435

Modeling and Simulation Fundamentals: Theoretical Underpinnings and Practical Domains, Edited by John A. Sokolowski and Catherine M. BanksCopyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Aggregate modeling, 19Analysis, 1, 21

data, 345regression, 349sensitivity, 142, 346

Analysis and operations research, 10Applications, 20ARENA simulation, 87–92

Central limit theorem, 139Computational technologies, 8Computer simulation, 4Confi dence interval estimate, 50

statistical estimation, 50Continuous systems, 99

simulating, 110system class, 100

CountrySim, 229, 255–265

Data/information technologies, 8Development technologies, 7Direct3D, 210Discrete event simulation, 57

queue discipline, 61queuing, 57, 156queuing model system, 60

Distributed simulation, 373–402commercial off the shelf (COTS), 374conservative algorithms, 378CORBA, 384high level architecture (HLA), 374,

386

INDEX

middleware, 383optimistic algorithms, 381RESTful web services middleware,

395SIMulator NETworking (SIMNET),

375SOAP-based web services

middleware, 389synchronization algorithms, 377

Distribution functions, 35empirical, 41exponential, 36normal, 36theoretical, 44triangular, 35uniform, 35

Domains, 22

Euler’s method, 111

Fidelity, 13Flash, 216

Google Earth, 217–220Google Maps, 218–222

Human behavior modeling, 11, 271–324artifi cial intelligence, 278fi nite state machines, 287fuzzy logic, 277human behavior, 271lumped versus distributed, 275

436 INDEX

Human behavior modeling (continued)pattern recognition, 296physical level, 273strategic level, 274

Human-computer interfacing (HCI), 11, 308

Human factors, 11, 305augmented cognition, 306

Human information processing, 307Hybrid modeling, 19Hypothesis testing, 350

International Council of Systems Engineering (INCOSE), 2

Interoperability and composability, 403–433

cross domain solutions, 404federate interface specifi cation, 415IEEE 1278: DIS, 412IEEE 1516: HLA, 414integratability, 408layered model, 407levels of conceptual interoperability

model (LCIM), 409–411modularity, 403OMT specifi cation, 416resource description framework, 422resource description schema, 422SISO-STD-003–2006: BOMs, 419Web Ontology Language (OWL),

423XML, 422

Java 3D, 213

MATLAB, 215Maya, 215Model, 1, 3

conceptual, 327constraint, 160executable, 327functional, 158mathematical, 3notional, 2physical, 2spatial, 161stochastic, 10

Model examples, 104Predator–prey, 104

Model types, 16agent-based modeling, 18, 233data-based modeling, 17fi nite element modeling (FEM), 17,

163formal modeling, 165game theory, 236input data modeling, 39multimodels, 164other modeling, 19physics-based modeling, 16semiformal modeling, 168

Modeling technologies, 7Modeling and simulation (M&S), 1

analysis, 165analyze phase, 7characteristics and descriptors,

12code phase, 7execute phase, 7life cycle (fi gure), 9model phase, 7strategy, 101

OODA loop (observe, orient, decide, act), 245

OpenGL, 209OpenSceneGraph, 211Operational Research (OR) Methods,

174Oscillators, 107

critically damped solution, 109overdamped solution, 109underdamped solution, 108

Output data analysis, 48

Probability and statistics, 9, 10, 26density function, 32distribution function, 32set, 26space, 28

Project management, 11

Random number, 38Random process, 10, 21Random variables, 10, 31

state variables, 61, 102Random variates, 37Resolution, 13

INDEX 437

Runge–Kutta methods, 112adaptive time step, 116

Scale, 13Simulation, 1, 4, 328

constructive, 20continuous, 2, 12deterministic, 21discrete, 2, 12, 25error estimation, 133exercise, 6hand, 67implementation, 118live, 19Monte Carlo simulation, 12, 131–145nonterminating, 54paradigms, 12run, 6stochastic, 21terminating, 54trial, 6virtual, 19

Social sciences, 227, 229cognitive modeling, 228economic institution modeling, 228ethnographic modeling, 228political strategy modeling, 228social agent systems, 228

System, 2dynamic systems, 12

Systems modeling, 147–180conceptual models, 149declarative models, 152Markov chains, 154methodologies and tools, 148types, 147

Time-advance mechanism, 62

XNA Game Studio, 212

Use cases, 168

Verifi cation and validation, 8, 173verifi cation and validation process, 15

Verifi cation, Validation, and Accreditation (VV&A), 325–372

cause-effect graphing, 345comparison testing, 348dynamic methods, 346face validation, 341inductive assertions, 353inspection, 341methods, 340performing, 333predicate calculus, 353predictive validation, 346referent, 327risks, bounds, model credibility, 336simuland, 327static V&V methods, 345Turing test, 343

Visualization, 1, 11, 181–2263D representations, 184computer animations, 11computer graphics, 181computer visualization, 11digital images, 202lighting and shading, 194refl ection models, 197shading models, 201synthetic camera and projections, 189texture mapping, 202, 205