa hadapan telah menjadi agenda penting

agensi-agensi bekalan air. Pengambilan tambahan seterusnya isipadu air terawat yang lebih

besar dari punca bekalan yang mencukupi boleh dijayakan menerusi pembesaran jaringan

pengagihan yang sedia ada dengan penambahbaikan atau penyambungan baru saluran air.

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membentuk satu model hidrolik yang dapat digunakan

sebagai alat pengurusan system pengagihan air dan memeriksa kemampuan bekalan untuk

projek cadangan saluran air utama Bau-Lundu. Analisa model hidrolik untuk cadangan

saluran utama dibuat dengan menggunakan perisian EPANET Unjuran puncak permintaan

air sehingga tahun 2022 telah digunakan dalam aplikasi model. Simulasi hidrolik telah

dijalankan ke atas enam situasi saluran utama menggunakan analisa berkeadaan tetap.

Setelah prestasi dan kelebihan setiap situasi dikaji berdasarkan tekanan sisa, keboleh-binaan

dan aspek-aspek ekonomi, situasi yang paling sesuai telah diplih. Memandangkan saluran air

utama telah berjaya dianalisa dalam situasi yang bebeza dan keputusan-keputusan komputasi

telah dapat diwujudkan, maka satu model hidrolik sabagai alat pengurusan air telah dapat

dijayakan seperti yang ditunjuk

lV

I Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNJVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

A BSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Water Distribution System

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Objectives

1.4 Scope and Limitation

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Water Supply System

2.2 History of Water Supply in Sarawak

2.3 Water Demand

2.4 Water Distribution System

2.5 Pipe Materials

2.6 Design of Distribution Network

2.7 Pipe Network

v

I

Page

11

111

IV

V

vii

IX

3

4

4

5

6

7

11

16

20

26

--.

2.8 Pipe Network Analysis 27

2.9 Modeling Software Applications 33

2.10 Water Distribution System Modeling Case Study 47

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 51

3.2 Project Background 52

3.3 Water Supply Networks Modeling 54

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 60

4.2 Trial Simulation 60

4.3 . Model Application 63

4.4 Discussion 70

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion 73

5.2 Recommendations 74

REFERENCES 75

VI

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 2.1 Per Capita Consumptions 9

Table 2.2 Service Factor 10

Table 2.3 Demand Fluctuation Factors 11

Table 2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Three Types of Distribution 14

Systems

Table 2.5 Roughness Values and Coefficients 17

Table 2.6 Pipes and Their Recommendation Use 19

Table 2.7 Typical Fitting K Coefficients 25

Table 3.1 Data Input 57

Table 3.2 Project Demand for Year 2022 58

Table 4.1 Trial Simulation Results 61

Table 4.2 Trial Simulation Results using 65% Base Demand 62

Table 4.3 Simulation Results for Scenario 1 65



Vll

r




Table 4.9 Residual Pressures Comparisons Table 68

Vlll

13

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 2.1 Diagrammatic Representation of the Typical Types of Distribution

Systems

Area Map

Figure 2.2 Flow Line for Pipe Entrance 24

Figure 2.3 Flow in Pipe Loop 30

Figure 2.4 Flow in a Branched Network 31

Figure 2.5 Conservation ofEnergy 32

Figure 2.6 Modeling Result of Scenario 2 49

Figure 3.1 Proposed Bau-Lundu-Sematan Regional Water Supply Scheme 52

Figure 3.2 Modeling Framework 54

Figure 3.3 Network Skeletonization 55

Figure 3.4 Constructed Network Model 56

Figure 4.1 Residual Pressures Bar Chart in Different Scenarios 69

Figure 4.2 Comparison of Scenario 4 with the Proposed Trunk Main Model 72

• I

IX

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Water Distribution System

A water distribution system is an important element in water engineering that conveys

potable water to a community and distributes water to individual user. The systems are

usually designed to satisfy the water requirements of domestic, commercial, industrial, and

firefighting purposes. It should be capable of meetin~ the demands placed on it at all times,

and at satisfactory pressures and quantity. Pipe systems, pumping stations, storage facilities,

fire hydrants, house services connections, meters, and other appurtenances are the main

elements of the system (Viessman et ai., 2005).

The capacity of the distribution system to cater for future demand is essential to

ensure sufficient water can be supplied with minimum interruption. The supply of water from

1

,

source to customer relies on a pipe network system graduated from large pipes at sources,

down to small pipes servicing houses. The larger pipes in this system are termed trunk mains,

represent the prime asset of water systems. Failure of trunk mains can cause loss of service to

large populations for extensive periods and significant damage to property and social fabric

(Walkley, 2010).

In many cases, pipeline pressure is not sufficient for supplying the desired demand

especially for rural area due to the increase of water demand and failure of the aged water

system. Water supply agencies are required to constantly evaluate the level of their existing

water supply systems to meet a certain level of the services so that large group of users should

receive their original demand. Thus, water distribution system has to be properly designed

with accuracy and at economic cost where possible (Davis-Sorensen, 1969).

Analysis and design of complex piping networks can be tedious, especially if the .

networks consist of large number of pipes and system appurtenances (HDR Engineering,

2001). Manual calculations may not be practical to obtain results simultaneous and

repetitively. In considering these reasons, the use of computer software for designing and

analyzing the system is appropriate. Hydraulic modeling technology involving pipeline

system has rapidly evolved into an essential tool to facilitate design and optimized

management of reliable ~ater distribution systems.

2

I

1.2 Problem Statement

Since the beginning, Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) has maintained the water distribution

systems for Bau, Lundu and Sematan as 'stand alone' system by on-site operators or

supervisor. However, with the growing population and development over the regions, JKR is

now required to augment the existing water supply by connecting to Kuching Water Board

through its Batu Kitang water treatment plant. Therefore, the management of the distribution

system requires a more holistic and integrated approach to both day to day operation and

maintenance planning. With linked systems, a failure with a key component in one system can

impact on other systems.

The need for system planning of operators and for a solid understanding of the

dynamics of the overall linked system by managers is high. This understanding can be

achieved with the aid of computer analysis using hydraulic modeling (Cardno, 2006).

With the development of present computer technology, one way to ensure the meeting of

requirements mentioned above is to simulate the pipeline network using hydraulic software. Thus,

a network model must first be developed to ease the intending tasks. This appropriate model then

is utilized to optimize the management of water distribution system including monitoring the

existing and predicting the future water demand that can subsequently result in reliable water

supply infrastructures for water agencies.

3

-

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of the project are:

i) To develop a water supply management tool by creating a hydraulic model

selected main pipe for a water distribution system; and

on a

ii) To check the water supplying capacities using the developed model, for water supply

planning purposes.

1.4 Scope and Limitation

i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

The study focuses on the water distribution system for rural water supply project

named "The Proposed Bau-Lundu-Sematan Regional Water Supply Scheme".

A hydraulic model is developed for the pew proposed trunk water main from Bau to

Lundu of the proposed project.

The modeling effort involves EP ANET as the modeling software.

Data for model application is obtained from the preliminary design report (KT A,

2002).

4

Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNIVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK

!

CHAPTER 2

LITERITURE REVIEW

2.1 Water Supply System

The human search for pure water supply must have begun in prehistoric times. Much

of that earliest activity is subjected to speculation. Some civilizations may have led water

where they wanted it through trenches dug in the earth. Later, a hollow log was perhaps used

as the first water pipe. Earliest archeological records of centralized water supply and waste

water disposal were dated back about 5000 years, to Nippur of Sumeria. In the ruins of

Nippur, there was an arched drain, each stone being a wedge tapering downward in place.

Water was drawn from wells and cisterns. An extensive system of drainage conveyed the

wastes from the palaces and residential district of the cities (Viessman, 2005).

5

Provision of an adequate quantity of water had been a matter of concern since the

beginning of civilization. Even in ancient cities, local supplies were often inadequate and

aqueducts were built to convey water from distant sources. Such supply systems did not

distribute water to individual residences, but rather brought it to a few central locations from

which the citizens could carry it to their homes.

Until the middle of the seventeenth century, pipes which could withstand significant

pressures were not available. Pipe made of wood, clay, or lead was used, but generally was

laid at the hydraulic grade line. The development of cast iron pipe and the gradual reduction

in its cost, together with the development of improved pumps driven by steam, made it

possible for small communities to gain public supplies, where water was delivered to

individual reside~ces (McGhee, 1991).

2.2 History of Water Supply in Sarawak

The first agency to carry out water works in Sarawak was probably the Public Works

Department (Jabatan Kerja Raya or J.K.R.) during the late 19th century. Two other agencies,

the Kuching Water Board (KWB) and the Sibu Water Board (SWB) were fonned in 1959 to

supply treated water to the Kuching and Sibu town areas. A fourth agency, the Medical

Department became involved in the supply of untreated 'water to remote communities in the

rural areas from 1967.

The earliest recorded water supply system is the one for Kuching, the capital of

Sarawak. In 1887, Kuching obtained its water supply from a nearby stream, which provided

100,000 gallons per day for only 8,000 people out of the town's total population of 25,000.

This supply was soon found to be inadequate and an alternative source at the Matang Hills

6

,..

was developed in 1902. The Matang Dam and the laying of 12 miles long pipelines were

completed in 1907. The dam, situated at 425 feet above sea level, had a storage capacity of

3.5 million gallons.

In 1914, the flow from the Matang source was ~ million gallons per day. The thriving

town of Kuching soon experienced water shortage due to inadequate storage capacity and low

stream flow during the dry season. In 1952, it was decided to abstract water from Sungai

Sarawak at Batu Kitang (16 km southeast of Kuching). It was in March 1957 that a fully

treated water supply scheme with a capacity of 4MOD (million gallons per day) at Batu

Kitang was commissioned. Since then, the treatment facilities at Batu Kitang had been

expanded to its present 21 MOD capacity.

Sibu, the second major town in Sarawak, received untreated pipe water in the early

1900's and by the early part of 1929, a simple water purification plant, abstracting water from

the Batang Rajang, was in operation. In 1931, construction works started for a new water

treatment works in Bukit Lima. This scheme only came into operation in 1947 in view of the

interruption of the Second World War.

Amongst the earliest town with piped water supply are Simanggang (now Sri Aman),

Mukah, Miri and Bintulu(Water Supply and Sewerage Branch, 1987).

2.3 Water Demand

Water is a vital and precious resource for the fate of nations as being the most basic

need of human life and playing crucial role in socio-economic development. Water has

always played a key role in economic development, and economic development has always

been accompanied by water development (WWDR-3, 2009). The future economic, social and

7

1=---------------- '- -.,------ - .~----. --------------------------~

environmental costs of meeting the water needs of human populations and supporting

economic development will depend on our ability to understand and manage water demands.

Water demand is based on population served, per capita consumption, and service

factor, industrial and other special demands. In estimating water demand, various other factors

should be taken into account directly or indirectly. These other factors include unaccounted

for-water, unsatisfied demand, increase in per capita consumption over time due to

improvement in living standard, increase in service factor over time and maximum day

demand (MWA, 1994).

Just as storm sewer analysis is driven by the watershed runoff flow rate, water

distribution system analysis is driven by customer demand. Water usage rates and patterns

vary greatly from system to system and are highly dependent on climate, culture, and local

industry. Every system is different and if it possible, the best source of information for

estimating demands is directly recorded system data (Haestad Press, 2002).

Buic Formula for Water Demand Estimation

The basic formula for water demand estimation is as follow (MW A, 1994):-

Wdn = (PnX C x F) + Dn (1)

where, Wdn= water demand at the end of year "n"

Pn = projected population at the end of year "n"

C = per capita consumption at the end of the year "n"

F = service factor at the end of the year "n"

Dn= additional demand at the end of year "n"

8

For population projection, P n, the following formula should be used for water supply

planning purposes (MWA, 1994):

(2)

where, projected population at the end of the year "n"

Po= population at the beginning of the year zero

r = assumed population growth rate

n = number of year.

Per Capita Consumption

Per capita consumptions should be classified under three categories. The table 2.1

below gives a range ofper capita consumption for each of the three categories:

Table 2.1 Per Capita Consumptions (MWA, 1994)

Area Per <:';apita Consumption (Iitreslhead'day)

I I

Urban I 230-320

Semi-urban 180-230

Rural 135-180

As for Sarawak State, J.K.R. is adopting 150 litres/capita/day for rural area (Water Supply

Branch, 2003).

9

Service Factor

The service factor reflects the potential percentage of population served.

Table 2.2 Service Factor (MWA, 1994)

A service factor of 0.9 means that the distribution system covers adequately 90% of

the area and the population located in that area can get easy access to public water supply. A

0.9 service factor does not necessarily mean that 90% of the population has service

connections. Table 2.2 below gives an indication of average service factors State by State for

the whole country.

Additional Water Demand

The term "Dn" for additional water demands is to cater for new developments such as

an industrial estate to be set up in the district, army camp, institution of higher learning and

resettlement scheme or a new town expected to be populated by migrants into the district. It is

also to cater for extension of supply outside the original study area.

10

Demand Fluctuation Factors

Demand fluctuation factors in Table 2.3 are used to detennine projected water demand

in service areas.

Table 2.3 Demand Fluctuation Factors (JKR Water Supply, 2002)

Consmnption Factor

Maximmn hourly or peak consmnption 2.20

Maximmn daily consmnption 1.15

Average daily consmnption 1.00

For design with existing supply, it is required to study the actual demand pattern and

subsequently de~ve the appropriate factors.

2.4 Water Distribution System

The water distribution system consists of transmission, distribution and reticulation

pipelines, balancing and service reservoirs and where required, booster pumping station.

Transmission pipelines carry treated water from a treatment plant or a pumping station to a

reservoir as well as treated water from a reservoir to another reservoir. Reticulation pipelines

are the pipelines that distribute treated water from within the water demand areas. Distribution

pipelines are pipelines that distribute water to reticulation pipeline from service reservoir, a

treatment plant or booster station.

11

~--------------------- ------~~

(MWA,1994).

~-------------~. -. "'

Types of Distribution Systems

The main purpose of a water distribution system is to meet demands for portable

water. People use water for drinking, cleaning, gardening, and any number of other uses, and

this water needs to be delivered in some fashion. A secondary purpose of many distribution

systems is to provide water for fire protection. If designed correctly, the network of

interconnected pipes, storage tanks, pumps, and regulating valves provides adequate pressure,

adequate supply and good water quality throughout the system. If incorrectly designed, some

areas may have low pressures, poor fire protection, and even present health risks (Haestad

Press, 2002).

A water distribution system may be classified into three types, namely a gravity

system, a direct pumped system and gravity and pumped combination system. Figure 2.1

gives a diagrammatic representation of three typical systems. The choice of type of

distribution system depends on the topography, location and extent of the distribution area,

"","vation and site condition. Where adequate elevation of the supply is available and other site

ns pennit, the gravity system shall be the most preferred type of distribution. Where

of system is not feasible, the gravity and pumped combination shall then be

considered. The gravity and pumped combination system is the most commonly used system.

'The direct pumped system is least preferred and may only be used in certain circumstances

12

--. -.--------

Service

__----pumped ~~

Service Reservoir

Gravity Flow

Service Area

Supply Source

a. GRAVITY SYSTEM

Treatment: Plant: Pump

I2l .~ Supply Source 1t-c.... I ~

~ b. DIRECT PUMPED SYSTEM

Treatment: Plant: Pump

Supply t8Jr----r~~~T Source PUIIIp t ........L..r--:---1~~C~::<s:----' .---- PUlIIPed f1 ow

'vr~ c. GRAVITY AND PP4PED COMBINATION

Figure 2.1 Diagrammatic Representations of the Typical Types of Distribution Systems

13

modeling of bau-lundu trunk water main by using epanet ... of bau-lundu trunk water main... ·...

Documents