mod_1 airway edit
TRANSCRIPT
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Modul 1
Airway Management
Block Course ProgramLab Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif
RSUD dr Saiful Anwar - FKUB
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Adopted and Modified from :
Intensive Course & Workshop
Dr Sutomo Hospital SurabayaEmergency Medicine & Disaster Management Working Group
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Introduction to Emergency Medical SystemWhy victims die and how we can help The ABCD approach of Primary Survey (quick dx, quick treatment)Secondary surveySkills Diagnosis and Understanding Airway EmergenciesTreatment of airway obstructions (manual methods)Skills Use of Airway AdjunctsOxygen and Drugs used in airway problemsSkills
Modul 1
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Introduction to Emergency Medical SystemWhy victims die and how we can help
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Mengapa korban tewas ?
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Distribusi saat kematian korban trauma
05
101520253035404550
0-1 jam 1- 4 jam 2-6 minggu
KerusakanSSP, jantung, pemb darah besar
Perdarahanbanyak
Infeksi dangagal organ ganda
early
immediate
latepers
enInt. Anesthesiol Clin 1987;25:1-18
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• Sumbatan jalan nafas 3-5’• Henti nafas 3-5’ • Shock berat 1-2 jam
• Coma 1 minggu
mati dalam waktu
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Azas Pertolongan Pasien Gawat :
TIME SAVING is LIFE SAVING
1. Konsep berfikir sederhana2. Tindakan sistematik3. Ketrampilan memadai
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• A = Airway• B = Breathing • C = Circulation • D = Disability
• Sumbatan 3-5’• Henti nafas 3-5’ • Shock berat 1-2 jam
• Coma 1 minggu
Gangguan mati dalamPertolongan
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Korban bernafas tersengal-sengalNadi lemah, gelisah, Cedera berdarah di dada dan punggungApa pertolongannya?
• Ukur tek darah • Pasang infus • Konsultasi ke
Dokter Bedah• Beri Oksigen • Periksa Hb • Siap transfusi
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• Sumbatan jalan nafas 3-5 menit
• Henti nafas 3-5 menit
• Shock berat 1-2 jam
• Coma 1 minggu
Gangguan mati dalam• Bebaskan jalan nafas
• Beri Oksigen • Pasang infus
• Ukur tek darah• Periksa Hb
• Siap transfusi
• Konsultasi ke Dokter Bedah
•Ukur tek darah
•Pasang infus
•Konsultasi ke Dokter
Bedah
•Beri Oksigen
•Periksa Hb
•Siap transfusi
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Life Support ResusitasiStabilisasi
Terapi Definitif / Spesialistik
Pasien trauma(gawat darurat lain)
A = A-irwayB = B-reathing C = C-irculation D = D-isability
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Triage
RESUSITASI & STABILISASI
Survei primerSurvei sekunder
KamarOperasi
ICU
Hanya 50%pasien traumaperlu operasi
Terapi definitif/ rujukan
Primary Trauma Care
RS lain
Derajat kegawatankorban berbeda-beda
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Sistematika
TRIAGEPRIMARY SURVEYSECONDARY SURVEYSTABILISATION TRANSFERDEFINITIVE CARE
TRIASESURVEI PRIMERSURVEI SEKUNDERSTABILISASI RUJUKANTERAPI DEFINITIF
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The ABCD approach of Primary Survey (quick dx, quick treatment)
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Survei Primer
A-irwayB-reathingC-irculationD-isabilityE-xposure
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Tujuan Survei Primer• Secepat mungkin menemukan kelainan
yang mengancam jiwa (cepat mematikan)– di sektor A - B - C - D
• Memberikan pertolongan yang memadai untuk menyelamatkan jiwa
• Pertolongan meliputi :– Resusitasi– Stabilisasi
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Airwaymenilai jalan nafas
• Kesadaran (bisa bicara?) • Look, Listen and Feel : ada nafas ?• Gerak dada• Gerak otot nafas tambahan • Warna kulit, mukosa, kuku
A-
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Diagnosis and Understanding Airway Emergencies
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BatasUpperdan
LowerResp tract
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Kegawatan diLower Respiratory Tract
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Gangguan jalan nafas atas• Sumbatan pangkal lidah• Sumbatan benda asing
– padat : makanan. muntahan– cair : muntah cairan lambung, darah
• Edema jalan nafas– alergi, angioneurotic edema– luka bakar
• Radang – laryngitis, tonsilitis
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A-
Look, Listen, FeelLihat, Dengar, Raba
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Korban sadar atau tidak ?
Sadar ajak bicara– jika suara jelas =
airway bebas
Tak sadar bebaskan jalan nafas - chin lift / head tilt- jaw thrust
Ada nafas? - lihat, dengar, raba nafas
Tidak ada nafas - berikan nafas buatan- berikan oksigen
Ada suara tambahan?- Mendengkur, berkumur dll
Ada nafas
A-
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Sumbatan pangkal lidahPenyebab paling sering sumbatan jalan nafas
pada pasien tak sadar
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Korban tak sadar jangan diberi bantal di kepala jangan diberi ganjal di bahu
X X
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Menilai jalan nafas • LIHAT - LOOK
– Gerak dada & perut– Tanda distres nafas – Warna mukosa, kulit– Kesadaran
• DENGAR - LISTEN– Gerak udara nafas
dengan telinga• RABA - FEEL
– Gerak udara nafas dengan pipi
( Look - Listen - Feel )
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Tanda sumbatan / obstruksi jalan nafas
• Ada suara nafas ?– ada = normal atau sumbatan sebagian– tidak ada = sumbatan total atau apnea
• Ada suara nafas tambahan ? – mendengkur : pangkal lidah (snoring)– suara berkumur : cairan (gargling)– stridor : kejang / edema pita suara (crowing)
• Gerak dada & perut paradoksal?– tanda sumbatan sebagian yang berat atau
sumbatan total
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Treatment of airway obstructions (manual methods)
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Membebaskan jalan nafas
• Sumbatan pangkal lidah – jaw thrust– chin lift– jalan nafas oropharynx– jalan nafas nasopharynx– intubasi trachea / LMA
• Cairan di hypopharynx– penghisap / suction
• Sumbatan di plica vocalis – cricothyroidotomy
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XCHIN LIFT hati-hati
X
X
NECK LIFTjangan dilakukan
X
Pada pasien trauma
HEAD TILT jangan dilakukan
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33Pada pasien trauma cara paling aman : JAW THRUST
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TRIPLE MANOUVER AIRWAY
• HEAD TILT• CHIN LIFT• JAW THRUST
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Use of Airway Adjuncts
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Jangan dipasang jika reflex muntah masih (+) (Derajat A dan V dari AVPU atau GCS > 8)
Oro-pharyngeal tube
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Pasien dengan Oropharyngeal airway
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Naso-pharyngeal airway
Tidak merangsang muntahHati-hati pasien dengan fraktura basis craniiU/ dewasa 7 mm atau jari kelingking kanan
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NASOFARINGEAL TUBE
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Memasang nasopharyngeal airway
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1.
2.
33.
90% pasiendapat ditolongdengan cara #1 & #2
Gold standard
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Intubasi trachea juga membawa risiko besar
• Hipoksia karena spasme pita suara• Tek darah naik• Aritmia, bradikardia sampai asistole • Tekanan Intra Kranial naik• Gerak leher memperberat cedera cervical
• Idealnya, intubasi dibantu obat anestesia dan obat pelumpuh otot (harus tenaga ahli)
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Laringoskopi u/ intubasi trachea
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INTUBASI TRACHEA
• Cara-cara lain untuk Airway gagal• Sukar memberikan nafas buatan• Risiko aspirasi ke paru besar• Mencegah pCO2 naik (cedera kepala)• GCS < 8
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Pasien dengan tracheal tube
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Laryngeal Mask Airwaydipasang tanpa laringoskopi
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Membebaskan jalan nafas • Sumbatan pangkal lidah
– jaw thrust– chin lift– jalan nafas oropharynx– jalan nafas nasopharynx– intubasi trachea / LMA
• Cairan di hypopharynx– penghisap / suction– posisi miring
• Sumbatan di plica vocalis – cricothyroidotomy
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Sumbatan benda asing
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Finger sweep
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Suctioning
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Posisi baring miring cairan akan mengalir keluarHead down cairan menjauhi trakhea
karena ada risiko cedera leher miringkan dengan cara log-roll
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4 orang
Pemberi aba-abaharus jelas
Log-roll
Digulingkan serentak pelan-pelan
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Membebaskan jalan nafas
• Sumbatan pangkal lidah – jaw thrust– chin lift– jalan nafas oropharynx– jalan nafas nasopharynx– intubasi trachea / LMA
• Cairan di hypopharynx– penghisap / suction
• Sumbatan di plica vocalis – cricothyroidotomy
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Cricothyroidotomy
• Jika intubasi gagal padahal jalan nafas masih tersumbat
• Pasien tidak dapat diberi nafas buatan dari atas (mulut hidung)
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BASIS CRANIIatap nasopharynxtulang tipis mudah patah
TUBE naso-pharyngeal
Plica vocalis Cricothyroidotomy
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Alergi, angioneurotic edema
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Crico-thyroido-tomy
Jalur darurat untuk oksigenasiBertahan 10 menit karenatidak dapat membuang CO2
O2
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C-spine protection
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Previously recommended hand positions for manual in-line stabilisation of the cervical spine.
Currently recommended hand positions for manual in-line stabilisation of the cervical spine.
Lindungi leher dari gerakan
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Immobilisasi leher sejak tempat kejadianin-line immobilisation dan collar brace
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Neck collar / Collar brace
Dipasang tanpa menggerakkan leher (terlalu banyak)Kepala harus dipegang “in-line”-Tekanan intra-kranial bisa meningkat- Airway bisa obstruksi- Bila muntah akan aspirasi
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Pasien yang memakai collar brace
• Jalan nafasnya mungkin terganggu– tidak bisa buka mulut
• mudah obstruksi jalan nafas partial• jika muntah tidak mudah mengeluarkan
• Tekanan intracranial mungkin naik– akibat hambatan aliran vena leher, JVP naik
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Oxygen and Drugs used in airway problems
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Manfaat oksigen pada pasien dengan gangguan airway
• Meningkatkan kadar oksigen di alveoli• Meningkatkan jumlah oksigen di FRC• Mengurangi derajat hipoksemia darah
• Dengan nafas yang terbatas, lebih banyak oksigen dapat masuk ke alveoli
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Cara memberikan oksigen
nasal prong 2-3 lpm 30%
mask 6-8 lpm 60%
mask w/ reservoir 6-8 lpm 80%
bag-mask / Jacksoon Reese 10 lpm 100%
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Pasien gawat
• Perlu oksigen 60-100%– mask– mask + reservoir– bag + mask / Jackson Reese
• Mungkin perlu segera nafas buatan– bag + mask / Jackson Reese– AMBU bag (+ reservoir)
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Pengatur tekanan tinggi dan penunjuk tekanan tabung
Flowmeter pengaturaliran oksigen
Humidifier, pelembabSebaiknya dikosongkan saja(mudah jadi sarang kuman)
Pada waktu transportdiperlukan oksigen tinggi,
air harus dibuang krn menghambat
aliran oksigen
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Posisi stabil, mantap atau Posisi stabil, mantap atau recoveryrecovery
• Indikasi- breathing adekuat
• kontraindikasikontraindikasi- Suspected cervical spine injury cervical spine injury- breathing inadekuat - penatalaksanaan airway dan breathing lebih lanjut
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END OF SESION MODUL 1
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