mobile computing at the edge - utah state university · 2015-10-15 · 8 mobile computing at the...

© 2015 Carnegie Mellon University

Mobile Computing at

the Edge

Grace A. LewisSoftware Engineering InstituteCarnegie Mellon [email protected]

Software Technology Conference (STC 2015)October 14, 2015

2

Mobile Computing at the Edge

STC 2015


Mobile Device Trends

Smartphones, tablets, and now phablets, have

become for many the preferred way of interacting

with the Internet, social media and the enterprise

• Mobile devices are increasingly becoming the first go-

to device for communications and content

consumption [1] [5] [8]

• Number of mobile devices will surpass desktops for

the first time this year [9]

• The time people spend using their smartphone is now

exceeding the time spent looking at TV screens [3]

• Not uncommon for there to be multiple mobile devices

per user and household [7]

• Wearable technology is showing a consistent increase

in popularity [2]

Organizations are pushing out more and more content and functionality to

mobile users

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Mobile Traffic Will Keep Increasing

Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update

2014–2019 White Paper [15]

By the end of

2015, 4G LTE

data use will

rise by 59%

and mobile

video will

account for

60% of data

traffic [4]

Wearables market will grow five-fold in the next five years from 109

million devices in 2014 to 578 million devices by 2019. This will result in

an 18-fold increase in mobile data traffic [15]

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Permission for diagram use by Carnegie Mellon University consistent with its status as a non-profit University for any purpose the

institution sees fit by Matt Ceniceros, @mattceni, mattceni.com

Internet of Things (IoT): More Than Just “Things”

4.9 billion

connected

things will

be in use in

2015, up 30

percent from

2014, and

will reach 25

billion by

2020 [12]

99 percent

of physical

objects will

eventually

become part

of a

network[13]

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The 3Vs of Data: Volume, Velocity and Variety

Permission for diagram use by Carnegie Mellon University consistent with its

status as a non-profit University for any purpose the institution sees fit by Amy

Allen, www.qmee.com

New Vs: Veracity, Validity, Volatility,

Visualization, Vulnerability and Value [14]

What to do with all the data?

How does it change business

processes and business

models?

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Integration Specialists

Digital Business Architects

Regulatory Analysts

Risk Professionals

Top Jobs in the Next 7 Years According to Gartner [25]

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Smartphone Penetration

Source: KPCB. 2015 Internet Trends. http://www.kpcb.com/internet-trends [6]

http://www.kpcb.com/internet-trends

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Low-Cost Smartphones

By 2020, 75

percent of

smartphone

buyers will pay

less than $100

for a device [1]

Some low-cost

smartphones are

expected to reach

approximately $35

unsubsidized by

year-end 2014 [1]

As an example, ZTE manufactures

several low-end smartphones under

$50 and is quickly gaining market

share globally [16]

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Therefore …

Not unreasonable for users to expect the performance and capabilities of mobile devices to be equal to laptops and desktops

However …

• Mobile devices will always lag behind their PC counterparts due to size and battery limitations

• Large and variable end-to-end latency between mobile device and cloud, and the possibility of disruptions, have a negative effect on user experience

• Will only get worse with the amount of network traffic generated by IoT and growing market share of low-cost smartphones

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Edge Computing

Idea is to push applications, data and computing power to the logical extremes of a network — closer to where they are being used

• As an example, Akamai has servers around the world to distribute web site content from locations close to the user

Cyber-foraging moves the edge even closer to the user

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Cyber-Foraging

Leverage of external resource-rich surrogates to augment the capabilities of resource-limited devices

• Computation Offload

– Offload of expensive computation in order to extend battery life and increase computational capability

• Data Staging

– Improve data transfers between mobile computers and the cloud by temporarily staging data in transit on intermediate surrogates

Industry is starting to build on this concept to improve mobile user experience and decrease network traffic [10] [11]

Nokia Siemens NetworksLiquid Applications

Cisco SystemsFog Computing

http://nsn.com/

http://nsn.com/

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=6ilaihSozLFpuM&tbnid=QmZFwont2RpWUM&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://www.openskycorp.com/why-opensky/partners/cisco-logo/&ei=MvtwU4jlGYayyAT-0YHABw&psig=AFQjCNE0r795yBmj90Zi2_O8skzguSgMYg&ust=1399999666502101

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=6ilaihSozLFpuM&tbnid=QmZFwont2RpWUM&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://www.openskycorp.com/why-opensky/partners/cisco-logo/&ei=MvtwU4jlGYayyAT-0YHABw&psig=AFQjCNE0r795yBmj90Zi2_O8skzguSgMYg&ust=1399999666502101

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Cyber-Foraging to Proximate and Remote Resources

If we assume that

tsurrogate is less than tcloud,

proximate surrogates

are a better option from

an energy consumption

and latency perspective

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Cyber-Foraging: The Present

Forward-deployed surrogates located in single-hop proximity of mobile devices

• Communication with the central core in many cases is only needed for provisioning

Goal is to bring the

cloud closer to the

user

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Computation Offload (Short Operations)

Computation-intensive operations which if executed on a mobile device would take in the order of tens of seconds, but if offloaded could improve response time considerably

Typically request-response, synchronous operations

• Image, audio and video processing

• Face detection and recognition

• Speech recognition

• Speech translation

• Antivirus/Anti-malware

• Gaming (typically AI-based)

Systems can make runtime decisions on whether or not to offload computation

• Equivalent code on mobile device and surrogate

PowerSense: Image Processing for Dengue Detection [17]

PowerSense leverages

Microfluidic paper-based

analytical devices (μPADs) [17]

PowerSense

Features• User-Guided

Runtime Partitioning

• Resource-Adapted Input

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Computation Offload (Long Operations)

Computation-intensive operations which if executed on a mobile device would take minutes to hours, but if offloaded could improve response time considerably

Typically asynchronous operations to avoid blocking the application

• Service-based applications

• Workflow-based applications

• Search-based applications

Mobile device may lose contact with a surrogate before the operation finishes

• Caching data until the mobile device is reconnected

• Alternative communication mechanisms to reach the mobile device

3DMA Features [18]

• Offload requests are placed in a

space, processed on the

surrogate, and results placed in

the same space.

• When a device becomes

disconnected, it waits until a

connection is restored, and then

reads all available messages

(results) from the space

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Low Coverage Environments

Resource-challenged environments: Less-privileged regions characterized by limited Internet access, limited electricity and network access, and potentially low levels of literacy can leverage surrogates to obtain information to support their communities

Field operations: People that spend time away from their main offices or labs, such as researchers, medics, and sales personnel, can leverage portable surrogates to support their computation and data needs

AgroTempus: Agricultural Knowledge Exchange in Resource-

Challenged Environments [19]

AgroTempus Features [18]

• Surrogates in villages

download and cache data

from mobile hub

• Surrogates upload field-

collected data to the

mobile hub which

eventually syncs with the

cloud

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Hostile Environments

Characterized by very dynamic environments in which disconnected operations (or occasionally-connected operations) between surrogates and the cloud, and between mobile devices and surrogates, are highly likely

Tactical Cloudlet

Central Core (Enterprise Cloud)

High-bandwidth, stable connection

for pre-provisioning

Deployment in the field

Packaged Capabilities

(Service VMs)

Tactical Cloudlet

Data Sources

Low-bandwidth, intermittent connection for opportunistic data synchronization

Mobile Devices

Single-Hop Network

Tactical Cloudlets [19]

Tactical Cloudlet

Features [19]

• Pre-Provisioned Cloudlets with App Store

• Standard Packaging of Service VMs

• Optimal Cloudlet Selection

• Cloudlet Management Component

• Cloudlet Handoff/Migration

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Data-Intensive Mobile Apps 1

Rely on large sets of data to provide their functionality —data typically resides in data centers or in the enterprise cloud

• Mobile cloud applications

• Online gaming

• Apps in data-rich domains

Design goals

• Display of prioritized/relevant information

• Query efficiency

Mobile device specifies

interest in changes to specific

parts of web pages

Surrogate polls the web

servers involved, and if

relevant changes have

occurred, it aggregates the

updates as one batch that is

sent to the mobile device

Edge Proxy: Web Page

Monitoring [20]

Edge Proxy Features [20]

• In-Bound Pre-Processing: Mobile device is

only notified of changes

• Alternate Communications (SMS): if

connection to mobile device is lost, the

system uses SMS to notify changes —

based on the summary the user can

decide to visit or not the web page

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Data-Intensive Mobile Apps 2

Telemedik: Mobile healthcare system [21]

Telemedik Features [21]

• Context-sensitive priority-based

text fragmentation algorithm to

determine when and what

information to display to the user

• Dynamic generation of a

hierarchical view of relevant

information based on medical

domain knowledge

• Offload of image processing and

manipulation

• Pre-Fetching: stage data on

surrogate that is likely to be used

by applications based on usage

patterns or data alerts

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Sensing Applications

GigaSight: Scalable Crowd-Sourcing of Video from Mobile Devices [22]

GigaSight Features [22]

• Surrogate collects first-person

video from many contributors

• Surrogate provides video

denaturing capability for privacy

(user-specific lowering of fidelity)

and video indexing

• Only video metadata is stored in

a searchable global catalog in the

cloud

Perform context, environmental or urban sensing using on-board or connected sensors — send data to surrogates as these become available

• Context-aware applications

• Healthcare

• Intelligent transport systems

• Ambient intelligence

• Environmental monitoring

• Participatory sensing (Crowdsensing)

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What is Common in the Examples of Cyber-Foraging in the Present?

The same individual/organization owns the mobile device and the surrogate

Advantage = Control

• Deployment

• Provisioning

• Privacy

• Security

• …

However … the future of cyber-foraging involves surrogates not necessarily owned by the mobile devices that use them

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Cyber-Foraging: The Future

Vision: Rich sensing and interaction capabilities of mobile devices seamlessly fused with compute-intensive and data-intensive processing on readily-available surrogates

Challenges

• Seamless mobility and execution

• Disconnected operations

• Multi-platform development and management

• Trusted nodes

• Software licensing and business models

• Privacy

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Seamless Mobility and Execution

Mobile applications that leverage cyber-foraging need capabilities to

• Discover surrogates

• Automatically offload computation and data

If a mobile device loses contact with a surrogate it will have to seamlessly fall back to local execution

• Requires very careful design of state transfer and management between mobile devices and surrogates or even between multiple surrogates

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Disconnected Operations

Mobile devices are not always going to be connected to a surrogate

Surrogate-ready mobile apps should make their best attempt to work completely disconnected from a surrogate and sync when one becomes available

• Caching

• Automatic data synchronization capabilities

• Pre-fetching

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Multi-Platform Development and Management

Surrogates have to be pre-provisioned with applications and content that adapt to multiple mobile devices

App and content developers have to consider

• Multiple devices with different processing power and screen sizes

• Different processing capabilities depending on input and output types and sizes

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Trusted Nodes

Mutual trust

• A mobile device needs to know if it can trust a surrogate

• A surrogate needs to know if it can trust a mobile device

Distributed trust is a very difficult problem

• Key and password management

• Revocation

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Software Licensing and Business Models

Requires creating incentives for

• Surrogate providers

• Content providers

• Network providers

• Mobile device manufacturers

• Mobile carriers

• End users

Which brings us to the next issue: Privacy

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Privacy

Business model would enable the surrogate provider control of, and access to, data sent by content providers to the device and data generated by connected applications

• Surrogate providers would have very valuable information about user interests and preferences

How far and how much to share?

• Example: User — home — neighborhood — … — cloud

Challenge will be the balance between user privacy preferences and requirements set by surrogate providers to host content The Joneses

(2009)

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This Future Is Not Too Far Away

Source: Gartner, Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies, 2015

Many of the 5-10 year out technologies on Gartner’s most recent Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies require highly computation-intensive activities that people are going to want to have on their mobile devices

• Natural language question answering

• Smart advisors

• Connected home

• Affective computing

• People-literate technology

• Virtual personal assistants

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Summary

With increasing number of mobile devices and users, increased network traffic cause by IoT, and increasing complexity of user experience, cyber-foraging will become a standard feature of mobile applications

Requires mobile applications and infrastructures to be architected and designed to adapt to a changing environment in which resources with greater computing power are discovered and used opportunistically

While the benefits in terms of mobile user experience and new business opportunities are huge, it requires a different paradigm in mobile systems and software engineering

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Contact Information

Grace A. Lewis

Advanced Mobile Systems (AMS) Initiative

Software Engineering Institute4500 Fifth AvenuePittsburgh, PA 15213-2612USA

Phone: +1 412-268-5851Email: [email protected]: http://www.sei.cmu.edu/staff/glewis/

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.sei.cmu.edu/staff/glewis/

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References[1] Gartner. Gartner Says By 2018, More Than 50 Percent of Users Will Use a Tablet or Smartphone First for All Online

Activities. http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2939217 (2015)

[2] mobiForge. Mobile Hardware Statistics 2015. https://mobiforge.com/research-analysis/mobile-hardware-statistics-2015 (2015)

[3] mobiForge. Mobile User Behavior Statistics 2015. https://mobiforge.com/research-analysis/mobile-user-behaviour-statistics-2015 (2015)

[4] mobiForge. Mobile Network Statistics 2015. https://mobiforge.com/research-analysis/mobile-networks-statistics-2015-0 (2015)

[5] comScore. Number of Mobile-Only Internet Users Now Exceeds Desktop-Only in the U.S. http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/Number-of-Mobile-Only-Internet-Users-Now-Exceeds-Desktop-Only-in-the-U.S (2015)

[6] KPCB. Internet Trends 2015. (2015)

[7] GfK. Tech Trends 2015. http://www.gfk.com/Documents/GfK-TechTrends-2015.pdf (2015)

[8] CTIA. Wireless Quick Facts. http://www.ctia.org/your-wireless-life/how-wireless-works/wireless-quick-facts (2015)

[9] Baseline. Nine Mobility Trends You Must Watch in 2015. http://www.baselinemag.com/mobility/slideshows/nine-mobility-trends-you-must-watch-in-2015.html (2015)

[10] Nokia. Liquid Applications. http://networks.nokia.com/fr/portfolio/liquid-net/intelligent-broadband-management/liquid-applications (2015)

[11] Cisco. Fog Computing. https://techradar.cisco.com/trends/Fog-Computing (2015)

[12] Gartner. Gartner Says 4.9 Billion Connected "Things" Will Be in Use in 2015. http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2905717 (2015)

[13] Baseline. Six Top Tech Trends to Watch in 2014. http://www.baselinemag.com/innovation/six-top-tech-trends-to-watch-in-2014-2.html/#sthash.dFWvTRaw.dpuf (2015)

[14] Farroha, B.S.; Farroha, D.L., "A Framework for Managing Mission Needs, Compliance, and Trust in the DevOps Environment," in Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), 2014 IEEE , vol., no., pp.288-293, 6-8 Oct. 2014

http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2939217

https://mobiforge.com/research-analysis/mobile-hardware-statistics-2015

https://mobiforge.com/research-analysis/mobile-user-behaviour-statistics-2015

http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/Number-of-Mobile-Only-Internet-Users-Now-Exceeds-Desktop-Only-in-the-U.S

http://www.gfk.com/Documents/GfK-TechTrends-2015.pdf

http://www.ctia.org/your-wireless-life/how-wireless-works/wireless-quick-facts

http://www.baselinemag.com/mobility/slideshows/nine-mobility-trends-you-must-watch-in-2015.html

http://networks.nokia.com/fr/portfolio/liquid-net/intelligent-broadband-management/liquid-applications

https://techradar.cisco.com/trends/Fog-Computing


http://www.baselinemag.com/innovation/six-top-tech-trends-to-watch-in-2014-2.html/#sthash.dFWvTRaw.dpuf

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References

[15] Cisco. Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2014–2019 White Paper. http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/white_paper_c11-520862.html (2015)

[16] Bloomberg. The Cheap Phones Quietly Winning the U.S. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-03/zte-s-cheap-phones-quietly-winning-the-u-s- (2015)

[17] Matthews, Jerrid, et al. "PowerSense: power aware dengue diagnosis on mobile phones." Proceedings of the First ACM Workshop on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services for Healthcare. ACM, 2011.

[18] Fjellheim, Tore, Stephen Milliner, and Marlon Dumas. "Middleware support for mobile applications." International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications 1.2 (2005): 75-88.

[19] Brion, Reuel. Demonstrator for a Cyber-Foraging System to Support Agricultural Knowledge Exchange in Resource-challenged Environments. Masters Thesis. VU University Amsterdam. 2015.

[20] Armstrong, Trevor, et al. "Efficient and transparent dynamic content updates for mobile clients." Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services. ACM, 2006.

[21] Kundu, Suman, et al. "Algorithms and heuristics for efficient medical information display in PDA." Computers in Biology and Medicine 37.9 (2007): 1272-1282.

[22] Simoens, Pieter, et al. "Scalable crowd-sourcing of video from mobile devices." Proceeding of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services. ACM, 2013.

[23] Gartner. Gartner Says Digital Business Economy is Resulting in Every Business Unit Becoming a Technology Startup. http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2865519 (2015)

http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/white_paper_c11-520862.html

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-03/zte-s-cheap-phones-quietly-winning-the-u-s-


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Copyright 2015 Carnegie Mellon University and IEEE

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