model-based quantity takeoff in

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Model-based Quantity Takeoff inProduction An experimental and interview-based approach on site todevelop and implement new work methods

Master of Science Thesis in the Masters Programme Design and Construction Project Management

ADAM L !D"T#$M

Department of %ivil and &nvironmental &n'ineerin' Division of Construction Management%(ALM" )! *" T+ , T&%(!,L,.+./tebor'0 "weden 1234Master5s Thesis 1234611


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MASTERS THESIS 2013:22

Model-based Quantity Takeoff in!odu"tion

An e#$e!i%ental and inte!&ie'-based a$$!oa"( on site to de&elo$ and i%$le%ent ne''o!k %et(ods


A)AM *I+)STR,M

)e$a!t%ent of i&il and En&i!on%ental En.inee!in. Division of Construction ManagementHA*MERS /+I ERSIT TE H+ * 4

45tebo!.6 S'eden 2013


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Model-based Quantity Takeoff in ProductionAn experimental and interview-based approach on site to develop and implement newwork methods


ADAM L !D"T#$M

% ADAM L !D"T#$M& '()*

+xamensarbete , nstitutionen f r by..- och mil/ teknik&0halmers tekniska h .skola '()*1''

Department of 0ivil and +nvironmental +n.ineerin.Division of 0onstruction Mana.ement0halmers 2niversity of Technolo.y"+-3)' 45 6 tebor."wedenTelephone1 7 35 8(9*)-::' )(((

0over1A viewpoint of buildin. elements and spaces from the reference pro/ect;s buildin.information modelie ers 16 4!2 BIM I )+e e'tati%' 16

4!3 Di--ere't ?a s %- M%(e++i'$ 19

4!4 I'teri%r ?a++s@ the a )r%(&"ti%' a'a$e the t%(a 1;

4!5 D%%rs@ h% the are %r(ere( i' a )r%


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CHALMERS Civil and Environmental Engineering , Masters Thesis 2013:22 V

8 ACADEMIC REF ECTION AND DISC SSION 45

8!1 E>a+&ati%' a'( /% the Pr%*+e is Dea+t ?ith! 45

8!2 A's ers t% Resear"h .&esti%'s 46

8!3 ear'i'$ a'( Re-+e"ti%' 46

9 CONC DING REMAR S AND F T RE RESEARC/ 48

; REFERENCES 4;

10 FIG RES 51


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CHALMERS , Civil and Environmental Engineering , Masters Thesis 2013:22 VI

Preface

First+ , I a't t% tha'# t % e't%rs, B re "%'ti'&%&s+

*ee' rea(i'$ this thesis as it has (e>e+%)e( a#i'$ s&$$esti%'s %- its )%ssi*+e

i )r%>e e't!Se"%'(+ , I %&+( +i#e t% sa that )r%(&"ti%' a'a$e e't at )r%e' t% )r%(&"ti%' a'a$er Mi#ae+ %ha'ss%' a'( site a'a$er Marti'Stri(h!

Fi'a++ , I a't t% tha'# +- Th%re++, BIM "%%r(i'at%r at S#a's#a -%r his s&))%rt(&ri'$ the h%+e )eri%( %- hi"h this thesis as "%'(&"te(! E>e' th%&$h he -%r a++ha( '%thi'$ t% (% ith the thesis he has a+ a s *ee' a' i )%rta't s&))%rt he'(is"&ssi%' as 'ee(e(!

G te*%r$ Ma 2013

A(a i'(str


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CHALMERS Civil and Environmental Engineering , Masters Thesis 2013:22 VII

Abbreviations

3D Three (i e'si%'a+4D F%&r (i e'si%'a+5D Fi>e (i e'si%'a+

AMA A++ =' ateria+ %"h ar*ets*es#ri>'i'$, C% %' Materia+ a'( ?%r#sDes"ri)ti%'BIM B&i+(i'$ I'-%r ati%' M%(e+BIM B&i+(i'$ I'-%r ati%' M%(e++i'$BIM B&i+(i'$ I'-%r ati%' Ma'a$e e'tCAD C% )&ter Ai(e( Desi$'COBIM C% %' BIM $&i(e+i'es Hi' Fi'+a'(IAI I'ter'ati%'a+ A++ia'"e -%r I'ter%)era*i+itIFC I'(&str F%&'(ati%' C+assesIT I'-%r ati%' Te"h'%+%$ITO I'-%r ati%' Ta#e%--

EED ea(ershi) i' E'er$ a'( E'>ir%' e'ta+ Desi$'META I'-%r ati%' a*%&t (ataPDF P%rta*+e D%"& e't F%r atR 3 e'$th 7 i(th 7 hei$htSE S e(ish "r%'es


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CHALMERS , Civil and Environmental Engineering , Masters Thesis 2013:22 1

1 IntroductionIn following chapter background, purpose, and research questions of this aster thesisare presented!

1.1 BackgroundThe construction industr" is pro#ect$based and as pro#ects are unique in naturestandardi%ation is difficult! This leads to the i portance of effecti&e infor ationsharing between different parties in&ol&ed in a pro#ect '(erard, 2012)! (IM, oftenreferred to as (uilding Infor ation Modelling, is a hot sub#ect and al ost e&er"

aga%ine connected to construction has posted so ething about (IM at so e ti e!*rchitects, consultants, construction engineers, suppliers, and aintenance fir s allsee benefits of i ple enting (IM technolog" into their businesses '+ongeling, 200 )!

-owada"s (IM is often used in design but one proble is that (IM design often onl"results in 2.$drawings for the construction site! There are uch ore infor ation in a(IM than on the e/ported 2.$drawings which eans a lot of infor ation is lost in

between design and production ' iklund, 2010)! Moreo&er drawings, esti ations,lists and schedules ha&e a lot in co on! oughl" said, it is erel" different wa"s oflooking at the sa e infor ation! ost esti ators describe a building in ter s of

building parts and recipes, *.$s"ste s describe a building in ter s of ob#ects in aodel sorted in la"ers, purchasers describe a building in ter s of purchasing ite s,

and quantit" sur&e"ors describe a building in ter s of quantities with *M*$codes!4"ste s and standards ha&e de&eloped in order to e/change infor ation betweendifferent parties! *t the o ent, work processes are in the iddle of traditional

ethods and (IM but when (IM is full" i ple ented it will fa&our all parties 'Man,2005)!6ne aspect of (IM technolog" is easier quantit" takeoff! Theor" suggests that with anintelligent odel desired quantities will be e/tracted faster and ore efficientl" thanwith current practices '7irat, et al!, 2010)! In realit" howe&er, getting wantedquantities fro a (IM it is not that eas"! The lack of (IM co petence, high initialcosts, different procure ent s"ste s, and low interoperabilit" between software has

pro&en to be great barriers for the i ple entation of (IM technolog" in pro#ects'*%har, 2012)! Model$based quantit" takeoff has started to de&elop in esti ating buthas not "et reached production! In production, anagers and engineers still use

ethods where quantities are easured off a ph"sical drawing to be put into an e/celdocu ent '7irat, et al!, 2010)!

1.2 Purpose and Problem DefinitionThe purpose of this aster thesis is to in&estigate how odel$based quantit" takeoffshould be i ple ented in production! There are an" people working with (IM inthe reference co pan" and all tools and support needed are a&ailable in the co pan"!8owe&er, (IM is ostl" used in design and as in an" other co panies the referenceco pan" has still not "et been able to get (IM useful in production! 9hat de andsand require ents ha&e to be put on designers are e/a ined and what need to changein current work processes highlighted! ossibilities and barriers with odel$basedquantit" takeoff ethods in production are in&estigated! 7urther ore, doing the


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aster thesis on a production site hopefull" initiate that production personnel start torequire new technolog" for quantit" takeoffs as the" a" see ad&antages with thealternati&e ethods!

1.3 Research Questions 8ow is quantit" takeoff done toda" in production and esti ating; 9h" is the (IM not used for quantit" takeoff in production; .oes an"thing in the design phase need to change in order to ake production

personnel being able to use the (IM for quantit" takeoff; 9hat are the a#or benefits of using odel$based quantit" takeoff in

production; 8ow should (IM be effecti&el" i ple ented in production;


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2 Theoretical BackgroundIn following chapter a theoretical background based on literature studies are presentedwhere acron" s and concepts are e/plained!

2.1 2D !Do puter *ided .esign was introduced in the 1< 0:s and i pro&ed a lot of

drafts en=s dail" work! * 2. *.$ odel is built up b" lines on a /"$plane, e&er"line defined b" a la"er describing what building part is illustrated! 7or e/a ple, linesthat describe supporting walls and interior doors are defined b" different la"ers! Thelines can either be solid, dotted, or se i$dotted depending on place ent and &isibilit"on drawing! To describe a certain detail with 2. drawings it is not unco on that >$different drawings are needed to gather all necessar" infor ation about a detail! lans,sections, details and facades all show the sa e building part but fro different angels

'+ongeling, 200 )!6ne of the proble s with 2. *. is that drawings are not connected to each other! Ifa easure ent on a drawing is changed then all other drawings of this part also needto be re&ised! -ot onl" drawings are affected but also lists of quantities, costesti ations, and production plans! e&ision is ti e consu ing and ore than one

part" is often affected b" a change in the drawings '4ha loo ? Mobaraki, 2011)!

2.2 Bills of QuantitiesIn order to deter ine the cost of a pro#ect all costs of aterial, achines, labouretcetera ha&e to be su ari%ed! This is an e/tre el" ti e consu ing task and hasoften been done b" stud"ing drawings and specifications ade b" architects andengineers! *ll quantities ha&e been easured and written down in a standarddocu ent and connected to unit costs! 9hole fir s ha&e been speciali%ing on #ust

aking these docu ents called bills of quantities for se&eral "ears! The profession of producing bills of quantities is called quantit" sur&e"or and new technolog", (IMincluded, has reduced the quantit" sur&e"ors work a lot during the last decades '@ee,2010)!

2.3 "#plaining the acron$m BI%The eaning of the acron" (IM has been widel" discussed since its introduction'see 7igure 1)! Three different translations are co onl" used which are (uildingInfor ation Model, (uilding Infor ation Modelling, and (uilding Infor ationManage ent!


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CHALMERS , Civil and Environmental Engineering , Masters Thesis 2013:22 A

&igure 1' The different aspects of BI% (buildipedia) 2*13+.

* Building Information Model differs fro a 3. odel firstl" in the wa" that a (IMis ob#ect oriented! This eans that the ob#ects building the odel ha&e a place in thedigital world and relates to each others positions! 4econdl", a 3. odel consists ofsurfaces which create a graphic &isualisation of a building but is not intelligent as a

(IM! Intelligence that a" be carried in the ob#ects of a (uilding Infor ation Modelis for e/a ple aterial, weight, colour, te perature tolerance, unit cost, and asse bl"ti e! In theor", a (IM is able to generate bills of quantities, ti e schedules, and costesti ations! hanges in the odel affect all docu ents that are generated fro it'+ongeling, 200 )! The building4M* T *lliance of the -ational Institute of (uilding4ciences offers following definition of (IM:B A Building Information Model is a digital representation of physical and functionalcharacteristics of a facility. As such, it serves as a shared knowledge resource forinformation about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its lifecycle

from inception onward B '@ee, 2010)!

Building Information Modelling refers to a process ore than a product whichin&ol&es infor ation handling fro idea and design all the wa" to finished buildingand aintenance! (IM is in this wa" all infor ation shared during a building=s lifec"cle! Infor ation a" be sa&ed in graphic or non$graphic data bases as long asinfor ation is structured in a rational wa" 'Man, 2005)! The i portance is the processwhere hu ans store data in libraries and update the continuousl" '7irat, et al!,2010)!

Building Information Management is an acron" used b" 4kanska in order toi ple ent a wa" of working where the attention is not around an infor ation odel!The opportune wa" of storing infor ation is not necessaril" in a 3. odel e&en

though so e infor ation a" be connected to it! (IM is the process of


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CHALMERS , Civil and Environmental Engineering , Masters Thesis 2013:22 C

co unication and infor ation sharing within a pro#ect, including infor ation notconnected to the odel ' elDn, 2013)!6b#ects created in a building infor ation odel are described b" the software inthree different wa"s structural description, functional description, and graphicdescription 'Mikael (engtsson ? 7rank +auernig, 200 )!

tructural description E indicates what the ob#ect consists of, for e/a plewhat aterials are included in a wall or that a door has ele ents as doorfra e,leaf, and hinges!

!unctional description E indicates how the ob#ect should function, a door fore/a ple akes a hole in the wall and is able to open!

"raphic description E indicates what the ob#ect looks like, eaning the 3.&isualisation that consists of surfaces 'Mikael (engtsson ? 7rank +auernig,200 )!

The difference between a *.$ob#ect and a (IM$ob#ect is that a *.$ob#ect is onl"described b" the graphic description! 9hen the graphic description is connected to thestructural and functional description the *.$ob#ect beco es a (IM$ob#ect 'see7igure 2) ' iklund, 2010)!

&igure 2' Illustration of the difference bet,een a !D-ob ect and a BI%-ob ect(%ikael Bengtsson / &rank 0auernig) 2** +.

2. The use of BI%(IM has se&eral areas of use including 3. &isualisation, clash detection, production

planning, and cost esti ation!

2. .1 3D isualisation*s entioned, a 3. odel is not auto aticall" a (IM! 8owe&er, producing a

(uilding Infor ation Model auto aticall" results in a 3. &isualisation of the building'see 7igure 3)! In other words, a 3. odel is a b"$product of (IM design which


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CHALMERS , Civil and Environmental Engineering , Masters Thesis 2013:22 >

eans that in a (IM pro#ect no one" has to be spent on 3. &isualisation! (IM toolsoften include functions for 3. presentations as te/tures, lightning, and &iew ports!Technolog" is based on ga ing software which akes the user able to walk around inthe co on odel gi&ing clients and designers opportunit" to get to know the

building e&en before production starts '+ongeling, 200 )!

&igure 3' 3D 4isualisation from the inside of the reference pro ect.

2. .2 lash Detection.ifferent parties design different parts of a building and it is i portant that allconstruction parts fit together! 9hen designing in 2. it is difficult to get a picture ofhow different building parts and s"ste s will work together! 9orking with (IMenables 3. &isualisation for better coordination a ong designers 'see 7igure A)!There is a nu ber of different software that includes tools for this purpose ostco onl" used na e of such a tool is clash detection eaning that a (IMcoordinator will be notified if an" construction parts o&erlap '+ongeling, 200 )!


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&igure ' ollaboration control of installations in the reference pro ect.

2. .3 D BI%) 3D 5 time9hen talking about (IM the fourth di ension is often entioned, 3. F ti e! ("hiding and re&ealing ob#ects at a certain point in ti e it is possible to ake asi ulation of a pro#ect to see what the production will look like! Gsing tools for A.

planning akes it eas" to &isuali%e schedules and the planned work 'see 7igure C)'Man, 2005)!

&igure 6' D simulation in ico 7oft,are ( icosoft,are) 2*13+.


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CHALMERS , Civil and Environmental Engineering , Masters Thesis 2013:22

2. . 6D BI%) 3D 5 time 5 costThe fifth di ension of (IM is often connected to cost control! Hinking quantities in a

odel with a cost database akes it possible to generate a cost esti ation of a pro#ectauto aticall"! The cost esti ation will then be d"na ic which eans that ifso ething changes either in the odel or the cost database the cost esti ation willalso change 'Man, 2005)! The easiness of (IM$based cost anal"sis gi&es opportunitiesto test different designs or aterial options to see which are ost beneficial '@ee,2010)! Moreo&er, the connection to ti e enables real ti e cost control gi&ing

anagers opportunit" to follow costs as a pro#ect de&elops 'Man, 2005)!

2.6 Interoperabilit$ bet,een Different 7oft,are(IM is all about infor ation and infor ation has to be co unicated! In constructionco unication often need to take place between different parties in a pro#ect!.ifferent parties a" work for different co panies using different infor ations"ste s and software which creates an interoperabilit" proble as different software

a" define infor ation differentl" 'Man, 2005)! It does not ake sense to create a(IM if it is not possible to reuse the infor ation in other software than whereinfor ation was first created '@ee, 2010)! I*I, the International *lliance forInteroperabilit" has defined a standard file for at for (uilding Infor ation Modelscalled I7 , Industr" 7oundation lasses! Gsing this standard akes it possible to

o&e, change and e/change infor ation between different software 'see 7igure >)'Man, 2005)!

&igure 8' isual description of I& (9i4iniemi) 2*13+.

The I7 for at is built up b" a odular sche e with a four class structure: esource Ha"er ore Ha"er Interoperabilit" Ha"er .o ain Models Ha"er 'Man, 2005)


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CHALMERS , Civil and Environmental Engineering , Masters Thesis 2013:22

8 Implementation and 7olutions to ProblemsIn following chapter possible solutions to so e of the proble s regarding odel$

based quantit" takeoff and its i ple entation in production are presented! 4olutionsare based on literature studies along with anal"sis of results fro inter&iews and

odel e/peri enting!

8.1 BI% ImplementationGsing (IM in full scale will take a long ti e and i ple entation will not be doneo&ernight! *s said, it is i portant to take s all steps towards (IM changing work

processes continuousl"! The first step should in " opinion be to start quantif"ingusing a co puter! 6ne of the ad&antages with .7 &iewers is that work processeslook &er" si ilar to current practices! @etting production personnel to use such toolswill not teach the an"thing about (IM but digitali%ing current work processes will

be a good first step on the wa" before learning to na&igate in 3.! 7urther ore, anecessit" to slowl" adapt to new wa"s of working is to run pilot$pro#ects e&er" nowand then where focus is on e/peri enting and learning ore than profitabilit"!* future a bition a" be to ha&e all infor ation in a odel or so ehow connectedto it! *lthough in " opinion, e&en in this case we ust take s all steps whenintroducing odels in production! Most i portant is to be consistent when na ingob#ects in the odel but in fact that is all we need to focus on at the o ent! If thelitteras are arranged s"ste aticall" we are able to count e&er"thing that is of the sa et"pe! Ha"ers of g"psu in an interior wall do not need to be defined in the (IM but

a" still be found in a separate docu ent! *s long as walls of different t"pes a" besorted out and quantified there is a lot of ti e that can be sa&ed! It is the sa e whenquantif"ing doors as a lot of infor ation is found in a separate door table! *s long asdoors of different t"pes a" be quantified the door table a" be counted for in a laterstage! In ti e, ore infor ation than littera a" be added to the (IM but we ust notintroduce ore infor ation in a odel than we are able to qualit" assure!9hen na ing building parts in a odel a basis of standardi%ation is often used to sortdifferent ob#ects t"pes out! 9hether we use *M*$codes, (4*($codes or na ingfro Talo is of less i portance as long as we are consistent in na ing throughout the

pro#ect! In ti e, a"be ob#ect t"pe na es should be standardi%ed on an organisationalle&el or e&en throughout the entire 4wedish building industr" but toda" a pro#ectstandard is enough to focus on!*s we ha&e seen pushing new wa"s of working with (IM into production is notefficient! 9e need to i ple ent odels b" pull s"ste s which eans production

personnel ust acti&el" ask for better tools for quantit" takeoff if i ple entationshould be successful! This is wh" it is i portant for de&elopers and technical supportto ake the sel&es present in production e&er" now and then! I would reco endthat the (IM coordinator work at least one da" e&er" week in production instead ofworking in a ain office! Most necessar" infor ation about wa"s to i ple ent (IMand odel$based quantit" takeoff is done outside for al eetings!

-ot onl" is it required to ha&e (IM coordinators closer to production! *t least one production anager ust be interested in and ha&e (IM knowledge in order to pullnew tools and work ethods into production! I would suggest that whene&er theintention that a odel is going to be used in production at least one production


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&igure 21' omplementar$ ,alls that are built on the reference pro ect but are missing in theBI%.

&igure 22' omplementar$ ,alls that are built on the reference pro ect but are missing in theBI%.

8.3 ontrolling the BI%In (IM$pro#ects toda" a lot of focus is put on clash control and aking sure no

building parts are placed on the sa e location! 8owe&er, for quantit" takeoff purposesit is e&en ore i portant to do infor ation controls! If one wall is not defined b"

na e instead of t"pe infor ation will be lost when aking a quantit" takeoff 'see7igure 23, 2A, and 2C)! 7urther ore, when defining wall co position it is e/tre el"


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CHALMERS , Civil and Environmental Engineering , Masters Thesis 2013:22 3 Ma" 2013)!

-orberg, 8!, 2013! UInter&iewV ' March 2013)!ettersson, !, 2013! 'roduction manager UInter&iewV '1A March 2013)!

4ha loo, ! ? Mobaraki, (!, 2011! BIM alter production, 4tockhol : rogra et("ggteknik och .esign, ungliga tekniska hLgskolan!4kanska, 2012! amverkan teknik hus, @Lteborg: 4kanska!


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CHALMERS , Civil and Environmental Engineering , Masters Thesis 2013:22 C0

4kanska, 2013! U6nlineV*&ailable at: http: skanska!coU*ccessed 21 03 2013V!4kOnberg, 8!, 2013! BIM coordinator UInter&iewV '1> *pril 2013)!

4tridh, M!, 2013! ite manager UInter&iewV '20 March 2013)!Thorell, G!, 2013! BIM coordinator UInter&iewV '21 March 2013)!

elDn, !, 2013! BIM developer UInter&iewV '0 *pril 2013)!9esterdahl, (!, 2013! 2esearcher UInter&iewV '0> Ma" 2013)!

icosoftware, 2013! U6nlineV*&ailable at: http: www!&icosoftware!co default!asp/U*ccessed 13 03 2013V!

iklund, 7!, 2010! Model based :uantity take off using BIM, 4tockhol : *&delningenfLr ("ggnadsteknik, ungliga tekniska hLgskolan!9ong, *! !, 9ong, 7! ! ? -adee , *!, 200

ol"technic Gni&ersit"!


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CHALMERS , Civil and Environmental Engineering , Masters Thesis 2013:22 C1

1* &igures7igure 1: The different aspects of (IM 'buildipedia, 2013)! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! A

7igure 2: Illustration of the difference between a *.$ob#ect and a (IM$ob#ect 'Mikael (engtsson ? 7rank +auernig, 200 )! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C

7igure 3: 3. &isualisation fro the inside of the reference pro#ect! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! >

7igure A: ollaboration control of installations in the reference pro#ect! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5

7igure C: A. si ulation in ico 4oftware ' icosoftware, 2013)! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5

7igure >: isual description of I7 ' i&inie i, 2013)! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

7igure 5: .esign 4cience esearch fra ework '8e&ner, et al!, 200A)! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 11

7igure : ro#ect TKndstickan! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

7igure


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7igure 2 : .oors organised according to door t"pe with a plan &iew &isible underneath in the reference pro#ect! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

7igure 2

model-based quantity takeoff in

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