8/13/2019 Mod 6-10 220413

1/12

Cross-disciplinary and Intercultural CommunicationCross-disciplinary and Intercultural Communication

Module 6: Cultures within CulturesModule 6: Cultures within Cultures

Study of History

History and culture are interwoven.

What a culture seeks to remember and pass on to the next eneration tells us about the

character o! that culture.

African American History

"!ricans as indentured servants in the early #$ thcentury.

%ill mid #&thcentury' millions o! more slaves brouht to the (.).

%reatment as second-class citi*ens did not end with the Civil War and the passin o! the

%hirteenth "mendment.

%he civil rihts movement in the #&6+s and the Civil ,ihts "ct in #&6.

/ur history o! enslavement has de!ined who we are and what we believe today.01awell.

Value Orientations

2eople-3ature: tend to believe in livin harmoniously with nature.

%emporal !ocus: tend to have a stron sense o! both past and present re!erences.Human nature: tend to believe in the importance o! the environment in shapin the nature

o! a person."ctivity: !or them' a doin0 mode means to !iht aainst adversity and to combat racism

throuh social achievements.

,elational: tend to pre!er the collateral relationship tendencies.

8/13/2019 Mod 6-10 220413

2/12

Assimilation: United States

Meltin 2ot:

(sed to describe the assimilation o! the early immirants.

Included 4nlish' 5erman' Irish' rench and Italian immirants and encouraed ethnicuni!ormity.

2atriotic sini!icance was placed on learnin 4nlish and become "merican0.

rom Meltin 2ot to )ymphony:

%he meltin pot metaphor was re7ected in the early 8+thcentury by philosopher 9allen.

He set !orth the idea o! a symphony orchestra.

4ach instrument was an immirant roup who' toether with other immirant roups'

created harmonious music.

Assimilation: Australia

Captain "rthur 2hillip established the 1ritish settlement on the shores o! )ydney Harborin the late #thcentury.

%he 4uropeans occupied coastal huntin rounds and disturbed sacred sites o! local

"boriinals.)tolen 5enerations0: the tens o! thousands o! indienous children who were removed

!rom their !amilies in a policy o! !orced assimilation.

%he policy' known as White "ustralia0' was not !ully abandoned until #&$+s.

%hen a policy o! cultural diversity that was more acceptin immirant cultures.

%he /ne 3ation 2arty was !ormed in the late 8+ thcentury.

8/13/2019 Mod 6-10 220413

3/12

Cross-disciplinary & Intercultural Communication

Module 7: Language and Culture

Importance of Language

;anuae has created the word

8/13/2019 Mod 6-10 220413

4/12

%he "sian mode o! communication ?hih context@ is o!ten vaue' indirect' and implicit'

whereas Western communication ?low context@ tends to be direct and explicit.

Aerbal communication and other explicit codes are more prevalent in low-contextcultures.

HC cultures do not value verbal communication the same way that ;C cultures do.

! cultures are more reliant on and tuned in to nonver"alcommunication.

In ! cultures# interactants e$pect more than in L! cultures.

8/13/2019 Mod 6-10 220413

5/12

Cross-disciplinary & Intercultural Communication

Module #: Common $arriers to InterculturalCommunication

Some Common $arriers

An$iety

%thnocentrism

&tereotypes

're(udice

%n!iety

)hen we are uncertain# it is natural to feel nervous.

An$iety is li*ely to reduce our chances of communicating effectively.

"thnocentrism

A "elief in the centrality of one+s own culture.

It often involves (udging aspects of another culture "y the standards ofone+s own.

,o "e ethnocentric is to "elieve in the superiority of one+s own culture.

%$treme ethnocentrism leads to a re(ection of the richness and*nowledge of other cultures.

8/13/2019 Mod 6-10 220413

6/12

Stereotypes

the perceptions or belie!s we hold about roups or individuals based on our previously!ormed opinions or attitudes.0 )amovar and 2orter

elp us to ma*e sense of the world.

&tereotypes may impede communication "ecause:

,hey cause us to assume that a widely held "elief is true when it maynot "e.

!ontinued use of the stereotype reinforces the "elief.

)tereotypes cause us to assume that a widely held belie! is true o! any one individual.

,he stereotype can "ecome a self-fulfilling prophecy for the personstereotyped.

re'udice

It is enerally re!erred to as the un!air' biased' or intolerant attitudes or opinions towards

another person or roup simply because they belon to a speci!ic reliion' race'

nationality' or another roup0 )amovar and 2orterpersons within the roup are not viewed in terms o! their individual merit but accordin

to the super!icial characteristics that make them part o! the roup0 Bandt

8/13/2019 Mod 6-10 220413

7/12

Cross-disciplinary and Intercultural Communication

Module (-)*: Culture and +on,eral Communication

+on,eral Communication

inesics

!hronemics

'ro$emics

aptics

'hysical Appearance

/ocalics

"motion as Communication

Cultural theory o! emotion: emotions are learned behaviours' transmitted culturally' much

like lanuaes.

Culture and Facial "!pressions of "motion

!harles Darwin+s wor* The Expression of Emotion in Man andAnimals

0niversality of facial e$pressions

'aul %*man+s 1"asic emotions+:

2oy

Distress

Anger

8/13/2019 Mod 6-10 220413

8/12

Fear

&urprise

Disgust

!ultural Differences in %$pressing %motions

!ultural Display Rules:

&imulation

Intensification

Inhi"ition

Deintensification

3as*ing

or instance' Bapanese hide their emotions more o!ten than do people in 4urope and

3orth "merica.

Chronemics

%he study o! the way we handle and structure the use o! time when communicatin.

,ime perceptions include punctuality and willingness to wait.

,he use of time can affect lifestyles# speed of speech# movements# andhow long people are willing to listen.

3onochronic# or 3-time# people:

emphasi4e doing one thing at a time5

take time commitments seriously and value promptness>

are committed to the task>

show respect !or private property>

8/13/2019 Mod 6-10 220413

9/12

are accustomed to short-term relationships.

'olychronic# or '-time# people:

do many things at once5

are hihly distractible and sub7ect to interruptions>

consider time commitments more casually> promptness based on the relationship>are committed to people>

tend to build li!etime relationships.

ro!emics

,he study of a person+s use of space:

'ersonal &pace

,erritoriality

Furniture arrangement

ersonal Space

&i4e of an invisi"le "u""le of space:

is relationship to those around him

is emotional state

8/13/2019 Mod 6-10 220413

10/12

is cultural "ac*ground

,he activity he is performing

&pace is associated with cultural values:

!ultures that stress individualism and privacy generally demand morespace.

.erritoriality

,o assert ownership claims to parts of the physical space.

A status sym"ol and is defended against intrusion.

mar*ers such as leaving coats on theatre seats.

Furniture %rrangement

,he way people arrange furniture 6chairs# ta"les# des*s# etc7 alsocommunicates.

In 0.&.: to achieve privacy5

In !hina: feng shui# to stress the need for people and nature to live inharmony.

"rti!acts: the ob7ects and possessions we use to decorate the physical space we control.

,he function of the o"(ect and the message the o"(ect conveys

Haptics

,he study of our use of touch to communicate.

/!ten considered the most !undamental o! all our senses' is a primitive and indispensable

8/13/2019 Mod 6-10 220413

11/12

!orm o! communication.

.ypes of .ouching

unctional-pro!essional: occurs between physicians and patients' coaches and athletes'

etc.

&ocial politeness: in initial-ac8uaintance situations# "usinessrelationships.

riendship-warmth: concern and carin between !amily members and close !riends.

Love-intimacy: romantic relationships 6em"racing# *issing# and theli*e7.

&e$ual touch: the most intimate type# se$ual arousal.

oer of .ouch

%he embrace o! a close !riend' the stroke o! a lover=s hand' the !irm handshake o! a

business associate' the warm hu o! a !amily member in a time o! bereavementcommunicate with an intensity that other !orms o! communication lack.

Intercultural /ariation

%wo "mericans talkin in a co!!ee shop in the (.). miht touch each other once or twice

an hour>

8/13/2019 Mod 6-10 220413

12/12

9ritish in a London coffee shop pro"a"ly won+t touch each other5

French in a 'arisian caf might touch each other a hundred times.

In &outh America and 3e$ico# touch is routine.

Also a high fre8uency of touching in &pain# ;reece# Italy and 'ortugal.

In Asia# touching is not a common form of communication.

0uidelines for Impro,ing +on,eral CommunicationConsider cultural' ender and individual in!luences when interpretin nonverbal cues.

9e conscious of the nonver"al "ehaviour we are displaying.

3a*e our nonver"al communication match our ver"al communication.

Adapt our nonver"al "ehaviour to the situation.