mock test4

RxDENTISTRY MOCK TEST 4

1. Majority of salivary stones occur in a. Parotid gland b. Ectopic salivary gland c. Sub lingual gland d. Sub mandibular gland

2. Inferior thyroid artery is a branch of a. External carotid artery b. Internal carotid artery c. Common carotid artery d. Subclavian artery

3. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis refers to a. Tuberculous thyroid b. Hashimoto’s thyroid c. Dequervain’s thyroid d. Riedel’s thyroid

4. The organism least resistant to thermal inactivations is a. Bacterial spores b. Virus c. Spirochete d. Streptococcus mutans

5. Periapical granuloma can be differentiated from cementoma by

a. Radiograph b. Pulp vitality test c. C.T. Scan d. MRI Scan

6. RC-prep is a combination of a. EDTA with carbamide periodide b. EDTA with hydrogen periodide c. EDTA with sodium hypochlorite d. EDTA with urea periodide

7. Peso reamer is used for a. To remove lingual shoulder of anterior teeth b. Enlarge rootcanal orifices c. Post space preparation d. To remove gutta percha

8. When restoring a tooth with resin material, acid etching can do all of the following excepta. Increase the surface areab. Permit chemial bonding between resin and enamelc. Create surface irregularities in enamel for better

mechanical retention of resin. d. Condition the tooth surface for better wetting.

9. Radio opacity of composite resins is achieved by the addition of

a. Borax b. Barium and strontium glasses c. Small amount of lead and carbon d. Rare earthmetallic oxides

10. Preparation of class I cavities for dental amalgam, direct filling gold or gold inlays have in common

a. Occlusally diverging facial and lingual walls b. Occusally diverging mesial and distal walls c. Occlusally converging facial and lingual walls d. Occlusally converging mesial and distal walls

11. Which of the following materials is easily confused with dental caries when viewed radiographically

a. Calcium hydroxide cement b. Dental amalgam c. Zink oxide engenol cement d. Zink phosphate cement12. Ammonia treated gold foil is also known as a. Cohesive foil b. Non cohesive foil c. Corrugated foil d. Non-corrugative foil13. The cavo surface angle for inlay cavity preparation a. 90 degree b. 150 degree c. Less than 90 degree d. 180 degree

14. Which of the following drug is commonly used to control salivation in operative denstistry

a. Pilocarpine b. Propanolal c. Atropine d. Muscerine

15. Ferrier double bow separator works on the principles of a. Wedge principle b. Traction principle c. Slow separation d. Delayed tooth movement

16. Fluoride substitutes the following components of hydroxyapatite crystal

a. Calcium b. Hydroxyl c. Phosphate d. All the above

17. Cell rests of malassez are found in a. Enamel b. Dentine c. Pulp d. Periodontal ligament

18. Gnarled enamel is seen in a. Proximal surface of tooth b. Cervical region of tooth c. Cusp tips of tooth d. All the above.

19. Mesial development depression is the characteric feature of

a. Maxillary first premolar b. Maxillary second premolar c. Mandibular first premolar d. Mandibular second premolar

20. Muscles of tongue are formed by a. First arch mesoderm b. Second arch mesoderm c. Occipital myotomes d. Cervical somites

21. The structure that does not traverse parotid gland is a. Superficial temporal artery b. Posterior auricular artery c. External carotid artery d. Internal carotid artery

22. Sensory innervation of larynx as far as the vocal folds is by

a. External laryngeal nerve b. Recurrent laryngeal nerve c. Internal laryngeal nerve d. Glossopharyngeal nerve

23. Nerve of the pterygoid canal is formed by union of a. Deep petrosal nerve with greater petrosal nerve b. Deep petrosal nerve with lesser petrosal nerve c. Greater petrosal and lesser petrosal nerves d. Greater petrosal and external petrosal nerves

24. Lymphatics of upper gum drains into a. Lingual nodes b. Retropharyngeal nodes c. Submandibular nodes d. Submental nodes

25. Accessory meningeal artery enters cranial cavity through a. Foramen lacerum b. Foramen rotundum

WWW.RXDENTISTRY.CO.CC

http://WWW.RXDENTISTRY.CO.CC/


c. Foramen spinosum d. Foramen ovale

26. Basic metabolic unit of bone is a. Osteon b. Osteoblast c. Osteocyte d. Osteoclast27. Neurogenic cause of dysphagia includes the following

except a. Multiple sclerosis b. Tetanus c. Parkinson’s disease d. Tetany

28. Cribriform, honey comb(or) swiss cheese histology pattern is seen in

a. Adenoid cystic carcinoma b. Pleomorphic adenoma c. Acinic cell carcinoma d. Clear Cell Carcinoma

29. Which cyst is always associated initially with the crown of an impacted embedded or unerupted tooth.

a. Dentigerous cyst b. Periodontal cyst c. Odontogenic kerato cyst d. Primordial cyst

30. Rigidity of facial muscles ‘Risus sardonicus’ is associated with

a. Tetanus b. Syphilis c. Leprosy d. Actinomycosis

31. The tooth most commonly involved in chronic focal sclerosing osteomyelitis is

a. Maxillary second moloar b. Maxillary third moloar c. Maxillary first moloar d. Mandibular first molar

32. Severe cellulitis beginning in the submaxillary space and secondarily involving the sublingual and submental spaces is known as

a. Submandibular cellulites b. Submaxillary cellulitis c. Ludwigs angina d. Sura hyoid cellulitis

33. Pain, muscle tenderness, clicking or popping noise in T.M joint and limitation of jaw motion are the four cardinal signs and symptoms of

a. Costen’s syndrome b. Traumatic arthritis of TM joint c. Osteo arthritis d. Myo facial pain dysfunction syndrome.

34. Cooleys anemia is also known as a. Erythro blastosis fetalis b. Aplastic anemia c. Thalassemia d. Permicious anemia

35. Rubeola refers to a. German measles b. Measles c. Small pox d. Chicken pox

36. An interesting association of lichen planus, diabetes mellitus and vascular hypertension is described as

a. Gardner’s syndrome. b. Grinspan’s syndrome c. Costen’s syndrome d. Cowden’s syndrome

37. Most common organism causing caries a. Streptococcus Faecalis b. Streptococcus viridans c. Streptococcus mutans d. Staphycococcus albus

38. Cyst arising from rest of malassez is a. Dental cyst b. Dentigerous cyst

c. Radicular cyst d. Kerato cyst

39. Common salivary gland tumour in children a. Lymphoma b. Pleomorphic adenoma c. Adenoid cystic carcinoma d. Muco epidermoid carcinoma40. Bone loss following extraction is a. Less for first 6 months b. Less for first 1 month c. More for first 6 months d. Process uniformly for first one year

41. A retruded tongue position in an edentulous patient results in

a. Good peripheral seal b. Over extended impression c. Under extended impression d. Increased stability of lower denture

42. Determining the relative parallelism of proximal tooth surfaces by contacting with the surveyor blade is known as

a. Guiding planes b. Angle of cervical convergence c. Height of contour d. Interference

43. The modulus of elasticity of an alloy refers to a. Flexibility b. Ducttility c. Stiffness d. Malleability

44. Tissue conditioning materials are a. Elastomers b. Elasto polymers c. Polymers d. Impression plaster

45. Which component of a removable partial denture used to retain or prevent dislodgement

a. Indirect retainer b. Rest c. Minor connector d. Direct retainer

46. Functional impression technique can be applied in a. Uniformly firm ridge consistency b. All variety of residual ridges c. Knife Edge ridge d. Displacable alveolar ridge

47. A rigid reciprocal arm of a clasp may also act as a. Direct retainer b. An axillary indirect retainer c. Major connector d. Minor connector

48. Complete denture patients have a preference for which region when the consistency of food is tough

a. 2nd molar region b. Pre molar region c. 1st molar region d. Pre molar and molar region

49. Guiding plane in RPD should be located at a. In between edentulous space b. Abutment surface adjacent to an edentulous area c. Edentulous area d. Abutment area

50. The teeth that are retained for the longest period of time are

a. Maxillary incisors b. Maxillary canines c. Mandibular incisors d. Mandibular canines.




51. The preferred gingival finish line for veneer metal restoration is

a. Shoulder b. Chamfer c. Shoulder with bevel d. Radial shoulder

52. The term thrush refers to a. Acute atrophic candidiasis b. Chronic atrophic candidiasis c. Acute pseudo membranous candidiasis d. Median rhomboid glossitis53. Heck’s disease is another name for a. Focal epithelial hyperplasia b. Fibromatosis gingiva c. Oral melanotic macule d. Hereditary intestinal polyposis syndrome

54. Which of the following is a precancerous lesions a. Speckled leukoplakia b. Benign migratory glossitis c. White sponge nevus d. Hairy leukoplakia

55. Target lesions are seen in a. Pemphigoid b. Lichenplanus c. Erythema multiforme d. Mickulicz’s disease

56. The milliampere (MA) control of X-Ray machine controls a. The speed of electrons b. The quantity of electrons c. The speed of protons d. The quantity of protons

57. The size of actual focal spot is a. 1 x 3 MM b. 1 x 1 MM c. 1 x 4 MM d. 1 x 2 MM

58. Which layer of epithelium of oral mucous membrane is more sensible to radiation

a. Stratum Spinosum b. Stratum granulosam c. Stratum basale d. Stratum corneum

59. In recent avulsion of teeth the image of laminadura of the empty socket in the Radiograph is usually

a. Lost b. Discontinuous c. Persisting d. Widened

60. Most common site of tuberculous lesion in the oral cavity is

a. Buccal Mucosa b. Lips c. Tongue d. Palate

61. Most common fungus in diabetics a. Cryptococcus b. Aspergillus c. Rodotorula d. Nocordia

62. Actinomycosis is caused by a. Virus b. Bacteria c. Fungus d. Unknownfactor

63. Blood supply of coronoid process of mandible is primarily from

a. Inferior alveolar artery b. Deep temporal artery c. Facial artery d. Middle Meningeal artery

64. The method of presenting data of geographic distribution is

a. Histogram b. Pie chart c. Frequency polygon d. Cartogram

65. The number of independent members in the sample is a. Null b. Degrees of freedom c. Bias d. Significance

66. The method of prepayment wherein the patient pays a percent of total cost.

a. Loan b. Co-insurance c. Reasonable fee d. Fee for service67. Tasks involving exposure to blood, body fluids, tissues are

called a. Category I b. Category II c. Category III d. Category IV

68. The castration complex is associated with which income group

a. Upper middle class b. Lower middle class c. Upper lower class d. Lower class

69. The point at which chlorine demand of water is met is termed

a. Chlorine point b. Super chlorination c. Break point d. Dechlorination

70. Emporiatrics is the word used to describe the science of a. Epidemics b. Feet c. Health of travelers d. Child health

71. Blinding can be done to eliminate which type of bias a. Breksorian b. Recall c. Confounding d. Interviewers

72. The prevention of emergence or development of risk factors in countries where they have not appeared is what type of prevention?

a. Primary b. Secondary c. Fertiary d. Primordial

73. The first dental college in India was started in 1926 at a. Delhi b. Calcutta c. Bombay d. Chennai

74. The index age group for deciduous teeth in year is a.12 b.5 c. 35-44 d. 65-74

75. When a disease spreads from one country to another in a short time it is called

a. Endemic b. Pandemic c. Epidemic d. Sproadic

76. Oral hygiene was first practiced by a. Chinese b. Etruscans c. Summerians d. Sustuta

77. Length of junctional epithelium a. 0.0 to 1.0 mm b. 0.01 to 0.02 mm c. 0.25 to 1.35 mm d. 0.30 to 0.40 mm

78. Recent classification of periodontal disease organised by American Academy of periodontology was introduced in the year

a.1989 b.1997 c.1998 d.1999




79. EM study of the four zones of necrotising ulcerative gingivitis was coined by

a. Listgarten b. Slot c. Pinborg d. Socransky

80. Plateau like bone margins caused by resorption of thickened bony plates is called

a. Lipping b. Crater c. Reversed architecture d. Ledge

81. Arc-shaped alveolar bone loss is seen radiographically in a. Chronic periodontitis b. Localised Jeuvenile periodontities c. Refractory periodontitis d. Localised periodontities. 82. Linear gingival erythema is a characteristic finding in a. Chronic gingivitis b. Chronic periodontitis c. Human immuno-deficiency virus d. Aggressive periodontitis

83. Sub-gingival scaling alters the microflora of periodontal pocket

a. Never gets altered b. Aerobes only c. Gets altered d. Anerobes only

84. The primary etiologic factor in the development of furcation defect is

a. Calculus b. Plaque c. Cemental caries d. Root infection

85. The most widely recommended tool for removing plaque from proximal tooth surfaces

a. Tooth brush b. Mouth wash c. Dental floss d. Tooth paste

86. Reshaping of bone without removing tooth supporting bone is known as

a. Odontoplasty b. Osteoplasty c. Coronoplasty d. Ostectomy

87. The syndrome characterised by hyperkeratotic skin lesions, severe destruction of the periodontium and calcification the dura

a. Down’s syndrome b. Chediak-Hagashi syndrome c. Papillon-lefevre syndrome d. Plummer-vinson syndrome

88. The primary excretory organ for the local anaesthetic and its metabolites is

a. Lungs b. Kidneys c. Rectum d. Skin

89. The site of action of the local anaesthetic is on a. Axioplasm b. Epineurium c. Nerve membrane d. Perineurium

90. The receding chin where the occlusion is acceptable the choice of surgical procedure for correction would be

a. Sliding genioplasty b. Sagittal split osteotomy c. Kole procedure d. Oblique ramus osteotomy

91. A patient with severe periodontal involvement requires flap surgery on the complete mandibular arch. A potential problem is the damage to the

a. Facial nerve b. Mental nerve c. Attachment of the mentalis muscle d. Attachment of the inferior labialis muscle

92. A maxillary central incisior of an 8 yr old boy was completely displaced. The avulsed tooth was found, and the patient was seen by the dentist 20 minutes after the injury. Immediate treatment of choice isa. Clean the tooth with saline ,then replant the tooth in its

socketb. Plane the root to remove necrotic tissue ,then replant the

tooth in the socketc. Sterilize the tooth in a strong cold sterilizing solution ,

then replant the tooth in the socketd. Perform endodontic treatment and root canal filling ,

then replant the tooth in its socket93. Which of the following is least likely to elicit a painful

response by a person who has exposed root surfacesa. Use of a periodotal aidb. Vigorous horizontal tooth brushingc. Ice creamd. Tooth surface evaluation by a dental explorer

94. A dentist is removing extrinsic stains from a patients teeth when suddenly the patient loses consciousness and stops breathing. What is the first step in the management of this medical emergencya. Make sure there is an unobstructed airwayb. Determine the cause of loss of consciousnessc. Loosen tight clothingd. Attempt to ventilate the patient lungs

95. The principal reason for placing an aluminum filter in the primary beam of radiation is toa. Reduce exposure timeb. Decrease development time of the filmsc. Reduce radiation to the skin of the patientd. Obtain greater definition of the images of the teeth

96. Connective tissue is characterized bya. Being derived from the mesenchyme, and by contaning

more intercellular material than cellsb. Contaning amorphous intercellular substance, and by

having little tissue fluidc. Being calcified in some types ,and by having sensitivity

as its main functiond. Having poor reparative ability, and by contaning few

lymphatic channels

97. Gingival curettage is indicated in the treatment of a. Inflamed and edematous gingiva b. Fibrotic gingiva

c. Bleeding gingiva d. All of the above

98. Which of the following is the first symptom that is usually perceived by a patient being administered nitrous nitrous oxide?

a. Nausea




b. Euphoria c. Giddiness d. Tingiling of the hands

99. Cranial base length is measured from a. Nasion to Bolton b. Nasion to sella c. Sella to Bolton d. None of the above

100. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim are synergestic bacteriostatic agents because in bacteria they

a. Both inhibt folic acidb. Interfere sequently with folinic acid productionc. Are both inhibitors of dihydrofolic acid reductased. Are both transformed invivo into a single active

compound




1. Ans. ”d”: Refg.207.manipal manual of surgery by shenoy. ·- Salivary calculi are the commonest causes of sialoadenitis Calculi are more common in the submandibular salivary gland

than parotid gland because of the following reasons. · -Higher mucin content in the submandibular salivary gland secretions. · - calcium and phosphate content in the secretion is high. · -nondependent drainage of secretions. Gland is in the neck and opening of the duct in the oral cavity.

2. Ans. ”d”: Ref:138/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy• The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the

thyrocervical trunk which arises from the subclavian artery.

• Branches of Arch of Aorta• Brachiocephalic II left common carotid III left

subclavian artery

• Right common Carotid artery Right subclavian artery• External carotid internal carotid• Supply structures in front Of neck and in face • principal artery of brain and eye)


3. Ans. ”B”• Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the main component of thyroiditis.• Autoimmune aetiology is characteristic by extensive lymphocytic infiltration resulting in destruction of thyroid follicles with

variable degree of fibrosis.• Females in premenopausal group (40-50years) commonly affected. Initially, symptoms of mild hyperthyroidism (hashitoxicosis)

may be present. Later, extensive intrathyroidal fibrosis results in permanent hypothyroidism.• The thyroid follicles are destroyed by significant fibrosis. The deep eosinophilic-staining thyroid follicular cell, Askanazy cell, is

characteristic.• The gland can be firm to hard and sometimes rubbery in consistency, smooth or irregular and can involve the lobe or entire gland.• In many cases, thyroid antibodies are raised, suggesting an autoimmune disorder.

Treatement: Thyroxine 0.2 mg/day is given as a supplementary dose.

4. Ans. ”A”Bacterial spores constitute some of the most resistant forms of life . They remain viable for centuries. They are extremely resistant to dessication and relatively so to chemicals and heat. though some spores may resist boiling for prolonged periods, spores of all medically important species are destroyed by autoclaving at 120degree.c for 15 minutes.Viruses are more prone for thermal inactivation

5. Ans B: Ref:298/4th shafersIn periapical granuloma the teeth is nonvital as a result of death of the pulp through infection or trauma whereas in cementoma the teeth is vital, so both are differentiated by vitality test.Cementoma ( periapical cemental dysplasia). The site commonly involved is mandibular anterior teeth .It is common in women in second decade of life

6. Ans. ”D”: Refg.225 Grossman’s Endodontic practice 11th edition.A combination of EDTA and urea peroxide [R-C prep]+developed by Stewart and colleagues was an effective lubricating and cleaning agent for root canals and allowed deeper penetration of the medicament into the dentin.

7. Ans.”C”: Refg.211,Grossman’sEndodontic practice 11th edition.Two types of power-driven reamers are used in endodontics:Gates Glidden drills and the peeso reamers. The Gates Glidden drill has a long, thin shaft ending in a flameshaped head, with a safe tip to guard against perforations.The peeso reamer has long, sharp flutes connected to a thick shaft. It cuts laterally and is primarily used for the preparation of post space when gutta-percha has been removed from the obturated root canal.The Gates Glidden drill is used to remove the lingual shoulder during access preparation of anterior teeth, to enlarge root canal orifices, and to clean and shape the cervical third of root canals in the step-back preparation.

8. Ans. ”B” 9. Ans. ”B”: Ref:375/sikhri

10. Ans.”B”: Ref:336/sikhriWalls of the preparation are made parallel to each other. In wide cavities, mesial and distal walls need to be diverged slightly towards the occlusal surface so as to prevent any undermining and weakening of the marginal ridges. Pulpal floor is made flat and perpendicular to the occlusal forces. All enamel must be supported by sound dentine. All these features contribute to the resistance form of the cavity. Retention is provided by the paralleslism of walls and sharp line angles and point angles.

11. Ans. A: This question seems to be from old national board papers when no radioopaque material was included in calcium hydroxide cement. Now a days calcium hydroxide contains radioopaque ingredients.

12. Ans. B: Refg.327 sikhri -pure gold classified into cohesive: semi cohesive non cohesive forms. -the gold foil which is free of any surface contaminants and can be placed directly into cavity preparation is called “cohesive gold”. -The ‘semicohesive gold form” is one in which a protective gas film like ammonia is absorbed on to surface of gold.

The non-cohesive form of gold is one in which certain non-volatile contaminants like iron, sulphur or phosphorous are permanently deposited onto surface.

13. Ans. BThe angle at the junction of the walls of the cavity preparation and the external surface of the tooth.It is of two types [Ref Sturdevant 4th ed. Pg 300]Butt jointLap / Slip joint90o cavosurface angle Advocated in amalgam restorations because amalgam is a brittle material and has low edge strength

Butt joint produces maximal strength for both tooth and amalgam. It is also advocated in silicate and porcelain restorations> 90 degree cavosurface angle. Advocated in cast and composite restorations 30 – 40o marginal metal and 140 – 150o cavosurface angle. Beveling enables superior adaptation and burnishability of marginal metal

14. Ans. c : Ref:108 sikhriDrugs can reduce salivation but are rarely indicated. These include antisialogogues, antianxiety agents, sedatives etc.,i) Antisialogogues:0-25-1mg,oral,1hr before.Premedication may be indicated using an anticholinergic agent to depress

salivation. A tropine can be given half an hour before the appointment, but should be avoided in patients with high ocular pressure or with cardiovascular problems; and glaucoma.

ii) Antianxiety agents and barbiturate sedatives premedication with these drugs is quite helpful in apprehensive patients. E.g. Diazepam 5-10mg. or Barbiturates, 24 hours before the appointment. Because of psychological dependence on these drugs, these should be given only for short periods and to selected patients.

iii) Muscle relaxants.

15. Ans. B: Ref: 157/sikhri ; Separators,which work on traction principle, are: a) Non interfering true separator b) Ferrier double bow separator c) Ivory adjustable separator d) perry separator e) Woodward separator f) Parr’s universal separator g) Dentatus-Nystrom separator The first and second types of separators are commonly used.

16. Ans. b: Ref: 423/sikhriIt converts the typical calcium hydroxyapatite crystals of the dental tissues to acid resistant calcium fluorapatite crystals that resist acid attack from caries producing micro organisms.

17. Ans. d; page.39,Carranza’s Clinical periodontology, 9th edition.The epithelial rests are considered remnants of Hertwig’s root sheath, which disintegrates during root development.Epitehlial rests are distributed close to the cementum throughout the periodontal ligament of most teeth and are most numerous in the apical88 and cervical areas.119,120. they diminish in number with age106 by degenerating and disappearing or undergoing calcification to become cementicles. The cells are surrounded by a distinct basal lamina, are interconnected by hemidesmosomes, and contain tonofilaments.7 Epitehlial rests proliferate when stimulated 109,112,116 and participate in the formation of periapical cysts and lateral root cysts.

18. Ans. c: Ref:63,Essentials of oral histology/Kabita Chatterjee.Gnarled enamel-If the section of the enamel, cut in an oblique plane is examined, under the microscope, the enamel rods appear twisted around each other in the region of cusps and incisal edge near dentin. The alternate right and left deviation of the rods becomes more complicated in an oblique plane. The bundles of rods appear to intertwine more irregularly. This optical appearance of the enamel is called gnarled enamel. This is associated with an increased strength of the enamel.

19. Ans. A: A distinguishing feature of this tooth is found on the medial surface of the crown. Immediately cervical to the mesial contact area, centered on the mesial surface and bordered buccally and lingually by the mesiobuccal and mesiolingual line angles, is a marked depression called the mesial developmental depression.

20. Ans. c: Ref:214/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy.: Development of Tongue. I. Epithelium (a) Anterior 2/3:from two lingual swellings and tuberculum impar, i.e., from the first branchial arch . Therefore, it supplied by lingual nerve (pertrematic) and chorda tympani (pretrematic). (b) Posterior 1/3:from cranial half of the hyper branchial eminence i.e., from the third arch. Therefore it is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve. (c) posteriormost part from the fourth arch. This therefore supplied by the vagus nerve. II. Muscles develop from the occipital myotomes which are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve. Palatoglossus is supplied by cranial accessory nerve. III. Connective tissue develops from the local mesenchyme.

21. Ans. D: Ref. 110/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy.Structures within the parotid Gland - Arteries: The external carotid artery enters the gland through its posteromedial surface. The maxillary artery leaves the gland through its anteromedial surface. The superficial temporal vessels emerge at the anterior part of the superior surface. The posterior auricular artery may arise within the gland.

22. Ans. c: Ref: 208,209/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy.• Nerve supply of Muscles:

• All intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve except for the cricothyroid which is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve.

• Nerve supply of Larynx• A motor nerves. The internal laryngeal nerve supplies the mucous membrane above the level of the vocal folds. The recurrent

laryngeal nerve supplies it below the level of the vocal folds.

23. Ans. a: Ref: 81/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy.The deep petrosal nerve is a branch of the sympathetic plexus round the internal carotid artery. It contains postgandlionic fibres from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. The nerve of the pterygoid canal. The sympathetic fibres in it are distributed through the branches of the pterygopalatine gandlion.

24. Ans. c

25. Ans. d: Ref: 24/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy.The foramen ovale transmits the mandibular nerve the lesser petrosal nerve, the accessory meningeal artery, an emissary vein connecting the cavernous sinus with the pterygoid plexus of veins and occasionally the anterior trunk of the middle meningeal vein.

26. Ans. A: Osteology by Inderbir singhCompact bone consists of numerous haversian canal surrounded by concentric lamellae. each haversian canal and lamellae consists of haversian system or osteon. Interstital lamellae is present in between osteons, circumferential lamella is present on surface parallel to outer surface of compact bone

27. Ans. D: Ref:- reference harrison manual of medicine –16th editionDysphagia is difficulty moving food or liquid through the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus. The patient senses swallowed material sticking along the path. Odynophagia is pain on swallowing. Globus pharyngeus is the sensation of a lumplodged in the throat, but swallowing is unaffected.PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Dysphagia is caused by two main mechanisms: mechanical obstruction or motor dysfunctionMechanical causes of dysphagia can be luminal (e.g., large food bolus, foreign body), intrinsic to the esophagus (e.g., inflammation, webs and rings, strictures, tumors), or extrinsic to the esophagus (e.g., cervical spondylitis, enlarged thyroid or mediastinal mass, vascular compression). The motor function abnormalities that cause dysphagia may be related to defects in initiating the swallowing reflex (e.g., tongue paralysis, lack of saliva, lesions affecting sensory components of cranial nerves X and XI), disorders of the pharyngeal and esophageal striated muscle (e.g., muscle disorders such as polymyositis and dermatomyositis, neurologic lesions such as myasthenia gravis, polio, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), and disorders of the esophageal smooth muscle (e.g., achalasia, scleroderma, myotonic dystrophy).OROPHARYNGEAL DYSPHAGIA Pt has difficulty initiating the swallow; food sticks at the level of the suprasternal notch; nasopharyngeal regurgitation and aspiration may be present.Causes include: for solids only, carcinoma, aberrant vessel, congenital or acquired web (Plummer-Vinson syndrome in iron deficiency), cervical osteophyte; for solids and liquids, cricopharyngeal bar (e.g., hypertensive or hypotensive upper esophageal sphincter), Zenker’s diverticulum (outpouching in the posterior midline at the intersection of the pharynx and the cricopharyngeus muscle), myasthenia gravis, glucocorticoid myopathy, hyperthyroidism, hypo thyroidism, myotonic dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy. ESOPHAGEAL DYSPHAGIA Food sticks in the mid or lower sternal area; can be associated with regurgitation, aspiration, odynophagia. Causes include: for solids only, lower esophageal ring (Schatzki’s ring, symptoms are usually intermittent), peptic stricture (heartburn accompanies this), carcinoma, lye stricture; for solids and liquids, diffuse esophageal spasm (occurs with chest pain and is intermittent), scleroderma (progressive and occurs with heartburn), achalasia (progressive and occurs without heartburn).

28. Ans. a: In adenoid cystic carcinoma/cylindroma the basal cells are arranged in anastomosing cords or a duct like pattern. The central portion may contain a mucoid material, producing typical cribriform or swiss cheese pattern.

-perineural spread of tumour cells is also seen.

29. Ans. a: Refage.261, Shafers 4th edition This cyst is always associated initially with the crown of an impacted, embedded or unerupted tooth. A dentigerous cyst may also

be found enclosing a complex compound odontoma or involving a supernumerary tooth. The most common sites of this cyst are the mandibular and maxillary third molar and maxillary cuspid areas, since these are the most commonly impacted teeth.

30. Ans. a: Tetanus/lock.jaw is a disease of nervous system characterised by intense activity of motor neurons resulting in severe muscle spasms.

- caused by clostridium tetani - incubation period within 14 days. -C/F-pain and stiffness in jaws and neck muscles with muscle rigidity producing trismus and dysphagia.

- rigidity of facial muscles is “Risus sardonicus” - when entire body is effected-opisthotonos.

31. Ans. d: Refg.502/4 Shafers 4th edition. Chronic focal sclerosing osteomyelitis is an unusual reaction of bone to infection, occurring in instances of extremely high tissue

resistance or in cases of a low-grade infection. Clinical features.This form of osteomyelitis arises almost exclusively in young persons before the age of 20 years. The tooth most

commonly involved is the mandibular first molar, which presents a large carious lesion.

32. Ans. c Ludwig’s angina is a severe cellulites beginning usually in the submaxillary space and secondarily involving the sublingual and

submental spaces as well. The chief source of infection is involvement of a mandibular molar, either periapical or periodontal, but it may result also from a

penetrating injury of the floor of the mouth, such as a gunshot or stab wound, or from osteomyelitis in a compound jaw fracture.

33. Ans. D : Refage.714,Shafers 4th edition.In addition to these four positive findings, MPDS patients also have two typical negative disease characteristics: (1)an absence of clinical, roentgenographic or biochemical evidence of organic changes in the joint itself, and (2) lack of tenderness in the joint when it is palpated through the external auditory meatus.Costen’s syndrome:- it is due to altered anatomic relationship in the mandibular joint on account of reduced vertical dimension.It is generally seen in edentulous patients c/f:-pain in and around the ears.-Stuffy sensation in the ear with impairment of hearing, tinnitus, pain in the back of head and side of neck -painful burning of tongue with neuralgia of 2nd and 3rd divisions of Vth nerves. Osteoarthritis is degenerative disease of weight bearing joints.

34. Ans. c: Refg.725 shafers 4th edition.Synonyms:Cooley’s Anemia;Mediterranean Disease; Erythroblastic Anemia)Charecterstic cells: Target cells:Target cells, safety-pin cells and normoblastsradiological appearences. Salt and pepper.The thalassemia group of anemias is a heterogeneous group characterized by diminished synthesis of the a- or b-globin chain of hemoglobin A. the disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and exhibits a racial pattern.

35. Ans. b: Refg.378.Shafers 4th editionSynonyms:-Rubeola;MorbilliMeasles is an acute, contagious, dermaropic viral infection, primarily affecting children, and occurring many times in epidemic form. Outbreaks are often cyclic in their appearance and are seen commonly at two or three-year intervals.The portal of entry being the respiratory tract.Clinical features. The disease, which has an incubation period of 8 to 10 days, is characterized by the onset of fever, malaise, cough, conjunctivitis. Photophobia, lacrimation and eruptive lesions of the skin and oral mucosa.The oral lesions are prodromal, frequently occurring two to three days before the cutaneous rash, and are pathognomonic of this disease. The intraoral lesions are called koplik’s spots.In german measles/Rubella kopik’s spots are absent.

36. Ans. b: Refg.809, Shafers 4th edition.An interesting association of lichen planus, diabetes mellitus and vascular hypertension has been described by Grinspan, the triad being described as Grinspan’s syndrome by Grupper.Cowden’s syndrome:Association of oral papillomatous lesions, facial trichlemmomas associated with GIT, thyroid CNS abnormalities.Gardner’s syndrome:-multiple polyposis of large intestine, multiple sebaceous cysts, impacted supernumerary teeth and osteomas of bone.

37. Ans. c: Refg. 414, shafers 4th edition.Streptococcus mutans is considered today to be the chief etiologic agent in human dental caries.Especially Steptococcus mutans have the ability to metabolize dietary sucrose and synthesize by cell-surface and extracellular glucosytransferase. This enzyme is considered to be of special importance in the establishment of Streptococcus mutans in the dental plaque.Streptococcus viridans causes SABE staphylococus albus causes postoperative endocarditis.

38. Ans. c : Ref.pg.493,494,Shafers 4th edition.Synonyms:Radicular cyst; periapical cyst; Root End CystThe epithelial lining of radicular cyst is derived from the epithelial rests of Malassez., which proliferate as a result of the inflammatory stimulus in a pre-existing granuloma.

39. Ans D: Refg.248, Shafers 4th edition

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma occurs with an equal distribution between men and women. It occurs primarily in the third to fifth decades of life but actually can occur in virtually all decades. It is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor of children.pleomorphic adenoma is most common salivary gland tumor in all ages as far as the epithelial salivary gland tumors is considered

40. ans. (C) 41. Ans. (B)

42. Ans.”a”: Ref:324 Nallaswamy.- Guiding planes or guide planes are defined as “Two or more vertically parallel surfaces of abutment teeth so oriented as to direct the path of placement and removal of removable partial dentures”-GPT.

They are prepared on the proximal and axial surfaces of primary and secondary abutment teeth.

43. Ans. ”c”: modulus of elasticity (or)young’s modulus is the relative stiffness or rigidity of a material -It is the ratio of stresses to strain within the proportional limit.Flexibility: It is the strain that occurs when the material is stressed to its proportional limit.Malleability: Ability of the material to withstand permanent deformation under a compressive load without rupture.Ductility: Ability of the material to withstand permanent deformation under a tensile load without rupture.

44. Ans. ”b”: Ref:136/2nd Basic Dental Material Composition These are highly plasticized acrylic resins, supplied as a powder and a liquid. Powder poly (ethyl methacrylate) or one of its

copolymers. Liquid Aromatic ester (butyl phthalate butylglycolate) in ethanol or an alcohol of high molecular weight.

45. Ans.”d”

46. Ans. ”a”; Ref:409/ Nallaswamy - Functional ImpressionsThese impressions are recorded under functional load (pressure), that is, the tissue surface is recorded in the compressed form. Since the soft tissues are recorded in the compressed form, the denture will not exert additional stress on the abutment teeth during functional loading. By this procedure, the occlusal load can be evenly distributed between the soft tissues and the abutment teeth. This prevents the concentration of deleterious forces on the abutment teeth.Functional impressions are required only to record edentulous saddles. The existing teeth do not change form under load and hence they do not require a functional impression. These impressions are indicated for tooth-tissue supported partial dentures.

47. Ans.”b”: Ref:353/Nallaswamy: Reciprocal arm “A clasp arm or other extension used on a removable partial denture to oppose the action of some other part or parts of the prosthesis”.-GPT.

It is located on the side of the tooth opposite to the retentive arm. It resists the lateral forces exerted by the retentive arm when it passes through the height of contour during the placement and removal of the RPD.

It is always placed in the supra-bulge area it may act as an indirect retainer when placed on an abutment located anterior to the fulcrum line (axis of rotation) of the partial denture. Thus, the rigid reciprocal arm can resist the rocking of the denture base. A properly positioned reciprocal arm can act as a minor connector.

48. Ans.(B)

49. Ans.”b”: Ref:324/Nallaswamy - Guiding planes or guide planes are defined as “Two or more vertically parallel surfaces of abutment teeth so oriented as to direct the path of placement and removal of removable partial dentures”-GPT.

They are prepared on the proximal and axial surfaces of primary and secondary abutment teeth.50. ans.(D)

51. Ans B: Ref:571/Nallaswamy - Chamfer This finish line possesses a curved slope from the axial wall till the margin it can be procedured using a torpedo diamond point. .

It is the finish line of choice for cast metal restorations and lingual margins of metal ceramic restorations.

52. Ans. ”c”: Refg.418/9th Carranza.Pseudomembranous candidiasis (thrush) presents as painless or slightly sensitive white lesions that can be readily scraped and separated from the surface of the oral mucosa. This type is most common on the hard and soft palate and the buccal or labial mucosa.

53. Ans. ”a”: Refg.22,shafers 4th edition.For option D- peutz-jegheur-syndrome. Focal epithelial hyperplasia presents as multiple nodular lesions. Usually with a sessile base, occurring most commonly on the lower lip but also seen on the buccal mucosa, commissures. Upper lip, and tongue. The gingivae and anterior faucial pillars are infrequently involved and lesions do not appear to occur on the floor of the mouth or palate.

54. Ans.”a”: precancerous lesion:- morphologically altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to occur than in its apparently normal counterpart.• Leukoplakia• Erythroplakia• Stomatitis nicotina palatinae.• Chronic candidiasis• Dyskeratosis congenital• Dyskeratosis follicularis.• Precancerous conditions

• Generalised state of body which is associated with a significantly increated risk of cancer.

• Oral submucous fibrosis• Siderophagic dysphagia• Syphilis• Oral lichen planus.

55. Ans.”c”: Refg.817,Shafers 4th edition. Synonyms:-Erythema Multiforme Eudativum; Stevensjohnson syndrome; Ectodermosis Erosiva pluriorificialis. A concentric ringlike appearance of the lesions, resulting from the varying shades of erythema, occurs in some cases and has

given rise to the terms “target”, “iris” or “bull’s eye”. Target cells are found in Thalasemia iron deficiency anemia mickuliz’s disease is benign lymphoepithelial lesion.

56. Ans. ”b”: The milliampere determines the number of x-ray photons generated. -As MA is increased, more number of electrons are generated at the cathode. -No. of photons produced depend on product of tube current and time.

57. Ans. ”a”: Ref:26/2nd white-Goaz Radiology : The size of actual focal spot is 1 x 3 MM.The effective focal spot is 1X1 mm.

58. Ans. ”c”: ref:35 promos john radiology- The oral changes due to radiation are mainly the result of radiotherapy for malignant lesions.- The oral mucous membrane contains radiosensitive vegetative and differentiating intermitotic cells in the basal layer, marked

redness and inflammation (mucositis) are seen by the end of second week of radiotherapy.

59. Ans.(c) -pathologic condition with persisting lamina dura is traumatic bone cystThickening of lamina dura is seen in TFO. Lamina dura is lost in pagets disease lamina dura is discontinuous in case of periapical abscess.

60. Ans. ”c”: Ref:342/4th,shafersThe usual tuberculous lesion is an irregular, superficial or deep, painful ulcer which tends to increase slowly in size. It is frequently found in areas of trauma and may be mistaken clinically for a simple traumatic ulcer or even carcinoma. Tuberculous gingivitis is an unusual form of tuberculosis which may appear as a diffuse, hyperemic, nodular or papillary proliferation of the gingival tissues.

61. Ans.(a): The fungi which causes massive necrotising lesions in uncontrolled diabetic patient is Cryptococcus

62. Ans.”b”: Refg.346/4th shafers Actinomycosis is a chronic granulomatous, suppurative, and fibrosing disease caused by anaerobic, gram-positive, nonacid – fast, branched, filamentous bacteria, the most commonly isolated organism being Actinomyces israelii.Charecteristic features are sulphur granules and multiple draining sinuses, lumpy jaw.

63. Ans. (b)64. Ans. (d): Depending on the nature of data. whether it isQualitative or Quantitative. Any one of the following diagrams may be

chosen.a. Bar Diagram: This diagram is used to represent Qualitative data. It represents only one variable.b. Multiple Bar: This diagram is used to compare Qualitative data with respect to a single variable. like sex-wise or with respect

to time or region. This diagram is similar to the bar diagram except that for each category of the variable we have a set of bars of the same width corresponding to the different sections without any gap in between the width and the length

c. Proportional BarDiagram:This diagram is used to represent Qualitative data. When it is desired to compare only the proportion of subgroups between different major groups of observations. then bars are drawn for each group with the same length, either as I or 100%. These are then divided according to the sub-group proportion in each major group.

d. Pie Diagram: These are popularly used to show percentage breakdowns for Qualitative data. It is so called because the entire graph looks like a pie and its components represent slices cut from a pie. A circle is divided into different sectors corresponding to the frequencies of the variables in the distribution.

e. Histogram: This diagram is used to depict Quantitative data of continuous type. A Histogram is a bar diagram without gap between the bars. It represents a frequency distribution.

f. Frequency Polygon: This is used to represent frequency distribution of Quantitative data and is useful to compare two or more frequency distributions..

g. Cartogramsor SpotMap: These maps are used to show geographical distribution of frequencies of a characteristic.

65. Ans. (b): Bias: Any systematic error in the determination of the association between exposure and disease.Degree of Freedom:The degree of freedom is defined as the number of independent members in the sample.Null Hypothesis:The null hypothesis asserts that there is no real difference in the sample(s) and the population in the particular matter under consideration and the difference found is accidental and arises out of sampling variations. Having set up the hypothesis, one has to decide on the magnitude of risk of making a wrong conclusion of rejecting the null hypothesis that the two groups are from the same population. This is fixed in terms of a probability level P and is called the level of significance.

66. Ans. (B): MECHANISM OF PAYMENT FOR DENTAL CARE:The mechanisms by which dental practitioners receive payment for their services can be grouped into.1. Private fee-for-service 2. post payment plans.3. private third – party prepayment plans a) Commercial insurance companies. b) Non profit health service corporations.E.g. Delta dental plansBlue cross/Blue shieldc) prepaid group practice d)Capitation plans.4. Salary5. public programs.Mechanism of payment Features Advantage Disadvantage1. Private fee-for-serviceMost preferred and traditional form of reimbursement of dental service.Most efficient, and culturally acceptible.Flexible payment options—price discriminationFinancially poor cannot afford 2. Post payment plans.

• This is also called as “ budget plan”.The patient takes loan to pay the dentists fee.

• Useful for middle class income groups.

• Difficulty for lower income groups to obtain the credit• Difficulty of defaulted loans.

3. Private third – party prepayment plans Payment by some agency rather than directly by the beneficiary of those services.first party and second is dentist and patient and the third party is the insurance company.a) Commercial insurance companies b) Non profit health service corporations.E.g. Delta dental plansNational Association of Dental service Plans ( NADSP) formed in june 1966 in colloboration with ADA was renamed as Delta dental planin apr 1969 Quality of care is acceptibleDentists participating in the Delta plan are paid 90th percentle Non participating dentists are paid only 50th percetileBlue cross/Blue shieldIt is a health service corpoaration insurance similar to Delta dental plan with limited participation c) prepaid group practiceHEALTH MAINTAINENCE ORGANISATIONIt is a group practise that provides dental care on prepaid basisd) Capitation plans a negotiated amount is paid to the dentist for eligible patient if he receives treatment or not

Offer only limited services. Only individuals can buy. Groups are not allowed4. SalaryArmen forces, some members of froup practise, Public agenciesNo business concerns for the dentistso more concentration on clinical work.Financial incentive is lacking that is highly productive.5. Public programsMedicare: TITLE XVIII of the social security society amendments act of 1965.Limited to procedures required for hospitalizationInitial payment is required by the patient.MedicaidTITLE XIX of the social security society amendments act of 1965.

Dental care is not mandatory except EPSDT under 21 years ( Early and periodic screening . diagnoisis and treatment )Complex and confusing

All health insurances violates some of the principles of dental health care. To overcome this insurance carriers have found ways to get around these problems by offereing different types of payment like

a. DEDUCTIBLE:_ it is a stipulated flat sum that the patient must pay toward the cost of the treatment before benefits of the programme go into effect. This is also called as “ front- end payment”.b. C0INSURANCE;- the patient pays a percentage of the total cost of the treatment. Both carrier and beneficiary are each liable for a share of the cost.c. GROUP INSURANCE;- offered only to groups as illness experience is predictable in a group.

67. Ans.(a)Answer is 1 (Yellow): park 17th/567; park 18th/599Human anatomical wastes such as human tissues, organs, and body parts are classified as waste category No. 1, They are disposed in ‘plastic bags’ with a ‘ yellow color code’ and treated by ‘Incineration or deep burial’.Color coding Type of container Waste categoryYellow Plastic bag Cat.1, cat. 2 and cat. 3, cat.6Red Disinfected container/plastic bag Cat.3, Cat. 6, Cat. 7Blue/white Plastic bag/puncture Cat. 4, Cat. 7Translucent Proof containerBlack Plastic bag Cat. 5 and Cat. 9 and Cat. 10/ (solid)

Waste CategoryOptionTreatment and disposalCategory no.1 Human Anatomical Waste (human tissues, organs, body pasrtsIncineration/Deep burialCategory no.2 Animal waste (animal tissue, organs of body parts, carcasses, bleeding Parts, fluids, blood and experimental animals used in research, wasteGenerated by veterinary hospitals colleges, discharge from hospitals,Animal house)Incineration/Deep burialCategory no.3 Microbiology and Biotechnology waste (waste from laboratory culturesStocks or specimens of micro-organisms, love or attenuated vaccines, Human and animal cell culture used in reach and infectious agents from Research and industrial laboratories, waste from production of biolo Gical, toxins, dishes and devices and for transfer of cultures)Local autoclaving/microwaving/incinerationCategory no.4 Waste sharps (needles, syringses, scalpes, blade glass etc, that mayCause puncture and cuts. This includes both used and unused sharps.)Disinfection (chemical treatment/autoclaving/microwaving and mutiliation/shredding)Category no.5 Discarded medicines and Cytotoxic drugs (wastes comprising of outdated, contaminated and discarded medicines)Incineration destruction and rugs disposal in secured landfillsCategory no. 6 Solid waste (items contaminated with blood, and fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster casts, linen, beddings, other material contaminated with bollod)Incineration autoclaving/microwaving.

68. Ans.(d)THE LOWER CLASS: have the following attitudes towahealth care 1. Castration complex 2. Contradiction of commonsense 3. coming in crowds. 4. The last ditch effort5. If it hurts, you are a quack 6. Unclean or dirty feeling. 7. The clinic was built there, not here,8. cold professional attitudes. 9. Difference in pain threshold. 10. The pills don’t work11. Appointments are not important. 12. teeth lost anyhow 13. Traditions.

69. Ans. ”c”: Ref.27.josephjohn.As the filtration proceeds, the suspended impurities and bacteria clog the filters. The filters soon become dirty and begin to lose their efficiency. When the “loss of head” approaches 7-8 feet, filtration is stopped and the filters are subjected to a washing process known as “back washing.”

70. Ans. (c)

71. Ans. (d): Basic steps in conducting a (RCT) include.Drawing up a protocolSelecting reference and experimental populations Randomization

Manipulation or interventionFollow up Assessment of outcome-In RCT the reference population may comprise the population of a white city, or a population of school children, industrial workers, obsterie population and so on according to nature of study.-The reference population may be as broad as mankind or it may be geographically limited or limited to persons in specific age, sex occupational or social groups.-Randomization is an attempt to eliminate bias and allow for comparability.-Blinding can be done in 3 ways.Single blind trial: participant is not aware whether he belongs to the study group or control group.-Double blind trial:Trial is to planned that neither the doctor nor the participant is aware of the group allocation and the treatment received.-Tripple blind trial:The participant, The investigator and the person analyzing the data are all blind.-Double blinding is the most frequently used method -Haring formed the study and control groups, the next step is to interrene or manipulate the study group by the deliberate application or withdrawal or reduction of suspected causal factor (eg: this may be a drug vaccine dictary component a habit etc.,) as laud down in the protocolThe manipulation creates an independent variable whose effect is men determined by measurement of final outcome, which constitutes the dependent variable Ex:incidence of disease Survival timeRecovery period.Some losses such as death, migration & loss of interest are ineritable. This is known as attrition.

72. Ans. (d) 73. Ans.(b)74. Ans. (b)

1. Recommended ages are 5 years for primary teeth and 12, 15,35-44 and 65-74 years for permanent teeth. 2. 5 years children should be examined between their 5th and 6th birthdays.3. This is of interest in relation to levels of caries in the primary dentition at other index ages.4. 12 years age especially important as it is generally the age at which children leave primary school and in many countries is

the last age at which a reliable sample may be obtained and also it is likely at this age that all permanent teeth except IIIrd molars will have erupted.

5. 15 years age teeth permanent teeth may have exposed to oral environment for 3-9 years. 6. Assessment of caries prevalence is more meaningful than at 12 years.

Important for the assessment of periodontal disease indicators in adolescents 35-44 years (mean-40 years) –full effect dental caries, the level of severe periodontal involvement, and general effects of care can be monitored

75. Ans. (b): En-in,demos=people: it refers to the constant presence of a disease or infections agent with in a given geographic area or population group.Epidemic: The unusual occurrence in a community, or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg smoking) or other-health events (eg traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence”.Sporadic : The cases occur irregularly, haphazardly from time to time and generally infrequently.Pandemic:An epidemic usually affecting a large proportion of population, occurring over a wide geographic area such as section of a nation, the entire ration, a continent or the world.Exotic: diseases which are imported into a country in which they do not otherwise occur.Epornithic: An out break (epidemic?) of disease in a bird population.( bird flu in recent times )Enzootic An endemic occurring in animals eg:Anthrax, rabies.

76. Ans.”c”: Ref: Refg.1/9th Carranza.: Oral hygiene was practiced by the Sumerians of 3000 BCE, and elaborately decorated gold toothpicks found in the excavations at Ur in Mesopotamia suggest an interest in cleanliness of the mouth. The Babylonians and Assyrians, like the earlier Sumerians, apparently suffered from periodontal problems, and a clay tablet of the period tells of treatment by gingival massage combined with various herbal medications.

77. Ans.”c”: Refg.23/9th Carranza.: The junctional epithelium consists of a collarlike band of stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium. It is three to four layers thick in early life, but the number of layers increases with age to 10 or even 20 layers. These cells can be grouped in two strata: basal and suprabasal. The length of the junctional epithelium ranges from 0.25 to 1.35mm.)

78. Ans.”d”: Refg.64/9th Carranza.: the most recent, internationally accepted, consensus opinion of the diseases and conditions affecting the tissues of the periodontium was presented and discussed at the 1999 International workshop for the classification of the periodontal diseases organized by the American Academy of periodontology (AAP)22

79. Ans.”a”: Refg.299/9th Carranza.: Necrotic lesion contains microorganisms that morphologically resemble cocci, fusiform bacilli, and spirochetes.. the layer between the necrotic and the living tissue contains enormous numbers of fusiform bacilli and spirochetes, in addition to leukocytes and fibrin. Spirochetes and other bacteria invade the underlying living tissue.

Listgarten described the following four zones, which blend with each other and may not all be present in every case:Zone 1:Bacterial zone, the most superficial, consists of varied bacteria, including a few spirochetes of the small, medium, and large types.Zone2: Neutrophil-rich zone contains numerous leukocytes, preponderantly neutrophils, with bacteria, including many spirochetes of various types, between the leukocytes.Zone3: Necrotic zone consists of disintegrated tissue cells, fibrillar material, remnants of collagen fibers, and numerous spirochetes of the medium and large types, with few other organisms.Zone4: zone of spirochetal infiltration consists of wellpreserved tissue infiltrated with medium and large spirochetes, without other organisms.

80. Ans.”d”: Refg.366/9th Carranza.: Ledges are plateau-like bone margins caused by resorption of thickened bony plates

81. Ans.”b”

82. Ans.”c”: Refg.423/9th Carranza.: It is a persistent, linerar, easily bleeding, erythematous gingivitis (LGE) has been described in some HIV-positive patients. This may or may not serve as a precursor to rapidly progressive necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) the microflora of LGE may closely mimic that of periodontitis rather than gingivitis. linear gingivitis lesions may be localized or generalized in nature. The erythematous gingivitis may (1) be limited to marginal tissue, (2) extend into attached gingiva in a punctuate or a diffuse erythema, or (3) extend into the alveolar mucosa.

83. Ans.(c): primary etilogy for furcation defect is plaque

84. Ans.(b)

85. Ans.”c”: Refg.660/9th Carranza.Dental floss is the most widely recommended tool for removing plaque from proximal tooth surfaces. Floss is available as multifilament nylon yarn that is twisted or nontwisted, bonded or nonbonded,waxed or unwaxed, and thick or thin.

86. Ans. ”b”: Refg.788/9th Carranza. - Procedures used to correct osseous defects have been classified in two groups: osteoplasty and ostectomy. Osteoplasty refers to reshaping the bone without removing tooth-supporting bone.

87. Ans.”c”: Refg.406/9th Carranza.Papillon-Lefevre syndrome is characterized by hyperkeratotic skin lesions, severe destruction of the periodontium, and in some cases, calcification of the dura. The cutaneous and periodontal changes usually appear together before the age of 4 years. The skin lesions consist of hyperkeratosis and ichthyosis of localized areas on palms, soles, knees, and elbows.

88. Ans.(b) 89. Ans.(c) 90. Ans.(a) 91. Ans b 92. Ans. A 93. Ans. A 94. Ans. a95. Ans. C 96. Ans. A 97. Ans. A 98. Ans. D 99. Ans. A 100. Ans. b

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