mobile and personal communication services and systems

MOBILE AND PERSONALCOMMUNICATION SERVICESAND SYSTEMS

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MOBILE AND PERSONALCOMMUNICATION SERVICESAND SYSTEMS

Raj Pandya

IEEE Communications Society, Sponsor

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John B. Anderson, Series Editor

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York

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Printed in the United States of America

1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 0-7803-4708-0

IEEE Order Number PC5395

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pandya, Raj, 1932-Mobile and personal communication services and systems / Raj Pandya.

p. cm. — (IEEE Press series on digital & mobile communication)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7803-4708-01. Personal communication service systems. 2. Mobile communication

systems. I. Title. II. Series. III. IEEE series on mobile & digitalcommunication.TK5103.485.P36 1999621.38455—dc21 99-31330

CIP

To the memory of my parents,Shreenath and Sita Pandya

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CONTENTS

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

Chapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Enabling Concepts for Mobile and Personal

Communications 21.1.1 Terminal Mobility, Personal

Mobility, and Service Portability 21.1.2 The Intelligent Network (IN)

Concept 4

1.2 Mobile and Personal Communication:Past, Present, and Future 71.2.1 The Past 91.2.2 The Present 91.2.3 The Future 11

1.3 Mobile and Personal Communication:Some Related Network Aspects 12

1.4 References 13

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viii Contents

Chapter 2 The Cellular Concept and Its InitialImplementations 152.1 The Cellular Concept 152.2 Multiple Access Technologies for

Cellular Systems 162.3 Cellular System Operation and

Planning: General Principles 182.3.1 System Architecture 182.3.2 Location Updating and Call

Setup 192.3.3 Handoff and Power Control 20

2.4 Initial Implementations of the CellularConcept: Analog Cellular Systems 212.4.1 The AMPS System 222.4.2 The TAGS System 242.4.3 The NMT System 252.4.4 The NTT System 25

2.5 Concluding Remarks 262.6 References 26

Chapter 3 Digital Cellular Mobile Systems 273.1 Introduction 273.2 GSM: The European TDMA Digital

Cellular Standard 293.2.1 GSM Standardization and

Service Aspects 293.2.2 GSM Reference Architecture

and Function Partitioning 313.2.3 GSM Radio Aspects 353.2.4 Security Aspects 403.2.5 GSM Protocol Model 423.2.6 Typical Call Flow Sequences

in GSM 433.2.7 Evolutionary Directions for GSM 49

3.3 IS-136: The North American TDMADigital Cellular Standard (D-AMPS) 523.3.1 Background on North

American Digital Cellular 523.3.2 Service Aspects of D-AMPS

(IS-136) 543.3.3 Network Reference Model 553.3.4 Radio Aspects 57

Contents ix

3.3.5 Security Aspects 603.3.6 Protocol Model and Typical

Flow Sequences 633.3.7 Evolutionary Directions 65

3.4 PDC: The Japanese TDMA DigitalCellular Standard 683.4.1 Radio Aspects of PDC 683.4.2 Signaling Structure in PDC 693.4.3 PDC Network Configuration 71

3.5 IS-95: The North American CDMADigital Cellular Standard 733.5.1 Introduction 733.5.2 Service Aspects 733.5.3 Network Reference Model

and Security Aspects 743.5.4 Radio Aspects 743.5.5 Some Key Features of IS-95

CDMA Systems 813.5.6 Evolutionary Directions 84

3.6 Concluding Remarks 86

3.7 References 87

Chapter 4 Low Power Wireless CommunicationsSystems and North American PCS 894.1 Background 894.2 CT2 (Cordless Telephony 2) Systems 91

4.2.1 Introduction 914.2.2 Radio Aspects 934.2.3 Layer 1 Signaling 944.2.4 Layer 2 and Layer 3 Signaling 97

4.3 DECT (Digital Enhanced CordlessTelecommunications 984.3.1 Introduction 984.3.2 Radio Aspects 1004.3.3 DECT Radio Link: Layered

Architecture 1024.3.4 DECT Network Aspects 1044.3.5 DECT/GSM Interworking 107

4.4 PACS (Personal AccessCommunication System) 1084.4.1 Introduction 1084.4.2 Functional Architecture

for PACS 109

Contents

4.4.3 PACS Radio Aspects 1104.4.4 General Systems Aspects

in PACS 113

4.5 PHS (Personal Handy Phone System) 1164.5.1 Introduction 1164.5.2 PHS Radio Aspects 1174.5.3 PHS Network and Protocol

Aspects 120

4.6 PCS in North America 1244.6.1 Introduction 1244.6.2 Frequency Spectrum

Allocation for PCS in theUnited States 125

4.6.3 Radio Interface Standards:PCS Licensed Band 126

4.6.4 Networking for PCS LicensedBand 128

4.6.5 Deployment of PCS in theLicensed Band 130

4.6.6 PCS Standards in theUnlicensed Band 131


Chapter 5 Mobile Data Communications 1395.1 Introduction 1395.2 Specialized Packet and Mobile Radio

Networks 1405.3 Circuit-Switched Data Services on

Cellular Networks 1415.3.1 Circuit-Switched Data on

Analog Cellular Networks 1415.3.2 Circuit-Switched Data on

Digital Cellular Networks(Low Speed) 143

5.3.3 High-Speed Circuit-SwitchedData in GSM (HSCSD) 145

5.4 Packet-Switched Data Services onCellular Networks 1475.4.1 Packet Data in Analog

Cellular Networks: CDPD (CellularDigital Packet Data) 147

5.4.2 Packet Data in Digital Cellular 153

x

Contents

5.4.3 Evolution of Cellular Mobile DataCapabilities: The EDGE Concept 160

5.5 Data Over Low Power Wireless orCordless TelecommunicationsNetworks 1625.5.1 Data Services Over DECT (Digital

Enhanced CordlessTelecommunications) 162

5.5.2 Data Services in PACS (PersonalAccess Communication System) 164

5.5.3 Data Services in PHS(Personal Handyphone System) 166

5.5.4 Data Services in CT2(Cordless Telephony 2) 167

5.6 Wireless Local-Area Networks(wireless LANs) 1685.6.1 Background 1685.6.2 IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs 1685.6.3 High Performance European

Radio LAN (HIPERLAN) 172

5.7 Support of Mobility on the Internet:Mobile IP 174

5.8 Mobile Multimedia: Wireless ATM(WATM) 1775.8.1 LLC Sublayer 1805.8.2 MAC Sublayer 1815.8.3 Physical Sublayer 1825.8.4 Wireless Control 1825.8.5 Mobility Management 182


Chapter 6 IMT-2000: Third-Generation MobileCommunication Systems 1876.1 Introduction 187

6.1.1 Background 1876.1.2 IMT-2000 Vision 1886.1.3 IMT-2000 Evolution Aspects 190

6.2 IMT-2000 Radio Aspects 1916.2.1 Radio Spectrum for IMT-2000 1916.2.2 Radio Transmission Technologies

(RTTs) for IMT-2000 1946.2.3 Global Radio Control Channel 199

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Xll Contents

6.3 IMT-2000 Network Aspects 2016.3.1 General 2016.3.2 The IMT-2000 Family-of-Systems

Concept 2016.3.3 Functional Network Architecture

for IMT-2000 205

6.4 Summary of Regional Initiatives onIMT-2000 2096.4.1 Initiatives in Europe 2096.4.2 Initiatives in North America 2096.4.3 Initiatives in Asia 2116.4.4 Other Initiatives (Third-

Generation PartnershipsProjects 211


Chapter 7 Global Mobile Satellite Systems 2157.1 Introduction 2157.2 The Iridium System 2177.3 The Globalstar System 2217.4 The ICO System 2247.5 The Teledesic System 2287.6 Summary Tables for the Iridium,

Globalstar, ICO, and Teledesic Systems 2307.7 Concluding Remarks 2337.8 References 234

Chapter 8 Personal Mobility and UniversalPersonal Telecommunication (UPT) 2358.1 Introduction 2358.2 UPT: Concept and Service Aspects 236

8.2.1 The UPT Concept 2368.2.2 UPT Service Features 2368.2.3 UPT Service Profile Parameters 237

8.3 Functional Architecture for UPT 2388.4 Numbering, Routing, and Billing

Aspects 2408.4.1 UPT Number (UPTN) and

Personal User Identity (PUI) 2408.4.2 Outcall Registration and

Incall Routing and Delivery 2418.4.3 Charging and Billing Aspects

of UPT 242

Contents xiii

8.5 Scenarios for Partitioning and Locationof Service Profile Information 243

8.6 Access Security Requirements forUPT 2468.6.1 Access Security: General

Aspects 2468.6.2 UPT Access Security:

Implementation Options 247


Appendix A Numbers and Identities for Mobileand Personal CommunicationNetworks 253A.1 Introduction 253A.2 Role of Mobile/PCS Station

Numbers and Identities 255A.3 International Standards on

Numbering and Identities 256A.3.1 The International Public

Telecommunication NumberingPlan: ITU-T RecommendationE.164 257

A.3.2 Identification Plan for MobileTerminals and Mobile Users:ITU-T Recommendation E.212 258

A.3.3 Numbering Plan for MobileNetworks: ITU-TRecommendation E.213 259

A.3.4 Structure for the Land MobileGlobal Title: ITU-TRecommendation E.214 261

A.3.5 Numbering Plan for UPT: ITU-TRecommendation E.168 262

A.4 Usage of Mobile/PCS Numbers andIdentities in North America (WZ1) 263A.4.1 Mobile and PCS Station

Numbers 263A.4.2 Mobile and PCS Station/

Subscriber Identities 264

A.5 Terminal Equipment Identities 267A.6 Numbers and Identities for IMT-2000 268A.7 Concluding Remarks 270A.8 References 271

xiv Contents

Appendix B Performance Benchmarks forMobile and PersonalCommunication Systems andNetworks 273B.1 Introduction 273B.2 Performance Categories 274B.3 Traffic Performance 276

B.3.1 General Concepts 276B.3.2 Traffic Performance

Benchmarks 280B.4 Reliability/Availability Performance 285

B.4.1 General Concepts andDefinitions 285

B.4.2 Reliability PerformanceBenchmarks 286

B.5 Transmission Performance 289B.6 Concluding Remarks 291B.7 References 292

Appendix C Abbreviations and AcronymsUsed in the Book 293

Index 311

About the Author 334

PREFACE

The idea and the scope for the book emerged from my own experience in at-tempting to acquire a good understanding of the rapidly evolving field of mo-bile and personal communication systems and standards, at a reasonable levelof detail and breadth of coverage. Generally, one comes across either booksthat cover a range of technologies with very high-level descriptions suitablefor a very broad, almost nontechnical audience, or books that address a spe-cific technology or topic at a level of detail suitable only for a narrow audienceof specialists. The book attempts to bridge this divide, with the text targeted attelecommunications professionals who are looking for a clear understandingof the basic technology, architecture, and applications associated with the cur-rent and future mobile communication systems, services, and standards. Interms of the depth and breadth of coverage, the book is therefore aimed toserve the following purposes and audiences as:

• a technical training text and guide for scientists, who expect to engagein planning and design of mobile and personal communication systemsand networks for equipment vendors and network operators.

• a reference text for technical managers in areas of planning, engineer-ing, and marketing of mobile and personal communication productsand services.

• an introductory text for senior engineering and science students at theuniversity and technical college level.

Thus, the primary objective of the book is to provide a systems engineeringview of mobile and personal communication systems and services, and theirevolution toward next-generation systems.

Topics like analog and digital cellular, cordless telephony, mobile data com-munications, global mobile satellite systems, next-generation wireless systems,and personal mobility systems constitute the mainstream components of to-

XV

xvi Preface

day's mobile and personal communications scenario, and they form the bulkof the subject matter for this book. Two additional and important topics ad-dressed in this book are numbering and identities and performance bench-marks for mobile and personal communications networks, which are directlyassociated with wide-area roaming and the user-perceived quality of service(QOS), respectively. Even though seamless wide-area roaming and improvedQOS are emerging as key user requirements, a comprehensive treatment ofnumbers and identities and performance benchmarks in mobile network op-erations and system design is not readily available. To fill this gap, AppendixesA and B address these two topics, providing a useful source of relevant mate-rials and applicable standards.

The book also attempts to provide the reader with some insight into rele-vant standardization activities associated with mobile and personal communi-cations. The frequency spectrum is a key resource that needs to be shared anddeployed efficiently and effectively by the wide range of wireless systems. Fur-thermore, to ensure end-to-end delivery of services, these wireless networkshave to interwork and interoperate not only with each other, but also withpublic networks (PSTN, ISDN, PDN, Internet, etc.). Thus, international, re-gional, and national standards play a very important and critical role in the de-velopment of mobile and personal communication systems. The direction andshape of these emerging standards are to a large extent based on inputs fromthe broad wireless industry (operators, vendors, and regulators) and, there-fore, reflect their collective and aggregated view. Some understanding of stan-dardization activities around the world is therefore necessary to fully appreci-ate the emerging markets and technologies.

In a book like this—which addresses systems, services, and standards aspectsof mobile and personal communications—frequent use of acronyms and ab-breviations is almost inevitable and unavoidable. To partly alleviate the read-ers' frustration in dealing with this perennial problem, these terms are spelledout as often as is practical, and an extensive list of acronyms and abbreviationsis provided as Appendix C.

Raj PandyaKanata, Ontario

Canada

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to acknowledge the contributions and support provided by myfamily, friends, and colleagues toward completion of this book. Special appre-ciation is due to the members of my family: my wife Margaret, daughter Ma-lini, son Ravi, and daughter-in-law Linda, for their continued support and en-couragement during the ups and downs of this long journey.

Raj PandyaKanata, Ontario

Canada

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