model united nations at the university of ...cultural committee (sochum). my name is sangho seog,...

MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE

UCIMUN 2020 | April 25-26, 2020 | sites.uci.edu/ucimun

Welcome Delegates,

We are Hana Schlosser and Angie Lo, and we are the Secretaries-General for the UCI Model United Nations 2019-2020 school year. We are honored to serve as part of your Secretariat this year and are excited for everything we have planned for the conference. We truly hope you find our conference to be enjoyable as well as engaging and educational in nature.

Hana is a 4th year Biomedical Engineering major with passions in both biology and politics. This is her fourth year participating as part of the UCIMUN Conference Staff, previously serving as Assistant Director of Ad Hoc on Terror, Director of SOCHUM, and Director-General. She originally joined UCI’s MUN program because she wanted to continue intellectual discussions outside of STEM after participating in Speech and Debate throughout high school. Hana truly loves the MUN program at UCI because it allows her to improve upon skills such as public speaking and diplomacy while also providing her a family at UCI. Outside of her studies and MUN, Hana enjoys playing music, cooking, and playing basketball.

Angie is a 3rd year Sociology and Political Science double major. She has been involved in MUN since freshman year of high school, and loved her experiences there so much she wanted to continue it onto college. She served as Secretary-General of her high school MUN club in her senior year and as a part of UCIMUN, has been an Assistant Director and a Director for General Assembly, and Under-Secretary-General of Mains. When not busy with her school, UCIMUN and work, she likes drawing, playing video games and doting on her pet fish.

This year, we really hope for you all to take to heart the paramount nature of coming up with solutions to the topics we have chosen. Our theme this year, “addressing global human security and its impacts”, was carefully selected because we would like to emphasize the number and severity of global issues which affect everyday people. With your research and your resolutions, we would like you all to delve into ways to benefit as many people as possible, because global issues go beyond nations and governments—they affect all of us.

Our staff’s goal, as always, is to provide delegates with high quality debate and an opportunity to immerse themselves in an intellectual discussion of issues that are relevant to the community around them. Please feel free to reach out to us, our USGs, or our Directors anytime between now and our conference. We are here to help you in any way we can. Thank you for your time, and we look forward to seeing you in the Spring! Sincerely, Hana Schlosser and Angie Lo Secretaries-General UCIMUN Secretariat 2019-20 [email protected]

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mailto:[email protected]



Welcome Delegates!

I am excited to welcome you to our 28th Annual University of California at Irvine, Model United Nations High School Conference. My name is Kyle Petersen and I will serve as you Under-Secretary-General of the Mains Committees. Along with the Secretaries-General, Ashima and I have been working tirelessly to create an incredible conference for you this spring. I am truly excited to see all of the hard work you have put into preparing for this conference.

Outside of Model United Nations here at UC Irvine, I am a 3rd year Business Administration Major specializing in Finance and Management. I have been involved with Model United Nations for seven years now, and it has been an incredibly rewarding experience. Model UN has helped me tremendously in my personal and professional life. It was also one of the major influences to do a year abroad in Milan, Italy, to study international banking and finance at Bocconi University. Model UN has helped shape me to become the person I am today, and I hope it will help you do just the same.

Model UN will help you grow into a better and a more worldly individual. Whether UCIMUN is your first conference or your fifth, take it as a learning experience. Don’t be afraid to ask questions and grow. The dais will be there to guide the debate and help facilitate the learning experience; however, the direction in which the committee goes is up to you and your fellow delegates.

You will be tasked with embodying a country and its policy; for some of you, this will be extremely easy because this country’s policy matches your own opinions, while for others, this can be quite difficult. No matter the case you will then have to work with delegates whose objectives are the exact opposite of your own. I entrust that each and every one of you will uphold the diplomacy of the United Nations and work together in a professional manner in order to find the best solution to the problem at hand.

I hope that you will have just as much fun as I have in preparing for this conference and I cannot wait to see what your debate has in store. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact myself or your dias, as we will be more than happy to help. I wish you all the best and cannot wait to see you this April! Sincerely, Kyle Petersen Under-Secretary-General of Mains Committees UCIMUN Secretariat 2019-20 [email protected]

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mailto:[email protected]



Hello Delegates!

Welcome to UCI Model United Nations’s 28th Annual High School Model United Nations Conference! I am very pleased to introduce you to the Third Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee (SOCHUM).

My name is Sangho Seog, and I will be your director of SOCHUM. This will be my third year in the Model United Nations program here at the University of California, Irvine. I joined UCI Model United Nations (UCIMUN) as one of many extracurricular activities I could find on campus during my freshman year, and it turned out to be the most amazing experience I had at UCI so far.

I am a third-year here at UC Irvine, majoring in Political Science and International Studies. My specific focus is on the economic development model East Asian countries have adopted in their development stage and I am currently planning on writing a thesis on the topic, with the help of faculty members here at UCI. In addition to UCIMUN, I am part of many on-campus activities; for example, I currently work with the UCI YouTube channel to produce quality videos for the Anteater community. I’m also a part of a mentoring program to help high school students pursue their field of interest and enhance their knowledge on global and international issues such as globalization, nuclear proliferation, the refugee crisis and more.

The topics for SOCHUM this year are (A) Countering Xenophobia and Persecution of Minorities and (B) Sustainable Growth and Development in the least Developed Countries (LDCs). Globalization has progressed for nearly 3 decades, and the world is now connected more than ever. However, while nations around the world are getting to know one another more and more as each day passes, so does the distrust and detestation for each nation’s distinct culture, people and practices. Xenophobia is growing in many nations and so is the persecution of minorities within them. Furthermore, while globalization has fostered the economic growth of many countries and integrated them into the world economy, it also has dealt with great damage to the environment, and many today are still suffering from environmental insecurity. While it is important to pursue economic growth in the least developed countries, it is also important to make sure that the development is sustainable so to not cause irreversible damage to the environment. Both topics are of great importance in the world we live in and must be addressed by the international community to reaffirm the community’s commitment to safeguarding common social, cultural and humanitarian values that all of mankind benefits from.

I expect all delegates to go through thorough research and ensure that you are keen on the committee topics. The topic synopsis is meant to help you guide through your research—more like a starting point—and I expect all delegates to research further and gain comprehensive knowledge on the topic.

Feel free to contact me if you have any questions. I’ll be seeing you all on the day of the conference! Sincerely, Sangho Seog Director, Third: SOCHUM [email protected]

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Topic A: Countering Xenophobia and the Persecution of Minorities

Introduction

Xenophobia refers to an attitudinal orientation of hostility against non-natives in a given

population. The word xenophobia originally comes from the Greek word xénos—meaning “the

stranger” and “the guest”, and phóbos—meaning “the fear”. It often overlaps with racism, but

they are distinct phenomena. While racism focuses on physical attributes like skin color and

facial features, xenophobia is concerned with “foreign” ideas and behaviors.

Although the global community has been committed to countering xenophobia

worldwide, globalization and new migration patterns—which enabled the large movement of

populations from industrializing societies to industrialized societies—have caused xenophobic

and racist movements to resurge in several societies in the world. Increased competition between

states due to globalization and gradual internationalization of labor markets have negatively

influenced those living in the margins of society as they have to compete with newcomers for

jobs and public welfare. Such transformation has generated a social and political climate right for

xenophobia to breed, and the world once again saw a resurgence of xenophobic and racist

movements (UNESCO, 2017).

Xenophobic and racist movements mainly target social groups that are perceived to be

outsiders, such as asylum-seekers, non-nationals, migrants and refugees. Even though article 1 of

the 1992 United Nations Minorities Declaration defines minorities as based on “national or

ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic identity”, currently there is no internationally agreed

definition of minorities as countries could not reach agreement on what groups constitute

minorities (OHCHR, n.d.). Therefore, the definition of the minorities in this conference will be

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“national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities” - the one that is usually referred to by the

United Nations human rights system (OHCHR, n.d.).

Nearly all states have one or more minority groups within their national boundaries who

can be characterized by their national or ethnic, religious and linguistic identity distinct from that

of the majority population. However, although numerous international conventions encourage

states to guarantee the protection of the rights of minorities, too often minorities face multiple

forms of discrimination from the majority population of society, which results in exclusion and

marginalization (Panter, 2017).

In both cases, what is important is to promote and implement international human rights

standards that perceived outsiders and persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and

linguistic minorities need not face discrimination, exclusion, and marginalization from the

mainstream society. Furthermore, states should discourage xenophobic and racist movements

that usually target these marginalized people and ensure inclusion and safety for all.

Description

The international community has put an enormous effort to eliminate xenophobia and

racism from the face of our planet. Probably the most groundbreaking international agreement on

human rights standards is the 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Racial Discrimination or ICERD. Article 2 of the Convention states that state parties are obliged

to eliminate racial discrimination and promote understanding and respect of the dignity of the

human being by all appropriate means. Furthermore, Article 4 of the convention obliges state

parties to punish incitement to racial discrimination and declare illegal and prohibit racist

organizations (OHCHR, n.d.). The ICERD has had a significant impact on the municipal law of

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multiple countries as many countries enacted legislation that follows the standards in the

convention (Grant, 2017). Furthermore, it laid the foundation for multiple international human

rights conventions that would come into effect later in the century, such as the 1993 Vienna

Declaration and Programme of Action.

The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, or VDPA, reaffirmed that the

universal nature of human rights is unquestionable and all human rights are universal,

indivisible, interdependent and interrelated (OHCHR, n.d.). The most important takeaway from

the Vienna Declaration is that it confirmed the universality of human rights, disproving claims

that human rights are not universal but rather culturally, historically and socially contextual and

contingent (BBC, n.d.). In addition to this, the declaration led to the founding of the United

Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, a leading UN entity on human rights entrusted to

promote and protect all human rights for all people.

Another important international human rights convention includes the 2001 Durban

Declaration and Programme of Action, or DDPA. It reasserted principles of equality and

non-discrimination as core human rights, assigned primary responsibility to combat racism,

xenophobia and related intolerances to states, and emphasized that racism is a global concern and

countering it should be a universal effort (United Nations, 2009).

However, despite the effort of the international community and implementation of a

series of international human rights conventions, xenophobia, racism, and related intolerance

remains a serious issue for people worldwide. At SOCHUM’s 71st session, during 39th & 40th

meetings in 2016, delegates from UN member states and human rights experts expressed their

concerns for the rise of racism and xenophobia worldwide. Delegates reported that the

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resurgence of racism and xenophobia was visible in public discourse, media, and political

rhetoric, and especially against migrants, refugees and people of African descent. The delegates

urged greater commitment to ICERD and condemned signs of pervasive racism: hate crimes

against minorities, discrimination, and violence toward migrants and refugees, race-based police

brutality, etc (United Nations, 2016). Furthermore, they expressed disappointment for the slow

implementation of DDPA and delayed formulation and initiation of compliance and enforcement

mechanism for several international human rights conventions.

What can be seen here is that acts of xenophobia, racism, and related intolerances

continue to this day despite numerous international human rights conventions. Not only those

who are perceived to be outsiders, like migrants and refugees, but also national, ethnic, linguistic

or cultural minorities within the community are threatened by the resurgence of xenophobia and

racism.

Syrian female refugees face dual discrimination based on gender and ethnicity in Turkey,

a country that hosts the world’s largest community of Syrian refugees. These refugees have

distinct national, ethnic and linguistic identities for the majority of the Turkish population and

face limited access to the Turkish labor market, and face additional risks like physical and sexual

violence (Duran, 2018). Furthermore, the Turkish refugee protection regime is insufficient to

meet the needs of refugees, eventually leading to the inaction of the Turkish government in

regulating exploitation and abuse of Syrian female refugees as unpaid sex and household

workers (Kivilcim, 2016). Minorities with distinct national and ethnic identity face xenophobia,

racism and violence all around the world.

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Persecution of the Baha’i faith is consistent throughout Southwest Asia and Iran where

their teachings are inconsistent with the dominant faith in the mainstream society. The very

expression of affiliation to the faith is illegal, organizational structures are banned, and believers

face unexplained court summons, arrest orders and arbitrary detentions (Ghanea, 2019). The

United Nations General Assembly expressed serious concern for the Islamic Republic of Iran’s

ongoing severe limitations and restrictions on the right to religion or belief - including attacks on

Baha’i places of worship and cemeteries- and noted arbitrary arrests, detention, and incitement of

hatred against religious minorities (UNGA, 2018). Despite pressure from the international

community, religious minorities - not only limited to the Baha’i - face forced cultural

assimilation and incitement of hatred against them all around the world.

Russian language speakers in Eastern Europe face challenges in their everyday lives as

local governments take measures to weaken the status of the Russian language in the region. In

Ukraine, a law that only allowed the Ukrainian language to be spoken in official settings has

been in effect since April 2019. The law outlined that people acting in official capacities must

only speak Ukrainian, set quotas for films, television and books in Ukrainian and banned

attempts to use any other official languages. Significant Russian-speaking minorities expressed

concerns that their access to education, public service, and the labor market will be limited due to

linguistic differences and they could potentially face criminal charges because of the use of the

Russian language (Luhn, 2019). In Latvia, parliament has voted legislation that will effectively

increase the use of Latvian language and significantly decrease the use of the Russian language

in minority schools, limiting Latvia’s Russian minorities’ access to education. Russian minorities

denounced the move as discriminatory and expressed concerns for limitation to access to higher

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education (Gotev, 2018). In both cases, the Russian government expressed serious concerns and

referred to these legislations as human rights violations (RFE/RL, 2019). Like Russian-speaking

minorities in Eastern Europe, linguistic minorities all around the world face the threat of forced

assimilation and limitation of basic rights if they do not surrender.

Bloc Positions

European Bloc

The European Union condemns and rejects all forms of racism and intolerance since they

are incompatible with the founding values of the EU. The EU had established various

legislations and institutions to counter racism, xenophobia and related intolerance. One example

of such legislation is the Victims Rights Initiative that establishes minimum standards on the

rights, support, and protection of all victims of crime. Furthermore, the initiative aims to pay

particular attention to victims who have suffered “a crime committed with a bias or

discriminatory motive” (European Commission, 2019).

The European Commission facilitates information exchanges through several expert

groups and networks, particularly the EU High-Level Group on combating racism, xenophobia

and other forms of racism (2019). The group’s goal is to support EU and national efforts on

ensuring effective implementation of relevant legislation and policies to combat and prevent

practices such as racism, xenophobia, hate crimes, hate speech and related intolerance (2018).

Moreover, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, or ECRI, acts as a

monitoring agency to systematically respond to the issue of racism and xenophobia and EU

member states. The ECRI makes policy recommendations like enacting both specific and

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comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation that covers fields like housing, employment,

education and access to social services (n.d.).

Unfortunately, racism and xenophobia in non-EU member states are proliferating as

municipal governments do not put as much effort as their EU counterparts (2019).

African Bloc

African states have a great interest in the issue of racism, xenophobia, and related

intolerance. For instance, speakers from the African Group - a group composed of

representatives from African countries at OHCHR - voiced concerns at OHCHR meetings

regarding the treatment of people of African descent, refugees, minorities and migrants. Togo,

Egypt, Nigeria, Tunisia, and Libya reiterated concerns about continued racial discrimination and

xenophobia and called on the global community to enact and implement legislation and policies

against racism and xenophobia (OHCHR, 2018).

Furthermore, African countries not only call out for non-African countries to combat

racism and xenophobia, but they are also putting effort to counter such intolerance in their

content as well. Such effort includes South Africa’s five-year plans to raise public awareness

about anti-racism and equality and increase anti-discrimination efforts and Tunisia’s

criminalization of racial discrimination (Grewal, 2018). However, in most cases, the African

governments lack means to effectively address the problem (Bremmer, 2019).

Northern & Southern America Blocs

Many governments in North and South America condemn and reject all forms of racial

discrimination, xenophobia, and related intolerance, and respective governments have

implemented effective policies to combat the problem.

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In the United States, for instance, federal law prohibits discrimination based on a

person’s origin, skin color, religion, etc. The U.S. Department of Justice is concerned at

safeguarding people’s civil rights and punish individuals who conduct criminal violations

motivated by racist and/or xenophobic ideas (2015). Furthermore, there is civil rights law at both

federal and state-level that protects minority populations and ensures equal employment, access

to education and social services, civil and political rights (n.a., n.d.).

In Canada, the government acknowledges that multiculturalism and diversity are at the

core of Canadian values and actively promote such principles through government policies and

relevant legislation. Canadian constitution entrenches the charter of rights and freedoms and laws

that protect minorities (2005). Additionally, the Canadian parliament regularly collects reports

regarding taking action against systemic racism and xenophobia and make recommendations on

solving the issue (2008).

The Mexican government also strongly rejects racism and xenophobia and implement

necessary legislation and policies to protect minorities and oppose racial discrimination. The

Mexican government has been implementing various action plans and programs to strengthen the

protection of fundamental rights of its citizens based on the constitution that expressly prohibit

discrimination on the grounds of ethnicity. Mexican federal anti-discrimination laws have been

amended to cover broader topics and federal agencies are addressing rising racist / xenophobic

sentiment surrounding migrants from Central America (OHCHR, 2019).

South American governments are similar in the manner with the global community that

they too reject and condemn racial discrimination and xenophobia and aim to protect minorities.

For example, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), an autonomous organ

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of the Organization of American States, holds regional consultations on the campaign against

racial discrimination, xenophobia and other forms of intolerance with the aid of OHCHR. Such

consultations sought to improve cooperation between inter-American and international human

rights mechanisms and propose cooperation in the campaign against racial discrimination,

xenophobia and related intolerance (OAS, 2018). Moreover, the OAS recognizes difficulties

minorities in the region are facing and have created a series of mechanisms to support the rights

of the minorities (2017).

Asia & Pacific Blocs

Asian & Pacific countries are lagging behind other countries in the global community in

terms of the development of legislation and policies to effectively counter racial discrimination,

xenophobia and other forms of intolerance. Only a handful of countries in the region have

comprehensive anti-discrimination law that expressly prohibits racial discrimination (Mitsumori,

2017). Despite most countries in the region nominally oppose racism, racial discrimination,

xenophobia, and intolerance of minorities, most countries in the region not only lack legal and

institutional framework to address the problem but also have serious issue with racial

discrimination, xenophobia, and intolerance toward ethnic and religious minorities (Russel,

2018).

International Human Rights bodies have expressed grave concerns over discriminatory

aspects of the legal system in Asian & Pacific countries and challenge ethnic, religious and

linguistic minorities face in the region (OHCHR, 2018).

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Committee Goals

The Dais calls on delegates to work together with other delegates that have different

views on the issue to come up with a comprehensive and feasible plan that can address the

problem of racism and xenophobia on the rise.

The chair also highly smiles upon delegates to be creative and cooperative when working

with delegates that might propose solutions that are completely different from your own. The

issue of racism and xenophobia cannot be solved by the effort of one state alone and all members

of the global community need to be part of the effort.

The Dais welcomes delegates to work together with other delegates who have similar

concerns, interests or policies to provide a solution to this issue.

Research Questions

The Dais will provide you with some research questions that would help you gain a better

understanding of the topic and should assist you in proposing a solution based on your country’s

concerns, interests, and policies. The questions are:

1. How should the existing global human rights regime be utilized to address the issue?

Should they be reformed or not?

2. How much effort did your country put in implementing recommendations provided by

international human rights bodies?

3. What would be the solution to solve the discrepancy between the internal politics of

states and the requirements of the international human rights regime? (i.e. some states

often do not follow international human rights standards due to internal politics)

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4. Finally, what is your country’s stated goal regarding racism, racial discrimination,

xenophobia, and other related intolerance?

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Topic B: Sustainable Growth and Development in Least Developed

Countries

Introduction

Sustainable development, a term that first appeared in the Brundtland report from the

1987 United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, refers to a type of

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs (LLSD, 2019).

In 1972, 113 delegates from United Nations member states met at Stockholm, Sweden

and held the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment to discuss the impact of

human activities on the environment and raise awareness for the global environment (UNSD,

n.d.). Also known as the Stockholm Conference, it is remembered as the first major UN

conference on international environmental issues that marked a turning point in international

environmental politics as it led to the development of the United Nations Environmental

Program, or UNEP (Maekin, 1992).

Since the 1972 Stockholm Conference, multiple international environmental agreements

were made by the international community. These agreements include the 1979 Geneva

Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution, the 1985 Helsinki Protocol, the 1987

Montreal Protocol, and the 1989 Basel Convention, all of which had important implications that

facilitated multilateral cooperation among states in the global community to address

environmental issues mankind was facing (UNECE, n.d.). These agreements laid the foundation

for more comprehensive development to be made in international environmental politics, which

is the first United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.

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UNCED, also known as the Earth Summit, was held at Rio de Janeiro where

representatives from 178 states and non-governmental organizations met together to discuss

global environmental issues that would become central to policy implementation (n.d.). At the

conference, states agreed on creating the Agenda 21, a comprehensive action plan to be taken by

actors in the global, national and local level that encouraged them to work on issues like

changing consumption pattern, deforestation, biological diversity, international traffic of toxic

and dangerous products, etc (1992).

In addition to Agenda 21, states agreed on creating the Commission on Sustainable

Development to ensure effective implementation of the agreement made at the Rio conference at

local, national, regional and international levels. Full implementation of Agenda 21 and

commitment to principles agreed at the Rio conference were strongly affirmed at the 2002 World

Summit on Sustainable Development (n.d.).

In other words, the notion of sustainable development which first appeared at the 1987

United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development became more concrete

objective at the Rio conference in which the goal of sustainable development is to ensure socially

inclusive and environmentally sustainable economic growth (LLSD, 2019).

In 2015, all members of the United Nations adopted the Sustainable Development Goals,

also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by all United Nations member states in 2015 as a

universal determination to end poverty and solve environmental problems by 2030 (UNDP, n.d.).

All 17 SDGs acknowledge that the development must balance economic, social and

environmental sustainability and member states who agreed on 17 SDGs also established the

‘Leave No One Behind’ principle that encourages countries that have made more progress to

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assist countries faltering to achieve their set goals (United Nations, n.d.). Additionally, the

UNDP is assisting UN member states in achieving SDGs by providing integrated solutions to the

problem - focusing on root causes, systems and connections between problems - and offer policy

expertise gained through a long period of track record working (n.d.).

Description

As mentioned before, the key goal of sustainable development is to pursue economic

development to an extent that does not hinder the well-being of future generations. This concept

that was established at the 1987 United Nations World Commission on Environment

Development is reflected on 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) that all United Nations

member states have adopted in 2015. Goal 8 of the SDG—decent work and economic

growth—is one good example of the key concept of sustainable development being implemented

in SDGs as the international community created a goal to promote sustained, inclusive and

sustainable economic growth (n.d.). Furthermore, Goals 9, 11, and 12 of SDG also call upon the

international community to promote sustainable industrialization, build sustainable communities

and ensure sustainable consumption of goods (n.d.).

However, the most important factor that limits some countries’ ability to participate in

achieving SDGs is that developing countries—especially LDCs—have a much lower level of

economic development than already developed countries. This is also connected to one of the

main challenges to sustainable development, which is the lack of financial resources to plan and

implement reforms to achieve sustainable development (Adhikari, 2018).

For instance, SDGs require states to provide quality education, affordable and clean

energy, innovation on infrastructure, climate action and so on. How could a developing country

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that does not even have enough resources to solely focus on industrialization and economic

development—which heavily relies on ‘unclean’ energy production and traditional way of

development that largely neglects damage done to the environment—pursue goals that only ones

with spare resources have potential to achieve? (Adhikari, 2018).

Additionally, there is an issue with governance as corruption, the reaction from the public

and failures in the system slows down the reforms implemented by national and local

governments. One case study shows how bureaucracy and corruption in the government caused a

‘deadweight loss’—a large portion of resources assigned for achieving SDG being wasted in

transition (Carbon Brief, 2019).

In other words, for Least Developed Countries to overcome challenges of pursuing

sustainable development, developed countries and the international community need to

remember the “Leave No One Behind” principle and assist such states who are stagnating in

terms of progress toward achieving sustainable development.

Bloc Positions

European Bloc

Sustainable development has long been a core value of the European Union as the EU

recognizes that its social, economic and environmental problems that should be addressed

together. The European Union fully affirms the notion that economic development must meet the

needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

needs. Furthermore, it stresses that a life of dignity for all who live on this planet and reconciling

environmental responsibility, economic efficiency, and social inclusion is at the essence of

sustainable development (European Commission, n.d.).

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The European Union has an outline to strategically approach the implementation of the

2030 Agenda, including the SDGs. The EU has taken several key actions to implement 2030

Agenda, which includes integrating SDGs into EU policies and initiatives, providing regular

reporting of EU’s progress toward achieving SDGs and launching a high-level multi-stakeholder

platform that supports the exchange of best practices on implementation at national and regional

level (European Commission, 2019).

In addition to the progress the EU has made at the regional level, it also assisted LDCs in

achieving SDGs. For instance, EU funding instruments such as the Development Funding

Instrument and the European Development Fund provide development aid to African, Carribean

and Pacific countries where many countries in the region are classified as LDCs (European

Commission, 2019). Furthermore, the EU is working with developing countries to promote

access to sustainable energy, affordable housing, responsible supply chains and business

practices, and so on (Kettven, et al., 2018).

Asia & Pacific Bloc

Asian & Pacific countries’ progress toward sustainable development varies greatly by

level of development and part of the continent they are on. Overall, more economically

developed on the eastern side of the continent tend to have made more progress in achieving

sustainable development whereas those in the western and southern parts of the continent tend to

lack results (Upadhyayg, 2019).

However, finance remains at the core of the problem in the Asia & Pacific region as well,

especially for developing countries. UN ESCAP—Economic and Social Commission for Asia

and the Pacific—estimated that investment of $1.5 trillion for Asia-Pacific developing countries

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would be required to finance SDG programs in those developing countries and yet it remains a

complicated task that requires unprecedented coordination between public and private sectors

(Subhanj, et al., 2019).

Although developing countries in the region have made progress toward goals like SDGs

1, 3, 5, 10 and mobilized more financial resources through domestic reforms, much more needs

to be done in terms of enhancing efficiency of expenditures, strengthening compliance and

promoting institutional capacity for national and local governments to pursue SDGs (UNDP,

n.d.).

Americas & the Carribean Bloc

The United States of America has made a remarkable effort to implement the changes

required to pursue SDGs. Since the adoption of SDGs in 2015, the United States government

reported that the United States has made progress in almost all sectors, such as renewable

energy, food insecurity, good health, resilient infrastructure and education (UNDP, 2017).

In addition to achieving sustainable development in the home front, the United States

government also assists LDCs with the hope that LDCs could improve the quality of life and

build a foundation for long-term developmental gains (USAID, 2019).

Like the United States, Canada is also putting a considerable amount of resources on

achieving sustainable development. The Federal Sustainable Development Strategy, or FSDS, is

the Canadian government’s primary tool for planning sustainable development for Canada that is

responsible for setting priorities and identifying government actions to achieve those targets

(Canada, 2018). With the FSDS and other related government agencies and programs, Canada

has made progress on achieving SDGs 6, 7, and 12 through 15 (Canada, 2019). In addition to

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making progress, Canada is also increasing mobilization of public and private finance for

sustainable development to channel the funds for achieving positive development impact in

developing countries (OECD, 2018).

In Latin America and the Carribean, the United Nations Development Group is working

with local governments to prioritize populations who are marginalized and excluded. With the

help of the UNDG of Latin America and the Carribean (UNDP LAC), the regional commitment

to implement SDGs continue as countries in the region agreed that reduction of inequalities is at

the core of development. Furthermore, the UNDP LAC supports countries to achieve greater

synergy by strengthening practices and processes and provides practical support to countries by

offering strategic analysis, guidance and technical assistance (UNDP, 2018).

However, Latin American and Carribean states also face challenges when trying to

pursue sustainable development. Obstacles to sustainable development include lack of financial

resources and institutional capacity, little attention being paid to conserving the environment,

extreme poverty and corruption in the government, ethnicity, and significant disparities between

states and regions within the state (Nicolai, et al., 2016).

African Bloc

Despite challenges, African countries are also making “baby step” progress on

implementing SDGs. The SDGs have received numerous official endorsement from African

governments and have been incorporated into many official government action plans and

strategies (UNECA, 2018). Countries in Africa have made some progress in providing access to

safe water and efficiency in energy use, conservation and suitable use of mountain resources,

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etc.; but these countries also need to address issues like rapid urbanization and the resulting

pollution, sanitation, air quality and conservation of forests (AFDB, 2018).

However, there is still a wide gap in understanding insufficiency in terms of achieving

SDGs and a lack of understanding and consideration for the financial resources required for

achieving SDGs. In other words, a lack of funding and resources poses the most significant

challenge for African countries to implement and monitor sustainable development. Furthermore,

most countries are not engaged in awareness-raising activities and many people in Africa are

unaware of their countries’ progress toward achieving SDGs (SDG, 2018).

Committee Goals

The Dais calls on delegates to work together with other delegates that have different

views on the issue to come up with a comprehensive and feasible plan that can address the

problem that LDCs face while pursuing sustainable development.

The Dais calls on delegates to be creative and cooperative when working with delegates

that might propose a solution that is completely different from yours. The issue of developing

countries facing challenges toward achieving sustainable development cannot be solved by the

effort of one state alone and all members of the global community need to be part of the effort.

The Dais welcomes delegates to work together with other delegates who have similar concerns,

interests or policies to provide a solution to this issue.

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Research Questions

The Dais will provide you with some research questions that would help you gain a better

understanding of the topic and should assist you in proposing a solution based on your country’s

concerns, interests, and policies. The questions are:

1. How much effort did your country put in working toward achieving Sustainable

Development Goals set by the United Nations General Assembly?

2. Does your country hold any kind of historical responsibility or burden for any LDCs?

3. What would be the solution for the international community to assist LDCs in achieving

Sustainable Development?

a. Considering cases of internal challenges (i.e. corruption).

b. Considering cases of structural challenges (i.e. lack of financial resources).

4. What is your country’s stated goal regarding sustainable development? What is your

country’s policy on helping other countries (especially developing countries) for

sustainable development?

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