mod 7.01 safety

Module 7.1Module 7.1

Safety PrecautionsSafety PrecautionsAircraft and WorkshopAircraft and Workshop

1

Introduction to Safety Introduction to Safety PrecautionsPrecautions

• Aviation maintenance areas are very Aviation maintenance areas are very dangerous places to work!dangerous places to work!

• Always wear the correct Personnel Protective Always wear the correct Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) for the task.Equipment (PPE) for the task.

• Only operate the tools and equipment we are Only operate the tools and equipment we are familiar with.familiar with.

• Pedestrian walkways and Fire Lanes should be Pedestrian walkways and Fire Lanes should be clearly marked and ALWAYS kept clear.clearly marked and ALWAYS kept clear.

• Clean up spillage's immediately to prevent Clean up spillage's immediately to prevent possibility of fire and injury. possibility of fire and injury.

• Know the Locations of First Aid Stations and Know the Locations of First Aid Stations and Fire Fighting Equipment.Fire Fighting Equipment.

2

FireFire• Fire requires three Fire requires three

essential items to essential items to burnburn..

• FuelFuel

• OxygenOxygen

• HeatHeat The Fire The Fire TriangleTriangle

3

Essential Elements for FireEssential Elements for Fire

• Fuel can be a combustible Gas, Liquid or Solid.Fuel can be a combustible Gas, Liquid or Solid.

• Oxygen in sufficient volume to support Oxygen in sufficient volume to support combustion.combustion.

• Heat requires sufficient intensity to raise the Heat requires sufficient intensity to raise the temperature of the fuel to its ignition point.temperature of the fuel to its ignition point.

4

Classes of FireClasses of Fire

• AA SolidsSolids

• BB LiquidsLiquids

• CC ElectricalElectrical

• DD High IntensityHigh Intensity

• Wood, Paper and Wood, Paper and Textiles. Textiles.

• Oil, Petrol and Alcohol.Oil, Petrol and Alcohol.

• Motors, Fuse-boxes Motors, Fuse-boxes and Wiring.and Wiring.

• Magnesium, Titanium Magnesium, Titanium and Sodium.and Sodium.

• Classes of fires are determined by Classes of fires are determined by the material being burnt.the material being burnt.

5

Extinguishing the FireExtinguishing the Fire

We can extinguish a fire by:We can extinguish a fire by:

• Cooling the Fuel.Cooling the Fuel.

• Excluding the Oxygen.Excluding the Oxygen.

• Separating the Fuel from the Oxygen.Separating the Fuel from the Oxygen.

6

Fire ExtinguishantsFire Extinguishants

• The following materials are used in fire The following materials are used in fire extinguishers that conform to EN3 standards:extinguishers that conform to EN3 standards:

1.1. WaterWater (Water/Gas)(Water/Gas)

2.2. Aqueous film Forming FoamAqueous film Forming Foam (AFFF)(AFFF)

3.3. Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide (CO(CO22))

4.4. Dry PowderDry Powder

7

Fire Extinguisher IdentificationFire Extinguisher Identification

• BS EN3 StandardBS EN3 Standard• Extinguisher Body is RedExtinguisher Body is Red• Coloured sections indicate type Coloured sections indicate type

of extinguishant. (5% area)of extinguishant. (5% area)

• BS 5423 (Previous) BS 5423 (Previous) StandardStandard

• Extinguisher Body is All Extinguisher Body is All One ColourOne Colour

• Colour Indicates Colour Indicates ExtinguishantExtinguishant 8

EN3 Fire Extinguisher EN3 Fire Extinguisher IdentificationIdentification

• Water Water RedRed Solid MaterialSolid Material• AFFFAFFF CreamCream Flammable LiquidsFlammable Liquids• COCO22 BlackBlack Gases, Electrical,Gases, Electrical,

Flammable Liquids Flammable Liquids and Solidsand Solids

• Dry PowderDry Powder BlueBlue Burning Metals,Burning Metals,Flammable Liquids and Flammable Liquids and ElectricalElectrical

EXTINGUISHANEXTINGUISHANTT

BAND BAND COLOURCOLOUR

TYPE OF FIRETYPE OF FIRE

9

Water and Water Gas Water and Water Gas ExtinguishersExtinguishers

• Use on Solid Fires ONLY!Use on Solid Fires ONLY!• Do NOT use on Liquid Fires, as it Do NOT use on Liquid Fires, as it

will cause the Fire to spread.will cause the Fire to spread.• Do NOT use on Electrical Fires, as Do NOT use on Electrical Fires, as

the water will act as a conductor the water will act as a conductor and electrocute the fire fighter, and electrocute the fire fighter, You!You!

• Do NOT use on Burning Metal Fires Do NOT use on Burning Metal Fires as the oxygen in the water will as the oxygen in the water will cause the fire to burn more fiercely, cause the fire to burn more fiercely, and may also cause an Explosion.and may also cause an Explosion.

10

Aqueous Film Forming Foam Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Extinguisher(AFFF) Extinguisher

• Use on Solid and Liquid Fires.Use on Solid and Liquid Fires.• Smothering action removes Smothering action removes

the oxygen and cools the the oxygen and cools the fuel.fuel.

• Do NOT use on Electrical Do NOT use on Electrical Fires, as the foam contains Fires, as the foam contains water, so it will conduct and water, so it will conduct and electrocute.electrocute.

• Leaves a messy foam residue Leaves a messy foam residue which may be very slippery.which may be very slippery.

11

Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22) ) ExtinguisherExtinguisher

• Suitable for Class A, B and C types of fire.Suitable for Class A, B and C types of fire.• Non corrosive, non conductive and leaves no Non corrosive, non conductive and leaves no

residue.residue.• Do NOT use on Metal fires as it can reduce Do NOT use on Metal fires as it can reduce

temperature very quickly and cause explosions.temperature very quickly and cause explosions.• Utilises a horn device to help concentrate the Utilises a horn device to help concentrate the

gas at the site of the fire.gas at the site of the fire.• Do NOT hold the horn during use as freezing Do NOT hold the horn during use as freezing

burns may result.burns may result.• Rubber insulated tube is provided to assist in Rubber insulated tube is provided to assist in

directing the horn at the base of the fire.directing the horn at the base of the fire.12

Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22) ) ExtinguisherExtinguisher

13

Dry Powder ExtinguisherDry Powder Extinguisher• Suitable for All Classes of fire, but Suitable for All Classes of fire, but

with limitations when used on with limitations when used on Electrical fires. Electrical fires.

• Do NOT use on Electrical fires when Do NOT use on Electrical fires when the voltage is greater than 1000 the voltage is greater than 1000 volts.volts.

• Or the distance to the fire is less Or the distance to the fire is less than one metre.than one metre.

• Particularly useful in dealing with Particularly useful in dealing with burning metals on aircraft wheel burning metals on aircraft wheel brake fires.brake fires.

• Leaves a residue which may cause Leaves a residue which may cause problems with electrical circuits and problems with electrical circuits and contacts.contacts. 14

Older Types of ExtinguisherOlder Types of Extinguisher• Halon (Halogenated Hydrocarbons) Halon (Halogenated Hydrocarbons)

type extinguishers may still be found type extinguishers may still be found in some areas (BCF).in some areas (BCF).

• Extinguisher Body All Green in Extinguisher Body All Green in colour.colour.

• Excellent extinguishing properties Excellent extinguishing properties for all classes of fire.for all classes of fire.

• Unfortunately, also very good at Unfortunately, also very good at depleting the Earth’s Ozone layer, depleting the Earth’s Ozone layer, and will be illegal after December and will be illegal after December 2003.2003.

• Buckets of dry sand may also be Buckets of dry sand may also be found at Fire Points in workshops as found at Fire Points in workshops as an additional fire fighting aid.an additional fire fighting aid. 15

First Aid InformationFirst Aid Information• All staff should know:All staff should know:• How to call for Emergency Assistance.How to call for Emergency Assistance.• The Location of First Aid Stations and The Location of First Aid Stations and

Emergency Telephones.Emergency Telephones.• The Identity of the Trained First Aid Personnel.The Identity of the Trained First Aid Personnel.• Paperwork must be completed if an injury Paperwork must be completed if an injury

occurs, no matter how slight.occurs, no matter how slight.• Injuries should be reported iaw RIDDOR 95, Injuries should be reported iaw RIDDOR 95,

which is the Reporting of Injuries, Disease and which is the Reporting of Injuries, Disease and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations.Dangerous Occurrences Regulations.

16

1.1. Describe the four classes of fire Describe the four classes of fire and the types of extinguishers and the types of extinguishers used to put out each fire type.used to put out each fire type.

2. Include the dangers that may 2. Include the dangers that may arise if the wrong extinguisher is arise if the wrong extinguisher is used on each class of fire.used on each class of fire.

Typical Written QuestionTypical Written Question

17

Any Questions?Any Questions?

18

Workshop and Workshop and Hangar SafetyHangar Safety

19

Accidents involving Accidents involving Machinery and PersonnelMachinery and Personnel

• Personnel can be injured by:Personnel can be injured by:

• Coming into contact with machine.Coming into contact with machine.• Being trapped between machine and material.Being trapped between machine and material.• Being struck by the machine or parts being Being struck by the machine or parts being

ejected from the machine. ejected from the machine. • Becoming entangled in it’s motion.Becoming entangled in it’s motion.• Receiving an electric shock from the machine.Receiving an electric shock from the machine.

20

Electric SafetyElectric Safety• The Human Body will conduct Electricity.The Human Body will conduct Electricity.• It can cause burning at entry and exit points.It can cause burning at entry and exit points.• It can disrupt the nervous system and cause a It can disrupt the nervous system and cause a

person to grip a live cable so they cannot release it.person to grip a live cable so they cannot release it.• Normal 240 volt/50 Hz domestic power supply is Normal 240 volt/50 Hz domestic power supply is

particularly dangerous.particularly dangerous.• Use of a safety cut-out and three core cable will Use of a safety cut-out and three core cable will

help minimise the possibility of an electrical help minimise the possibility of an electrical accident.accident.

• Do NOT use electrical equipment in the vicinity of Do NOT use electrical equipment in the vicinity of water.water.

21

Harmful Values of ElectricityHarmful Values of Electricity

Voltage/CurrentVoltage/Current

50V ac or 100V dc50V ac or 100V dc1 mA1 mA1 - 12 mA1 - 12 mA12 - 20 mA12 - 20 mA20 - 50 mA20 - 50 mA> 50 mA> 50 mA

Possible OutcomePossible Outcome

May give rise to dangerous May give rise to dangerous shocksshocks

Harmless tingleHarmless tinglePainful, but can be released Painful, but can be released Very painful, but cannot be Very painful, but cannot be

releasedreleasedParalysis of respirationParalysis of respirationHeart stoppageHeart stoppage

23

Main Causes of Electrical Main Causes of Electrical ProblemsProblems

• Ignorance and carelessness.Ignorance and carelessness.• Inadequate or non-existent earthing.Inadequate or non-existent earthing.• Worn or damaged wiring, insulation, plugs and Worn or damaged wiring, insulation, plugs and

sockets etc.sockets etc.• Bad wiring systems and misuse of good systems.Bad wiring systems and misuse of good systems.• Incorrect fuses.Incorrect fuses.• Inadequate inspection and maintenance of Inadequate inspection and maintenance of

electrical tools and equipment.electrical tools and equipment.24

Precautions with ElectricityPrecautions with Electricity• All electrical equipment is subject to regular All electrical equipment is subject to regular

checks for correct operation and electrical safety.checks for correct operation and electrical safety.• Dated label indicates the test has been Dated label indicates the test has been

completed satisfactorily.completed satisfactorily.• It also shows when the next test is due.It also shows when the next test is due.• Equipment should be given a pre-use check by Equipment should be given a pre-use check by

the operator before being used.the operator before being used.• Checks should include damage to wire, plug and Checks should include damage to wire, plug and

body as well as the safety label is in date.body as well as the safety label is in date.

25

First Aid involving ElectricityFirst Aid involving Electricity

• Shout for help and ensure you do NOT also Shout for help and ensure you do NOT also become a victim.become a victim.

• Switch off the current or remove the supply from Switch off the current or remove the supply from the victim, by use of insulated material.the victim, by use of insulated material.

• If victim has ceased breathing, initiate If victim has ceased breathing, initiate resuscitation.resuscitation.

• Call for professional medical help.Call for professional medical help.• Treat victim for wounds and burns.Treat victim for wounds and burns.• Treat for shock by keeping the victim warm.Treat for shock by keeping the victim warm.

26

Noise HazardsNoise Hazards

• Aviation maintenance workshops, hangers and Aviation maintenance workshops, hangers and flight lines can be very noisy places to work.flight lines can be very noisy places to work.

• Ear protection should be worn to reduce damage Ear protection should be worn to reduce damage caused by loud noises.caused by loud noises.

• Noise damage is cumulative and cannot be Noise damage is cumulative and cannot be regained.regained.

• High and low end of hearing range is damaged first.High and low end of hearing range is damaged first.• Noise levels < 85dB - protection is optional.Noise levels < 85dB - protection is optional.• Noise levels > 90dB - protection is mandatory.Noise levels > 90dB - protection is mandatory.

27


28

High Pressure GasesHigh Pressure Gases• Cylinders are source of high energy, so handle with Cylinders are source of high energy, so handle with

care.care.• Eye protection should always be worn.Eye protection should always be worn.• Only use cylinders that can be positively identified.Only use cylinders that can be positively identified.• Ensure stem cap is fitted when moving a cylinder.Ensure stem cap is fitted when moving a cylinder.• Ensure cylinders are secured to the transport Ensure cylinders are secured to the transport

trolley.trolley.• Always use correct regulator.Always use correct regulator.• Do not use compressed gas to blow away dust or Do not use compressed gas to blow away dust or

dirt, and never direct high-pressure gas at a dirt, and never direct high-pressure gas at a person.person.

Continued...

29

• Concentrated stream of high-pressure gas can Concentrated stream of high-pressure gas can penetrate cuts and wounds in the skin.penetrate cuts and wounds in the skin.

• This can cause an Embolism which may result in This can cause an Embolism which may result in death or brain damage.death or brain damage.

• Release compressed gas slowly, as rapid release Release compressed gas slowly, as rapid release may cause hose to whip about or build up a may cause hose to whip about or build up a static charge.static charge.

• Keep cylinders clean, petroleum based products Keep cylinders clean, petroleum based products on an oxygen cylinder can cause explosions.on an oxygen cylinder can cause explosions.

• Aircraft tyres operate at very high pressures.Aircraft tyres operate at very high pressures.• They are normally inflated inside a cage to They are normally inflated inside a cage to

protect personnel in the event of a tyre or wheel protect personnel in the event of a tyre or wheel bursting.bursting.

End30

Gas Bottle IdentificationGas Bottle Identification

• Most common gases used on commercial Most common gases used on commercial aircraft are nitrogen and oxygenaircraft are nitrogen and oxygen

• Identification is achieved by colour coding the Identification is achieved by colour coding the bottles and writing the name of the gas on the bottles and writing the name of the gas on the side.side.

Continued...

32

Nitrogen Gas Cylinder Nitrogen Gas Cylinder Identification Identification

NITROGENN 2

• Nitrogen gas cylinders are coloured grey with Nitrogen gas cylinders are coloured grey with a black neck.a black neck.

• The words NITROGEN are stencilled on the The words NITROGEN are stencilled on the cylinder body.cylinder body. Continued..

.33

Oxygen Gas Cylinder Oxygen Gas Cylinder IdentificationIdentification

OXYGENO 2

• Oxygen gas cylinders are coloured black with a Oxygen gas cylinders are coloured black with a white neck.white neck.

• The words OXYGEN are stencilled on the The words OXYGEN are stencilled on the cylinder body.cylinder body. Continued..

.34

• BS 381C is the standard to determine the BS 381C is the standard to determine the correct colour and shade for each gas type.correct colour and shade for each gas type.

• Be aware that bottles of US manufacture use Be aware that bottles of US manufacture use an alternative system.an alternative system.

• The main difference being oxygen bottles are The main difference being oxygen bottles are painted green all over.painted green all over.

• Medical grade oxygen should not be used in Medical grade oxygen should not be used in place of aviation oxygen because it has a place of aviation oxygen because it has a higher moisture content which may freeze at higher moisture content which may freeze at high altitudes.high altitudes.

End35

Gas ReplenishingGas Replenishing

• A fully charged nitrogen gas cylinder contains A fully charged nitrogen gas cylinder contains about 200 bar (3000 psi).about 200 bar (3000 psi).

• A Boeing 737 main tyre pressure is A Boeing 737 main tyre pressure is approximately 7 bar (100 psi).approximately 7 bar (100 psi).

• The high cylinder pressure must be reduced to The high cylinder pressure must be reduced to the lower pressure of the tyre in a safe the lower pressure of the tyre in a safe manner.manner.

Continued...

36

• To ensure that 200 bar of nitrogen is not To ensure that 200 bar of nitrogen is not accidentally decanted directly into an aircraft accidentally decanted directly into an aircraft tyre, a number of control valves are used.tyre, a number of control valves are used.

• A number of gas bottles are usually stored on a A number of gas bottles are usually stored on a trolley, which incorporates a pressure control trolley, which incorporates a pressure control and regulating valve as well as an isolating and regulating valve as well as an isolating valve.valve.

• A second regulating valve is used at the tyre or A second regulating valve is used at the tyre or component end for safety and convenience.component end for safety and convenience.

Continued...

37

• If one of the control valves fail then the second If one of the control valves fail then the second will prevent the receiving component or tyre will prevent the receiving component or tyre from being inflated to full bottle pressure.from being inflated to full bottle pressure.

• As an added safety feature the bottle valve As an added safety feature the bottle valve on/off key, which is located on the gas bottles on/off key, which is located on the gas bottles neck, should be left in position during decanting.neck, should be left in position during decanting.

• This allows the operator to quickly isolate the This allows the operator to quickly isolate the bottle should a problem occur.bottle should a problem occur.

End38

The Gas LawsThe Gas Laws• Transferring gas from a storage bottle to an Transferring gas from a storage bottle to an

aircraft component must be done at a very slow aircraft component must be done at a very slow rate.rate.

• If the gas is transferred rapidly the temperature If the gas is transferred rapidly the temperature of the receiving component will increase in of the receiving component will increase in accordance with the gas laws.accordance with the gas laws.

• Over a period of time the gas in the container will Over a period of time the gas in the container will drop to ambient, and the pressure in that vessel drop to ambient, and the pressure in that vessel will reduce.will reduce.

• The component pressure will now be incorrect The component pressure will now be incorrect and procedure will need to be repeated.and procedure will need to be repeated.

39

Oxygen Gas SafetyOxygen Gas Safety• Aircraft utilise more than one type of gas.Aircraft utilise more than one type of gas.• Important that we do not inflate tyres with Oxygen Important that we do not inflate tyres with Oxygen

or the emergency breathing oxygen bottle with or the emergency breathing oxygen bottle with NitrogenNitrogen

• Oxygen cylinders often use left-hand threaded Oxygen cylinders often use left-hand threaded valves to reduce possibility of charging with valves to reduce possibility of charging with incorrect gas.incorrect gas.

• High percentages of oxygen in a restricted space High percentages of oxygen in a restricted space can increase fire risk and burning intensity.can increase fire risk and burning intensity.

• Petroleum based products and oxygen can Petroleum based products and oxygen can produce an explosion.produce an explosion.

• Specially approved lubricants can be used for Specially approved lubricants can be used for threads of oxygen components. (Fombolin)threads of oxygen components. (Fombolin) 40

Oxygen Gas Generators Oxygen Gas Generators SafetySafety

FSCM NO. 16827

EMERGENCY OXYGENGENERATOR - 4 PERSON

PART NO. 117022-03

MFG.DATE

LOTNO.

INSP. STAMP

PURITAN-BENNETTAERO SYSTEMS CO.

Outlet to Outlet to MasksMasks

Firing Firing PinPin

Indication Indication LabelLabel 41

Oxygen Gas Generators Oxygen Gas Generators SafetySafety

• Emergency breathing oxygen can be stored as a solid Emergency breathing oxygen can be stored as a solid (Sodium Chlorate) as well as a gas.(Sodium Chlorate) as well as a gas.

• Chemical Generators contain sodium chlorate.Chemical Generators contain sodium chlorate.• Ignited by a striker when the mask is pulled down.Ignited by a striker when the mask is pulled down.• Produces gaseous oxygen and large amounts of heat.Produces gaseous oxygen and large amounts of heat.• These generators must have a safety pin fitted when These generators must have a safety pin fitted when

a live unit is being removed or fitted to the aircraft.a live unit is being removed or fitted to the aircraft.• They are NOT allowed to be transported in aircraft as They are NOT allowed to be transported in aircraft as

freight. freight. • Burning chemical generators, being carried as Burning chemical generators, being carried as

freight, have destroyed an aircraft in flight.freight, have destroyed an aircraft in flight.

42

Fire Safety - Oils and FuelsFire Safety - Oils and Fuels• All petroleum based products have an ignition All petroleum based products have an ignition

temperature or flash point.temperature or flash point.• Aviation fuels ignite at a low temperature, with Aviation fuels ignite at a low temperature, with

oils and greases a much higher one.oils and greases a much higher one.• Ensure no naked flames are used or generated.Ensure no naked flames are used or generated.• Torches and strip lights must be flame proof.Torches and strip lights must be flame proof.• Sweeping fuel with a dry broom may cause build Sweeping fuel with a dry broom may cause build

up of static electricity, and consequences of fire.up of static electricity, and consequences of fire.• During aircraft fuelling operations the correct During aircraft fuelling operations the correct

quantity and type of fire extinguisher should be quantity and type of fire extinguisher should be immediately available.immediately available.

43

General Safety - Oils and General Safety - Oils and FuelsFuels

• Toxic vapours may be produced by these Toxic vapours may be produced by these products.products.

• Particularly dangerous in an enclosed space.Particularly dangerous in an enclosed space.• Use of masks and respirators may be required.Use of masks and respirators may be required.• Regular contact with oils and fuels can degrease Regular contact with oils and fuels can degrease

the skin and cause dermatitis.the skin and cause dermatitis.• Use barrier cream and gloves prior to handling.Use barrier cream and gloves prior to handling.• When finished wash hands thoroughly and use When finished wash hands thoroughly and use

after work cream to restore pH balance in hands.after work cream to restore pH balance in hands.• Some oils and fuels can be detrimental to paint, Some oils and fuels can be detrimental to paint,

plastic, adhesives and sealant’s.plastic, adhesives and sealant’s.44

Chemical HazardsChemical Hazards

• Chemical compounds can be dangerous to humans.Chemical compounds can be dangerous to humans.• Precautions taken vary with each compound type.Precautions taken vary with each compound type.• Control of Substance Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Control of Substance Hazardous to Health (COSHH)

Regulations ensure relevant safety precautions are Regulations ensure relevant safety precautions are available for all compounds used.available for all compounds used.

• Toxic vapours may be produced by some products.Toxic vapours may be produced by some products.• Particularly dangerous in an enclosed space.Particularly dangerous in an enclosed space.• Respiration and hand protection may be required.Respiration and hand protection may be required.• Greater risk of fire when using these products.Greater risk of fire when using these products.

45

Low Level Physiological Low Level Physiological HazardsHazards

• Some aircraft materials are mildly radioactive.Some aircraft materials are mildly radioactive.• Emit very little radiation in normal Emit very little radiation in normal

circumstances.circumstances.• Commonly known as ‘Heavy Metals’.Commonly known as ‘Heavy Metals’.• They can be found in:They can be found in:• Balance-weightsBalance-weights• Smoke detectorsSmoke detectors• Luminescent ‘EXIT’ signsLuminescent ‘EXIT’ signs• InstrumentsInstruments

46

High Level Physiological High Level Physiological HazardsHazards

• Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) procedures Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) procedures employ high levels of radiation.employ high levels of radiation.

• NDT can only be done by specially trained NDT can only be done by specially trained personnel.personnel.

• Many NDT procedures completed with minimal Many NDT procedures completed with minimal personnel in attendance.personnel in attendance.

• Special monitoring procedures for those involved Special monitoring procedures for those involved in NDT is similar to hospital X-ray departments.in NDT is similar to hospital X-ray departments.

• Manuals give the safety precautions to be Manuals give the safety precautions to be observed for the different testing procedures.observed for the different testing procedures.

47


48

Lifting Complete AircraftLifting Complete Aircraft• Aircraft need to be raised from the ground for Aircraft need to be raised from the ground for

certain maintenance tasks.certain maintenance tasks.• Usually achieved by raising the aircraft on Usually achieved by raising the aircraft on

jacks using special adapters.jacks using special adapters.• Position of the adapters and jacks decided by Position of the adapters and jacks decided by

manufacturer.manufacturer.• Adapter points usually located in a tricycle Adapter points usually located in a tricycle

arrangement.arrangement.• Typically one at nose and two around central Typically one at nose and two around central

fuselage area - but not always!fuselage area - but not always!

49

Typical Aircraft Jacking Typical Aircraft Jacking PointsPoints

Avro RJ/ BAE Avro RJ/ BAE 146146

Fokker 70/100Fokker 70/10050

Lifting Complete AircraftLifting Complete Aircraft• Aircraft jacking requires preparation.Aircraft jacking requires preparation.

• Only done with correct number of trained, Only done with correct number of trained, qualified and authorised personnel.qualified and authorised personnel.

• Use correct jacks for aircraft - ensure they do Use correct jacks for aircraft - ensure they do not exceed jacks maximum capacity.not exceed jacks maximum capacity.

• Some operators support the aircraft and lower Some operators support the aircraft and lower the floor away!the floor away!

51

Aircraft Jacks - Feet LayoutAircraft Jacks - Feet Layout

TRIPODTRIPOD

BIPODBIPOD

QUADRUPOQUADRUPODD

Hydraulic Hydraulic RamRam

FeetFeet

53

Lifting part of AircraftLifting part of Aircraft

• Certain maintenance tasks only need one part Certain maintenance tasks only need one part of aircraft raised - wheel change.of aircraft raised - wheel change.

• Achieved by use of dedicated wheel change Achieved by use of dedicated wheel change jack.jack.

• Never simultaneously raise both main legs Never simultaneously raise both main legs with the wheel change jacks.with the wheel change jacks.

• Always follow instructions iaw AMM.Always follow instructions iaw AMM.• Wheel change jacks usually hydraulic with Wheel change jacks usually hydraulic with

safety screw lock on jack body.safety screw lock on jack body.

54

Extension on Extension on landing gear landing gear bogey sits in bogey sits in top of jacktop of jack

Wheel change jack slides in between aircraft Wheel change jack slides in between aircraft wheelswheels

Pistons on Pistons on jack jack

extend to extend to raise the raise the aircraftaircraft

End

Nose or Nose or Main Main

WheelsWheels

55

F-100 F-100 Tail Tail

Trestle Trestle PositionPosition

Shoring (Support)Shoring (Support)

• Supports are sometimes Supports are sometimes required to steady an required to steady an aircraft.aircraft.

• These supports also known These supports also known as as TrestlesTrestles..

• Used to prevent unbalance Used to prevent unbalance during maintenance.during maintenance.

• Can also be used to Can also be used to support large components support large components such as wings and such as wings and tailplanes.tailplanes.

56

Typical TrestleTypical Trestle

Ratcheting Ratcheting Handle for Handle for Height Height AdjustmenAdjustmentt

Wood beam Wood beam helps prevent helps prevent damage to damage to aircraft structureaircraft structure

ThreadeThreaded rodd rod

57

SlingingSlinging

• Slings are used to lift whole aircraft, sections Slings are used to lift whole aircraft, sections of aircraft and major components such as of aircraft and major components such as wings and engines.wings and engines.

• Only the approved manufacturers sling should Only the approved manufacturers sling should be used to for that component.be used to for that component.

• This ensures the correct C of G is always This ensures the correct C of G is always maintained.maintained.

• Correct sling will be identified by part number.Correct sling will be identified by part number.• PPE - AMM dictates requirements but should PPE - AMM dictates requirements but should

include hard-hats.include hard-hats.58

Slinging an AircraftSlinging an Aircraft

Authorised Authorised SlingSling

CranCranee

59


60

Flight-Line SafetyFlight-Line Safety

61

Flight-Line SafetyFlight-Line Safety

• A Flight-Line (Ramp) is a dangerous place to work.A Flight-Line (Ramp) is a dangerous place to work.Dangers are many:Dangers are many:• Tripping over cables and hosesTripping over cables and hoses• Hit by air stairs, power sets and catering vehiclesHit by air stairs, power sets and catering vehicles• High noise levels so reduced verbal High noise levels so reduced verbal

communicationscommunications• Hit by moving control surfaces and pitot probesHit by moving control surfaces and pitot probes• Being sucked into an engine intakeBeing sucked into an engine intake• Being burnt or blown over by the engine exhaustBeing burnt or blown over by the engine exhaust• Being hit by a propeller.Being hit by a propeller.

62

Normally < 1 Normally < 1 mm

Flight-Line Safety - Flight-Line Safety - PropellersPropellers

Accidents involving Accidents involving propellers are usually propellers are usually

always fatal!always fatal! 63

Flight-Line Safety - Flight-Line Safety - PropellersPropellers

• Accidents involving propellers are usually Accidents involving propellers are usually always fatal.always fatal.

• Always treat a stationary propeller as live.Always treat a stationary propeller as live.

• Propellers sometimes have markings which Propellers sometimes have markings which makes them highly visible whilst spinning.makes them highly visible whilst spinning.

• AMM’s show suggested walkways to avoid the AMM’s show suggested walkways to avoid the danger areas posed by propellers.danger areas posed by propellers.

64

100m

75 m

50 m

25 m

0 m

700°C

500°C

300°C

100°C

All Values All Values ApproximateApproximate..

0 m

20 m

Jet Jet Aircraft Aircraft Danger Danger AreasAreas

65

Safety when TowingSafety when Towing

• All operators, aircraft and airports have specific All operators, aircraft and airports have specific rules which must be adhered to when towing rules which must be adhered to when towing such as:such as:

• Maximum towing speed (Weather dependent).Maximum towing speed (Weather dependent).• Minimum turning radius.Minimum turning radius.• Route to be taken to destination.Route to be taken to destination.• Airfield radio call sign.Airfield radio call sign.• Type of towing vehicle - sufficient tractive effort.Type of towing vehicle - sufficient tractive effort.• Correct towing arm for that aircraft.Correct towing arm for that aircraft.

66

Safety when TowingSafety when Towing

• Towing an aircraft requires the correct number Towing an aircraft requires the correct number of trained, qualified and authorised personnel.of trained, qualified and authorised personnel.

• Unobstructed communication’s required Unobstructed communication’s required between all team members.between all team members.

• Towing team need the correct PPE such as:Towing team need the correct PPE such as:

1.1. High visible jackets.High visible jackets.2.2. Ear protection.Ear protection.3.3. Cold weather clothing.Cold weather clothing.

67

Aircraft Turning LeftAircraft Turning Left

Tail GrowthTail GrowthWing Tip Wing Tip GrowthGrowth

Swept Wing Tip GrowthSwept Wing Tip Growth

68

Parking of AircraftParking of Aircraft

• Precautions need to be taken with aircraft Precautions need to be taken with aircraft parked for short periods.parked for short periods.

• Chocks positioned on both sides of one or Chocks positioned on both sides of one or more of the wheels.more of the wheels.

• Blanks fitted to engine intakes and exhausts.Blanks fitted to engine intakes and exhausts.• Bungs fitted to holes for pitot and static vents.Bungs fitted to holes for pitot and static vents.• Similar bungs and blanks fitted as dictated by Similar bungs and blanks fitted as dictated by

AMM.AMM.• Control locks fitted or engaged.Control locks fitted or engaged.

70

Rich, here’s one our team did this morning. Tell Carl & T.O. there lucky they are not the flight chief’s of this one. Here’s the pictures on the seriously damaged KC-10 at hangar 810 and hangar 818 area. please stay away for now since the aircraft is impounded by the IG. the accident occurred because the tow team DID NOT follow tech data procedures. The tow team disconnected the yuke to open the hangar doors at hangar 810 because it would not open. The tow team DID NOT chock the aircraft, which rolled down the embankment and hit the t-tail stand, dragging it until it rolled over on the dirt area at hangar 818. The accident caused severe damage to the aircraft! We MUST pay close attention to detail on our jobs. Everybody have a safe and good day.

71

MarshallingMarshalling• Personnel who are required to marshall aircraft Personnel who are required to marshall aircraft

need to know the required signals.need to know the required signals.• Marshalling an aircraft can only be done by Marshalling an aircraft can only be done by

trained, qualified and authorised personnel.trained, qualified and authorised personnel.• Marshalling batons or wands for hours of darkness.Marshalling batons or wands for hours of darkness.• They need correct PPE for the task such as:They need correct PPE for the task such as:1.1. High Visibility Jackets.High Visibility Jackets.2.2. Ear Protection.Ear Protection.3.3. Safety Boots/Overalls.Safety Boots/Overalls.4.4. Cold/Wet Weather Clothing or Sun ProtectionCold/Wet Weather Clothing or Sun Protection

77

Come AheadCome Ahead StopStop (Crossed (Crossed Hands)Hands)

Emergency StopEmergency StopRepeat Open & Cross Repeat Open & Cross

HandsHands

Standard Marshalling SignalsStandard Marshalling Signals

78

Right TurnRight Turn

All Clear (OK)All Clear (OK)

Left TurnLeft Turn


79

Remove ChocksRemove Chocks

Slow DownSlow Down

Insert ChocksInsert Chocks


80

FuellingFuelling• Various types of aviation fuels are available for Various types of aviation fuels are available for

different aircraft types.different aircraft types.

• Correct type of fuel is marked adjacent to Correct type of fuel is marked adjacent to aircraft’s refuel point.aircraft’s refuel point.

• The Fuel Bowser (Fuel Truck) should have the The Fuel Bowser (Fuel Truck) should have the same fuel identification symbol as the aircraft.same fuel identification symbol as the aircraft.

• Fuel bowser parked as far as possible from Fuel bowser parked as far as possible from aircraft and positioned to enable rapid removal aircraft and positioned to enable rapid removal in an emergency.in an emergency.

Continued...

81

• Electrical bonding of aircraft and bowser required.Electrical bonding of aircraft and bowser required.

• Electrical bonding between aircraft and bowser, Electrical bonding between aircraft and bowser, and between fuel hose and aircraft.and between fuel hose and aircraft.

• Safety zone as dictated by AMM or local Safety zone as dictated by AMM or local regulations.regulations.

• Fire fighting equipment readily available.Fire fighting equipment readily available.

• No electrical switching or radio/radar operations No electrical switching or radio/radar operations during fuelling.during fuelling.

• No naked flames or hot exhausts from APU or No naked flames or hot exhausts from APU or GPU.GPU. End82

DIS P LAY

OFF MAX

FRZ

LEFT

AUX

SB/T WX WX/T RCT GCR MAP

DISP LAY

OFF MAX

FRZ

RIGHT

ALRT

10 20 40 80 160 320VAR SEC

TILTUP

DWN

GAIN

MI N MAX

Weather Radar SafetyWeather Radar Safety

83


• Radiation and localised heating dangers due to Radiation and localised heating dangers due to microwave hazard.microwave hazard.

• Fuelling operations are NOT to be performed Fuelling operations are NOT to be performed when ground testing weather radar.when ground testing weather radar.

• Observe minimum distance when operating or Observe minimum distance when operating or testing on the ground.testing on the ground.

• AMM will dictate for each aircraft type.AMM will dictate for each aircraft type.

84


• Testing usually done Testing usually done with aircraft facing with aircraft facing towards open airfield.towards open airfield.

• Erect barriers with signs Erect barriers with signs to warn others when to warn others when testing the weather testing the weather radar.radar.

85

• Discuss the various hazards that Discuss the various hazards that may cause injury on an aircraft may cause injury on an aircraft flight line.flight line.

• Include in the answer problems Include in the answer problems involving noise, high-pressure involving noise, high-pressure gases and Foreign Object Damage.gases and Foreign Object Damage.

Typical Written QuestionTypical Written Question

86


End87

mod 7.01 safety

Documents