mixture of saline and non-saline irrigation water influences growth and yield of lettuce cultivars...
TRANSCRIPT
Mixture of Saline and Non-Saline Irrigation Water Influences Growth and Yield of Lettuce Cultivars under Greenhouse
Conditions
A. A. Alsadon, M. A. Wahb-allah, and S. O. Khalil.
Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi
Arabia
In arid and semi-arid climates, most of water require-ments for crops are supplied through irrigation water which normally contains large amounts of dissolved salts.
Therefore, salinity control is often considered a major objective of irrigation management.
INTRODUCTION
When water resources are limited and the cost of non-saline water becomes high, crops of moderate to high salt tolerance can be irrigated with saline water.
Introduction (Continued)
There are two water management strategies to utilize saline water for irrigation:
1. Blending:
(Mixture of saline with non-saline water at different ratios).
2. Cyclic:(Alternative irrigation with saline and non-saline water).
Cyclic management of good quality water with saline water is easier than mixing water from different sources because it does not require reservoirs.
Introduction (Continued)
Introduction (Continued)
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is the most popular amongst the salad vegetable crops and has high cash value.
One of the major factors influencing growth and yield of lettuce is water quality.
Lettuce is classified as moderately sensitive to salinity.
Salinity affects both vegetative growth and head quality.
The objectives of this study were:
OBJECTIVES
b)To evaluate salinity tolerance of lettuce cultivars under cyclic irrigation treatments.
a)To determine the effect of cyclic irrigation treatments on growth and yield of crisp head lettuce cultivars.
This study was conducted during the two winter seasons of 2005 and 2006 at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station in Dirab near Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
MATERIALS & METHODS
Seeds of three crisp head lettuce cultivars; namely Sahara, Sharp Shooter and Summer Time were sown in plastic trays.
Four-weeks old seedlings, uniform in size, were transplan-ted into soil in the fiberglass greenhouse.
Materials & Method (Continued)
Two sources of irrigation water were used:
a)Well water with EC 4.5 dS.m-1 (saline water).
b)Desalinized water with EC 0.5 ds.m-1 (non-saline water).
Materials & Method (Continued)
Table 1. Chemical analysis of the two sources of irrigation water.
Characteristics Well waterDesalinized
water
EC (ds m-1)pH
Ca+ + meq l-1
Mg+ + meq l-1
Na+ meq l-1
K+ meq l-1
HCO3– – meq l-1
Cl- meq l-1
NO3– ppm
SO4– – meq l-1
SAR
4.507.111.010.514.650.564.712.95.2
14.614.66
0.506.470.730.163.50.1
0.3251.852.690.9
5.11
Materials & Method (Continued)
Drip irrigation system was applied six days per week using cycling water management strategy.
Irrigation treatments started 5 days after transplanting.
Materials & Method (Continued)
No. Treatment
T1 Irrigation with desalinized water for the whole growth period.
T2Irrigation with desalinized water for four days and with well water for two days.
T3Irrigation with desalinized water for three days and with well water for three days.
T4Irrigation with desalinized water for two days and with well water for four days.
T5Irrigation with desalinized water for one day and with well water for five days.
T6 Irrigation with well water for the whole growth period.
Six irrigation treatments were applied:
Materials & Method (Continued)
Plot area was 4 m2 and included 32 plants. Planting distance was 25 cm and 50 cm between plants and rows, respectively.
Irrigation treatments were randomly allocated to the main plots while cultivars were arranged in the sub-plots.
The experimental layout was split-plot in randomized complete blocks design with four replications.
Eighty days after starting the irrigation treatments, yield of crisp head lettuce of each sup-plot was harvested and weighted with and without outer leaves then converted into kg m-2 to determine total and net (marketable) yield.
Ten heads were randomly selected from each treatment to measure the following traits: head diameter and length, stalk length, bolting %, leaf dry mater %, average head weight, number and weight of outer leaves.
Materials & Method (Continued)
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Influence of cyclic irrigation Influence of cyclic irrigation water treatments water treatments
5
6
7
8
9
10
IT1 IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6
Cyclic Irrigation Treatments1ً
Ou
ter
leaf
nu
mb
er
d cdbcd
bca ab
Fig. 1. Influence of cyclic irrigation treatments on outer leaf number of lettuce cultivates over the two seasons 2005 and 2006 under
greenhouse conditions.
Results and Discussion (Continued)
Fig. 2. Influence of cyclic irrigation treatments on outer leaf weight of lettuce cultivars over the two seasons 2005 and 2006 under
greenhouse conditions.
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
IT1 IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6
Cyclic Irrigation Treatments1ً
Ou
ter
leaf
wei
gh
t (g
)
dd
c
ba
a
Results and Discussion (Continued)
Fig. 3. Influence of cyclic irrigation treatments on average head weight of lettuce cultivars over the two seasons 2005 and 2006 under greenhouse
conditions.
400
450
500
550
600
650
IT1 IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6
Cyclic Irrigation Treatments1ً
Ave
rag
e h
ead
wei
gh
t (g
)
aab ab ab bc
c
Results and Discussion (Continued)
Fig. 4. Influence of cyclic irrigation treatments on total yield of lettuce cultivars over the two seasons 2005 and 2006 under greenhouse
conditions.
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
IT1 IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6
Cyclic Irrigation Treatments1ً
To
tal y
ield
(K
g m
-2) a
bb b
c
d
Results and Discussion (Continued)
Fig. 5. Influence of cyclic irrigation tratments on marketable yield of lettuce cultivars over the two seasons 2005 and 2006 under
greenhouse condition.
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
IT1 IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6
Cyclic Irrigation Treatments1ً
Mar
keta
ble
yie
ld (
Kg
m-2
)
aab
b
c
c
d
Results and Discussion (Continued)
Continuous irrigation with well water (T6) significantly reduced total yield by 25 and 19.8% and reduced marketable yield by 27 and 32% in the first and second seasons, respectively.
Results and Discussion (Continued)
All traits were less affected by T3 treatment (Irrigation with desalinized water for three days and with well water for three days).
Response of lettuce cultivars to Response of lettuce cultivars to
cyclic irrigation treatmentscyclic irrigation treatments
Fig. 6. Outer leaf number of lettuce cultivars as influenced by cyclic irrigation treatments over the two seasons 2005 and 2006 under
greenhouse conditions.
5
6
7
8
9
10
Sahara Sharp Shooter Summer Time
Cultivars
Ou
ter
leaf
nu
mb
er a
bb
Results and Discussion (Continued)
Fig. 7. Outer leaf weight of lettuce cultivars as influenced by cyclic irrigation treatments over the two seasons 2005 and 2006 under
greenhouse conditions.
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Sahara Sharp Shooter Summer Time
Cultivars
Ou
ter
leaf
wei
gh
(g)
a
cb
Results and Discussion (Continued)
Fig. 8. Average head weight of lettuce cultivars as influenced by cyclic irrigation treatments over the two seasons 2005 and 2006 under
greenhouse conditions.
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
Sahara Sharp Shooter Summer Time
Cultivars
Av
era
ge
he
ad
we
igh
t (g
) a
bb
Results and Discussion (Continued)
Fig. 9. Total yield of lettuce cultivars as influenced by cyclic irrigation treatments over the two seasons 2005 and 2006 under greenhouse
conditions.
55.5
66.5
77.5
88.5
9
Sahara Sharp Shooter Summer Time
Cultivars
Tota
l yie
ld
(kg
m-2
)
a
bb
Results and Discussion (Continued)
Fig. 10. Marketable yield of lettuce cultivars as influenced by cyclic irrigation treatments over the two seasons 2005 and 2006 under
greenhouse conditions.
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
Sahara Sharp Shooter Summer Time
Cultivars
Ma
rke
tab
le y
ield
(kg
m-2
)
a
bb
Results and Discussion (Continued)
Sahara showed good performance for average head weight and total yield under all irrigation treatments.
In the first season, Sahara significantly had the highest marketable yield and with no significant differences in the second season, respectively as compared to other culti-vars.
Results and Discussion (Continued)
Interaction effects between irrigation Interaction effects between irrigation treatments and lettuce cultivarstreatments and lettuce cultivars
Results and Discussion (Continued)
The interaction results indicated that T3 (irrigation with desalinized and well water for three days each) was the most efficient treatment for all traits for the three cultivars.
Sahara cultivar is considered more salinity tolerant follo-wed by Summer Time then Sharp Shooter.
Total yield (kg m2) and yield reduction (%) as influenced by cyclic irrigation treatments and lettuce cultivars.
Cyclic Irrigation
Treatments
Cultivars
Sahara Sharp Shooter Summer Time
Yield (kg.m2)
reduction %
Yield (kg.m2)
reduction %
Yield (kg.m2)
reduction %
TI1 5.812 0 4.365 0 4.518 0
TI2 5.723 1.5 4.082 6.5 4.581 1.4
TI3 5.442 6.4 3.952 9.4 4.108 9.1
TI4 4.647 20.1 3.680 15.7 3.938 12.8
TI5 4.210 27.6 3.681 15.7 3.862 14.5
TI6 4.306 26.0 3.282 24.8 3.434 24.0
Results and Discussion (Continued)
Marketable yield (kg m2) and yield reduction (%) as influenced by cyclic irrigation treatments and lettuce cultivars.
Cyclic Irrigation
Treatments
Cultivars
Sahara Sharp Shooter Summer Time
Yield (kg.m2)
reduction %
Yield (kg.m2)
reduction %
Yield (kg.m2)
reduction %
TI1 4.889 0 3.352 0 3.450 0
TI2 4.373 10.5 2.880 14.1 3.393 1.7
TI3 4.201 14.1 2.790 16.7 2.916 15.4
TI4 3.527 27.8 2.652 20.8 2.904 15.8
TI5 3.375 30.9 2.456 26.7 2.668 22.6
TI6 3.168 35.2 2.390 28.7 2.664 22.8
Results and Discussion (Continued)
The best cyclic irrigation treatment under the condition of this study was the irrigation with non-saline water for three days then followed by another three days with saline water.
CONCLUSION
Total yield reduction was only 6.2 and 7.7% and marketable yield reduction was 17.0 and 16.6% at the first and second seasons, respectively and it was accompanied by an acceptable head quality.
Therefore, it is recommended to apply this treatment for greenhouse crisp head lettuce production to reduce the high costs of water desalinization while maintaining high yield quantity and quality.
Conclusion (Continued)
