mitosis & meiosis. cell cycle g1 (gap 1)- cells carry out normal metabolic activities for day to...
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Mitosis & Meiosis
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Cell Cycle G1 (Gap 1)- cells carry out normal metabolic activities for day to day functions.
S (Synthesis)- DNA is replicated (duplicated, copied).
G2 (Gap 2)- cell prepares for cell division by doubling cell organelles.
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MitosisA stage of the cell cycle that involves the
division of the nucleus into two new nuclei that contain identical copies of the genetic information.
Mitosis is divided into 4 stages based on the cellular events: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. (PMAT)If you include Interphase (IPMAT – I phoned
mom and talked)
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Functions of Mitosis1. Growth2. Repair regenerate damaged tissues.3. Regeneration of entire body parts simpler
organisms. 4. Maintenance of the body.
Mitosis and cytokinesis occur in our body cells (aka somatic cells)
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InterphasePeriod of growth & developmentHereditary information (DNA) copied (replicated / duplicated)
Cells that do not divide (nerves) are always in interphase
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ProphaseDNA begins to shorten & thicken
Now called chromatids/chromosomes
Centromeres formNuclear membrane breaks apartSpindle fibers begin to form
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MetaphaseChromatids / chromosomes line upCentromere attaches to spindle fibers
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AnaphaseCentromeres divideSpindle fibers shortenSister chromatid pairs separate – move to opposite ends of the cell.
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TelophaseSpindle fibers begin to disappear Chromosomes begin to uncoilNuclear membrane starts to re-formCell plate (plant cell) or Cleavage furrow (animal cell) becomes highly noticeable.
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Cytokinesis (Cell Cutting)The division of the cytoplasm is know as cell
cutting. This signals the end of Mitosis. After the cells membrane or wall forms a
complete new barrier between the two sister cells. We would say cytokinesis has just occurred.
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Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
http://biology.nebrwesleyan.edu/benham/mitosis/
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Mitosis Animation
http://www.johnkyrk.com/mitosis.html
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Results of MitosisDivision of nucleus
Nuclei are identical to each otherSame number & type of chromosomes
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A type of reproduction - fission, budding, and regeneration - in
which a new organism is produced from one parent and has DNA
identical to the parent organism.
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Asexual Reproduction
Offspring produced from one organism
Hereditary information is identical
Mitosis is one form of asexual reproduction
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Meiosis
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A type of reproduction in which two sex cells, usually an egg and a sperm, join to form a zygote, which will develop into a new
organism with a unique identity.
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Meiosis The nucleus divides twice
Meiosis IMeiosis II
Final Product will be 4 cells from one parent that contains ½ the original amount of chromosomes as the parent.
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InterphaseSame as in Mitosis.Normal life cycle functions of the cellDivided into 3 stages:
G1 (Gap 1)- Growth and developmentS (Synthesis Phase) - DNA is duplicatedG2 (Gap 2)- Organelles double in preparation
for separation
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Prophase I
DNA begins to shorten & thickenNow called chromatids/chromosomes
Centromeres formNuclear membrane breaks apartSpindle fibers begin to formCROSSING OVER may occur.
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Metaphase ICopied chromatids / chromosomes line up in middle of cell in HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS
Centromeres attach to spindle fibers
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Anaphase IHomologous chromosomes separate and move to the poles.
Chromatid pairs are NOT pulled apartThey DO NOT separate
Chromatids move to ends of cell
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http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/meiosis/phases/anaphase-I/anaphase-i.gif
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Telophase IMay or May Not occur.If it does:
Normal telophase, X-somes uncoil, nucleus appears, cell divides
No further replication of hereditary material
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http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/meiosis/phases/telophase-I/telophase-I.gif
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- There are now two cells with each cell carrying only ½ the original chromosome number. (HAPLOID)
- Cells carry one duplicated copy of a single chromosome.They do not normally or necessarily carry
the same genetic information as the parent cell or the sister chromatid.
Because the chromosome number decreases this phase of meiosis is known as Reduction Division.
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Prophase IISimilar to mitosis
Starts with TWO cells instead of oneSpindle fibers appearNucleus disappears (if reformed)
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http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/meiosis/phases/prophase-II/prophase-II.gif
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Metaphase IIDuplicated chromatid / chromosomes line up in middle of cell
Spindle fibers attach to centromeres
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http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/meiosis/phases/metaphase-II/metaphase-II.gif
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Anaphase IICentromere divides
Chromatids separate & move to ends of cellChromatids are now individual chromosomes
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http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/meiosis/phases/anaphase-II/anaphase-II.gif
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Telophase IISpindle fibers disappearNuclear membranes form at each end of cell
Cells divide Results in 4 cells
Each with ½ the original number of chromosomes
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http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/meiosis/phases/telophase-II/telophase-II.gif
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http://www.johnkyrk.com/meiosis.html
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In summary:MeiosisTwo cells form during meiosis IIn meiosis II, both of these cells form two cellsThe two divisions of the nucleus result in four
sex cells (gametes)Each has one-half the number of
chromosomes in its nucleus that was in the original nucleus