mme101 introduction to metallurgy and materials...

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

MME101 Introduction to Metallurgy and Materials

Engineering

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞBursa Technical University, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department

Office Hours: Tuesday, 16:00-17:[email protected], [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]











References

1) ―Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction‖, WilliamD. Callister

2) Malzeme Bilimi ve Mühendisliği, Nobel Yayınları, Çevirenler:Cuma Bindal, Kenan Genel, Mehmet Demirkol, Recep Artır,Mustafa Bakkal, S. Ahmet Parasız, 8. Basımdan Çeviri, 2015

3) ―Essentials of Materials For Science And Engineering‖, Donald R.Askeland, Pradeep P. Phule

4) ―Introduction to Material Science for Engineering‖, James F.Shackelford

5) ―Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering‖, Elliot P.Douglas


GRADING

1. Mid Term Exam: 25 %

2. Mid Term Exam: 25 %

FINAL EXAM : 50 %


Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age

Now? Silicon Age? Polymer Age?

Materials drive our society


Ages of ―Man‖ we survive based on the materials we control:

The Stone Age (>10,000 BC) –naturally occurring materials•Special rocks, skins, wood, ceramics and glasses, naturalpolymers and

composites The Bronze Age (4000 BC-1000 BC)

• Casting and forging The Iron Age (1000 BC-1620 AD)

• High Temperature furnaces; cast iron technology (1620's) established the dominance of metals inengineering Steel Age (1859 and up)• High strength alloys

Non-Ferrous and Polymer Age (light (1940's) and special alloys)• Aluminum, Titanium and Nickel (super-alloys) – aerospace• Silicon – Information • Plastics and Composites –food preservation, housing, aerospace and higher

speeds Exotic Materials Age?• Nano-Material and bio-materials – they are coming and then…

Materials drive our society


Important to understand capabilities and limitations of materials

Design better components, parts, devices, etc.

• how do you make something stronger or lighter?

• how do elements come together to form alloys?

• why do some materials have vastly different properties than others?

It is interesting and helps to make you a more informed person


Introduction to Metallurgy and Materials Engineering

Materials are probably more deep seated in our culture than most of us realize.

Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food

production— virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or

another by materials.

Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact, early

civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze

Age, Iron Age).


Historical Perspective



The materials of prehistory (before 10,000 BC, the Stone Age) wereceramics and glasses, natural polymers, and composites.

Weapons—always the peak of technology—were made of wood and flint;buildings and bridges of stone and wood.

Naturally occurring gold and silver were available locally and, throughtheir rarity, assumed great influence as currency, but their role intechnology was small.

The development of rudimentary thermo-chemistry allowed theextraction of, first, copper and bronze, then iron (the Bronze Age,4000–1000 BC and the Iron Age, 1000 BC–1620 AD), stimulatingenormous advances in technology. Cast iron technology (1620s)established the dominance of metals in engineering; since then theevolution of steels (1850 onward), light alloys (1940s), and specialalloys has consolidated their position. By the 1950s, ―engineeringmaterials‖ meant ―metals‖. Engineers were given courses in metallurgy;other materials were barely mentioned.


Historical PerspectiveThere had, of course, been developments in the other classes of material.Improved cements, refractories, and glasses; and rubber, Bakelite, andpolyethylene among polymers; but their share of the total materialsmarket was small.

Since 1950 all that has changed.

The rate of development of new metallic alloys is now slow; demand forsteel and cast iron has in some countries actually fallen.

The polymer and composite industries, on the other hand, are growingrapidly, and projections of the growth of production of new high-performance ceramics suggests continued expansion here also.

Alloy : Metallic material consisting of a base metal and one or morealloying elements partially or completely dissolving in the base metal.Alloys are frequently denoted by symbols of their components, thesymbol of the base metal being usually underlined, as, e.g., Cu–Zn alloyfor brasses.

Brass : Cu alloy where zinc is the main alloying element.


Historical Use of Materials

• Throughout the history of man, countries that producedmetals of exceptional quality became wealthy lands.

For example, Britain learned to produce high-quality steel thatenabled it to conquer 1/5 of the world.

• A country was often invaded because of the metal ores thatwere known to exist there.

For example, Rome invaded Britain for its Tin mines.

• Kings spent fortunes trying to find the secret of thePhilosopher’s stone where Lead could be turned into Gold withthe transmutation agent being able to right bodilyimperfections, cure all illnesses and confer long life. For along time, mercury (Hg) was thought to be this agent.



Metals are the oldest elementsknown and in the past, theAGES are named after metals…

I. Copper

II. Bronze

III. Iron

STONE AGE

Flint arrowhead

Flint knife


Historical Use of MaterialsThe development of civilisation has relied heavily on the discovery of metals.

Prehistoric man used metals to build tools and weapons and as our knowledge of metallurgyhas developed, metals have played an essential role in the advancement of agriculture,transport and arts and craft – forging the path to today’s modern society.

http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/

The first seven metals which mankind identified and used in the past are:

GOLD (6000 BC) Jewelery

COPPER (4200 BC) Weapons

SILVER (4000 BC) Ornaments, Jewelery

LEAD (3500 BC) Container, Pipes

TIN (1750 BC) Bronze, Adding to Cu Weapons

IRON (1500 BC) Weapons

MERCURY (750 BC) Tombsdissolve Ag and Au

Why not the other metals give names to the AGES!!!

Until the end of the 17th century only 12 metals are known;

Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Zinc (Zn), Bismuth (Bi) [13-14th] and Platinum (Pt), 16th

METALS of ANTIQUITY



SO, what is the answer for GOLD not being a NAME for an AGE?

It was not used as a WEAPON

WHY NOT USE as a WEAPON?

For the first question, gold was still valuable and rare, no one would think of using a golden material for daily use. Also gold is a very soft metal, and thus

cannot be used for hard tasks as it will bend and break easily.

Gold was used commonly before copper or iron, yet wasn't ever a vital part of its time periods way of life.



Stone Age man learned to fashiongold into jewellery. The popularity

of gold is largely due to itsscarcity, value and mankind’sfascination with the metal.

Hunting and gathering communities movedacross land near the British Isles forming

stone tools and ―microliths‖ – smalltrimmed blades mounted in different

combinations to make a variety of tools.

Widespread use of polished stones andflint axes.

MESOLITHIC10,000-4,500 BC

6000 BC

Gold

4,500-2,300 BC




Silver had always been very widely usedthroughout history as a basis for monetarysystems and played central roles in thecurrencies of the Roman and Chinese Empires.

The use of copper in antiquity is of moresignificance than gold as the first tools, implementsand weapons were made from copper.

It is believed that lead smelting began at least 9000years ago, and the oldest known artifact of lead is astatuette found at the temple of Osiris on the site ofAbydos dated circa 3800 BC.

The wheel is used incentral Europe.

Copper4200 BC

Silver4000 BC

Lead3500 BC

The bronze age began when metallurgists discoveredmixing two metals together created a strongersubstance than either of the individual metals.

Bronze Age2300-700 BC





The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to thestart of the Iron Age around 1200 BC and theprominent use of iron for tools and weapons.

The Hattites discovered iron around 1500 BC givingthem a distinct advantage in war.

IRONsmelted1500 BC First smelted in combination with copper around

3500 BC to produce bronze. The oldest artifactsdate from around 2000 BC.

Tin1750 BC

Known to ancient Chinese and Indians before2000 BC, and found in Egyptian tombs datingfrom 1500 BC

Mercury750 BC



After iron, nickel is believed to be the second mostplentiful element in the Earth and is used in theproduction of corrosion resistant alloys.

Nickel1751

Uranium oxide has been used to colour glassand ceramics from as early as A.D. 79. Itsapplications today are almost exclusively inthe production of nuclear fuels and weapons.

Uranium1789




Although discovered in the 18th century, it wasnot until the 1940’s that titanium was used instructures due to impurities.

Titanium1791

Mainly used as an additional alloy in steels.Improves corrosive resistance and essential in theproduction of stainless steel.

Chromium1797

Uranium oxide has been used to colour glass andceramics from as early as A.D. 79. Its applicationstoday are almost exclusively in the production ofnuclear fuels and weapons.

Uranium1789




Around 26% of the Earth’s crust contains siliconhowever it is never found in its pure form as it isnaturally occurs as either an oxide or a sillicate.

Silicon1823

Aluminium1827

It is the most common metal in the Earth’s crustand at around a third of the weight of steel,aluminium is one of the lightest of the all metals.




Aluminium1827

It is the most common metal in the Earth’scrust and at around a third of the weight ofsteel, aluminium is one of the lightest of the allmetals.

Around 26% of the Earth’s crust contains siliconhowever it is never found in its pure form as it isnaturally occurs as either an oxide or a sillicate.

Silicon1823




Polonium1898

Both polonium and radium are radioactive andvery rarely occur in nature. Both these metals werediscovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898.

Radium1898



Historical Use of MaterialsHistory of Metals Timeline

There are currently 86 known metals but before the 19th century only 24 hadbeen discovered and, of these 24 metals, 12 were discovered in the 18thcentury.

The Metals of Antiquity, were the metals upon which civilisation was based.

(1) Gold (ca) 6000BC - Stone Age man learned to fashion gold into jewellery.The popularity of gold is largely due to its scarcity, value and mankind’sfascination with the metal.

(2) Copper, (ca) 4200BC - The use of copper in antiquity is of more significancethan gold as the first tools, implements and weapons were made from copper.

(3) Silver,(ca) 4000BC - Silver had been widely used throughout time as a basisfor monetary systems and played central roles in the currencies of the Romanand Chinese Empires.

(4) Lead, (ca) 3500BC - It is believed that lead smelting began at least 9,000years ago, and the oldest known artifact of lead is a statuette found at thetemple of Osiris on the site of Abydos dated circa 3800 BC.




History of Metals Timeline

(5) Tin, (ca) 1750BC - First smelted in combination with copper around 3500BC to produce bronze. The oldest artifacts date from around 2000 BC.

(6) Iron,smelted, (ca) 1500BC - The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC ledto the start of the Iron Age around 1200 BC and the prominent use of iron fortools and weapons.

(7) Mercury, (ca) 750BC - Known to ancient Chinese and Indians before2000 BC, and found in Egyptian tombs dating from 1500 BC.

1735 - Cobalt1751 - Nickel1774 - Manganese1781 - Molybdenum1782 - Tellurium1783 - Tungsten1789 - Uranium1789 - Zirconium

1791 - Titanium1794 - Yttrium1797 - Berylium1797 - Chromium1801 - Niobium1802 - Tantalum1803 - Iridium, Palladium, Rhodium1807 - Potassium, Sodium



Historical Use of Materials1808 - Boron, Barium, Calcium, Magnesium, Strontium1814 - Cerium1817 - Lithium, Cadmium, Selenium1823 - Silicon1827 - Aluminium1828 - Thorium1830 - Vanadium1839 - Lanthanum1843 - Erbium, Terbium1844 - Ruthenium1860 - Cesium, Rubidium1861 - Thallium1863 - Indium1875 - Gallium1878-1885 - Holmium, Thulium, Scandium, Samarium, Gadalinium, Praseodynium, Neodynium, Dysprosium

1886 - Germanium1898 - Polonium, Radium1899 - Actinium1901 - Europium1907 - Lutetium1917 - Protactinium1923 - Hafnium1924 - Rhenium1937 - Technetium1939 - Francium1945 - Promethium1940-61 - Transuranium elements –(Neptunium, Plutonium, Curium, Americum, Berkelium, Californium, Einsteinium, Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, Lawrencium)




Stone Age: 2.5 million years ago Pottery Age: 4000 B.C.E Copper Age: 4000 B.C.E – 3000 B.C.E. Bronze Age: 2000 B.C.E – 1000 B.C.E.Foundation of metallurgy- Alloys of copper and tin

Iron Age: 1000 B.C.E – 1B.C.E. Plastics Age: late 20th Century to current

time Semiconductor Age: late 20th Century to

current time



Stone → Bronze → Iron → Advanced materials

• Beginning of the Material Science - People began to maketools from stone – Start of the Stone Age about twomillion years ago.

Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc.

The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago withintroduction of Bronze in the Far East.

• Bronze is an alloy (a metal made up of more than oneelement), copper + < 25% of tin + other elements.

Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes,can be made harder by alloying, corrode only slowly after asurface oxide film forms.



3000-800 BC transition from stone to bronze

for tools and arts

Bronze Age

N. Afghanistan, 2200-1800 B.C.

Turkey, 3000-2000 B.C.

Bronze: Cu + Sn

Tm 950°C


A Materials Timeline

The scale is nonlinear, with big stepsat the bottom, small ones at the top.An asterisk (*) indicates the date atwhich an element was first identified.

Labels without asterisks note thetime at which the material becameof practical importance.



• The Iron Age began about 3000 years agoand continues today. Use of iron and steel, astronger and cheaper material changeddrastically daily life of a common person.

• Age of Advanced materials: throughout theIron Age many new types of materials havebeen introduced (ceramic, semiconductors,polymers, composites, nanomaterials…).Understanding of the relationship amongstructure, properties, processing, andperformance of materials. Intelligent designof new materials.


QUESTIONS

mme101 introduction to metallurgy and materials...

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