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MIT – R (Multidimensional Intelligence Test - Revised) Psychometric Report

Psychometric Report MIT – R (Multidimensional Intelligence Test – Revised)

Table of Contents Test Description ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

Reference ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Vitals ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Question Type ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Test Development Procedures............................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Test History ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

Operational Definitions ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Test Research and Rationale................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

Data Collection - Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10

Limitations of Study .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 10

Sample Description ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Descriptive Statistics .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Normative Information .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 13

Percentiles - General Population ......................................................................................................................................................................... 13

Percentiles – Women ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

Percentiles – Men ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17

Percentiles – Below 18 age group ....................................................................................................................................................................... 19

Percentiles – 18 to 24 age group ......................................................................................................................................................................... 21




Descriptive Statistics: Graphical Results ................................................................................................................................................................. 29

EEOC Compliance Statistics.................................................................................................................................................................................... 37

Group Comparisons: Gender ................................................................................................................................................................................... 38


Gender Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40

Gender Analysis – Graphical Results .................................................................................................................................................................. 41

Group Comparisons: Age ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 48

Age Groups - Re-sampled Analysis ..................................................................................................................................................................... 69

Age Analysis – Graphical Results ........................................................................................................................................................................ 72

Group Comparisons: Disability................................................................................................................................................................................. 80

Disability Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 82

Disability Analysis – Graphical Results ................................................................................................................................................................ 84

Group Comparisons: Ethnicity ................................................................................................................................................................................. 92

Ethnicity Analysis ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 130

Ethnicity Analysis – Graphical Results ............................................................................................................................................................... 133

Reliability Analysis ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 141

Pearson’s Correlations - Scales ................................................................................................................................................................................. 142

Pearson’s Correlations – Other IQ Tests ................................................................................................................................................................... 146

Criterion Validity Analysis (concurrent validity) .......................................................................................................................................................... 147

Comparison variable: Level of Education .............................................................................................................................................................. 147

Re-sampled Analysis ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 193

Comparison variable: Level of Education – Graphical Results .......................................................................................................................... 205

Comparison variable: Grades in School ................................................................................................................................................................ 213


Comparison variable: Grades in School – Graphical Results ............................................................................................................................ 243

Comparison variable: Work Performance Rating................................................................................................................................................... 251


Comparison variable: Work Performance Rating – Graphical Results .............................................................................................................. 278

Annex 1 – Means and standard deviations for Gender ......................................................................................................................................... 286


Annex 2 – Means and standard deviations for Age ............................................................................................................................................... 287

Annex 3 – Means and standard deviations for Disability ....................................................................................................................................... 289

Annex 4 – Means and standard deviations for Ethnicity ........................................................................................................................................ 290

Annex 5 – Means and standard deviations for Level of Education ........................................................................................................................ 293

Annex 6 – Means and standard deviations for Grades .......................................................................................................................................... 296

Annex 7 – Means and standard deviations for Work Performance Rating ............................................................................................................ 298


Test Description Reference Jerabek, I., & McKenna, K. (2006). MIT – R (Multidimensional Intelligence Test – Revised). Montreal, Quebec, Canada: PsychTests AIM Inc.

Vitals • This test contains 109 questions. • It is recommended for self-improvement, skill development, pre-employment, and research purposes. • The test is available online. A paper-pencil version is available. • Scoring and interpretation are computer-generated by system-expert and AI algorithms based on rules developed by subject matter experts

(SMEs). • Norms for different industries and the general population are available in the benchmark report available to professional users. Clients also

have the ability to create custom benchmarks.

Question Type This test uses self-report image-based and skill-testing questions. Note: In order to protect our intellectual property – due to recurring issues of plagiarism - we do not disclose which items are linked to which scales, nor do we provide item-total correlations.

Test Development Procedures Phase I: Test design and initial launch

1) Define test concept

2) Research available literature

3) Develop a pool of questions

6) Develop scoring system

7) Develop interpretation of test results

8) Quality assurance testing

9) Launch on Queendom and PsychTests


10) Opt-in data collection, feedback from users (face validity)

Phase II – Preliminary statistical analysis

1) Preliminary statistical analysis on small pool of respondents

a. Descriptive statistics (distribution, frequencies, means, variability, percentiles)

b. Preliminary reliability and validity analysis (split-half, coefficient alpha, item-total correlations, inter-item correlations and co-variances)

2) Addition, removal, or modification to questions based on statistical findings

3) Quality assurance testing

4) Re-launch on Queendom and PsychTests

Phase III – Large-scale statistical analysis

1) Large-scale statistical analysis

a. Descriptive statistics (distribution, frequencies, means, variability, percentiles)

b. Exploratory analysis (correlations, ANOVAs, ANCOVAs, t-tests)

c. Reliability analysis (Cronbach’s alpha)

d. Validity analysis: (Note: Results of validation questions serve as a revision basis)

i. Content validity

ii. Criterion-related validity (concurrent validity and method of contrasted groups)

iii. Internal consistency: item-total correlations, inter-item correlations and covariances; convergent and discriminant validity)

2) Re-evaluation of validity and reliability evidence

3) In some cases, revision of test items and test structure

4) Re-launch of revised version of the test


Test History The first version of MIT was developed in 2002 by Ilona Jerabek, Ph.D. After collecting data for four years, the test was revised based on the statistics (reliability). The test was revised in 2006 with the following changes:

• One scale, “General Knowledge” was removed, as it was not considered a good measure of intelligence. • Intelligence factors were defined based on “classical” division of IQ tests according to research, i.e. verbal, numerical, and spatial. • Ten questions were removed based on poor reliability or because they didn’t fit into the new structure. • All questions related to General Knowledge were removed. • The test was re-launched on http://www.queendom.com/ and http://testyourself.psychtests.com/ and data collected. Full statistics (reliability,

validity, descriptives) were run to validate the scales.

Operational Definitions

1) Fluid Intelligence: Assesses the capacity to learn and analyze new information. High scorers have the ability to solve new problems – specifically, novel problems that cannot be solved with existing knowledge and therefore, require a person to learn and to adapt.

Scales that contribute:

• Spatial: Using visual cues to solve problems. Individuals who score high on this intelligence have the ability to visualize, transform, and manipulate images in their mind. Spatial intelligence is valuable for occupations that involve the manipulation of tangible objects, as in the engineering, mechanics, technical, and design fields.

o Matrices: Using visual cues to determine a probable sequence. Individuals who score high on this scale excel in recognizing patterns, an essential component of analyzing data.

o 2D-3D Images: Ability to take 2D-3D images and mentally manipulate them. Individuals who score high on this scale excel in space

orientation, which contributes to mechanical aptitude.

• Logical: Ability to reason out a problem when clues are provided. Individuals who score high on this intelligence tend to be good with numbers and excel in analytical reasoning and critical thinking. They approach problems in a logical, methodical, and scientific manner.

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o Arguments: Reaching a correct conclusion using a formal logic system. Individuals who score high on this scale are able to make deductions in order to lead to a logical probability or solution. This ability has mathematical, philosophical, and technological applications.

o Puzzles: Using clues and reason to deduce answers for a problem. Individuals who score high on this scale are able to recognize relationships between seemingly unrelated factors, and see the “big picture.”

2) Crystallized Intelligence: Accumulated and retained knowledge. A high score not only indicates that a person has accumulated a great deal

of knowledge, it also reflects the ability to apply that knowledge.

Scales that contribute:

• Verbal: Assesses the scope of a person’s ability to understand the English language. Individuals who score high on this intelligence are good with words. They express themselves well, both verbally and in writing. This is a skill that is applicable in numerous fields.

o Vocabulary: Examines the extent of a person’s vocabulary. Individuals who score high on this scale have an extensive and diverse lexicon.

o Analogies: Ability to see the abstract relationship between two words. Individuals who score high on this scale have an understanding

not only of the shades of meaning of words, but can also make a connection between them.

• Numerical: Identifying and applying proper mathematical techniques to a problem. Individuals who score high on this intelligence have the capacity to perform basic and complex calculations.

o Arithmetic: Performance involving basic mathematical operations. Individuals who score high on this scale possess good numerical reasoning.

o Graphs & Charts: Reading graphs and charts and performing related calculations. Individuals who score high on this scale have the ability to draw information from different data sources, to use logical reasoning, and to apply the knowledge learned.


Test Research and Rationale Linking Cognitive Ability and Job Performance

There is extensive research in the field of IQ testing which indicates that IQ is one of the most important predictors of achievement across many areas of life, be it in academics or many different types of careers. The following research studies support this theory:

• Barros, E., Kausel, E. E., Cuadra, F., & Díaz, D. A. (2014). Using general mental ability and personality traits to predict job performance in three Chilean organizations. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 22(4), 432-438.

• Bertua, C., Anderson, N., & Salgado, J. F. (2005). The predictive validity of cognitive ability tests: A UK meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(3), 387-409.

• Bosco, F., Allen, D. G., & Singh, K. (2015). Executive attention: An alternative perspective on general mental ability, performance, and subgroup differences. Personnel Psychology, 68(4), 859-898.

• Ferrer, E., & McArdle, J. J. (2004). An Experimental Analysis of Dynamic Hypotheses About Cognitive Abilities and Achievement From

Childhood to Early Adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 40(6), 935-952.

• Ferro, G., Ford, M., & Cracraft, M. (2008, April). Moderators of the intelligence-performance relationship: Age and experience. Paper presented at the 23rd Annual Conference Program of the APA Division 14 Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP), San Francisco, CA.

• Kuncel, N.R., Hezlett, S.A., & Ones, D.S. (2004). Academic Performance, Career Potential, Creativity, and Job Performance: Can one construct predict them all? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(1), 148-161.

• Ownby, R. L., Czaja, S. J., Loewenstein, D., & Rubert, M. (2008). Cognitive abilities that predict success in a computer-based training

program. The Gerontologist, 48(2), 170-180.

• Ree, M. J., Earles, J. A., & Teachout, M. S. (1994). Predicting job performance: Not much more than g. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 518-524.

• Watkins, M.W., Glutting, J. J., & Pui-Wa, L. (2007). Validity of the Full-Scale IQ When There is Significant Variability Among WISC-III and

WISC-IV Factor Scores. Applied Neuropsychology, 14(1), 13-20.


Data Collection - Methodology MIT was released on http://www.queendom.com and http://testyourself.psychtests.com/ for data collection in order to validate the scales. Test-takers accessed the test via a link promoted on the homepage or in the test listings. The test was offered free of charge. The subjects received a free Summary report when they completed the assessment and the validation questionnaire. A Full test report is offered for a fee. The sample was uncontrolled; the subjects self-selected to take the assessment.

Subjects who completed the test had the option to participate in the validation study and were not financially compensated for their participation. Declining to participate in the validation study had no impact on the procedure – everyone, regardless of their participation in the validation study, received the free Summary report. All validation items were gathered through self-report. All items on the validation questionnaire were optional, and the subjects could select the “I prefer not to answer” option for each question.

Please note that T-test and ANOVA analyses are dependent on sample size. Therefore, a seemingly large difference between two groups may not show statistical significance because of a group’s small sample size. By the same token, with very large groups, small but systematic differences between groups may be statistically significant without having any noticeable practical impact. Effect sizes are reported in relevant analyses.

With regards to validation questions where the number of subjects in the validation sample was not equally balanced (i.e. the n for some groups was very high), a smaller, random sample was selected from the larger groups whenever possible, in order to level out the Ns and conduct the analyses effectively.

Note: Psychometric reports are available to all clients upon request.

Limitations of Study

1) Test-takers’ responses to validation questions are in self-report format, which can result in inaccuracies, and an under or over-estimation of their abilities, skills, or behavior.

2) Sample size may not be large enough to generalize to population.

3) Given that the test-takers self-selected to take the test, we do not have the ability to run test re-test reliability.

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Sample Description Sample size: 9344 subjects

Gender distribution: Women: 4108 subjects (44%), Men: 3532 subjects (38%), Unknown: 1704 subjects (18%)

Age distribution:

• Below 18 (n = 2465) (26%) • 18 to 24 (n = 2278) (24%) • 25 to 29 (n = 761) (8%) • 30 to 39 (n = 894) (10%)

• 40 to 49 (n = 608) (7%) • 50 and older (n = 474) (5%) • Unknown (n = 1864) (20%)

Ethnicity distribution:

• Asian (n = 2465) (26%) • Black (n = 2465) (26%) • Caucasian (n = 2465) (26%) • Hispanic (n = 2465) (26%) • Jewish (n = 2465) (26%)

• Middle Eastern (n = 2465) (26%) • Native American (n = 2465) (26%) • Two or more ethnicities (n = 2465) (26%) • Other ethnicity (n = 2465) (26%)

Education distribution:

• Grade school (n = 298) (3%) • Some high school (n = 1459) (16%) • High school (n = 1777) (19%) • Junior College (n = 1337) (14%) • College (n = 513) (6%) • Technical/Trade school (n = 125) (1%)

• Associate’s degree (n = 202) (2%) • Bachelor’s degree (n = 824) (9%) • Master’s degree (n = 433) (5%) • Ph.D./Doctoral degree (n = 92) (1%) • Unknown (n = 2284) (24%)

Socio-economic status distribution:

• Independently wealth (n = 186) (2%) • Upper level ($100 000 or more) (n = 457) (5%) • Upper middle level ($75 000 to $100 000) (n = 613) (6%) • Middle level ($50 000 to $75 000) (n = 992) (11%)

• Lower middle level ($25 000 to $50 000) (n = 839) (9%) • Lower level ($20 000 to $25 000) (n = 351) (4%) • Lowest level ($20 000 or less) (n = 702) (7%) • Unknown (n = 5204) (56%)


Descriptive Statistics

Scales N Scale Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std.

Deviation

Skewness Kurtosis

(Std. Error: .025) (Std. Error: .051)

OVERALL SCORE 9344 45 to 155 62.08 145.25 108.48 15.54 -.172 -.551

Fluid Intelligence 9344 45 to 155 62.75 144.25 109.73 15.88 -.530 -.209

Spatial 9344 45 to 155 70.50 145.00 104.69 14.45 -.262 -.351

Matrices 9344 45 to 155 78.00 147.00 104.05 12.45 -.028 -.290

2D-3D Images 9344 45 to 155 63.00 155.00 105.33 19.94 -.207 -.572

Logical 9344 45 to 155 55.00 150.00 114.77 20.42 -.728 -.064

Arguments 9344 45 to 155 55.00 147.00 116.40 19.01 -1.079 1.079

Puzzles 9344 45 to 155 55.00 153.00 113.14 25.66 -.412 -.808

Crystallized Intelligence 9344 45 to 155 61.75 152.00 107.86 16.58 -.059 -.595

Verbal 9344 45 to 155 55.50 155.00 111.17 18.79 -.403 -.242

Vocabulary 9344 45 to 155 56.00 155.00 110.96 19.42 -.212 -.336

Analogies 9344 45 to 155 55.00 155.00 111.38 22.21 -.466 -.241

Numerical 9344 45 to 155 68.00 152.50 104.54 18.32 .271 -.772

Arithmetic 9344 45 to 155 55.00 155.00 105.68 24.87 -.022 -.973

Graphs & Charts 9344 45 to 155 81.00 150.00 103.41 16.19 .511 -.532


Normative Information

Percentiles - General Population

Overall Score Fluid Spatial Matrices 2D-3D Images Logical Arguments

Percentiles

5 82.25 80.75 78.00 84.00 71.00 76.00 78.00

10 87.33 87.25 85.50 90.00 78.00 84.00 93.00

15 91.25 91.75 88.50 90.00 87.00 91.00 101.00

20 94.42 96.00 92.00 90.00 87.00 97.00 101.00

25 97.25 99.50 95.50 97.00 94.00 101.50 108.00

30 99.83 102.13 98.00 97.00 94.00 107.50 108.00

35 102.17 105.00 99.50 97.00 94.00 110.50 116.00

40 104.58 107.50 101.50 103.00 102.00 112.50 116.00

45 106.83 109.75 103.50 103.00 102.00 115.00 116.00

50 108.83 111.75 105.50 103.00 110.00 118.50 123.00

55 111.08 113.75 107.00 103.00 110.00 121.50 123.00

60 113.50 115.75 109.50 109.00 110.00 123.00 123.00

65 115.67 117.75 111.50 109.00 117.00 126.00 123.00

70 118.00 119.75 113.00 109.00 117.00 128.50 132.00

75 120.25 122.00 115.00 116.00 117.00 131.50 132.00

80 122.75 124.00 117.50 116.00 126.00 133.00 132.00

85 125.60 126.25 119.88 116.00 126.00 136.00 132.00

90 129.00 128.75 122.50 122.00 133.00 139.50 139.00

95 132.83 132.00 127.50 122.00 133.00 142.50 139.00

99 138.83 137.00 134.00 135.00 141.00 146.00 147.00


Puzzles Crystallized Verbal Vocabulary Analogies Numerical Arithmetic Graphs & Charts

Percentiles

5 67.00 80.25 76.00 75.00 67.00 78.00 68.00 81.00

10 74.00 85.50 85.50 82.00 82.00 81.50 75.00 81.00

15 80.00 89.25 89.50 89.00 90.00 85.00 75.00 88.00

20 87.00 92.50 96.00 96.00 90.00 88.00 81.00 88.00

25 93.00 95.75 99.50 96.00 97.00 91.00 88.00 88.00

30 100.00 98.75 103.00 102.00 104.00 91.50 88.00 95.00

35 107.00 100.75 106.50 102.00 104.00 95.00 95.00 95.00

40 107.00 103.25 107.50 109.00 111.00 98.00 95.00 95.00

45 114.00 105.56 110.00 109.00 111.00 98.50 101.00 102.00

50 114.00 107.75 113.50 109.00 111.00 101.50 108.00 102.00

55 120.00 110.50 114.00 116.00 119.00 105.00 108.00 102.00

60 127.00 112.75 117.50 116.00 119.00 108.00 114.00 108.00

65 127.00 115.00 120.50 122.00 119.00 111.50 121.00 108.00

70 134.00 117.75 121.50 122.00 126.00 115.00 121.00 108.00

75 134.00 120.00 125.00 122.00 126.00 118.50 128.00 116.00

80 140.00 123.00 128.00 129.00 134.00 122.00 128.00 116.00

85 140.00 126.50 130.75 129.00 134.00 125.50 135.00 123.00

90 147.00 130.00 134.50 135.00 141.00 132.00 141.00 129.00

95 147.00 135.00 138.00 142.00 141.00 135.50 148.00 136.00

99 153.00 141.75 148.00 149.00 149.00 142.50 148.00 143.00


Percentiles – Women

Overall Score Fluid Spatial Matrices 2D-3D

Images Logical Arguments

Percentiles

5 84.83 84.25 84.00 84.00 71.00 81.50 85.00

10 89.42 91.00 88.50 90.00 78.00 90.00 93.00

15 92.58 95.50 92.00 90.00 87.00 95.00 101.00

20 95.17 98.25 95.00 97.00 87.00 100.50 108.00

25 97.69 101.25 95.50 97.00 94.00 104.50 108.00

30 100.06 103.50 98.50 97.00 94.00 108.00 108.00

35 102.08 106.00 99.50 103.00 102.00 111.50 116.00

40 104.33 108.25 102.50 103.00 102.00 114.00 116.00

45 106.42 110.25 103.50 103.00 102.00 116.00 116.00

50 108.25 112.00 105.50 103.00 110.00 118.50 123.00

55 110.08 114.00 107.00 103.00 110.00 121.50 123.00

60 112.00 115.50 109.50 109.00 110.00 123.00 123.00

65 114.00 117.50 110.00 109.00 117.00 126.00 123.00

70 116.19 119.25 113.00 109.00 117.00 128.50 132.00

75 118.33 121.25 114.50 109.00 117.00 130.50 132.00

80 121.00 123.00 116.50 116.00 126.00 133.00 132.00

85 123.50 125.25 118.00 116.00 126.00 136.00 132.00

90 126.84 128.00 121.00 116.00 133.00 138.00 139.00

95 131.33 131.75 125.00 122.00 133.00 140.50 139.00

99 137.33 136.73 132.50 128.00 141.00 146.00 147.00



Percentiles

5 74.00 82.00 82.00 82.00 75.00 78.00 68.00 81.00

10 80.00 87.00 89.00 89.00 82.00 81.50 75.00 81.00

15 87.00 90.25 93.00 89.00 90.00 84.50 75.00 88.00

20 93.00 93.50 96.50 96.00 97.00 88.00 81.00 88.00

25 100.00 95.50 100.00 102.00 97.00 88.00 81.00 88.00

30 100.00 97.50 103.00 102.00 104.00 91.50 88.00 95.00

35 107.00 100.50 106.50 102.00 104.00 94.50 88.00 95.00

40 107.00 102.25 107.50 109.00 104.00 95.00 95.00 95.00

45 114.00 104.25 110.00 109.00 111.00 98.00 95.00 95.00

50 120.00 106.25 113.00 109.00 111.00 98.50 101.00 102.00

55 120.00 108.25 114.00 116.00 119.00 101.50 101.00 102.00

60 127.00 110.75 117.50 116.00 119.00 104.50 108.00 102.00

65 127.00 112.75 120.00 122.00 119.00 108.00 114.00 108.00

70 134.00 115.50 121.50 122.00 126.00 111.00 114.00 108.00

75 134.00 118.00 124.00 129.00 126.00 114.50 121.00 108.00

80 140.00 121.00 127.50 129.00 126.00 118.00 121.00 116.00

85 140.00 123.50 130.50 129.00 134.00 122.00 128.00 120.55

90 147.00 128.00 134.00 135.00 134.00 128.50 135.00 123.00

95 147.00 133.14 138.00 142.00 141.00 133.65 141.00 129.00

99 153.00 140.00 147.78 149.00 149.00 142.00 148.00 143.00


Percentiles – Men



Percentiles

5 82.55 81.75 80.50 84.00 71.00 76.00 78.00

10 88.50 88.25 86.30 90.00 78.00 86.00 93.00

15 93.92 93.00 90.50 90.00 87.00 94.00 101.00

20 97.47 98.25 95.00 97.00 94.00 100.50 108.00

25 100.52 101.50 98.00 97.00 94.00 104.50 108.00

30 103.33 105.00 99.50 97.00 94.00 108.00 116.00

35 105.92 108.00 102.50 103.00 102.00 112.50 116.00

40 108.33 110.25 105.00 103.00 102.00 116.00 116.00

45 110.67 112.50 106.50 103.00 110.00 118.50 123.00

50 113.42 114.25 109.00 109.00 110.00 121.50 123.00

55 115.67 116.50 110.00 109.00 110.00 124.00 123.00

60 117.92 118.75 113.00 109.00 117.00 126.00 123.00

65 119.79 120.50 114.50 109.00 117.00 128.50 123.00

70 121.92 122.75 116.50 116.00 117.00 131.50 132.00

75 124.25 124.50 117.50 116.00 126.00 133.00 132.00

80 126.58 126.50 121.00 116.00 126.00 135.00 132.00

85 129.17 128.51 122.00 122.00 126.00 136.50 132.00

90 131.75 130.75 124.50 122.00 133.00 139.50 139.00

95 134.83 133.75 128.50 128.00 141.00 142.50 139.00

99 140.50 138.42 134.50 135.00 141.00 147.00 147.00



Percentiles

5 67.00 81.41 75.50 75.00 67.00 81.00 68.00 81.00

10 74.00 87.25 85.50 89.00 82.00 85.00 75.00 88.00

15 87.00 92.25 93.00 89.00 90.00 88.00 81.00 88.00

20 93.00 96.00 96.50 96.00 97.00 91.50 88.00 88.00

25 100.00 99.00 102.25 96.00 104.00 94.50 95.00 95.00

30 100.00 102.50 104.00 102.00 104.00 98.00 101.00 95.00

35 107.00 105.50 107.50 102.00 111.00 101.50 101.00 95.00

40 114.00 107.75 110.00 109.00 111.00 104.50 108.00 102.00

45 114.00 110.50 113.50 109.00 111.00 108.00 114.00 102.00

50 120.00 113.00 115.00 116.00 119.00 111.00 114.00 108.00

55 127.00 115.50 117.50 116.00 119.00 114.50 121.00 108.00

60 127.00 117.75 120.50 116.00 126.00 115.50 121.00 108.00

65 134.00 119.75 121.50 122.00 126.00 118.50 128.00 116.00

70 134.00 122.50 124.00 122.00 126.00 122.00 128.00 116.00

75 140.00 124.75 127.50 129.00 134.00 125.50 135.00 123.00

80 140.00 127.75 130.50 129.00 134.00 128.50 135.00 123.00

85 140.00 130.00 131.50 135.00 141.00 132.00 141.00 129.00

90 147.00 133.25 135.50 135.00 141.00 135.50 141.00 129.00

95 147.00 137.00 141.50 142.00 149.00 138.50 148.00 136.00

99 153.00 143.75 148.50 149.00 155.00 145.50 155.00 143.00


Percentiles – Below 18 age group



Percentiles

5 82.61 83.25 81.00 84.00 71.00 79.00 78.00

10 87.22 88.25 87.30 90.00 78.00 85.50 93.00

15 90.75 92.00 90.00 90.00 87.00 90.50 101.00

20 93.58 96.00 92.00 97.00 87.00 95.20 101.00

25 95.75 98.50 95.50 97.00 94.00 100.50 108.00

30 97.92 101.25 97.00 97.00 94.00 104.00 108.00

35 99.83 103.50 98.50 97.00 94.00 107.50 116.00

40 101.50 105.50 101.50 103.00 102.00 110.50 116.00

45 103.58 107.25 102.50 103.00 102.00 112.50 116.00

50 105.58 109.25 105.00 103.00 102.00 115.00 116.00

55 107.33 111.50 106.50 103.00 110.00 118.00 123.00

60 109.08 113.25 108.80 109.00 110.00 121.00 123.00

65 110.67 115.25 110.00 109.00 110.00 121.50 123.00

70 112.92 117.25 112.00 109.00 117.00 125.00 123.00

75 115.33 119.25 113.00 109.00 117.00 128.00 132.00

80 118.25 121.50 116.50 116.00 126.00 129.50 132.00

85 121.00 124.25 118.00 116.00 126.00 133.00 132.00

90 123.92 127.00 121.00 116.00 133.00 136.00 132.00

95 128.67 130.25 125.00 122.00 133.00 139.50 139.00

99 135.42 135.00 131.50 128.00 141.00 143.50 147.00



Percentiles

5 67.00 80.50 78.00 75.00 67.00 78.00 68.00 81.00

10 74.00 85.00 84.50 82.00 82.00 81.50 75.00 81.00

15 80.00 88.50 89.50 89.00 90.00 84.50 75.00 88.00

20 87.00 91.75 93.00 89.00 90.00 88.00 81.00 88.00

25 93.00 93.75 96.50 96.00 97.00 88.00 81.00 88.00

30 93.00 95.75 99.50 96.00 97.00 91.50 88.00 88.00

35 100.00 97.50 103.00 102.00 104.00 91.50 88.00 95.00

40 107.00 99.50 103.50 102.00 104.00 94.50 95.00 95.00

45 107.00 102.25 106.50 102.00 111.00 95.00 95.00 95.00

50 114.00 104.00 107.50 109.00 111.00 98.00 101.00 95.00

55 114.00 105.75 110.00 109.00 111.00 101.00 101.00 102.00

60 120.00 107.50 113.00 109.00 119.00 102.00 108.00 102.00

65 120.00 109.50 114.00 116.00 119.00 105.00 108.00 102.00

70 127.00 111.55 117.50 116.00 119.00 108.00 114.00 102.00

75 127.00 114.50 120.50 116.00 126.00 111.50 121.00 108.00

80 134.00 117.50 121.50 122.00 126.00 115.00 121.00 108.00

85 134.00 120.00 125.00 122.00 134.00 118.50 128.00 116.00

90 140.00 123.50 128.50 129.00 134.00 125.50 135.00 123.00

95 147.00 129.75 134.50 135.00 141.00 132.00 141.00 129.00

99 153.00 138.25 145.00 149.00 149.00 142.00 148.00 136.00


Percentiles – 18 to 24 age group



Percentiles

5 83.16 81.50 80.50 84.00 71.00 76.00 78.00

10 87.75 87.50 87.00 90.00 78.00 84.00 93.00

15 91.33 92.50 90.50 90.00 87.00 91.00 101.00

20 94.40 96.25 93.50 97.00 87.00 97.50 101.00

25 97.25 99.75 96.00 97.00 94.00 102.88 108.00

30 99.75 103.00 98.50 97.00 94.00 107.50 108.00

35 102.50 105.75 101.50 103.00 102.00 111.00 116.00

40 105.00 108.50 102.50 103.00 102.00 114.00 116.00

45 106.92 110.50 105.50 103.00 102.00 116.00 116.00

50 108.92 113.00 106.50 103.00 110.00 119.50 123.00

55 110.83 114.75 109.50 109.00 110.00 121.50 123.00

60 113.58 117.00 110.00 109.00 110.00 125.00 123.00

65 115.75 119.00 113.00 109.00 117.00 126.00 123.00

70 118.17 120.75 114.50 109.00 117.00 128.50 132.00

75 120.67 123.00 116.50 116.00 117.00 131.50 132.00

80 123.20 124.75 118.00 116.00 126.00 133.00 132.00

85 126.50 127.25 121.00 116.00 126.00 136.00 132.00

90 129.76 130.25 124.50 122.00 133.00 139.50 139.00

95 133.68 133.50 128.50 128.00 141.00 142.50 139.00

99 139.58 138.50 135.50 135.00 149.00 146.00 147.00



Percentiles

5 67.00 81.25 78.00 75.00 67.00 78.00 68.00 81.00

10 74.00 86.50 85.50 82.00 82.00 81.50 75.00 81.00

15 80.00 89.00 89.50 89.00 90.00 85.00 75.00 88.00

20 87.00 92.25 96.00 96.00 90.00 88.00 81.00 88.00

25 93.00 95.50 99.38 96.00 97.00 91.50 88.00 95.00

30 100.00 98.68 103.00 102.00 104.00 91.50 88.00 95.00

35 107.00 100.75 104.00 102.00 104.00 95.00 95.00 95.00

40 107.00 102.75 106.50 102.00 104.00 98.00 101.00 95.00

45 114.00 105.50 110.00 109.00 111.00 101.50 101.00 102.00

50 120.00 107.50 111.00 109.00 111.00 104.50 108.00 102.00

55 120.00 109.50 114.00 116.00 119.00 108.00 108.00 102.00

60 127.00 112.25 116.50 116.00 119.00 108.50 114.00 108.00

65 127.00 115.09 118.18 116.00 119.00 112.00 121.00 108.00

70 134.00 117.75 121.00 122.00 126.00 115.15 121.00 108.00

75 134.00 120.00 124.00 122.00 126.00 118.50 128.00 116.00

80 140.00 123.25 127.00 129.00 134.00 124.50 135.00 123.00

85 140.00 126.75 129.15 129.00 134.00 128.50 135.00 123.00

90 147.00 130.25 132.50 135.00 141.00 132.00 141.00 129.00

95 147.00 135.00 138.00 142.00 141.00 138.50 148.00 136.00

99 153.00 142.05 145.50 149.00 149.00 145.50 155.00 143.00





Percentiles

5 84.83 84.00 84.00 84.00 78.00 79.50 78.00

10 91.33 91.50 89.00 90.00 87.00 89.00 93.00

15 95.03 97.83 95.00 97.00 87.00 98.50 101.00

20 99.83 101.60 98.00 97.00 94.00 104.00 108.00

25 102.83 104.50 99.50 97.00 94.00 108.00 108.00

30 106.22 108.25 102.50 103.00 102.00 112.50 116.00

35 108.42 110.93 103.50 103.00 102.00 116.00 116.00

40 110.98 113.70 105.50 103.00 102.00 119.50 123.00

45 113.41 115.25 109.00 109.00 110.00 121.50 123.00

50 115.08 117.00 110.00 109.00 110.00 125.00 123.00

55 117.17 119.00 113.00 109.00 117.00 128.00 123.00

60 118.92 120.75 113.00 109.00 117.00 128.50 123.00

65 120.50 122.75 116.00 116.00 117.00 131.50 132.00

70 122.75 124.10 116.50 116.00 117.00 133.00 132.00

75 125.33 125.38 119.50 116.00 126.00 135.00 132.00

80 127.25 128.00 121.00 116.00 126.00 136.00 132.00

85 129.56 129.50 122.50 122.00 133.00 138.00 132.00

90 131.83 131.00 125.00 122.00 133.00 139.50 139.00

95 134.74 133.50 128.50 128.00 141.00 143.00 139.00

99 140.10 140.50 135.83 135.00 141.00 147.00 147.00



Percentiles

5 74.00 83.00 78.05 82.00 75.00 81.05 68.00 81.00

10 80.00 88.75 89.50 89.00 82.00 84.50 75.00 88.00

15 87.00 94.00 96.00 96.00 90.00 88.00 81.00 88.00

20 100.00 97.35 99.50 102.00 97.00 91.50 88.00 95.00

25 107.00 101.25 103.00 102.00 104.00 95.00 95.00 95.00

30 107.00 104.40 106.50 109.00 104.00 98.00 95.00 95.00

35 114.00 106.50 110.00 109.00 111.00 101.50 101.00 102.00

40 120.00 109.50 113.50 109.00 111.00 105.00 108.00 102.00

45 120.00 112.23 115.80 116.00 111.00 108.00 108.00 102.00

50 127.00 114.00 117.50 116.00 119.00 111.00 114.00 108.00

55 127.00 116.03 120.50 116.00 119.00 112.00 121.00 108.00

60 134.00 118.60 121.00 122.00 119.00 115.50 121.00 116.00

65 134.00 121.00 124.00 122.00 126.00 118.50 128.00 116.00

70 140.00 123.25 126.50 129.00 126.00 122.00 128.00 123.00

75 140.00 125.63 128.00 129.00 134.00 125.50 135.00 123.00

80 140.00 128.25 131.50 129.00 134.00 128.80 135.00 123.00

85 147.00 130.00 134.00 135.00 134.00 132.00 141.00 129.00

90 147.00 133.25 135.50 135.00 141.00 135.50 141.00 136.00

95 153.00 136.50 141.50 142.00 149.00 139.00 148.00 136.00

99 153.00 143.44 148.50 149.00 155.00 145.50 155.00 143.00





Percentiles

5 85.50 85.25 84.00 84.00 78.00 83.25 85.00

10 92.33 94.25 88.50 90.00 87.00 94.00 101.00

15 98.58 99.25 93.50 97.00 87.00 103.25 108.00

20 101.67 103.00 97.00 97.00 94.00 108.00 108.00

25 104.40 106.50 99.50 97.00 94.00 111.50 116.00

30 107.46 108.75 101.50 103.00 102.00 115.00 116.00

35 110.27 111.50 105.00 103.00 102.00 118.00 116.00

40 112.67 113.75 106.50 103.00 110.00 121.50 123.00

45 114.31 115.75 107.38 103.00 110.00 123.00 123.00

50 116.17 117.75 109.50 109.00 110.00 125.00 123.00

55 118.21 119.06 112.00 109.00 117.00 128.00 123.00

60 120.08 120.75 113.00 109.00 117.00 129.50 123.00

65 121.90 122.69 116.00 109.00 117.00 131.50 132.00

70 123.71 124.50 116.50 116.00 117.00 133.00 132.00

75 125.94 126.25 118.00 116.00 126.00 136.00 132.00

80 128.17 127.75 121.00 116.00 126.00 136.50 132.00

85 130.42 129.50 122.50 122.00 131.25 139.50 139.00

90 132.25 131.75 124.75 122.00 133.00 142.50 139.00

95 135.19 133.75 128.50 128.00 141.00 143.00 139.00

99 140.60 137.03 134.50 135.00 141.00 147.00 147.00



Percentiles

5 74.00 84.75 82.50 89.00 75.00 78.00 68.00 81.00

10 87.00 90.50 93.00 96.00 90.00 85.00 75.00 88.00

15 93.00 95.75 100.00 102.00 97.00 88.50 81.00 88.00

20 100.00 100.50 103.50 102.00 97.00 91.50 88.00 95.00

25 107.00 104.00 106.50 109.00 104.00 95.00 95.00 95.00

30 114.00 106.25 110.00 109.00 111.00 98.50 101.00 102.00

35 114.00 109.25 113.50 116.00 111.00 101.50 101.00 102.00

40 120.00 112.25 114.00 116.00 111.00 105.00 108.00 102.00

45 120.00 114.00 117.50 116.00 119.00 108.00 108.00 108.00

50 127.00 116.00 120.00 122.00 119.00 112.00 114.00 108.00

55 127.00 118.00 121.00 122.00 119.00 115.00 121.00 108.00

60 134.00 119.75 124.00 122.00 126.00 118.50 121.00 116.00

65 134.00 122.31 125.00 129.00 126.00 121.50 128.00 116.00

70 140.00 124.50 127.75 129.00 126.00 122.00 128.00 123.00

75 140.00 126.25 130.50 129.00 134.00 125.50 135.00 123.00

80 147.00 128.25 131.50 135.00 134.00 129.00 135.00 123.00

85 147.00 131.50 134.50 135.00 139.25 132.00 141.00 129.00

90 147.00 134.50 138.00 142.00 141.00 135.50 141.00 129.00

95 153.00 137.31 141.50 142.00 149.00 138.50 148.00 136.00

99 153.00 143.51 149.00 155.00 149.30 145.50 155.00 143.00





Percentiles

5 90.44 93.23 86.45 84.00 78.00 92.50 93.00

10 97.42 99.23 92.00 90.00 87.00 100.50 101.00

15 101.39 103.34 95.50 97.00 94.00 106.50 108.00

20 104.80 106.75 98.50 97.00 94.00 111.00 108.00

25 107.77 108.81 100.13 97.00 102.00 114.00 116.00

30 109.31 110.50 102.50 103.00 102.00 116.00 116.00

35 111.67 111.75 105.08 103.00 102.00 118.50 116.00

40 113.82 112.50 106.50 103.00 110.00 121.30 123.00

45 115.34 114.50 107.00 103.00 110.00 121.50 123.00

50 117.08 116.38 109.50 109.00 110.00 125.00 123.00

55 118.33 118.50 110.00 109.00 110.00 128.00 123.00

60 120.53 119.75 113.00 109.00 117.00 128.50 123.00

65 121.92 121.50 114.50 109.00 117.00 131.50 132.00

70 124.11 123.00 116.15 116.00 117.00 133.00 132.00

75 125.79 124.50 117.50 116.00 126.00 135.00 132.00

80 127.60 126.55 119.50 116.00 126.00 136.50 132.00

85 130.08 128.50 121.00 116.00 133.00 139.50 132.00

90 132.43 131.08 124.50 122.00 133.00 139.50 139.00

95 135.24 134.03 128.50 128.00 141.00 143.00 139.00

99 140.60 137.00 138.00 140.46 141.00 146.00 147.00



Percentiles

5 80.00 88.50 88.73 89.00 82.00 81.50 71.15 84.15

10 93.00 95.73 98.75 96.00 90.00 88.00 81.00 88.00

15 100.00 100.50 103.00 102.00 99.45 91.50 88.00 95.00

20 107.00 103.75 106.50 109.00 104.00 95.00 88.00 95.00

25 114.00 106.00 110.50 109.00 104.00 98.00 95.00 95.00

30 114.00 109.00 113.50 116.00 111.00 101.50 101.00 102.00

35 120.00 111.75 116.50 116.00 111.00 104.50 101.00 102.00

40 120.00 113.00 117.50 116.00 119.00 108.00 108.00 108.00

45 127.00 115.75 120.50 122.00 119.00 109.10 108.00 108.00

50 127.00 117.50 123.00 122.00 119.00 112.00 114.00 108.00

55 127.00 119.49 124.00 122.00 126.00 115.00 121.00 116.00

60 134.00 121.25 126.50 129.00 126.00 118.50 121.00 116.00

65 134.00 122.75 127.50 129.00 126.00 121.50 128.00 116.00

70 140.00 124.75 130.50 135.00 134.00 122.00 128.00 123.00

75 140.00 127.31 131.50 135.00 134.00 125.50 135.00 123.00

80 140.00 129.50 134.50 135.00 134.00 128.50 135.00 123.00

85 147.00 131.50 138.00 135.00 141.00 132.00 141.00 129.00

90 147.00 134.75 138.50 142.00 141.00 135.50 141.00 129.00

95 153.00 138.39 142.00 142.00 149.00 138.50 148.00 136.00

99 153.00 142.23 147.78 149.00 155.00 145.50 155.00 143.00


Descriptive Statistics: Graphical Results


EEOC Compliance Statistics If a scale is EEOC compliant (i.e. significant differences between scores are less than 10%), it will be labeled as Yes in the appropriate column. Scales that are not EEOC compliant will be labeled as No.

Scale Name Gender Age Disability Ethnicity OVERALL YES YES YES NO

Fluid Intelligence YES YES YES NO

Spatial YES YES YES YES

Matrices YES YES YES YES

2D-3D Images YES YES YES NO

Logical YES YES YES NO

Arguments YES YES YES NO

Puzzles YES YES YES NO

Crystallized Intelligence YES YES YES NO

Verbal YES YES YES NO

Vocabulary YES YES YES NO

Analogies YES YES YES NO

Numerical YES YES YES NO

Arithmetic NO YES YES NO

Graphs & Charts YES YES YES YES


Group Comparisons: Gender In the validation questions that appear at the end of the assessment, participants were asked to select their gender from a dropdown menu. All participants can choose not to answer the question by either skipping it entirely or choosing “I don’t want to answer.” 7640 people responded to the gender question; 1704 chose not to.

The following is an Independent-measures t-test comparing two groups: Women (n = 4108) and Men (n = 3532).

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for Equality of Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean Difference

Std. Error Difference

95% Confidence Interval of the

Difference Lower Upper

Overall Score Equal variances assumed 76.907 .000 -10.495 7638 .000 -3.61058 .34402 -4.28496 -2.93621 Equal variances not assumed -10.394 7088.326 .000 -3.61058 .34738 -4.29155 -2.92961

Fluid Equal variances assumed 71.607 .000 -3.874 7638 .000 -1.34169 .34635 -2.02063 -.66275 Equal variances not assumed -3.834 7056.669 .000 -1.34169 .34996 -2.02771 -.65566

Spatial Equal variances assumed 70.065 .000 -6.145 7638 .000 -1.95467 .31807 -2.57818 -1.33116 Equal variances not assumed -6.084 7071.020 .000 -1.95467 .32129 -2.58450 -1.32484

Matrices Equal variances assumed 109.181 .000 -5.481 7638 .000 -1.52524 .27830 -2.07078 -.97971 Equal variances not assumed -5.421 7025.511 .000 -1.52524 .28138 -2.07683 -.97366

2D-3D Images Equal variances assumed 10.570 .001 -5.391 7638 .000 -2.38409 .44220 -3.25092 -1.51727 Equal variances not assumed -5.366 7301.501 .000 -2.38409 .44433 -3.25511 -1.51307

Logical Equal variances assumed 36.026 .000 -1.635 7638 .102 -.72870 .44569 -1.60238 .14497 Equal variances not assumed -1.621 7152.668 .105 -.72870 .44942 -1.60970 .15229

Arguments Equal variances assumed 19.046 .000 -.262 7638 .794 -.10718 .40952 -.90996 .69559 Equal variances not assumed -.260 7172.286 .795 -.10718 .41277 -.91633 .70196

Puzzles Equal variances assumed 33.594 .000 -2.364 7638 .018 -1.35022 .57110 -2.46973 -.23072 Equal variances not assumed -2.350 7246.126 .019 -1.35022 .57464 -2.47669 -.22376


Crystallized Equal variances assumed 56.460 .000 -12.831 7638 .000 -4.74503 .36981 -5.46996 -4.02010 Equal variances not assumed -12.722 7142.382 .000 -4.74503 .37299 -5.47620 -4.01386

Verbal Equal variances assumed 31.428 .000 -3.360 7638 .001 -1.39820 .41616 -2.21399 -.58240 Equal variances not assumed -3.332 7160.547 .001 -1.39820 .41957 -2.22068 -.57571

Vocabulary Equal variances assumed 8.976 .003 -.104 7638 .917 -.04527 .43575 -.89946 .80892 Equal variances not assumed -.103 7322.386 .918 -.04527 .43762 -.90313 .81260

Analogies Equal variances assumed 58.117 .000 -5.604 7638 .000 -2.75113 .49092 -3.71347 -1.78879 Equal variances not assumed -5.552 7108.373 .000 -2.75113 .49550 -3.72246 -1.77980

Numerical Equal variances assumed 75.730 .000 -19.643 7638 .000 -8.09187 .41194 -8.89939 -7.28435 Equal variances not assumed -19.500 7198.301 .000 -8.09187 .41496 -8.90531 -7.27842

Arithmetic Equal variances assumed 31.180 .000 -20.053 7638 .000 -11.07973 .55253 -12.16284 -9.99662 Equal variances not assumed -19.951 7291.826 .000 -11.07973 .55534 -12.16835 -9.99111

Graphs & Charts Equal variances assumed 152.563 .000 -13.812 7638 .000 -5.10400 .36955 -5.82842 -4.37959 Equal variances not assumed -13.669 7056.800 .000 -5.10400 .37340 -5.83598 -4.37203


Gender Analysis Gender:

• Women (n = 4108) • Men (n = 3532)

Analysis shows significant differences on the following scales (p < .05):

• Men (x̄ = 111.7) outscored women (x̄ = 108.1) on the Overall Score (t(7088) = -10.394; p < 0.001).

• Men (x̄ = 111.9) outscored women (x̄ = 110.6) on the Fluid Intelligence scale (t(7057) = -3.834; p < 0.001).

• Men (x̄ = 107.0) outscored women (x̄ = 105.1) on the Spatial scale (t(7071) = -6.084; p < 0.001).

• Men (x̄ = 105.8) outscored women (x̄ = 104.3) on the Matrices scale (t(7026) = -5.421; p < 0.001).

• Men (x̄ = 108.3) outscored women (x̄ = 105.9) on the 2D-3D Images scale (t(7302) = -5.366; p < 0.001).

• Men (x̄ = 115.8) outscored women (x̄ = 114.5) on the Puzzles scale (t(7246) = -2.350; p < 0.05).

• Men (x̄ = 111.6) outscored women (x̄ = 106.8) on the Crystallized Intelligence scale (t(7142) = -12.722; p < 0.001).

• Men (x̄ = 113.1) outscored women (x̄ = 111.7) on the Verbal scale (t(7161) = -3.332; p < 0.01).

• Men (x̄ = 114.2) outscored women (x̄ = 111.4) on the Analogies scale (t(7108) = -5.552; p < 0.001).

• Men (x̄ = 110.1) outscored women (x̄ = 102.0) on the Numerical scale (t(7198) = -19.500; p < 0.001).

• Men (x̄ = 112.9) outscored women (x̄ = 101.8) on the Arithmetic scale (t(7292) = -19.951; p < 0.001).

• Men (x̄ = 107.3) outscored women (x̄ = 102.2) on the Graphs & Charts scale (t(7057) = -13.669; p < 0.001).

Significant differences were not found for the Influence scale and the Logical scale, Arguments scale, and the Vocabulary scale.


Gender Analysis – Graphical Results


Group Comparisons: Age In the validation questions that appear at the end of the assessment, participants were asked to select their age from a dropdown menu. All participants can choose not to answer the question by either skipping it entirely or choosing “I don’t want to answer.” 7480 people responded to the age question; 1864 chose not to.

Note: Age data was recoded into the following age categories:

• Below 18 (n = 2465) • 18 to 24 (n = 2278) • 25 to 29 (n = 761) • 30 to 39 (n = 894) • 40 to 49 (n = 608) • 50 and older (n = 474)

Note: In the Anova using the entire sample (a one-way, independent-measures test with 6 groups), the assumption of Homogeneity of Variance was violated for all scales. To remedy this problem, another Anova, adjusted for sample size, was performed by selecting a random sample of 474 for the first five age groups. While the assumption of Homogeneity of Variance was violated, the differences were noteworthy. Below, we show the Test of Homogeneity of Variances tables and Anova tables for both the original sample and the equalized sample. The results that will be reported are based on the Anova using the equalized sample. Post-hoc test used: Tukey.


Test of Homogeneity of Variances - Original sample Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. Overall Score 12.564 5 7474 .000 Fluid 16.846 5 7474 .000 Spatial 5.420 5 7474 .000 Matrices 5.892 5 7474 .000 2D-3D Images 4.350 5 7474 .001 Logical 17.053 5 7474 .000 Arguments 15.879 5 7474 .000 Puzzles 10.497 5 7474 .000 Crystallized 10.893 5 7474 .000 Verbal 7.202 5 7474 .000 Vocabulary 6.325 5 7474 .000 Analogies 5.255 5 7474 .000 Numerical 19.160 5 7474 .000 Arithmetic 7.446 5 7474 .000 Graphs & Charts 23.253 5 7474 .000


ANOVA - Original sample Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Overall Score Between Groups 103351.436 5 20670.287 96.915 .000 Within Groups 1594077.522 7474 213.283 Total 1697428.958 7479

Fluid Between Groups 49473.351 5 9894.670 45.091 .000 Within Groups 1640085.545 7474 219.439 Total 1689558.895 7479

Spatial Between Groups 25126.677 5 5025.335 26.574 .000 Within Groups 1413376.592 7474 189.106 Total 1438503.270 7479

Matrices Between Groups 18815.529 5 3763.106 25.943 .000 Within Groups 1084145.072 7474 145.056 Total 1102960.601 7479

2D-3D Images Between Groups 33150.057 5 6630.011 18.021 .000 Within Groups 2749663.397 7474 367.897 Total 2782813.454 7479

Logical Between Groups 95867.705 5 19173.541 53.057 .000 Within Groups 2700906.002 7474 361.374 Total 2796773.707 7479

Arguments Between Groups 43697.734 5 8739.547 28.309 .000 Within Groups 2307398.036 7474 308.723 Total 2351095.770 7479

Puzzles Between Groups 173217.578 5 34643.516 58.313 .000 Within Groups 4440295.803 7474 594.099 Total 4613513.382 7479

Crystallized Between Groups 140687.883 5 28137.577 114.436 .000 Within Groups 1837708.440 7474 245.880 Total 1978396.323 7479

Verbal Between Groups 172733.577 5 34546.715 113.031 .000 Within Groups 2284341.832 7474 305.638 Total 2457075.409 7479



Vocabulary Between Groups 244993.158 5 48998.632 149.657 .000 Within Groups 2447031.921 7474 327.406 Total 2692025.079 7479

Analogies Between Groups 113479.727 5 22695.945 51.119 .000 Within Groups 3318309.830 7474 443.980 Total 3431789.557 7479

Numerical Between Groups 126015.917 5 25203.183 78.252 .000 Within Groups 2407202.952 7474 322.077 Total 2533218.868 7479

Arithmetic Between Groups 132972.949 5 26594.590 44.810 .000 Within Groups 4435766.885 7474 593.493 Total 4568739.834 7479

Graphs & Charts

Between Groups 120437.245 5 24087.449 96.580 .000 Within Groups 1864036.844 7474 249.403 Total 1984474.090 7479


Test of Homogeneity of Variances - Equalized sample

Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. Overall Score 3.397 8 531 .001 Fluid 3.097 8 531 .002 Spatial 2.436 8 531 .014 Matrices 2.056 8 531 .038 2D-3D Images 1.768 8 531 .081 Logical 3.164 8 531 .002 Arguments 2.794 8 531 .005 Puzzles 2.490 8 531 .012 Crystallized 3.915 8 531 .000 Verbal 2.386 8 531 .016 Vocabulary 1.218 8 531 .286 Analogies 2.875 8 531 .004 Numerical 3.362 8 531 .001 Arithmetic 1.837 8 531 .068 Graphs & Charts 4.131 8 531 .000


ANOVA - Equalized sample Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

















Graphs & Charts Between Groups 10582.926 8 1322.866 6.219 .000 Within Groups 112949.850 531 212.712 Total 123532.776 539


Multiple Comparisons Tukey HSD

Dependent Variable (I) Age Groups (J) Age Groups Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig.

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound

Overall Score

Below 18

18 to 24 -4.48576 .94246 .000 -7.1733 -1.7982 25 to 29 -7.86252 .94246 .000 -10.5501 -5.1749 30 to 39 -9.40629 .94246 .000 -12.0939 -6.7187 40 to 49 -10.71818 .94246 .000 -13.4057 -8.0306 50 and older -9.09353 .94246 .000 -11.7811 -6.4060

18 to 24

Below 18 4.48576 .94246 .000 1.7982 7.1733 25 to 29 -3.37676 .94246 .005 -6.0643 -.6892 30 to 39 -4.92053 .94246 .000 -7.6081 -2.2330 40 to 49 -6.23242 .94246 .000 -8.9200 -3.5448 50 and older -4.60777 .94246 .000 -7.2953 -1.9202

25 to 29

Below 18 7.86252 .94246 .000 5.1749 10.5501 18 to 24 3.37676 .94246 .005 .6892 6.0643 30 to 39 -1.54378 .94246 .573 -4.2313 1.1438 40 to 49 -2.85566 .94246 .030 -5.5432 -.1681 50 and older -1.23101 .94246 .782 -3.9186 1.4566

30 to 39

Below 18 9.40629 .94246 .000 6.7187 12.0939 18 to 24 4.92053 .94246 .000 2.2330 7.6081 25 to 29 1.54378 .94246 .573 -1.1438 4.2313 40 to 49 -1.31188 .94246 .732 -3.9995 1.3757 50 and older .31276 .94246 .999 -2.3748 3.0003

40 to 49

Below 18 10.71818 .94246 .000 8.0306 13.4057 18 to 24 6.23242 .94246 .000 3.5448 8.9200 25 to 29 2.85566 .94246 .030 .1681 5.5432 30 to 39 1.31188 .94246 .732 -1.3757 3.9995 50 and older 1.62465 .94246 .516 -1.0629 4.3122

50 and older

Below 18 9.09353 .94246 .000 6.4060 11.7811 18 to 24 4.60777 .94246 .000 1.9202 7.2953 25 to 29 1.23101 .94246 .782 -1.4566 3.9186 30 to 39 -.31276 .94246 .999 -3.0003 2.3748


40 to 49 -1.62465 .94246 .516 -4.3122 1.0629

Fluid

Below 18

18 to 24 -3.33597 .94814 .006 -6.0397 -.6322 25 to 29 -6.06224 .94814 .000 -8.7660 -3.3585 30 to 39 -7.58703 .94814 .000 -10.2908 -4.8833 40 to 49 -7.97943 .94814 .000 -10.6832 -5.2757 50 and older -4.42194 .94814 .000 -7.1257 -1.7182

18 to 24

Below 18 3.33597 .94814 .006 .6322 6.0397 25 to 29 -2.72627 .94814 .047 -5.4300 -.0225 30 to 39 -4.25105 .94814 .000 -6.9548 -1.5473 40 to 49 -4.64346 .94814 .000 -7.3472 -1.9397 50 and older -1.08597 .94814 .862 -3.7897 1.6178

25 to 29

Below 18 6.06224 .94814 .000 3.3585 8.7660 18 to 24 2.72627 .94814 .047 .0225 5.4300 30 to 39 -1.52479 .94814 .593 -4.2286 1.1790 40 to 49 -1.91719 .94814 .330 -4.6210 .7866 50 and older 1.64030 .94814 .512 -1.0635 4.3441

30 to 39

Below 18 7.58703 .94814 .000 4.8833 10.2908 18 to 24 4.25105 .94814 .000 1.5473 6.9548 25 to 29 1.52479 .94814 .593 -1.1790 4.2286 40 to 49 -.39241 .94814 .998 -3.0962 2.3114 50 and older 3.16508 .94814 .011 .4613 5.8689

40 to 49

Below 18 7.97943 .94814 .000 5.2757 10.6832 18 to 24 4.64346 .94814 .000 1.9397 7.3472 25 to 29 1.91719 .94814 .330 -.7866 4.6210 30 to 39 .39241 .94814 .998 -2.3114 3.0962 50 and older 3.55749 .94814 .002 .8537 6.2613

50 and older

Below 18 4.42194 .94814 .000 1.7182 7.1257 18 to 24 1.08597 .94814 .862 -1.6178 3.7897 25 to 29 -1.64030 .94814 .512 -4.3441 1.0635 30 to 39 -3.16508 .94814 .011 -5.8689 -.4613 40 to 49 -3.55749 .94814 .002 -6.2613 -.8537

Spatial Below 18 18 to 24 -2.57278 .89622 .047 -5.1285 -.0171 25 to 29 -4.27321 .89622 .000 -6.8289 -1.7175


30 to 39 -4.75527 .89622 .000 -7.3110 -2.1996 40 to 49 -4.88291 .89622 .000 -7.4386 -2.3272 50 and older .10759 .89622 1.000 -2.4481 2.6633

18 to 24

Below 18 2.57278 .89622 .047 .0171 5.1285 25 to 29 -1.70042 .89622 .404 -4.2561 .8553 30 to 39 -2.18249 .89622 .145 -4.7382 .3732 40 to 49 -2.31013 .89622 .103 -4.8658 .2456 50 and older 2.68038 .89622 .033 .1247 5.2361

25 to 29

Below 18 4.27321 .89622 .000 1.7175 6.8289 18 to 24 1.70042 .89622 .404 -.8553 4.2561 30 to 39 -.48207 .89622 .995 -3.0378 2.0736 40 to 49 -.60970 .89622 .984 -3.1654 1.9460 50 and older 4.38080 .89622 .000 1.8251 6.9365

30 to 39

Below 18 4.75527 .89622 .000 2.1996 7.3110 18 to 24 2.18249 .89622 .145 -.3732 4.7382 25 to 29 .48207 .89622 .995 -2.0736 3.0378 40 to 49 -.12764 .89622 1.000 -2.6833 2.4281 50 and older 4.86287 .89622 .000 2.3072 7.4186

40 to 49

Below 18 4.88291 .89622 .000 2.3272 7.4386 18 to 24 2.31013 .89622 .103 -.2456 4.8658 25 to 29 .60970 .89622 .984 -1.9460 3.1654 30 to 39 .12764 .89622 1.000 -2.4281 2.6833 50 and older 4.99051 .89622 .000 2.4348 7.5462

50 and older

Below 18 -.10759 .89622 1.000 -2.6633 2.4481 18 to 24 -2.68038 .89622 .033 -5.2361 -.1247 25 to 29 -4.38080 .89622 .000 -6.9365 -1.8251 30 to 39 -4.86287 .89622 .000 -7.4186 -2.3072 40 to 49 -4.99051 .89622 .000 -7.5462 -2.4348

Matrices Below 18

18 to 24 -2.52532 .78776 .017 -4.7717 -.2789 25 to 29 -4.14135 .78776 .000 -6.3878 -1.8949 30 to 39 -4.58861 .78776 .000 -6.8350 -2.3422 40 to 49 -3.62447 .78776 .000 -5.8709 -1.3781 50 and older .26582 .78776 .999 -1.9806 2.5122


18 to 24

Below 18 2.52532 .78776 .017 .2789 4.7717 25 to 29 -1.61603 .78776 .314 -3.8624 .6304 30 to 39 -2.06329 .78776 .093 -4.3097 .1831 40 to 49 -1.09916 .78776 .730 -3.3456 1.1473 50 and older 2.79114 .78776 .005 .5447 5.0376

25 to 29

Below 18 4.14135 .78776 .000 1.8949 6.3878 18 to 24 1.61603 .78776 .314 -.6304 3.8624 30 to 39 -.44726 .78776 .993 -2.6937 1.7992 40 to 49 .51688 .78776 .987 -1.7295 2.7633 50 and older 4.40717 .78776 .000 2.1608 6.6536

30 to 39

Below 18 4.58861 .78776 .000 2.3422 6.8350 18 to 24 2.06329 .78776 .093 -.1831 4.3097 25 to 29 .44726 .78776 .993 -1.7992 2.6937 40 to 49 .96414 .78776 .825 -1.2823 3.2105 50 and older 4.85443 .78776 .000 2.6080 7.1008

40 to 49

Below 18 3.62447 .78776 .000 1.3781 5.8709 18 to 24 1.09916 .78776 .730 -1.1473 3.3456 25 to 29 -.51688 .78776 .987 -2.7633 1.7295 30 to 39 -.96414 .78776 .825 -3.2105 1.2823 50 and older 3.89030 .78776 .000 1.6439 6.1367

50 and older

Below 18 -.26582 .78776 .999 -2.5122 1.9806 18 to 24 -2.79114 .78776 .005 -5.0376 -.5447 25 to 29 -4.40717 .78776 .000 -6.6536 -2.1608 30 to 39 -4.85443 .78776 .000 -7.1008 -2.6080 40 to 49 -3.89030 .78776 .000 -6.1367 -1.6439

2D-3D Images

Below 18

18 to 24 -2.62025 1.24069 .281 -6.1583 .9178 25 to 29 -4.40506 1.24069 .005 -7.9431 -.8670 30 to 39 -4.92194 1.24069 .001 -8.4600 -1.3839 40 to 49 -6.14135 1.24069 .000 -9.6794 -2.6033 50 and older -.05063 1.24069 1.000 -3.5887 3.4874

18 to 24 Below 18 2.62025 1.24069 .281 -.9178 6.1583 25 to 29 -1.78481 1.24069 .703 -5.3228 1.7532 30 to 39 -2.30169 1.24069 .430 -5.8397 1.2363


40 to 49 -3.52110 1.24069 .052 -7.0591 .0169 50 and older 2.56962 1.24069 .303 -.9684 6.1077

25 to 29

Below 18 4.40506 1.24069 .005 .8670 7.9431 18 to 24 1.78481 1.24069 .703 -1.7532 5.3228 30 to 39 -.51688 1.24069 .998 -4.0549 3.0212 40 to 49 -1.73629 1.24069 .727 -5.2743 1.8017 50 and older 4.35443 1.24069 .006 .8164 7.8925

30 to 39

Below 18 4.92194 1.24069 .001 1.3839 8.4600 18 to 24 2.30169 1.24069 .430 -1.2363 5.8397 25 to 29 .51688 1.24069 .998 -3.0212 4.0549 40 to 49 -1.21941 1.24069 .924 -4.7574 2.3186 50 and older 4.87131 1.24069 .001 1.3333 8.4093

40 to 49

Below 18 6.14135 1.24069 .000 2.6033 9.6794 18 to 24 3.52110 1.24069 .052 -.0169 7.0591 25 to 29 1.73629 1.24069 .727 -1.8017 5.2743 30 to 39 1.21941 1.24069 .924 -2.3186 4.7574 50 and older 6.09072 1.24069 .000 2.5527 9.6287

50 and older

Below 18 .05063 1.24069 1.000 -3.4874 3.5887 18 to 24 -2.56962 1.24069 .303 -6.1077 .9684 25 to 29 -4.35443 1.24069 .006 -7.8925 -.8164 30 to 39 -4.87131 1.24069 .001 -8.4093 -1.3333 40 to 49 -6.09072 1.24069 .000 -9.6287 -2.5527

Logical

Below 18

18 to 24 -4.09916 1.20271 .009 -7.5289 -.6694 25 to 29 -7.85127 1.20271 .000 -11.2810 -4.4215 30 to 39 -10.41878 1.20271 .000 -13.8485 -6.9891 40 to 49 -11.07595 1.20271 .000 -14.5057 -7.6462 50 and older -8.95148 1.20271 .000 -12.3812 -5.5218

18 to 24

Below 18 4.09916 1.20271 .009 .6694 7.5289 25 to 29 -3.75211 1.20271 .023 -7.1818 -.3224 30 to 39 -6.31962 1.20271 .000 -9.7493 -2.8899 40 to 49 -6.97679 1.20271 .000 -10.4065 -3.5471 50 and older -4.85232 1.20271 .001 -8.2820 -1.4226

25 to 29 Below 18 7.85127 1.20271 .000 4.4215 11.2810


18 to 24 3.75211 1.20271 .023 .3224 7.1818 30 to 39 -2.56751 1.20271 .270 -5.9972 .8622 40 to 49 -3.22468 1.20271 .079 -6.6544 .2050 50 and older -1.10021 1.20271 .943 -4.5299 2.3295

30 to 39

Below 18 10.41878 1.20271 .000 6.9891 13.8485 18 to 24 6.31962 1.20271 .000 2.8899 9.7493 25 to 29 2.56751 1.20271 .270 -.8622 5.9972 40 to 49 -.65717 1.20271 .994 -4.0869 2.7725 50 and older 1.46730 1.20271 .827 -1.9624 4.8970

40 to 49

Below 18 11.07595 1.20271 .000 7.6462 14.5057 18 to 24 6.97679 1.20271 .000 3.5471 10.4065 25 to 29 3.22468 1.20271 .079 -.2050 6.6544 30 to 39 .65717 1.20271 .994 -2.7725 4.0869 50 and older 2.12447 1.20271 .488 -1.3052 5.5542

50 and older

Below 18 8.95148 1.20271 .000 5.5218 12.3812 18 to 24 4.85232 1.20271 .001 1.4226 8.2820 25 to 29 1.10021 1.20271 .943 -2.3295 4.5299 30 to 39 -1.46730 1.20271 .827 -4.8970 1.9624 40 to 49 -2.12447 1.20271 .488 -5.5542 1.3052

Arguments

Below 18

18 to 24 -2.62447 1.10482 .165 -5.7750 .5261 25 to 29 -4.31013 1.10482 .001 -7.4607 -1.1596 30 to 39 -6.08017 1.10482 .000 -9.2307 -2.9296 40 to 49 -6.77426 1.10482 .000 -9.9248 -3.6237 50 and older -7.35865 1.10482 .000 -10.5092 -4.2081

18 to 24

Below 18 2.62447 1.10482 .165 -.5261 5.7750 25 to 29 -1.68565 1.10482 .648 -4.8362 1.4649 30 to 39 -3.45570 1.10482 .022 -6.6063 -.3051 40 to 49 -4.14979 1.10482 .002 -7.3003 -.9992 50 and older -4.73418 1.10482 .000 -7.8847 -1.5836

25 to 29

Below 18 4.31013 1.10482 .001 1.1596 7.4607 18 to 24 1.68565 1.10482 .648 -1.4649 4.8362 30 to 39 -1.77004 1.10482 .597 -4.9206 1.3805 40 to 49 -2.46414 1.10482 .224 -5.6147 .6864


50 and older -3.04852 1.10482 .064 -6.1991 .1020

30 to 39

Below 18 6.08017 1.10482 .000 2.9296 9.2307 18 to 24 3.45570 1.10482 .022 .3051 6.6063 25 to 29 1.77004 1.10482 .597 -1.3805 4.9206 40 to 49 -.69409 1.10482 .989 -3.8447 2.4565 50 and older -1.27848 1.10482 .857 -4.4290 1.8721

40 to 49

Below 18 6.77426 1.10482 .000 3.6237 9.9248 18 to 24 4.14979 1.10482 .002 .9992 7.3003 25 to 29 2.46414 1.10482 .224 -.6864 5.6147 30 to 39 .69409 1.10482 .989 -2.4565 3.8447 50 and older -.58439 1.10482 .995 -3.7349 2.5662

50 and older

Below 18 7.35865 1.10482 .000 4.2081 10.5092 18 to 24 4.73418 1.10482 .000 1.5836 7.8847 25 to 29 3.04852 1.10482 .064 -.1020 6.1991 30 to 39 1.27848 1.10482 .857 -1.8721 4.4290 40 to 49 .58439 1.10482 .995 -2.5662 3.7349

Puzzles

Below 18

18 to 24 -5.57384 1.55170 .004 -9.9987 -1.1489 25 to 29 -11.39241 1.55170 .000 -15.8173 -6.9675 30 to 39 -14.75738 1.55170 .000 -19.1823 -10.3325 40 to 49 -15.37764 1.55170 .000 -19.8025 -10.9527 50 and older -10.54430 1.55170 .000 -14.9692 -6.1194

18 to 24

Below 18 5.57384 1.55170 .004 1.1489 9.9987 25 to 29 -5.81857 1.55170 .002 -10.2435 -1.3937 30 to 39 -9.18354 1.55170 .000 -13.6084 -4.7586 40 to 49 -9.80380 1.55170 .000 -14.2287 -5.3789 50 and older -4.97046 1.55170 .017 -9.3954 -.5456

25 to 29

Below 18 11.39241 1.55170 .000 6.9675 15.8173 18 to 24 5.81857 1.55170 .002 1.3937 10.2435 30 to 39 -3.36498 1.55170 .253 -7.7899 1.0599 40 to 49 -3.98523 1.55170 .105 -8.4101 .4397 50 and older .84810 1.55170 .994 -3.5768 5.2730

30 to 39 Below 18 14.75738 1.55170 .000 10.3325 19.1823 18 to 24 9.18354 1.55170 .000 4.7586 13.6084


25 to 29 3.36498 1.55170 .253 -1.0599 7.7899 40 to 49 -.62025 1.55170 .999 -5.0452 3.8047 50 and older 4.21308 1.55170 .073 -.2118 8.6380

40 to 49

Below 18 15.37764 1.55170 .000 10.9527 19.8025 18 to 24 9.80380 1.55170 .000 5.3789 14.2287 25 to 29 3.98523 1.55170 .105 -.4397 8.4101 30 to 39 .62025 1.55170 .999 -3.8047 5.0452 50 and older 4.83333 1.55170 .023 .4084 9.2582

50 and older

Below 18 10.54430 1.55170 .000 6.1194 14.9692 18 to 24 4.97046 1.55170 .017 .5456 9.3954 25 to 29 -.84810 1.55170 .994 -5.2730 3.5768 30 to 39 -4.21308 1.55170 .073 -8.6380 .2118 40 to 49 -4.83333 1.55170 .023 -9.2582 -.4084

Crystallized

Below 18


18 to 24

Below 18 5.06065 1.01610 .000 2.1631 7.9582 25 to 29 -3.70200 1.01610 .004 -6.5996 -.8044 30 to 39 -5.25527 1.01610 .000 -8.1528 -2.3577 40 to 49 -7.02690 1.01610 .000 -9.9245 -4.1293 50 and older -6.36867 1.01610 .000 -9.2662 -3.4711

25 to 29

Below 18 8.76266 1.01610 .000 5.8651 11.6602 18 to 24 3.70200 1.01610 .004 .8044 6.5996 30 to 39 -1.55327 1.01610 .646 -4.4508 1.3443 40 to 49 -3.32489 1.01610 .014 -6.2225 -.4273 50 and older -2.66667 1.01610 .092 -5.5642 .2309

30 to 39

Below 18 10.31593 1.01610 .000 7.4184 13.2135 18 to 24 5.25527 1.01610 .000 2.3577 8.1528 25 to 29 1.55327 1.01610 .646 -1.3443 4.4508 40 to 49 -1.77162 1.01610 .503 -4.6692 1.1259 50 and older -1.11340 1.01610 .883 -4.0110 1.7842


40 to 49

Below 18 12.08755 1.01610 .000 9.1900 14.9851 18 to 24 7.02690 1.01610 .000 4.1293 9.9245 25 to 29 3.32489 1.01610 .014 .4273 6.2225 30 to 39 1.77162 1.01610 .503 -1.1259 4.6692 50 and older .65823 1.01610 .987 -2.2393 3.5558

50 and older

Below 18 11.42932 1.01610 .000 8.5318 14.3269 18 to 24 6.36867 1.01610 .000 3.4711 9.2662 25 to 29 2.66667 1.01610 .092 -.2309 5.5642 30 to 39 1.11340 1.01610 .883 -1.7842 4.0110 40 to 49 -.65823 1.01610 .987 -3.5558 2.2393

Verbal

Below 18


18 to 24

Below 18 4.64241 1.11547 .000 1.4615 7.8234 25 to 29 -3.14768 1.11547 .054 -6.3286 .0333 30 to 39 -6.12236 1.11547 .000 -9.3033 -2.9414 40 to 49 -8.49262 1.11547 .000 -11.6736 -5.3117 50 and older -10.61603 1.11547 .000 -13.7970 -7.4351

25 to 29

Below 18 7.79008 1.11547 .000 4.6091 10.9710 18 to 24 3.14768 1.11547 .054 -.0333 6.3286 30 to 39 -2.97468 1.11547 .082 -6.1556 .2063 40 to 49 -5.34494 1.11547 .000 -8.5259 -2.1640 50 and older -7.46835 1.11547 .000 -10.6493 -4.2874

30 to 39

Below 18 10.76477 1.11547 .000 7.5838 13.9457 18 to 24 6.12236 1.11547 .000 2.9414 9.3033 25 to 29 2.97468 1.11547 .082 -.2063 6.1556 40 to 49 -2.37025 1.11547 .275 -5.5512 .8107 50 and older -4.49367 1.11547 .001 -7.6746 -1.3127

40 to 49 Below 18 13.13502 1.11547 .000 9.9541 16.3160 18 to 24 8.49262 1.11547 .000 5.3117 11.6736 25 to 29 5.34494 1.11547 .000 2.1640 8.5259


30 to 39 2.37025 1.11547 .275 -.8107 5.5512 50 and older -2.12342 1.11547 .400 -5.3044 1.0575

50 and older

Below 18 15.25844 1.11547 .000 12.0775 18.4394 18 to 24 10.61603 1.11547 .000 7.4351 13.7970 25 to 29 7.46835 1.11547 .000 4.2874 10.6493 30 to 39 4.49367 1.11547 .001 1.3127 7.6746 40 to 49 2.12342 1.11547 .400 -1.0575 5.3044

Vocabulary

Below 18


18 to 24

Below 18 5.55274 1.14376 .000 2.2911 8.8143 25 to 29 -3.91561 1.14376 .008 -7.1772 -.6540 30 to 39 -7.24051 1.14376 .000 -10.5021 -3.9789 40 to 49 -9.93460 1.14376 .000 -13.1962 -6.6730 50 and older -12.45992 1.14376 .000 -15.7215 -9.1983

25 to 29

Below 18 9.46835 1.14376 .000 6.2068 12.7300 18 to 24 3.91561 1.14376 .008 .6540 7.1772 30 to 39 -3.32489 1.14376 .043 -6.5865 -.0633 40 to 49 -6.01899 1.14376 .000 -9.2806 -2.7574 50 and older -8.54430 1.14376 .000 -11.8059 -5.2827

30 to 39

Below 18 12.79325 1.14376 .000 9.5316 16.0549 18 to 24 7.24051 1.14376 .000 3.9789 10.5021 25 to 29 3.32489 1.14376 .043 .0633 6.5865 40 to 49 -2.69409 1.14376 .173 -5.9557 .5675 50 and older -5.21941 1.14376 .000 -8.4810 -1.9578

40 to 49

Below 18 15.48734 1.14376 .000 12.2257 18.7489 18 to 24 9.93460 1.14376 .000 6.6730 13.1962 25 to 29 6.01899 1.14376 .000 2.7574 9.2806 30 to 39 2.69409 1.14376 .173 -.5675 5.9557 50 and older -2.52532 1.14376 .234 -5.7869 .7363

50 and older Below 18 18.01266 1.14376 .000 14.7511 21.2743


18 to 24 12.45992 1.14376 .000 9.1983 15.7215 25 to 29 8.54430 1.14376 .000 5.2827 11.8059 30 to 39 5.21941 1.14376 .000 1.9578 8.4810 40 to 49 2.52532 1.14376 .234 -.7363 5.7869

Analogies

Below 18

18 to 24 -3.73207 1.34336 .061 -7.5629 .0987 25 to 29 -6.11181 1.34336 .000 -9.9426 -2.2810 30 to 39 -8.73629 1.34336 .000 -12.5671 -4.9055 40 to 49 -10.78270 1.34336 .000 -14.6135 -6.9519 50 and older -12.50422 1.34336 .000 -16.3350 -8.6734

18 to 24

Below 18 3.73207 1.34336 .061 -.0987 7.5629 25 to 29 -2.37975 1.34336 .484 -6.2106 1.4511 30 to 39 -5.00422 1.34336 .003 -8.8350 -1.1734 40 to 49 -7.05063 1.34336 .000 -10.8814 -3.2198 50 and older -8.77215 1.34336 .000 -12.6030 -4.9413

25 to 29

Below 18 6.11181 1.34336 .000 2.2810 9.9426 18 to 24 2.37975 1.34336 .484 -1.4511 6.2106 30 to 39 -2.62447 1.34336 .370 -6.4553 1.2063 40 to 49 -4.67089 1.34336 .007 -8.5017 -.8401 50 and older -6.39241 1.34336 .000 -10.2232 -2.5616

30 to 39

Below 18 8.73629 1.34336 .000 4.9055 12.5671 18 to 24 5.00422 1.34336 .003 1.1734 8.8350 25 to 29 2.62447 1.34336 .370 -1.2063 6.4553 40 to 49 -2.04641 1.34336 .649 -5.8772 1.7844 50 and older -3.76793 1.34336 .057 -7.5987 .0629

40 to 49

Below 18 10.78270 1.34336 .000 6.9519 14.6135 18 to 24 7.05063 1.34336 .000 3.2198 10.8814 25 to 29 4.67089 1.34336 .007 .8401 8.5017 30 to 39 2.04641 1.34336 .649 -1.7844 5.8772 50 and older -1.72152 1.34336 .795 -5.5523 2.1093

50 and older

Below 18 12.50422 1.34336 .000 8.6734 16.3350 18 to 24 8.77215 1.34336 .000 4.9413 12.6030 25 to 29 6.39241 1.34336 .000 2.5616 10.2232 30 to 39 3.76793 1.34336 .057 -.0629 7.5987


40 to 49 1.72152 1.34336 .795 -2.1093 5.5523

Numerical

Below 18


18 to 24

Below 18 5.47890 1.19210 .000 2.0795 8.8784 25 to 29 -4.25633 1.19210 .005 -7.6558 -.8569 30 to 39 -4.38819 1.19210 .003 -7.7876 -.9887 40 to 49 -5.56118 1.19210 .000 -8.9606 -2.1617 50 and older -2.12131 1.19210 .479 -5.5208 1.2781

25 to 29

Below 18 9.73523 1.19210 .000 6.3358 13.1347 18 to 24 4.25633 1.19210 .005 .8569 7.6558 30 to 39 -.13186 1.19210 1.000 -3.5313 3.2676 40 to 49 -1.30485 1.19210 .884 -4.7043 2.0946 50 and older 2.13502 1.19210 .472 -1.2644 5.5345

30 to 39

Below 18 9.86709 1.19210 .000 6.4676 13.2665 18 to 24 4.38819 1.19210 .003 .9887 7.7876 25 to 29 .13186 1.19210 1.000 -3.2676 3.5313 40 to 49 -1.17300 1.19210 .923 -4.5724 2.2265 50 and older 2.26688 1.19210 .401 -1.1326 5.6663

40 to 49

Below 18 11.04008 1.19210 .000 7.6406 14.4395 18 to 24 5.56118 1.19210 .000 2.1617 8.9606 25 to 29 1.30485 1.19210 .884 -2.0946 4.7043 30 to 39 1.17300 1.19210 .923 -2.2265 4.5724 50 and older 3.43987 1.19210 .045 .0404 6.8393

50 and older

Below 18 7.60021 1.19210 .000 4.2008 10.9997 18 to 24 2.12131 1.19210 .479 -1.2781 5.5208 25 to 29 -2.13502 1.19210 .472 -5.5345 1.2644 30 to 39 -2.26688 1.19210 .401 -5.6663 1.1326 40 to 49 -3.43987 1.19210 .045 -6.8393 -.0404

Arithmetic Below 18 18 to 24 -5.72574 1.58776 .004 -10.2535 -1.1980 25 to 29 -10.33333 1.58776 .000 -14.8611 -5.8056


30 to 39 -10.27004 1.58776 .000 -14.7978 -5.7423 40 to 49 -10.85865 1.58776 .000 -15.3864 -6.3309 50 and older -6.89241 1.58776 .000 -11.4201 -2.3647

18 to 24

Below 18 5.72574 1.58776 .004 1.1980 10.2535 25 to 29 -4.60759 1.58776 .043 -9.1353 -.0799 30 to 39 -4.54430 1.58776 .049 -9.0720 -.0166 40 to 49 -5.13291 1.58776 .016 -9.6606 -.6052 50 and older -1.16667 1.58776 .978 -5.6944 3.3611

25 to 29

Below 18 10.33333 1.58776 .000 5.8056 14.8611 18 to 24 4.60759 1.58776 .043 .0799 9.1353 30 to 39 .06329 1.58776 1.000 -4.4644 4.5910 40 to 49 -.52532 1.58776 .999 -5.0531 4.0024 50 and older 3.44093 1.58776 .254 -1.0868 7.9687

30 to 39

Below 18 10.27004 1.58776 .000 5.7423 14.7978 18 to 24 4.54430 1.58776 .049 .0166 9.0720 25 to 29 -.06329 1.58776 1.000 -4.5910 4.4644 40 to 49 -.58861 1.58776 .999 -5.1163 3.9391 50 and older 3.37764 1.58776 .273 -1.1501 7.9054

40 to 49

Below 18 10.85865 1.58776 .000 6.3309 15.3864 18 to 24 5.13291 1.58776 .016 .6052 9.6606 25 to 29 .52532 1.58776 .999 -4.0024 5.0531 30 to 39 .58861 1.58776 .999 -3.9391 5.1163 50 and older 3.96624 1.58776 .125 -.5615 8.4940

50 and older

Below 18 6.89241 1.58776 .000 2.3647 11.4201 18 to 24 1.16667 1.58776 .978 -3.3611 5.6944 25 to 29 -3.44093 1.58776 .254 -7.9687 1.0868 30 to 39 -3.37764 1.58776 .273 -7.9054 1.1501 40 to 49 -3.96624 1.58776 .125 -8.4940 .5615

Graphs & Charts Below 18



18 to 24

Below 18 5.23207 1.06858 .000 2.1848 8.2793 25 to 29 -3.90506 1.06858 .004 -6.9523 -.8578 30 to 39 -4.23207 1.06858 .001 -7.2793 -1.1848 40 to 49 -5.98945 1.06858 .000 -9.0367 -2.9422 50 and older -3.07595 1.06858 .046 -6.1232 -.0287

25 to 29

Below 18 9.13713 1.06858 .000 6.0899 12.1844 18 to 24 3.90506 1.06858 .004 .8578 6.9523 30 to 39 -.32700 1.06858 1.000 -3.3742 2.7202 40 to 49 -2.08439 1.06858 .371 -5.1316 .9628 50 and older .82911 1.06858 .972 -2.2181 3.8763

30 to 39

Below 18 9.46414 1.06858 .000 6.4169 12.5114 18 to 24 4.23207 1.06858 .001 1.1848 7.2793 25 to 29 .32700 1.06858 1.000 -2.7202 3.3742 40 to 49 -1.75738 1.06858 .569 -4.8046 1.2898 50 and older 1.15612 1.06858 .889 -1.8911 4.2033

40 to 49

Below 18 11.22152 1.06858 .000 8.1743 14.2687 18 to 24 5.98945 1.06858 .000 2.9422 9.0367 25 to 29 2.08439 1.06858 .371 -.9628 5.1316 30 to 39 1.75738 1.06858 .569 -1.2898 4.8046 50 and older 2.91350 1.06858 .070 -.1337 5.9607

50 and older

Below 18 8.30802 1.06858 .000 5.2608 11.3552 18 to 24 3.07595 1.06858 .046 .0287 6.1232 25 to 29 -.82911 1.06858 .972 -3.8763 2.2181 30 to 39 -1.15612 1.06858 .889 -4.2033 1.8911 40 to 49 -2.91350 1.06858 .070 -5.9607 .1337


Age Groups - Re-sampled Analysis Age groups:

• Below 18 (n = 474) • 18 to 24 (n = 474) • 25 to 29 (n = 474) • 30 to 39 (n = 474) • 40 to 49 (n = 474) • 50 and older (n = 474)

Analysis shows significant differences on the following scales:

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Overall Score (F(5,2838) = 36.04; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Below 18 age group (x̄ = 105.0) were outscored (p < .001) by the 18 to 24 (x̄ = 109.5), 25 to 29 (x̄ = 112.9), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 114.4), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 115.7), and 50+ (x̄ = 114.1) age groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the18 to 24 age group (x̄ = 109.5) were outscored (p < .01) by the 25 to 29 (x̄ = 112.9), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 114.4), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 115.7), and 50+ (x̄ = 114.1) age groups. The 40 to 49 age group (x̄ = 115.7) also outscored (p < .05) the 25 to 29 age group (x̄ = 112.9).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Fluid Intelligence scale (F(5,2838) = 19.91; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Below 18 age group (x̄ = 107.6) were outscored (p < .01) by the 18 to 24 (x̄ = 110.9), 25 to 29 (x̄ = 113.6), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 115.2), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 115.6), and 50+ (x̄ = 112.0) age groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the18 to 24 age group (x̄ = 110.9) were outscored (p < .05) by the 25 to 29 (x̄ = 113.6), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 115.2), and 40 to 49 (x̄ = 115.6) age groups. The 30-39 age group (x̄ = 115.2) also outscored (p < .05) the 50+ age group (x̄ = 112.0).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Spatial scale (F(5,2838) = 13.27; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Below 18 age group (x̄ = 103.8) were outscored (p < .05) by the 18 to 24 (x̄ = 106.4), 25 to 29 (x̄ = 108.1), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 108.6), and 40 to 49 (x̄ = 108.7) age groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the 50+ age group (x̄ = 103.7) were outscored (p < .05) by the 18 to 24 (x̄ = 106.4), 25 to 29 (x̄ = 108.1), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 108.6), and 40 to 49 (x̄ = 108.7) age groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Matrices scale (F(5,2838) = 14.31; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Below 18 age group

(x̄ = 102.9) were outscored (p < .05) by the 18 to 24 (x̄ = 105.5), 25 to 29 (x̄ = 107.1), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 107.5), and 40 to 49 (x̄ = 106.6) age groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the 50+ age group (x̄ = 102.7) were outscored (p < .01) by the 18 to 24 (x̄ = 105.5), 25 to 29 (x̄ = 107.1), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 107.5), and 40 to 49 (x̄ = 106.6) age groups.


• A significant ANOVA was found on the 2D-3D Images scale (F(5,2838) = 8.67; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Below 18 age

group (x̄ = 104.7) were outscored (p < .01) by the 25 to 29 (x̄ = 109.1), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 109.6), and 40 to 49 (x̄ = 110.8) age groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the 50+ age group (x̄ = 104.7) were outscored (p < .01) by the 25 to 29 (x̄ = 109.1), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 109.6), and 40 to 49 (x̄ = 110.8) age groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Logical scale (F(5,2838) = 24.95; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Below 18 age group (x̄

= 111.4) were outscored (p < .01) by the 18 to 24 (x̄ = 115.5), 25 to 29 (x̄ = 119.2), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 121.8), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 122.4), and 50+ (x̄ = 120.3) age groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the18 to 24 age group (x̄ = 115.5) were outscored (p < .05) by the 25 to 29 (x̄ = 119.2), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 121.8), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 122.4), and 50+ (x̄ = 120.3) age groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Arguments scale (F(5,2838) = 12.99; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Below 18 age

group (x̄ = 114.6) were outscored (p < .01) by the 25 to 29 (x̄ = 119.0), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 120.7), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 121.4), and 50+ (x̄ = 122.0) age groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the18 to 24 age group (x̄ = 117.3) were outscored (p < .05) by the 30 to 39 (x̄ = 120.7), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 121.4), and 50+ (x̄ = 122.0) age groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Puzzles scale (F(5,2838) = 28.65; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Below 18 age group (x̄

= 108.1) were outscored (p < .01) by the 18 to 24 (x̄ = 113.6), 25 to 29 (x̄ = 119.5), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 122.8), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 123.4), and 50+ (x̄ = 118.6) age groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the18 to 24 age group (x̄ = 113.6) were outscored (p < .05) by the 25 to 29 (x̄ = 119.5), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 122.8), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 123.4), and 50+ (x̄ = 118.6) age groups. The 40 to 49 age group (x̄ = 123.4) also outscored (p < .05) the 50+ age group (x̄ = 118.6).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Crystallized Intelligence scale (F(5,2838) = 41.47; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Below

18 age group (x̄ = 103.7) were outscored (p < .001) by the 18 to 24 (x̄ = 108.8), 25 to 29 (x̄ = 112.5), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 114.0), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 115.8), and 50+ (x̄ = 115.1) age groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the18 to 24 age group (x̄ = 108.8) were outscored (p < .01) by the 25 to 29 (x̄ = 112.5), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 114.0), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 115.8), and 50+ (x̄ = 115.1) age groups. The 40 to 49 age group (x̄ = 115.8) also outscored (p < .05) the 25 to 29 age group (x̄ = 112.5).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Verbal scale (F(5,2838) = 51.39; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Below 18 age group (x̄

= 106.7) were outscored (p < .001) by the 18 to 24 (x̄ = 111.4), 25 to 29 (x̄ = 114.5), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 117.5), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 119.9), and 50+ (x̄ = 122.0) age groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the18 to 24 age group (x̄ = 111.4) were outscored (p < .001) by the 30 to 39 (x̄ = 117.5), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 119.9), and 50+ (x̄ = 122.0) age groups. The 25 to 29 age group (x̄ = 114.5) were outscored (p < .001) by the 40 to 49 (x̄ = 119.9) and 50+ (x̄ = 122.0) age groups. The 30 to 39 group (x̄ = 117.5) were outscored (p < .01) by the 50+ age group (x̄ = 122.0).


• A significant ANOVA was found on the Vocabulary scale (F(5,2838) = 67.85; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Below 18 age

group (x̄ = 105.3) were outscored (p < .001) by the 18 to 24 (x̄ = 110.9), 25 to 29 (x̄ = 114.8), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 118.1), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 120.8), and 50+ (x̄ = 123.3) age groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the18 to 24 age group (x̄ = 110.9) were outscored (p < .01) by the 25 to 29 (x̄ = 114.8), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 118.1), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 120.8), and 50+ (x̄ = 123.3) age groups. The 25 to 29 age group (x̄ = 114.8) were outscored (p < .05) by the 30 to 39 (x̄ = 118.1), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 120.8), and 50+ (x̄ = 123.3) age groups. The 30 to 39 group (x̄ = 118.1) were outscored (p < .001) by the 50+ age group (x̄ = 123.3).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Analogies scale (F(5,2838) = 23.96; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Below 18 age group

(x̄ = 108.2) were outscored (p < .001) by the 25 to 29 (x̄ = 114.3), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 116.9), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 118.9), and 50+ (x̄ = 120.7) age groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the18 to 24 age group (x̄ = 111.9) were outscored (p < .01) by the 30 to 39 (x̄ = 116.9), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 118.9), and 50+ (x̄ = 120.7) age groups. The 25 to 29 age group (x̄ = 114.3) were outscored (p < .01) by the 40 to 49 (x̄ = 118.9) and 50+ (x̄ = 120.7) age groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Numerical scale (F(5,2838) = 23.42; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Below 18 age group

(x̄ = 100.7) were outscored (p < .001) by the 18 to 24 (x̄ = 106.1), 25 to 29 (x̄ = 110.4), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 110.5), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 111.7), and 50+ (x̄ = 108.3) age groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the18 to 24 age group (x̄ = 106.1) were outscored (p < .01) by the 30 to 39 (x̄ = 110.5), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 111.7), and 50+ (x̄ = 108.3) age groups. The 40 to 49 group (x̄ = 111.7) outscored (p < .05) by the 50+ age group (x̄ = 108.3).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Arithmetic scale (F(5,2838) = 13.74; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Below 18 age group

(x̄ = 101.7) were outscored (p < .01) by the 18 to 24 (x̄ = 107.4), 25 to 29 (x̄ = 112.0), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 111.9), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 112.5), and 50+ (x̄ = 108.6) age groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the18 to 24 age group (x̄ = 107.4) were outscored (p < .05) by the 25 to 29 (x̄ = 112.0), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 111.9), and 40 to 49 (x̄ = 112.5) age groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Graphs & Charts scale (F(5,2838) = 28.72; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Below 18 age

group (x̄ = 99.7) were outscored (p < .001) by the 18 to 24 (x̄ = 104.9), 25 to 29 (x̄ = 108.8), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 109.1), 40 to 49 (x̄ = 110.9), and 50+ (x̄ = 108.0) age groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the18 to 24 age group (x̄ = 104.9) were outscored (p < .05) by the 25 to 29 (x̄ = 108.8), 30 to 39 (x̄ = 109.1), and 40 to 49 (x̄ = 110.9), and 50+ (x̄ = 108.0) age groups.


Age Analysis – Graphical Results


Group Comparisons: Disability In the validation questions that appear at the end of the assessment, participants were asked the following question:

Are you a person with a disability as defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?

• Yes • No

Participants were then asked to check the box that best describes their disability, and to specify their diagnosis (by typing in a textbox). Disabilities including the following:

Physical/Systemic disability (e.g. lupus, MS, CP) Hearing impairment or deafness Visual impairment or blindness Cognitive disability (e.g. learning disability, post-stroke) Psychiatric disability (e.g. depression, bi-polar disorder) Other (with textbox to allow participants to enter their own response)

Note: All participants can choose not to answer the question by skipping it entirely. 7667 people (818 disabled, 6849 non-disabled) responded to the disability question; 1677 chose not to. The sample size of the disabled group was much smaller than the size of the group without a disability. Therefore, an equal-sized sample without a disability was formed by randomly selecting subjects to match for age and gender with the disabled group. The following is an Independent-measures t-test comparing two groups: Disabled (n = 711) and Non-disabled (n = 711).


Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference

Std. Error Difference

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

Lower Upper

Overall Score Equal variances assumed .128 .720 -3.581 1420 .000 -2.78669 .77825 -4.31333 -1.26004 Equal variances not assumed -3.581 1418.728 .000 -2.78669 .77825 -4.31333 -1.26004

Fluid Intelligence Equal variances assumed 3.719 .054 -3.741 1420 .000 -2.94515 .78725 -4.48944 -1.40086 Equal variances not assumed -3.741 1414.558 .000 -2.94515 .78725 -4.48945 -1.40085

Spatial Equal variances assumed .461 .497 -3.341 1420 .001 -2.46624 .73820 -3.91433 -1.01816 Equal variances not assumed -3.341 1419.466 .001 -2.46624 .73820 -3.91433 -1.01816

Matrices Equal variances assumed .574 .449 -4.052 1420 .000 -2.58931 .63905 -3.84290 -1.33572 Equal variances not assumed -4.052 1419.638 .000 -2.58931 .63905 -3.84290 -1.33572

2D-3D Images Equal variances assumed .864 .353 -2.281 1420 .023 -2.34318 1.02741 -4.35859 -.32777 Equal variances not assumed -2.281 1419.414 .023 -2.34318 1.02741 -4.35859 -.32777

Logical Equal variances assumed 10.697 .001 -3.435 1420 .001 -3.42405 .99681 -5.37943 -1.46868 Equal variances not assumed -3.435 1410.583 .001 -3.42405 .99681 -5.37944 -1.46867

Arguments Equal variances assumed 2.964 .085 -3.072 1420 .002 -2.77496 .90332 -4.54696 -1.00297 Equal variances not assumed -3.072 1414.160 .002 -2.77496 .90332 -4.54696 -1.00297

Puzzles Equal variances assumed 7.943 .005 -3.112 1420 .002 -4.07314 1.30885 -6.64063 -1.50564 Equal variances not assumed -3.112 1415.216 .002 -4.07314 1.30885 -6.64064 -1.50563

Crystallized Intelligence Equal variances assumed .030 .862 -3.240 1420 .001 -2.70745 .83573 -4.34685 -1.06806 Equal variances not assumed -3.240 1419.433 .001 -2.70745 .83573 -4.34685 -1.06806

Verbal Equal variances assumed .269 .604 -2.343 1420 .019 -2.20956 .94297 -4.05933 -.35980 Equal variances not assumed -2.343 1417.577 .019 -2.20956 .94297 -4.05933 -.35979

Vocabulary Equal variances assumed .004 .951 -.931 1420 .352 -.92686 .99577 -2.88020 1.02647 Equal variances not assumed -.931 1419.954 .352 -.92686 .99577 -2.88020 1.02647

Analogies Equal variances assumed 1.706 .192 -3.117 1420 .002 -3.49226 1.12022 -5.68972 -1.29481 Equal variances not assumed -3.117 1413.650 .002 -3.49226 1.12022 -5.68973 -1.29480

Numerical Equal variances assumed .000 .996 -3.350 1420 .001 -3.20534 .95674 -5.08211 -1.32858 Equal variances not assumed -3.350 1419.992 .001 -3.20534 .95674 -5.08211 -1.32858

Arithmetic Equal variances assumed .144 .705 -3.409 1420 .001 -4.42053 1.29676 -6.96430 -1.87677 Equal variances not assumed -3.409 1419.905 .001 -4.42053 1.29676 -6.96430 -1.87677

Graphs & Charts Equal variances assumed 2.038 .154 -2.370 1420 .018 -1.99015 .83981 -3.63757 -.34274 Equal variances not assumed -2.370 1419.495 .018 -1.99015 .83981 -3.63757 -.34274


Disability Analysis Groups:

• Yes (n = 711) • No (n = 711) Analysis shows significant differences on the following scales (p < .05):

• The Non-disabled group (x̄ = 110.7) outscored the Disabled group (x̄ = 107.9) on the Overall Score (t(1420) = -3.581; p < 0.001).

• The Non-disabled group (x̄ = 112.4) outscored the Disabled group (x̄ = 109.5) on the Fluid Intelligence scale (t(1420) = -3.741; p < 0.001).

• The Non-disabled group (x̄ = 107.2) outscored the Disabled group (x̄ = 104.7) on the Spatial scale (t(1420) = -3.341; p < 0.01).

• The Non-disabled group (x̄ = 105.8) outscored the Disabled group (x̄ = 103.3) on the Matrices scale (t(1420) = -4.052; p < 0.001).

• The Non-disabled group (x̄ = 108.5) outscored the Disabled group (x̄ = 106.1) on the 2D-3D Images scale (t(1420) = -2.281; p < 0.05).

• The Non-disabled group (x̄ = 117.7) outscored the Disabled group (x̄ = 114.2) on the Logical scale (t(1411) = -3.435; p < 0.01).

• The Non-disabled group (x̄ = 119.3) outscored the Disabled group (x̄ = 116.5) on the Arguments scale (t(1420) = -3.072; p < 0.01).

• The Non-disabled group (x̄ = 116.0) outscored the Disabled group (x̄ = 111.9) on the Puzzles scale (t(1415) = -3.112; p < 0.01).

• The Non-disabled group (x̄ = 109.9) outscored the Disabled group (x̄ = 107.2) on the Crystallized Intelligence scale (t(1420) = -3.240; p < 0.01).

• The Non-disabled group (x̄ = 113.8) outscored the Disabled group (x̄ = 111.6) on the Verbal scale (t(1420) = -2.343; p < 0.05).

• The Non-disabled group (x̄ = 114.6) outscored the Disabled group (x̄ = 111.1) on the Analogies scale (t(1420) = -3.117; p < 0.01).

• The Non-disabled group (x̄ = 106.0) outscored the Disabled group (x̄ = 102.8) on the Numerical scale (t(1420) = -3.350; p < 0.01).

• The Non-disabled group (x̄ = 107.2) outscored the Disabled group (x̄ = 102.8) on the Arithmetic scale (t(1420) = -3.409; p < 0.01).


• The Non-disabled group (x̄ = 104.8) outscored the Disabled group (x̄ = 102.8) on the Graphs & Charts scale (t(1420) = -2.370; p < 0.05).

Significant differences were not found on the Vocabulary scale.


Disability Analysis – Graphical Results


Group Comparisons: Ethnicity In the validation questions that appear at the end of the assessment, participants were asked the following question:

Which of the following best describes your ethnicity?

• Asian – Chinese • Asian – Filipino • Asian – Vietnamese • Asian – Japanese • Asian – Korean • Asian – Pacific Islander • Asian – Other • Black – African • Black – African-American • Black – Caribbean • Black – Other • Caucasian – European

• Caucasian – North American • Caucasian – Australian • Caucasian – Other • Hispanic – South American • Hispanic – European • Hispanic – Other • Jewish – North American • Jewish – Middle Eastern • Jewish – European • Middle Eastern – Bahraini • Middle Eastern – Iranian • Middle Eastern – Egyptian

• Middle Eastern – Persian • Middle Eastern – Arab • Middle Eastern – Kuwaiti • Middle Eastern – Pakistani • Middle Eastern - Turkish • Middle Eastern – Armenian • Middle Eastern – Indian • Middle Eastern – Other • Native American • Two or more of the above • Other

In order to reduce the amount of groups in the analysis, ethnicity was recoded as follows:

• Asian Chinese, Asian Filipino, Asian Vietnamese, Asian Japanese, Asian Korean, Asian Pacific Islander, Asian Other => Recoded as Asian (n= 793)

• Black African, Black African-American, Black Caribbean, Black Other => Recoded as Black (n= 271) • Caucasian European, Caucasian North American, Caucasian Australian, Caucasian Other => Recoded as Caucasian (n= 4050) • Hispanic South American, Hispanic European, Hispanic Other => Recoded as Hispanic (n= 283) • Jewish North American, Jewish Middle Eastern, Jewish European => Recoded as Jewish (n= 82) • Middle Eastern Bahraini, Middle Eastern Iranian, Middle Eastern Egyptian, Middle Eastern Persian, Middle Eastern Arab, Middle Eastern

Kuwaiti, Middle Eastern Pakistani, Middle Eastern Turkish, Middle Eastern Armenian, Middle Eastern Indian, Middle Eastern Other => Recoded as Middle Eastern (n= 204)

• Native American => Remained the same (n= 60) • Two or more of the above => Remained the same (n= 146) • Other => Remained the same (n= 131)


Note: All participants can choose not to answer the question by skipping it entirely or selecting “I don’t want to answer.” 6020 people responded to the question; 3324 chose not to. In the Anova using the entire sample (a one-way, independent-measures test with 9 groups), the assumption of Homogeneity of Variance was violated for one scale. To remedy this problem, another Anova, adjusted for sample size, was performed by selecting a random sample of 60 for all groups. However, the Levene statistic was still significant. Below, we show the Test of Homogeneity of Variances tables and Anova tables for both the original sample with 9 groups and the equalized sample with 9 groups. The results that will be reported are based on the Anova using the equalized sample. Post-hoc test used: Tukey.

Test of Homogeneity of Variances - Original sample Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. Overall Score 5.408 8 6011 .000 Fluid 11.894 8 6011 .000 Spatial 4.481 8 6011 .000 Matrices 5.224 8 6011 .000 2D-3D Images 2.497 8 6011 .011 Logical 14.549 8 6011 .000 Arguments 18.410 8 6011 .000 Puzzles 8.728 8 6011 .000 Crystallized 3.746 8 6011 .000 Verbal 10.241 8 6011 .000 Vocabulary 7.517 8 6011 .000 Analogies 8.715 8 6011 .000 Numerical 5.354 8 6011 .000 Arithmetic 4.441 8 6011 .000 Graphs & Charts 10.248 8 6011 .000


Test of Homogeneity of Variances - Equalized sample Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. Overall Score 3.397 8 531 .001 Fluid 3.097 8 531 .002 Spatial 2.436 8 531 .014 Matrices 2.056 8 531 .038 2D-3D Images 1.768 8 531 .081 Logical 3.164 8 531 .002 Arguments 2.794 8 531 .005 Puzzles 2.490 8 531 .012 Crystallized 3.915 8 531 .000 Verbal 2.386 8 531 .016 Vocabulary 1.218 8 531 .286 Analogies 2.875 8 531 .004 Numerical 3.362 8 531 .001 Arithmetic 1.837 8 531 .068 Graphs & Charts 4.131 8 531 .000







Graphs & Charts




Dependent Variable

(I) Which of the following best describes your ethnicity?

(J) Which of the following best describes your ethnicity?

Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig.

95% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound Upper Bound

Overall Score

Asian

Black 5.21667 2.82825 .652 -3.5923 14.0256 Caucasian -4.83056 2.82825 .742 -13.6395 3.9784 Hispanic 1.17778 2.82825 1.000 -7.6312 9.9867 Jewish -2.42917 2.82825 .995 -11.2381 6.3798 Middle Eastern 7.90139 2.82825 .120 -.9076 16.7103 Native American -.23333 2.82825 1.000 -9.0423 8.5756 Two or more ethnicities -5.41806 2.82825 .603 -14.2270 3.3909 Other ethnicity 7.65972 2.82825 .147 -1.1492 16.4687

Black

Asian -5.21667 2.82825 .652 -14.0256 3.5923 Caucasian -10.04722 2.82825 .012 -18.8562 -1.2383 Hispanic -4.03889 2.82825 .887 -12.8478 4.7701 Jewish -7.64583 2.82825 .149 -16.4548 1.1631 Middle Eastern 2.68472 2.82825 .990 -6.1242 11.4937 Native American -5.45000 2.82825 .595 -14.2589 3.3589 Two or more ethnicities -10.63472 2.82825 .006 -19.4437 -1.8258 Other ethnicity 2.44306 2.82825 .995 -6.3659 11.2520

Caucasian

Asian 4.83056 2.82825 .742 -3.9784 13.6395 Black 10.04722 2.82825 .012 1.2383 18.8562 Hispanic 6.00833 2.82825 .458 -2.8006 14.8173 Jewish 2.40139 2.82825 .995 -6.4076 11.2103 Middle Eastern 12.73194 2.82825 .000 3.9230 21.5409 Native American 4.59722 2.82825 .791 -4.2117 13.4062 Two or more ethnicities -.58750 2.82825 1.000 -9.3964 8.2214 Other ethnicity 12.49028 2.82825 .000 3.6813 21.2992

Hispanic

Asian -1.17778 2.82825 1.000 -9.9867 7.6312 Black 4.03889 2.82825 .887 -4.7701 12.8478 Caucasian -6.00833 2.82825 .458 -14.8173 2.8006 Jewish -3.60694 2.82825 .938 -12.4159 5.2020 Middle Eastern 6.72361 2.82825 .299 -2.0853 15.5326 Native American -1.41111 2.82825 1.000 -10.2201 7.3978


Two or more ethnicities -6.59583 2.82825 .325 -15.4048 2.2131 Other ethnicity 6.48194 2.82825 .349 -2.3270 15.2909

Jewish

Asian 2.42917 2.82825 .995 -6.3798 11.2381 Black 7.64583 2.82825 .149 -1.1631 16.4548 Caucasian -2.40139 2.82825 .995 -11.2103 6.4076 Hispanic 3.60694 2.82825 .938 -5.2020 12.4159 Middle Eastern 10.33056 2.82825 .009 1.5216 19.1395 Native American 2.19583 2.82825 .997 -6.6131 11.0048 Two or more ethnicities -2.98889 2.82825 .980 -11.7978 5.8201 Other ethnicity 10.08889 2.82825 .012 1.2799 18.8978

Middle Eastern

Asian -7.90139 2.82825 .120 -16.7103 .9076 Black -2.68472 2.82825 .990 -11.4937 6.1242 Caucasian -12.73194 2.82825 .000 -21.5409 -3.9230 Hispanic -6.72361 2.82825 .299 -15.5326 2.0853 Jewish -10.33056 2.82825 .009 -19.1395 -1.5216 Native American -8.13472 2.82825 .097 -16.9437 .6742 Two or more ethnicities -13.31944 2.82825 .000 -22.1284 -4.5105 Other ethnicity -.24167 2.82825 1.000 -9.0506 8.5673

Native American

Asian .23333 2.82825 1.000 -8.5756 9.0423 Black 5.45000 2.82825 .595 -3.3589 14.2589 Caucasian -4.59722 2.82825 .791 -13.4062 4.2117 Hispanic 1.41111 2.82825 1.000 -7.3978 10.2201 Jewish -2.19583 2.82825 .997 -11.0048 6.6131 Middle Eastern 8.13472 2.82825 .097 -.6742 16.9437 Two or more ethnicities -5.18472 2.82825 .660 -13.9937 3.6242 Other ethnicity 7.89306 2.82825 .120 -.9159 16.7020

Two or more ethnicities

Asian 5.41806 2.82825 .603 -3.3909 14.2270 Black 10.63472 2.82825 .006 1.8258 19.4437 Caucasian .58750 2.82825 1.000 -8.2214 9.3964 Hispanic 6.59583 2.82825 .325 -2.2131 15.4048 Jewish 2.98889 2.82825 .980 -5.8201 11.7978 Middle Eastern 13.31944 2.82825 .000 4.5105 22.1284 Native American 5.18472 2.82825 .660 -3.6242 13.9937 Other ethnicity 13.07778 2.82825 .000 4.2688 21.8867

Other ethnicity Asian -7.65972 2.82825 .147 -16.4687 1.1492


Black -2.44306 2.82825 .995 -11.2520 6.3659 Caucasian -12.49028 2.82825 .000 -21.2992 -3.6813 Hispanic -6.48194 2.82825 .349 -15.2909 2.3270 Jewish -10.08889 2.82825 .012 -18.8978 -1.2799 Middle Eastern .24167 2.82825 1.000 -8.5673 9.0506 Native American -7.89306 2.82825 .120 -16.7020 .9159 Two or more ethnicities -13.07778 2.82825 .000 -21.8867 -4.2688

Fluid Intelligence

Asian

Black 4.15833 2.96284 .896 -5.0698 13.3865 Caucasian -6.15000 2.96284 .491 -15.3782 3.0782 Hispanic 1.87500 2.96284 .999 -7.3532 11.1032 Jewish .66250 2.96284 1.000 -8.5657 9.8907 Middle Eastern 7.87917 2.96284 .165 -1.3490 17.1073 Native American -.67500 2.96284 1.000 -9.9032 8.5532 Two or more ethnicities -6.41250 2.96284 .431 -15.6407 2.8157 Other ethnicity 5.23750 2.96284 .704 -3.9907 14.4657

Black

Asian -4.15833 2.96284 .896 -13.3865 5.0698 Caucasian -10.30833 2.96284 .016 -19.5365 -1.0802 Hispanic -2.28333 2.96284 .998 -11.5115 6.9448 Jewish -3.49583 2.96284 .960 -12.7240 5.7323 Middle Eastern 3.72083 2.96284 .943 -5.5073 12.9490 Native American -4.83333 2.96284 .787 -14.0615 4.3948 Two or more ethnicities -10.57083 2.96284 .012 -19.7990 -1.3427 Other ethnicity 1.07917 2.96284 1.000 -8.1490 10.3073

Caucasian


Hispanic

Asian -1.87500 2.96284 .999 -11.1032 7.3532 Black 2.28333 2.96284 .998 -6.9448 11.5115 Caucasian -8.02500 2.96284 .147 -17.2532 1.2032 Jewish -1.21250 2.96284 1.000 -10.4407 8.0157


Middle Eastern 6.00417 2.96284 .525 -3.2240 15.2323 Native American -2.55000 2.96284 .995 -11.7782 6.6782 Two or more ethnicities -8.28750 2.96284 .119 -17.5157 .9407 Other ethnicity 3.36250 2.96284 .969 -5.8657 12.5907

Jewish

Asian -.66250 2.96284 1.000 -9.8907 8.5657 Black 3.49583 2.96284 .960 -5.7323 12.7240 Caucasian -6.81250 2.96284 .344 -16.0407 2.4157 Hispanic 1.21250 2.96284 1.000 -8.0157 10.4407 Middle Eastern 7.21667 2.96284 .267 -2.0115 16.4448 Native American -1.33750 2.96284 1.000 -10.5657 7.8907 Two or more ethnicities -7.07500 2.96284 .293 -16.3032 2.1532 Other ethnicity 4.57500 2.96284 .834 -4.6532 13.8032

Middle Eastern

Asian -7.87917 2.96284 .165 -17.1073 1.3490 Black -3.72083 2.96284 .943 -12.9490 5.5073 Caucasian -14.02917 2.96284 .000 -23.2573 -4.8010 Hispanic -6.00417 2.96284 .525 -15.2323 3.2240 Jewish -7.21667 2.96284 .267 -16.4448 2.0115 Native American -8.55417 2.96284 .094 -17.7823 .6740 Two or more ethnicities -14.29167 2.96284 .000 -23.5198 -5.0635 Other ethnicity -2.64167 2.96284 .993 -11.8698 6.5865

Native American

Asian .67500 2.96284 1.000 -8.5532 9.9032 Black 4.83333 2.96284 .787 -4.3948 14.0615 Caucasian -5.47500 2.96284 .650 -14.7032 3.7532 Hispanic 2.55000 2.96284 .995 -6.6782 11.7782 Jewish 1.33750 2.96284 1.000 -7.8907 10.5657 Middle Eastern 8.55417 2.96284 .094 -.6740 17.7823 Two or more ethnicities -5.73750 2.96284 .589 -14.9657 3.4907 Other ethnicity 5.91250 2.96284 .547 -3.3157 15.1407


Asian 6.41250 2.96284 .431 -2.8157 15.6407 Black 10.57083 2.96284 .012 1.3427 19.7990 Caucasian .26250 2.96284 1.000 -8.9657 9.4907 Hispanic 8.28750 2.96284 .119 -.9407 17.5157 Jewish 7.07500 2.96284 .293 -2.1532 16.3032 Middle Eastern 14.29167 2.96284 .000 5.0635 23.5198 Native American 5.73750 2.96284 .589 -3.4907 14.9657


Other ethnicity 11.65000 2.96284 .003 2.4218 20.8782

Other ethnicity

Asian -5.23750 2.96284 .704 -14.4657 3.9907 Black -1.07917 2.96284 1.000 -10.3073 8.1490 Caucasian -11.38750 2.96284 .004 -20.6157 -2.1593 Hispanic -3.36250 2.96284 .969 -12.5907 5.8657 Jewish -4.57500 2.96284 .834 -13.8032 4.6532 Middle Eastern 2.64167 2.96284 .993 -6.5865 11.8698 Native American -5.91250 2.96284 .547 -15.1407 3.3157 Two or more ethnicities -11.65000 2.96284 .003 -20.8782 -2.4218

Spatial

Asian

Black 5.35833 2.61879 .512 -2.7982 13.5149 Caucasian -2.54167 2.61879 .988 -10.6982 5.6149 Hispanic 2.14167 2.61879 .996 -6.0149 10.2982 Jewish 2.78333 2.61879 .979 -5.3732 10.9399 Middle Eastern 5.65833 2.61879 .433 -2.4982 13.8149 Native American -.32500 2.61879 1.000 -8.4816 7.8316 Two or more ethnicities -5.85833 2.61879 .383 -14.0149 2.2982 Other ethnicity 2.91667 2.61879 .972 -5.2399 11.0732

Black

Asian -5.35833 2.61879 .512 -13.5149 2.7982 Caucasian -7.90000 2.61879 .066 -16.0566 .2566 Hispanic -3.21667 2.61879 .950 -11.3732 4.9399 Jewish -2.57500 2.61879 .987 -10.7316 5.5816 Middle Eastern .30000 2.61879 1.000 -7.8566 8.4566 Native American -5.68333 2.61879 .427 -13.8399 2.4732 Two or more ethnicities -11.21667 2.61879 .001 -19.3732 -3.0601 Other ethnicity -2.44167 2.61879 .991 -10.5982 5.7149

Caucasian

Asian 2.54167 2.61879 .988 -5.6149 10.6982 Black 7.90000 2.61879 .066 -.2566 16.0566 Hispanic 4.68333 2.61879 .690 -3.4732 12.8399 Jewish 5.32500 2.61879 .521 -2.8316 13.4816 Middle Eastern 8.20000 2.61879 .048 .0434 16.3566 Native American 2.21667 2.61879 .995 -5.9399 10.3732 Two or more ethnicities -3.31667 2.61879 .941 -11.4732 4.8399 Other ethnicity 5.45833 2.61879 .485 -2.6982 13.6149

Hispanic Asian -2.14167 2.61879 .996 -10.2982 6.0149 Black 3.21667 2.61879 .950 -4.9399 11.3732


Caucasian -4.68333 2.61879 .690 -12.8399 3.4732 Jewish .64167 2.61879 1.000 -7.5149 8.7982 Middle Eastern 3.51667 2.61879 .918 -4.6399 11.6732 Native American -2.46667 2.61879 .990 -10.6232 5.6899 Two or more ethnicities -8.00000 2.61879 .059 -16.1566 .1566 Other ethnicity .77500 2.61879 1.000 -7.3816 8.9316

Jewish

Asian -2.78333 2.61879 .979 -10.9399 5.3732 Black 2.57500 2.61879 .987 -5.5816 10.7316 Caucasian -5.32500 2.61879 .521 -13.4816 2.8316 Hispanic -.64167 2.61879 1.000 -8.7982 7.5149 Middle Eastern 2.87500 2.61879 .974 -5.2816 11.0316 Native American -3.10833 2.61879 .959 -11.2649 5.0482 Two or more ethnicities -8.64167 2.61879 .028 -16.7982 -.4851 Other ethnicity .13333 2.61879 1.000 -8.0232 8.2899

Middle Eastern

Asian -5.65833 2.61879 .433 -13.8149 2.4982 Black -.30000 2.61879 1.000 -8.4566 7.8566 Caucasian -8.20000 2.61879 .048 -16.3566 -.0434 Hispanic -3.51667 2.61879 .918 -11.6732 4.6399 Jewish -2.87500 2.61879 .974 -11.0316 5.2816 Native American -5.98333 2.61879 .353 -14.1399 2.1732 Two or more ethnicities -11.51667 2.61879 .000 -19.6732 -3.3601 Other ethnicity -2.74167 2.61879 .981 -10.8982 5.4149

Native American

Asian .32500 2.61879 1.000 -7.8316 8.4816 Black 5.68333 2.61879 .427 -2.4732 13.8399 Caucasian -2.21667 2.61879 .995 -10.3732 5.9399 Hispanic 2.46667 2.61879 .990 -5.6899 10.6232 Jewish 3.10833 2.61879 .959 -5.0482 11.2649 Middle Eastern 5.98333 2.61879 .353 -2.1732 14.1399 Two or more ethnicities -5.53333 2.61879 .466 -13.6899 2.6232 Other ethnicity 3.24167 2.61879 .948 -4.9149 11.3982


Asian 5.85833 2.61879 .383 -2.2982 14.0149 Black 11.21667 2.61879 .001 3.0601 19.3732 Caucasian 3.31667 2.61879 .941 -4.8399 11.4732 Hispanic 8.00000 2.61879 .059 -.1566 16.1566 Jewish 8.64167 2.61879 .028 .4851 16.7982


Middle Eastern 11.51667 2.61879 .000 3.3601 19.6732 Native American 5.53333 2.61879 .466 -2.6232 13.6899 Other ethnicity 8.77500 2.61879 .024 .6184 16.9316

Other ethnicity

Asian -2.91667 2.61879 .972 -11.0732 5.2399 Black 2.44167 2.61879 .991 -5.7149 10.5982 Caucasian -5.45833 2.61879 .485 -13.6149 2.6982 Hispanic -.77500 2.61879 1.000 -8.9316 7.3816 Jewish -.13333 2.61879 1.000 -8.2899 8.0232 Middle Eastern 2.74167 2.61879 .981 -5.4149 10.8982 Native American -3.24167 2.61879 .948 -11.3982 4.9149 Two or more ethnicities -8.77500 2.61879 .024 -16.9316 -.6184

Matrices

Asian

Black 3.38333 2.25472 .855 -3.6393 10.4060 Caucasian .65000 2.25472 1.000 -6.3726 7.6726 Hispanic 1.55000 2.25472 .999 -5.4726 8.5726 Jewish .23333 2.25472 1.000 -6.7893 7.2560 Middle Eastern 2.18333 2.25472 .989 -4.8393 9.2060 Native American -.21667 2.25472 1.000 -7.2393 6.8060 Two or more ethnicities -3.40000 2.25472 .852 -10.4226 3.6226 Other ethnicity 3.36667 2.25472 .859 -3.6560 10.3893

Black

Asian -3.38333 2.25472 .855 -10.4060 3.6393 Caucasian -2.73333 2.25472 .954 -9.7560 4.2893 Hispanic -1.83333 2.25472 .996 -8.8560 5.1893 Jewish -3.15000 2.25472 .899 -10.1726 3.8726 Middle Eastern -1.20000 2.25472 1.000 -8.2226 5.8226 Native American -3.60000 2.25472 .807 -10.6226 3.4226 Two or more ethnicities -6.78333 2.25472 .068 -13.8060 .2393 Other ethnicity -.01667 2.25472 1.000 -7.0393 7.0060

Caucasian

Asian -.65000 2.25472 1.000 -7.6726 6.3726 Black 2.73333 2.25472 .954 -4.2893 9.7560 Hispanic .90000 2.25472 1.000 -6.1226 7.9226 Jewish -.41667 2.25472 1.000 -7.4393 6.6060 Middle Eastern 1.53333 2.25472 .999 -5.4893 8.5560 Native American -.86667 2.25472 1.000 -7.8893 6.1560 Two or more ethnicities -4.05000 2.25472 .685 -11.0726 2.9726 Other ethnicity 2.71667 2.25472 .955 -4.3060 9.7393


Hispanic

Asian -1.55000 2.25472 .999 -8.5726 5.4726 Black 1.83333 2.25472 .996 -5.1893 8.8560 Caucasian -.90000 2.25472 1.000 -7.9226 6.1226 Jewish -1.31667 2.25472 1.000 -8.3393 5.7060 Middle Eastern .63333 2.25472 1.000 -6.3893 7.6560 Native American -1.76667 2.25472 .997 -8.7893 5.2560 Two or more ethnicities -4.95000 2.25472 .410 -11.9726 2.0726 Other ethnicity 1.81667 2.25472 .997 -5.2060 8.8393

Jewish

Asian -.23333 2.25472 1.000 -7.2560 6.7893 Black 3.15000 2.25472 .899 -3.8726 10.1726 Caucasian .41667 2.25472 1.000 -6.6060 7.4393 Hispanic 1.31667 2.25472 1.000 -5.7060 8.3393 Middle Eastern 1.95000 2.25472 .995 -5.0726 8.9726 Native American -.45000 2.25472 1.000 -7.4726 6.5726 Two or more ethnicities -3.63333 2.25472 .798 -10.6560 3.3893 Other ethnicity 3.13333 2.25472 .902 -3.8893 10.1560

Middle Eastern

Asian -2.18333 2.25472 .989 -9.2060 4.8393 Black 1.20000 2.25472 1.000 -5.8226 8.2226 Caucasian -1.53333 2.25472 .999 -8.5560 5.4893 Hispanic -.63333 2.25472 1.000 -7.6560 6.3893 Jewish -1.95000 2.25472 .995 -8.9726 5.0726 Native American -2.40000 2.25472 .979 -9.4226 4.6226 Two or more ethnicities -5.58333 2.25472 .246 -12.6060 1.4393 Other ethnicity 1.18333 2.25472 1.000 -5.8393 8.2060

Native American

Asian .21667 2.25472 1.000 -6.8060 7.2393 Black 3.60000 2.25472 .807 -3.4226 10.6226 Caucasian .86667 2.25472 1.000 -6.1560 7.8893 Hispanic 1.76667 2.25472 .997 -5.2560 8.7893 Jewish .45000 2.25472 1.000 -6.5726 7.4726 Middle Eastern 2.40000 2.25472 .979 -4.6226 9.4226 Two or more ethnicities -3.18333 2.25472 .893 -10.2060 3.8393 Other ethnicity 3.58333 2.25472 .811 -3.4393 10.6060

Two or more ethnicities Asian 3.40000 2.25472 .852 -3.6226 10.4226 Black 6.78333 2.25472 .068 -.2393 13.8060 Caucasian 4.05000 2.25472 .685 -2.9726 11.0726


Hispanic 4.95000 2.25472 .410 -2.0726 11.9726 Jewish 3.63333 2.25472 .798 -3.3893 10.6560 Middle Eastern 5.58333 2.25472 .246 -1.4393 12.6060 Native American 3.18333 2.25472 .893 -3.8393 10.2060 Other ethnicity 6.76667 2.25472 .069 -.2560 13.7893

Other ethnicity

Asian -3.36667 2.25472 .859 -10.3893 3.6560 Black .01667 2.25472 1.000 -7.0060 7.0393 Caucasian -2.71667 2.25472 .955 -9.7393 4.3060 Hispanic -1.81667 2.25472 .997 -8.8393 5.2060 Jewish -3.13333 2.25472 .902 -10.1560 3.8893 Middle Eastern -1.18333 2.25472 1.000 -8.2060 5.8393 Native American -3.58333 2.25472 .811 -10.6060 3.4393 Two or more ethnicities -6.76667 2.25472 .069 -13.7893 .2560

2D-3D Images

Asian

Black 7.33333 3.61614 .524 -3.9296 18.5963 Caucasian -5.73333 3.61614 .813 -16.9963 5.5296 Hispanic 2.73333 3.61614 .998 -8.5296 13.9963 Jewish 5.33333 3.61614 .867 -5.9296 16.5963 Middle Eastern 9.13333 3.61614 .222 -2.1296 20.3963 Native American -.43333 3.61614 1.000 -11.6963 10.8296 Two or more ethnicities -8.31667 3.61614 .344 -19.5796 2.9463 Other ethnicity 2.46667 3.61614 .999 -8.7963 13.7296

Black

Asian -7.33333 3.61614 .524 -18.5963 3.9296 Caucasian -13.06667 3.61614 .010 -24.3296 -1.8037 Hispanic -4.60000 3.61614 .939 -15.8630 6.6630 Jewish -2.00000 3.61614 1.000 -13.2630 9.2630 Middle Eastern 1.80000 3.61614 1.000 -9.4630 13.0630 Native American -7.76667 3.61614 .442 -19.0296 3.4963 Two or more ethnicities -15.65000 3.61614 .001 -26.9130 -4.3870 Other ethnicity -4.86667 3.61614 .917 -16.1296 6.3963

Caucasian

Asian 5.73333 3.61614 .813 -5.5296 16.9963 Black 13.06667 3.61614 .010 1.8037 24.3296 Hispanic 8.46667 3.61614 .319 -2.7963 19.7296 Jewish 11.06667 3.61614 .059 -.1963 22.3296 Middle Eastern 14.86667 3.61614 .001 3.6037 26.1296 Native American 5.30000 3.61614 .871 -5.9630 16.5630


Two or more ethnicities -2.58333 3.61614 .999 -13.8463 8.6796 Other ethnicity 8.20000 3.61614 .364 -3.0630 19.4630

Hispanic

Asian -2.73333 3.61614 .998 -13.9963 8.5296 Black 4.60000 3.61614 .939 -6.6630 15.8630 Caucasian -8.46667 3.61614 .319 -19.7296 2.7963 Jewish 2.60000 3.61614 .999 -8.6630 13.8630 Middle Eastern 6.40000 3.61614 .702 -4.8630 17.6630 Native American -3.16667 3.61614 .994 -14.4296 8.0963 Two or more ethnicities -11.05000 3.61614 .059 -22.3130 .2130 Other ethnicity -.26667 3.61614 1.000 -11.5296 10.9963

Jewish

Asian -5.33333 3.61614 .867 -16.5963 5.9296 Black 2.00000 3.61614 1.000 -9.2630 13.2630 Caucasian -11.06667 3.61614 .059 -22.3296 .1963 Hispanic -2.60000 3.61614 .999 -13.8630 8.6630 Middle Eastern 3.80000 3.61614 .981 -7.4630 15.0630 Native American -5.76667 3.61614 .808 -17.0296 5.4963 Two or more ethnicities -13.65000 3.61614 .006 -24.9130 -2.3870 Other ethnicity -2.86667 3.61614 .997 -14.1296 8.3963

Middle Eastern

Asian -9.13333 3.61614 .222 -20.3963 2.1296 Black -1.80000 3.61614 1.000 -13.0630 9.4630 Caucasian -14.86667 3.61614 .001 -26.1296 -3.6037 Hispanic -6.40000 3.61614 .702 -17.6630 4.8630 Jewish -3.80000 3.61614 .981 -15.0630 7.4630 Native American -9.56667 3.61614 .171 -20.8296 1.6963 Two or more ethnicities -17.45000 3.61614 .000 -28.7130 -6.1870 Other ethnicity -6.66667 3.61614 .653 -17.9296 4.5963

Native American

Asian .43333 3.61614 1.000 -10.8296 11.6963 Black 7.76667 3.61614 .442 -3.4963 19.0296 Caucasian -5.30000 3.61614 .871 -16.5630 5.9630 Hispanic 3.16667 3.61614 .994 -8.0963 14.4296 Jewish 5.76667 3.61614 .808 -5.4963 17.0296 Middle Eastern 9.56667 3.61614 .171 -1.6963 20.8296 Two or more ethnicities -7.88333 3.61614 .420 -19.1463 3.3796 Other ethnicity 2.90000 3.61614 .997 -8.3630 14.1630

Two or more ethnicities Asian 8.31667 3.61614 .344 -2.9463 19.5796


Black 15.65000 3.61614 .001 4.3870 26.9130 Caucasian 2.58333 3.61614 .999 -8.6796 13.8463 Hispanic 11.05000 3.61614 .059 -.2130 22.3130 Jewish 13.65000 3.61614 .006 2.3870 24.9130 Middle Eastern 17.45000 3.61614 .000 6.1870 28.7130 Native American 7.88333 3.61614 .420 -3.3796 19.1463 Other ethnicity 10.78333 3.61614 .073 -.4796 22.0463

Other ethnicity

Asian -2.46667 3.61614 .999 -13.7296 8.7963 Black 4.86667 3.61614 .917 -6.3963 16.1296 Caucasian -8.20000 3.61614 .364 -19.4630 3.0630 Hispanic .26667 3.61614 1.000 -10.9963 11.5296 Jewish 2.86667 3.61614 .997 -8.3963 14.1296 Middle Eastern 6.66667 3.61614 .653 -4.5963 17.9296 Native American -2.90000 3.61614 .997 -14.1630 8.3630 Two or more ethnicities -10.78333 3.61614 .073 -22.0463 .4796

Logical

Asian

Black 2.95833 3.82686 .998 -8.9609 14.8776 Caucasian -9.75833 3.82686 .211 -21.6776 2.1609 Hispanic 1.60833 3.82686 1.000 -10.3109 13.5276 Jewish -1.45833 3.82686 1.000 -13.3776 10.4609 Middle Eastern 10.10000 3.82686 .173 -1.8193 22.0193 Native American -1.02500 3.82686 1.000 -12.9443 10.8943 Two or more ethnicities -6.96667 3.82686 .669 -18.8859 4.9526 Other ethnicity 7.55833 3.82686 .562 -4.3609 19.4776

Black

Asian -2.95833 3.82686 .998 -14.8776 8.9609 Caucasian -12.71667 3.82686 .026 -24.6359 -.7974 Hispanic -1.35000 3.82686 1.000 -13.2693 10.5693 Jewish -4.41667 3.82686 .965 -16.3359 7.5026 Middle Eastern 7.14167 3.82686 .637 -4.7776 19.0609 Native American -3.98333 3.82686 .982 -15.9026 7.9359 Two or more ethnicities -9.92500 3.82686 .192 -21.8443 1.9943 Other ethnicity 4.60000 3.82686 .956 -7.3193 16.5193

Caucasian

Asian 9.75833 3.82686 .211 -2.1609 21.6776 Black 12.71667 3.82686 .026 .7974 24.6359 Hispanic 11.36667 3.82686 .075 -.5526 23.2859 Jewish 8.30000 3.82686 .428 -3.6193 20.2193


Middle Eastern 19.85833 3.82686 .000 7.9391 31.7776 Native American 8.73333 3.82686 .355 -3.1859 20.6526 Two or more ethnicities 2.79167 3.82686 .998 -9.1276 14.7109 Other ethnicity 17.31667 3.82686 .000 5.3974 29.2359

Hispanic

Asian -1.60833 3.82686 1.000 -13.5276 10.3109 Black 1.35000 3.82686 1.000 -10.5693 13.2693 Caucasian -11.36667 3.82686 .075 -23.2859 .5526 Jewish -3.06667 3.82686 .997 -14.9859 8.8526 Middle Eastern 8.49167 3.82686 .395 -3.4276 20.4109 Native American -2.63333 3.82686 .999 -14.5526 9.2859 Two or more ethnicities -8.57500 3.82686 .381 -20.4943 3.3443 Other ethnicity 5.95000 3.82686 .829 -5.9693 17.8693

Jewish

Asian 1.45833 3.82686 1.000 -10.4609 13.3776 Black 4.41667 3.82686 .965 -7.5026 16.3359 Caucasian -8.30000 3.82686 .428 -20.2193 3.6193 Hispanic 3.06667 3.82686 .997 -8.8526 14.9859 Middle Eastern 11.55833 3.82686 .066 -.3609 23.4776 Native American .43333 3.82686 1.000 -11.4859 12.3526 Two or more ethnicities -5.50833 3.82686 .882 -17.4276 6.4109 Other ethnicity 9.01667 3.82686 .311 -2.9026 20.9359

Middle Eastern

Asian -10.10000 3.82686 .173 -22.0193 1.8193 Black -7.14167 3.82686 .637 -19.0609 4.7776 Caucasian -19.85833 3.82686 .000 -31.7776 -7.9391 Hispanic -8.49167 3.82686 .395 -20.4109 3.4276 Jewish -11.55833 3.82686 .066 -23.4776 .3609 Native American -11.12500 3.82686 .089 -23.0443 .7943 Two or more ethnicities -17.06667 3.82686 .000 -28.9859 -5.1474 Other ethnicity -2.54167 3.82686 .999 -14.4609 9.3776

Native American

Asian 1.02500 3.82686 1.000 -10.8943 12.9443 Black 3.98333 3.82686 .982 -7.9359 15.9026 Caucasian -8.73333 3.82686 .355 -20.6526 3.1859 Hispanic 2.63333 3.82686 .999 -9.2859 14.5526 Jewish -.43333 3.82686 1.000 -12.3526 11.4859 Middle Eastern 11.12500 3.82686 .089 -.7943 23.0443 Two or more ethnicities -5.94167 3.82686 .830 -17.8609 5.9776


Other ethnicity 8.58333 3.82686 .379 -3.3359 20.5026


Asian 6.96667 3.82686 .669 -4.9526 18.8859 Black 9.92500 3.82686 .192 -1.9943 21.8443 Caucasian -2.79167 3.82686 .998 -14.7109 9.1276 Hispanic 8.57500 3.82686 .381 -3.3443 20.4943 Jewish 5.50833 3.82686 .882 -6.4109 17.4276 Middle Eastern 17.06667 3.82686 .000 5.1474 28.9859 Native American 5.94167 3.82686 .830 -5.9776 17.8609 Other ethnicity 14.52500 3.82686 .005 2.6057 26.4443

Other ethnicity

Asian -7.55833 3.82686 .562 -19.4776 4.3609 Black -4.60000 3.82686 .956 -16.5193 7.3193 Caucasian -17.31667 3.82686 .000 -29.2359 -5.3974 Hispanic -5.95000 3.82686 .829 -17.8693 5.9693 Jewish -9.01667 3.82686 .311 -20.9359 2.9026 Middle Eastern 2.54167 3.82686 .999 -9.3776 14.4609 Native American -8.58333 3.82686 .379 -20.5026 3.3359 Two or more ethnicities -14.52500 3.82686 .005 -26.4443 -2.6057

Arguments

Asian

Black -1.30000 3.64569 1.000 -12.6550 10.0550 Caucasian -10.41667 3.64569 .102 -21.7717 .9383 Hispanic .70000 3.64569 1.000 -10.6550 12.0550 Jewish -3.28333 3.64569 .993 -14.6383 8.0717 Middle Eastern 5.98333 3.64569 .782 -5.3717 17.3383 Native American -1.10000 3.64569 1.000 -12.4550 10.2550 Two or more ethnicities -4.23333 3.64569 .964 -15.5883 7.1217 Other ethnicity 4.55000 3.64569 .945 -6.8050 15.9050

Black

Asian 1.30000 3.64569 1.000 -10.0550 12.6550 Caucasian -9.11667 3.64569 .234 -20.4717 2.2383 Hispanic 2.00000 3.64569 1.000 -9.3550 13.3550 Jewish -1.98333 3.64569 1.000 -13.3383 9.3717 Middle Eastern 7.28333 3.64569 .546 -4.0717 18.6383 Native American .20000 3.64569 1.000 -11.1550 11.5550 Two or more ethnicities -2.93333 3.64569 .997 -14.2883 8.4217 Other ethnicity 5.85000 3.64569 .802 -5.5050 17.2050

Caucasian Asian 10.41667 3.64569 .102 -.9383 21.7717 Black 9.11667 3.64569 .234 -2.2383 20.4717


Hispanic 11.11667 3.64569 .060 -.2383 22.4717 Jewish 7.13333 3.64569 .574 -4.2217 18.4883 Middle Eastern 16.40000 3.64569 .000 5.0450 27.7550 Native American 9.31667 3.64569 .208 -2.0383 20.6717 Two or more ethnicities 6.18333 3.64569 .749 -5.1717 17.5383 Other ethnicity 14.96667 3.64569 .002 3.6117 26.3217

Hispanic

Asian -.70000 3.64569 1.000 -12.0550 10.6550 Black -2.00000 3.64569 1.000 -13.3550 9.3550 Caucasian -11.11667 3.64569 .060 -22.4717 .2383 Jewish -3.98333 3.64569 .975 -15.3383 7.3717 Middle Eastern 5.28333 3.64569 .878 -6.0717 16.6383 Native American -1.80000 3.64569 1.000 -13.1550 9.5550 Two or more ethnicities -4.93333 3.64569 .914 -16.2883 6.4217 Other ethnicity 3.85000 3.64569 .980 -7.5050 15.2050

Jewish

Asian 3.28333 3.64569 .993 -8.0717 14.6383 Black 1.98333 3.64569 1.000 -9.3717 13.3383 Caucasian -7.13333 3.64569 .574 -18.4883 4.2217 Hispanic 3.98333 3.64569 .975 -7.3717 15.3383 Middle Eastern 9.26667 3.64569 .215 -2.0883 20.6217 Native American 2.18333 3.64569 1.000 -9.1717 13.5383 Two or more ethnicities -.95000 3.64569 1.000 -12.3050 10.4050 Other ethnicity 7.83333 3.64569 .441 -3.5217 19.1883

Middle Eastern

Asian -5.98333 3.64569 .782 -17.3383 5.3717 Black -7.28333 3.64569 .546 -18.6383 4.0717 Caucasian -16.40000 3.64569 .000 -27.7550 -5.0450 Hispanic -5.28333 3.64569 .878 -16.6383 6.0717 Jewish -9.26667 3.64569 .215 -20.6217 2.0883 Native American -7.08333 3.64569 .584 -18.4383 4.2717 Two or more ethnicities -10.21667 3.64569 .117 -21.5717 1.1383 Other ethnicity -1.43333 3.64569 1.000 -12.7883 9.9217

Native American

Asian 1.10000 3.64569 1.000 -10.2550 12.4550 Black -.20000 3.64569 1.000 -11.5550 11.1550 Caucasian -9.31667 3.64569 .208 -20.6717 2.0383 Hispanic 1.80000 3.64569 1.000 -9.5550 13.1550 Jewish -2.18333 3.64569 1.000 -13.5383 9.1717


Middle Eastern 7.08333 3.64569 .584 -4.2717 18.4383 Two or more ethnicities -3.13333 3.64569 .995 -14.4883 8.2217 Other ethnicity 5.65000 3.64569 .831 -5.7050 17.0050


Asian 4.23333 3.64569 .964 -7.1217 15.5883 Black 2.93333 3.64569 .997 -8.4217 14.2883 Caucasian -6.18333 3.64569 .749 -17.5383 5.1717 Hispanic 4.93333 3.64569 .914 -6.4217 16.2883 Jewish .95000 3.64569 1.000 -10.4050 12.3050 Middle Eastern 10.21667 3.64569 .117 -1.1383 21.5717 Native American 3.13333 3.64569 .995 -8.2217 14.4883 Other ethnicity 8.78333 3.64569 .281 -2.5717 20.1383

Other ethnicity

Asian -4.55000 3.64569 .945 -15.9050 6.8050 Black -5.85000 3.64569 .802 -17.2050 5.5050 Caucasian -14.96667 3.64569 .002 -26.3217 -3.6117 Hispanic -3.85000 3.64569 .980 -15.2050 7.5050 Jewish -7.83333 3.64569 .441 -19.1883 3.5217 Middle Eastern 1.43333 3.64569 1.000 -9.9217 12.7883 Native American -5.65000 3.64569 .831 -17.0050 5.7050 Two or more ethnicities -8.78333 3.64569 .281 -20.1383 2.5717

Puzzles

Asian

Black 7.21667 4.62987 .827 -7.2037 21.6370 Caucasian -9.10000 4.62987 .568 -23.5204 5.3204 Hispanic 2.51667 4.62987 1.000 -11.9037 16.9370 Jewish .36667 4.62987 1.000 -14.0537 14.7870 Middle Eastern 14.21667 4.62987 .057 -.2037 28.6370 Native American -.95000 4.62987 1.000 -15.3704 13.4704 Two or more ethnicities -9.70000 4.62987 .478 -24.1204 4.7204 Other ethnicity 10.56667 4.62987 .355 -3.8537 24.9870

Black

Asian -7.21667 4.62987 .827 -21.6370 7.2037 Caucasian -16.31667 4.62987 .014 -30.7370 -1.8963 Hispanic -4.70000 4.62987 .984 -19.1204 9.7204 Jewish -6.85000 4.62987 .865 -21.2704 7.5704 Middle Eastern 7.00000 4.62987 .850 -7.4204 21.4204 Native American -8.16667 4.62987 .706 -22.5870 6.2537 Two or more ethnicities -16.91667 4.62987 .009 -31.3370 -2.4963 Other ethnicity 3.35000 4.62987 .998 -11.0704 17.7704


Caucasian


Hispanic

Asian -2.51667 4.62987 1.000 -16.9370 11.9037 Black 4.70000 4.62987 .984 -9.7204 19.1204 Caucasian -11.61667 4.62987 .230 -26.0370 2.8037 Jewish -2.15000 4.62987 1.000 -16.5704 12.2704 Middle Eastern 11.70000 4.62987 .221 -2.7204 26.1204 Native American -3.46667 4.62987 .998 -17.8870 10.9537 Two or more ethnicities -12.21667 4.62987 .173 -26.6370 2.2037 Other ethnicity 8.05000 4.62987 .722 -6.3704 22.4704

Jewish

Asian -.36667 4.62987 1.000 -14.7870 14.0537 Black 6.85000 4.62987 .865 -7.5704 21.2704 Caucasian -9.46667 4.62987 .513 -23.8870 4.9537 Hispanic 2.15000 4.62987 1.000 -12.2704 16.5704 Middle Eastern 13.85000 4.62987 .071 -.5704 28.2704 Native American -1.31667 4.62987 1.000 -15.7370 13.1037 Two or more ethnicities -10.06667 4.62987 .424 -24.4870 4.3537 Other ethnicity 10.20000 4.62987 .405 -4.2204 24.6204

Middle Eastern

Asian -14.21667 4.62987 .057 -28.6370 .2037 Black -7.00000 4.62987 .850 -21.4204 7.4204 Caucasian -23.31667 4.62987 .000 -37.7370 -8.8963 Hispanic -11.70000 4.62987 .221 -26.1204 2.7204 Jewish -13.85000 4.62987 .071 -28.2704 .5704 Native American -15.16667 4.62987 .031 -29.5870 -.7463 Two or more ethnicities -23.91667 4.62987 .000 -38.3370 -9.4963 Other ethnicity -3.65000 4.62987 .997 -18.0704 10.7704

Native American Asian .95000 4.62987 1.000 -13.4704 15.3704 Black 8.16667 4.62987 .706 -6.2537 22.5870 Caucasian -8.15000 4.62987 .708 -22.5704 6.2704


Hispanic 3.46667 4.62987 .998 -10.9537 17.8870 Jewish 1.31667 4.62987 1.000 -13.1037 15.7370 Middle Eastern 15.16667 4.62987 .031 .7463 29.5870 Two or more ethnicities -8.75000 4.62987 .621 -23.1704 5.6704 Other ethnicity 11.51667 4.62987 .240 -2.9037 25.9370


Asian 9.70000 4.62987 .478 -4.7204 24.1204 Black 16.91667 4.62987 .009 2.4963 31.3370 Caucasian .60000 4.62987 1.000 -13.8204 15.0204 Hispanic 12.21667 4.62987 .173 -2.2037 26.6370 Jewish 10.06667 4.62987 .424 -4.3537 24.4870 Middle Eastern 23.91667 4.62987 .000 9.4963 38.3370 Native American 8.75000 4.62987 .621 -5.6704 23.1704 Other ethnicity 20.26667 4.62987 .000 5.8463 34.6870

Other ethnicity

Asian -10.56667 4.62987 .355 -24.9870 3.8537 Black -3.35000 4.62987 .998 -17.7704 11.0704 Caucasian -19.66667 4.62987 .001 -34.0870 -5.2463 Hispanic -8.05000 4.62987 .722 -22.4704 6.3704 Jewish -10.20000 4.62987 .405 -24.6204 4.2204 Middle Eastern 3.65000 4.62987 .997 -10.7704 18.0704 Native American -11.51667 4.62987 .240 -25.9370 2.9037 Two or more ethnicities -20.26667 4.62987 .000 -34.6870 -5.8463

Crystallized Intelligence

Asian

Black 5.74583 2.98984 .599 -3.5664 15.0581 Caucasian -4.17083 2.98984 .900 -13.4831 5.1414 Hispanic .82917 2.98984 1.000 -8.4831 10.1414 Jewish -3.97500 2.98984 .922 -13.2872 5.3372 Middle Eastern 7.91250 2.98984 .170 -1.3997 17.2247 Native American -.01250 2.98984 1.000 -9.3247 9.2997 Two or more ethnicities -4.92083 2.98984 .779 -14.2331 4.3914 Other ethnicity 8.87083 2.98984 .076 -.4414 18.1831

Black

Asian -5.74583 2.98984 .599 -15.0581 3.5664 Caucasian -9.91667 2.98984 .027 -19.2289 -.6044 Hispanic -4.91667 2.98984 .780 -14.2289 4.3956 Jewish -9.72083 2.98984 .033 -19.0331 -.4086 Middle Eastern 2.16667 2.98984 .998 -7.1456 11.4789 Native American -5.75833 2.98984 .596 -15.0706 3.5539


Two or more ethnicities -10.66667 2.98984 .012 -19.9789 -1.3544 Other ethnicity 3.12500 2.98984 .981 -6.1872 12.4372

Caucasian

Asian 4.17083 2.98984 .900 -5.1414 13.4831 Black 9.91667 2.98984 .027 .6044 19.2289 Hispanic 5.00000 2.98984 .763 -4.3122 14.3122 Jewish .19583 2.98984 1.000 -9.1164 9.5081 Middle Eastern 12.08333 2.98984 .002 2.7711 21.3956 Native American 4.15833 2.98984 .901 -5.1539 13.4706 Two or more ethnicities -.75000 2.98984 1.000 -10.0622 8.5622 Other ethnicity 13.04167 2.98984 .001 3.7294 22.3539

Hispanic

Asian -.82917 2.98984 1.000 -10.1414 8.4831 Black 4.91667 2.98984 .780 -4.3956 14.2289 Caucasian -5.00000 2.98984 .763 -14.3122 4.3122 Jewish -4.80417 2.98984 .801 -14.1164 4.5081 Middle Eastern 7.08333 2.98984 .303 -2.2289 16.3956 Native American -.84167 2.98984 1.000 -10.1539 8.4706 Two or more ethnicities -5.75000 2.98984 .598 -15.0622 3.5622 Other ethnicity 8.04167 2.98984 .154 -1.2706 17.3539

Jewish

Asian 3.97500 2.98984 .922 -5.3372 13.2872 Black 9.72083 2.98984 .033 .4086 19.0331 Caucasian -.19583 2.98984 1.000 -9.5081 9.1164 Hispanic 4.80417 2.98984 .801 -4.5081 14.1164 Middle Eastern 11.88750 2.98984 .003 2.5753 21.1997 Native American 3.96250 2.98984 .924 -5.3497 13.2747 Two or more ethnicities -.94583 2.98984 1.000 -10.2581 8.3664 Other ethnicity 12.84583 2.98984 .001 3.5336 22.1581

Middle Eastern

Asian -7.91250 2.98984 .170 -17.2247 1.3997 Black -2.16667 2.98984 .998 -11.4789 7.1456 Caucasian -12.08333 2.98984 .002 -21.3956 -2.7711 Hispanic -7.08333 2.98984 .303 -16.3956 2.2289 Jewish -11.88750 2.98984 .003 -21.1997 -2.5753 Native American -7.92500 2.98984 .169 -17.2372 1.3872 Two or more ethnicities -12.83333 2.98984 .001 -22.1456 -3.5211 Other ethnicity .95833 2.98984 1.000 -8.3539 10.2706

Native American Asian .01250 2.98984 1.000 -9.2997 9.3247


Black 5.75833 2.98984 .596 -3.5539 15.0706 Caucasian -4.15833 2.98984 .901 -13.4706 5.1539 Hispanic .84167 2.98984 1.000 -8.4706 10.1539 Jewish -3.96250 2.98984 .924 -13.2747 5.3497 Middle Eastern 7.92500 2.98984 .169 -1.3872 17.2372 Two or more ethnicities -4.90833 2.98984 .781 -14.2206 4.4039 Other ethnicity 8.88333 2.98984 .075 -.4289 18.1956


Asian 4.92083 2.98984 .779 -4.3914 14.2331 Black 10.66667 2.98984 .012 1.3544 19.9789 Caucasian .75000 2.98984 1.000 -8.5622 10.0622 Hispanic 5.75000 2.98984 .598 -3.5622 15.0622 Jewish .94583 2.98984 1.000 -8.3664 10.2581 Middle Eastern 12.83333 2.98984 .001 3.5211 22.1456 Native American 4.90833 2.98984 .781 -4.4039 14.2206 Other ethnicity 13.79167 2.98984 .000 4.4794 23.1039

Other ethnicity

Asian -8.87083 2.98984 .076 -18.1831 .4414 Black -3.12500 2.98984 .981 -12.4372 6.1872 Caucasian -13.04167 2.98984 .001 -22.3539 -3.7294 Hispanic -8.04167 2.98984 .154 -17.3539 1.2706 Jewish -12.84583 2.98984 .001 -22.1581 -3.5336 Middle Eastern -.95833 2.98984 1.000 -10.2706 8.3539 Native American -8.88333 2.98984 .075 -18.1956 .4289 Two or more ethnicities -13.79167 2.98984 .000 -23.1039 -4.4794

Verbal

Asian

Black -.85000 3.37864 1.000 -11.3732 9.6732 Caucasian -6.50000 3.37864 .597 -17.0232 4.0232 Hispanic -1.66667 3.37864 1.000 -12.1899 8.8566 Jewish -6.76667 3.37864 .542 -17.2899 3.7566 Middle Eastern 9.12500 3.37864 .150 -1.3982 19.6482 Native American -4.62500 3.37864 .909 -15.1482 5.8982 Two or more ethnicities -8.80000 3.37864 .187 -19.3232 1.7232 Other ethnicity 8.71667 3.37864 .198 -1.8066 19.2399

Black

Asian .85000 3.37864 1.000 -9.6732 11.3732 Caucasian -5.65000 3.37864 .763 -16.1732 4.8732 Hispanic -.81667 3.37864 1.000 -11.3399 9.7066 Jewish -5.91667 3.37864 .714 -16.4399 4.6066


Middle Eastern 9.97500 3.37864 .079 -.5482 20.4982 Native American -3.77500 3.37864 .972 -14.2982 6.7482 Two or more ethnicities -7.95000 3.37864 .312 -18.4732 2.5732 Other ethnicity 9.56667 3.37864 .109 -.9566 20.0899

Caucasian

Asian 6.50000 3.37864 .597 -4.0232 17.0232 Black 5.65000 3.37864 .763 -4.8732 16.1732 Hispanic 4.83333 3.37864 .886 -5.6899 15.3566 Jewish -.26667 3.37864 1.000 -10.7899 10.2566 Middle Eastern 15.62500 3.37864 .000 5.1018 26.1482 Native American 1.87500 3.37864 1.000 -8.6482 12.3982 Two or more ethnicities -2.30000 3.37864 .999 -12.8232 8.2232 Other ethnicity 15.21667 3.37864 .000 4.6934 25.7399

Hispanic

Asian 1.66667 3.37864 1.000 -8.8566 12.1899 Black .81667 3.37864 1.000 -9.7066 11.3399 Caucasian -4.83333 3.37864 .886 -15.3566 5.6899 Jewish -5.10000 3.37864 .851 -15.6232 5.4232 Middle Eastern 10.79167 3.37864 .039 .2684 21.3149 Native American -2.95833 3.37864 .994 -13.4816 7.5649 Two or more ethnicities -7.13333 3.37864 .467 -17.6566 3.3899 Other ethnicity 10.38333 3.37864 .056 -.1399 20.9066

Jewish

Asian 6.76667 3.37864 .542 -3.7566 17.2899 Black 5.91667 3.37864 .714 -4.6066 16.4399 Caucasian .26667 3.37864 1.000 -10.2566 10.7899 Hispanic 5.10000 3.37864 .851 -5.4232 15.6232 Middle Eastern 15.89167 3.37864 .000 5.3684 26.4149 Native American 2.14167 3.37864 .999 -8.3816 12.6649 Two or more ethnicities -2.03333 3.37864 1.000 -12.5566 8.4899 Other ethnicity 15.48333 3.37864 .000 4.9601 26.0066

Middle Eastern

Asian -9.12500 3.37864 .150 -19.6482 1.3982 Black -9.97500 3.37864 .079 -20.4982 .5482 Caucasian -15.62500 3.37864 .000 -26.1482 -5.1018 Hispanic -10.79167 3.37864 .039 -21.3149 -.2684 Jewish -15.89167 3.37864 .000 -26.4149 -5.3684 Native American -13.75000 3.37864 .002 -24.2732 -3.2268 Two or more ethnicities -17.92500 3.37864 .000 -28.4482 -7.4018


Other ethnicity -.40833 3.37864 1.000 -10.9316 10.1149

Native American

Asian 4.62500 3.37864 .909 -5.8982 15.1482 Black 3.77500 3.37864 .972 -6.7482 14.2982 Caucasian -1.87500 3.37864 1.000 -12.3982 8.6482 Hispanic 2.95833 3.37864 .994 -7.5649 13.4816 Jewish -2.14167 3.37864 .999 -12.6649 8.3816 Middle Eastern 13.75000 3.37864 .002 3.2268 24.2732 Two or more ethnicities -4.17500 3.37864 .948 -14.6982 6.3482 Other ethnicity 13.34167 3.37864 .003 2.8184 23.8649


Asian 8.80000 3.37864 .187 -1.7232 19.3232 Black 7.95000 3.37864 .312 -2.5732 18.4732 Caucasian 2.30000 3.37864 .999 -8.2232 12.8232 Hispanic 7.13333 3.37864 .467 -3.3899 17.6566 Jewish 2.03333 3.37864 1.000 -8.4899 12.5566 Middle Eastern 17.92500 3.37864 .000 7.4018 28.4482 Native American 4.17500 3.37864 .948 -6.3482 14.6982 Other ethnicity 17.51667 3.37864 .000 6.9934 28.0399

Other ethnicity

Asian -8.71667 3.37864 .198 -19.2399 1.8066 Black -9.56667 3.37864 .109 -20.0899 .9566 Caucasian -15.21667 3.37864 .000 -25.7399 -4.6934 Hispanic -10.38333 3.37864 .056 -20.9066 .1399 Jewish -15.48333 3.37864 .000 -26.0066 -4.9601 Middle Eastern .40833 3.37864 1.000 -10.1149 10.9316 Native American -13.34167 3.37864 .003 -23.8649 -2.8184 Two or more ethnicities -17.51667 3.37864 .000 -28.0399 -6.9934

Vocabulary Asian

Black -3.23333 3.55714 .992 -14.3125 7.8459 Caucasian -6.61667 3.55714 .642 -17.6959 4.4625 Hispanic -5.06667 3.55714 .888 -16.1459 6.0125 Jewish -10.70000 3.55714 .068 -21.7792 .3792 Middle Eastern 6.43333 3.55714 .677 -4.6459 17.5125 Native American -6.70000 3.55714 .625 -17.7792 4.3792 Two or more ethnicities -8.95000 3.55714 .227 -20.0292 2.1292 Other ethnicity 5.83333 3.55714 .782 -5.2459 16.9125

Black Asian 3.23333 3.55714 .992 -7.8459 14.3125 Caucasian -3.38333 3.55714 .990 -14.4625 7.6959


Hispanic -1.83333 3.55714 1.000 -12.9125 9.2459 Jewish -7.46667 3.55714 .475 -18.5459 3.6125 Middle Eastern 9.66667 3.55714 .144 -1.4125 20.7459 Native American -3.46667 3.55714 .988 -14.5459 7.6125 Two or more ethnicities -5.71667 3.55714 .801 -16.7959 5.3625 Other ethnicity 9.06667 3.55714 .211 -2.0125 20.1459

Caucasian

Asian 6.61667 3.55714 .642 -4.4625 17.6959 Black 3.38333 3.55714 .990 -7.6959 14.4625 Hispanic 1.55000 3.55714 1.000 -9.5292 12.6292 Jewish -4.08333 3.55714 .966 -15.1625 6.9959 Middle Eastern 13.05000 3.55714 .008 1.9708 24.1292 Native American -.08333 3.55714 1.000 -11.1625 10.9959 Two or more ethnicities -2.33333 3.55714 .999 -13.4125 8.7459 Other ethnicity 12.45000 3.55714 .015 1.3708 23.5292

Hispanic

Asian 5.06667 3.55714 .888 -6.0125 16.1459 Black 1.83333 3.55714 1.000 -9.2459 12.9125 Caucasian -1.55000 3.55714 1.000 -12.6292 9.5292 Jewish -5.63333 3.55714 .814 -16.7125 5.4459 Middle Eastern 11.50000 3.55714 .035 .4208 22.5792 Native American -1.63333 3.55714 1.000 -12.7125 9.4459 Two or more ethnicities -3.88333 3.55714 .975 -14.9625 7.1959 Other ethnicity 10.90000 3.55714 .058 -.1792 21.9792

Jewish

Asian 10.70000 3.55714 .068 -.3792 21.7792 Black 7.46667 3.55714 .475 -3.6125 18.5459 Caucasian 4.08333 3.55714 .966 -6.9959 15.1625 Hispanic 5.63333 3.55714 .814 -5.4459 16.7125 Middle Eastern 17.13333 3.55714 .000 6.0541 28.2125 Native American 4.00000 3.55714 .970 -7.0792 15.0792 Two or more ethnicities 1.75000 3.55714 1.000 -9.3292 12.8292 Other ethnicity 16.53333 3.55714 .000 5.4541 27.6125

Middle Eastern

Asian -6.43333 3.55714 .677 -17.5125 4.6459 Black -9.66667 3.55714 .144 -20.7459 1.4125 Caucasian -13.05000 3.55714 .008 -24.1292 -1.9708 Hispanic -11.50000 3.55714 .035 -22.5792 -.4208 Jewish -17.13333 3.55714 .000 -28.2125 -6.0541


Native American -13.13333 3.55714 .008 -24.2125 -2.0541 Two or more ethnicities -15.38333 3.55714 .001 -26.4625 -4.3041 Other ethnicity -.60000 3.55714 1.000 -11.6792 10.4792

Native American

Asian 6.70000 3.55714 .625 -4.3792 17.7792 Black 3.46667 3.55714 .988 -7.6125 14.5459 Caucasian .08333 3.55714 1.000 -10.9959 11.1625 Hispanic 1.63333 3.55714 1.000 -9.4459 12.7125 Jewish -4.00000 3.55714 .970 -15.0792 7.0792 Middle Eastern 13.13333 3.55714 .008 2.0541 24.2125 Two or more ethnicities -2.25000 3.55714 .999 -13.3292 8.8292 Other ethnicity 12.53333 3.55714 .014 1.4541 23.6125


Asian 8.95000 3.55714 .227 -2.1292 20.0292 Black 5.71667 3.55714 .801 -5.3625 16.7959 Caucasian 2.33333 3.55714 .999 -8.7459 13.4125 Hispanic 3.88333 3.55714 .975 -7.1959 14.9625 Jewish -1.75000 3.55714 1.000 -12.8292 9.3292 Middle Eastern 15.38333 3.55714 .001 4.3041 26.4625 Native American 2.25000 3.55714 .999 -8.8292 13.3292 Other ethnicity 14.78333 3.55714 .001 3.7041 25.8625

Other ethnicity

Asian -5.83333 3.55714 .782 -16.9125 5.2459 Black -9.06667 3.55714 .211 -20.1459 2.0125 Caucasian -12.45000 3.55714 .015 -23.5292 -1.3708 Hispanic -10.90000 3.55714 .058 -21.9792 .1792 Jewish -16.53333 3.55714 .000 -27.6125 -5.4541 Middle Eastern .60000 3.55714 1.000 -10.4792 11.6792 Native American -12.53333 3.55714 .014 -23.6125 -1.4541 Two or more ethnicities -14.78333 3.55714 .001 -25.8625 -3.7041

Analogies Asian

Black 1.53333 4.02661 1.000 -11.0081 14.0747 Caucasian -6.38333 4.02661 .813 -18.9247 6.1581 Hispanic 1.73333 4.02661 1.000 -10.8081 14.2747 Jewish -2.83333 4.02661 .999 -15.3747 9.7081 Middle Eastern 11.81667 4.02661 .083 -.7247 24.3581 Native American -2.55000 4.02661 .999 -15.0914 9.9914 Two or more ethnicities -8.65000 4.02661 .442 -21.1914 3.8914 Other ethnicity 11.60000 4.02661 .096 -.9414 24.1414


Black

Asian -1.53333 4.02661 1.000 -14.0747 11.0081 Caucasian -7.91667 4.02661 .568 -20.4581 4.6247 Hispanic .20000 4.02661 1.000 -12.3414 12.7414 Jewish -4.36667 4.02661 .976 -16.9081 8.1747 Middle Eastern 10.28333 4.02661 .209 -2.2581 22.8247 Native American -4.08333 4.02661 .984 -16.6247 8.4581 Two or more ethnicities -10.18333 4.02661 .220 -22.7247 2.3581 Other ethnicity 10.06667 4.02661 .234 -2.4747 22.6081

Caucasian

Asian 6.38333 4.02661 .813 -6.1581 18.9247 Black 7.91667 4.02661 .568 -4.6247 20.4581 Hispanic 8.11667 4.02661 .533 -4.4247 20.6581 Jewish 3.55000 4.02661 .994 -8.9914 16.0914 Middle Eastern 18.20000 4.02661 .000 5.6586 30.7414 Native American 3.83333 4.02661 .990 -8.7081 16.3747 Two or more ethnicities -2.26667 4.02661 1.000 -14.8081 10.2747 Other ethnicity 17.98333 4.02661 .000 5.4419 30.5247

Hispanic

Asian -1.73333 4.02661 1.000 -14.2747 10.8081 Black -.20000 4.02661 1.000 -12.7414 12.3414 Caucasian -8.11667 4.02661 .533 -20.6581 4.4247 Jewish -4.56667 4.02661 .969 -17.1081 7.9747 Middle Eastern 10.08333 4.02661 .232 -2.4581 22.6247 Native American -4.28333 4.02661 .979 -16.8247 8.2581 Two or more ethnicities -10.38333 4.02661 .198 -22.9247 2.1581 Other ethnicity 9.86667 4.02661 .259 -2.6747 22.4081

Jewish

Asian 2.83333 4.02661 .999 -9.7081 15.3747 Black 4.36667 4.02661 .976 -8.1747 16.9081 Caucasian -3.55000 4.02661 .994 -16.0914 8.9914 Hispanic 4.56667 4.02661 .969 -7.9747 17.1081 Middle Eastern 14.65000 4.02661 .009 2.1086 27.1914 Native American .28333 4.02661 1.000 -12.2581 12.8247 Two or more ethnicities -5.81667 4.02661 .880 -18.3581 6.7247 Other ethnicity 14.43333 4.02661 .011 1.8919 26.9747

Middle Eastern Asian -11.81667 4.02661 .083 -24.3581 .7247 Black -10.28333 4.02661 .209 -22.8247 2.2581 Caucasian -18.20000 4.02661 .000 -30.7414 -5.6586


Hispanic -10.08333 4.02661 .232 -22.6247 2.4581 Jewish -14.65000 4.02661 .009 -27.1914 -2.1086 Native American -14.36667 4.02661 .012 -26.9081 -1.8253 Two or more ethnicities -20.46667 4.02661 .000 -33.0081 -7.9253 Other ethnicity -.21667 4.02661 1.000 -12.7581 12.3247

Native American

Asian 2.55000 4.02661 .999 -9.9914 15.0914 Black 4.08333 4.02661 .984 -8.4581 16.6247 Caucasian -3.83333 4.02661 .990 -16.3747 8.7081 Hispanic 4.28333 4.02661 .979 -8.2581 16.8247 Jewish -.28333 4.02661 1.000 -12.8247 12.2581 Middle Eastern 14.36667 4.02661 .012 1.8253 26.9081 Two or more ethnicities -6.10000 4.02661 .848 -18.6414 6.4414 Other ethnicity 14.15000 4.02661 .014 1.6086 26.6914


Asian 8.65000 4.02661 .442 -3.8914 21.1914 Black 10.18333 4.02661 .220 -2.3581 22.7247 Caucasian 2.26667 4.02661 1.000 -10.2747 14.8081 Hispanic 10.38333 4.02661 .198 -2.1581 22.9247 Jewish 5.81667 4.02661 .880 -6.7247 18.3581 Middle Eastern 20.46667 4.02661 .000 7.9253 33.0081 Native American 6.10000 4.02661 .848 -6.4414 18.6414 Other ethnicity 20.25000 4.02661 .000 7.7086 32.7914

Other ethnicity

Asian -11.60000 4.02661 .096 -24.1414 .9414 Black -10.06667 4.02661 .234 -22.6081 2.4747 Caucasian -17.98333 4.02661 .000 -30.5247 -5.4419 Hispanic -9.86667 4.02661 .259 -22.4081 2.6747 Jewish -14.43333 4.02661 .011 -26.9747 -1.8919 Middle Eastern .21667 4.02661 1.000 -12.3247 12.7581 Native American -14.15000 4.02661 .014 -26.6914 -1.6086 Two or more ethnicities -20.25000 4.02661 .000 -32.7914 -7.7086

Numerical Asian

Black 12.34167 3.29526 .006 2.0781 22.6052 Caucasian -1.84167 3.29526 1.000 -12.1052 8.4219 Hispanic 3.32500 3.29526 .985 -6.9385 13.5885 Jewish -1.18333 3.29526 1.000 -11.4469 9.0802 Middle Eastern 6.70000 3.29526 .521 -3.5635 16.9635 Native American 4.60000 3.29526 .899 -5.6635 14.8635


Two or more ethnicities -1.04167 3.29526 1.000 -11.3052 9.2219 Other ethnicity 9.02500 3.29526 .137 -1.2385 19.2885

Black

Asian -12.34167 3.29526 .006 -22.6052 -2.0781 Caucasian -14.18333 3.29526 .001 -24.4469 -3.9198 Hispanic -9.01667 3.29526 .138 -19.2802 1.2469 Jewish -13.52500 3.29526 .002 -23.7885 -3.2615 Middle Eastern -5.64167 3.29526 .739 -15.9052 4.6219 Native American -7.74167 3.29526 .315 -18.0052 2.5219 Two or more ethnicities -13.38333 3.29526 .002 -23.6469 -3.1198 Other ethnicity -3.31667 3.29526 .985 -13.5802 6.9469

Caucasian

Asian 1.84167 3.29526 1.000 -8.4219 12.1052 Black 14.18333 3.29526 .001 3.9198 24.4469 Hispanic 5.16667 3.29526 .822 -5.0969 15.4302 Jewish .65833 3.29526 1.000 -9.6052 10.9219 Middle Eastern 8.54167 3.29526 .192 -1.7219 18.8052 Native American 6.44167 3.29526 .576 -3.8219 16.7052 Two or more ethnicities .80000 3.29526 1.000 -9.4635 11.0635 Other ethnicity 10.86667 3.29526 .029 .6031 21.1302

Hispanic

Asian -3.32500 3.29526 .985 -13.5885 6.9385 Black 9.01667 3.29526 .138 -1.2469 19.2802 Caucasian -5.16667 3.29526 .822 -15.4302 5.0969 Jewish -4.50833 3.29526 .909 -14.7719 5.7552 Middle Eastern 3.37500 3.29526 .983 -6.8885 13.6385 Native American 1.27500 3.29526 1.000 -8.9885 11.5385 Two or more ethnicities -4.36667 3.29526 .924 -14.6302 5.8969 Other ethnicity 5.70000 3.29526 .728 -4.5635 15.9635

Jewish

Asian 1.18333 3.29526 1.000 -9.0802 11.4469 Black 13.52500 3.29526 .002 3.2615 23.7885 Caucasian -.65833 3.29526 1.000 -10.9219 9.6052 Hispanic 4.50833 3.29526 .909 -5.7552 14.7719 Middle Eastern 7.88333 3.29526 .290 -2.3802 18.1469 Native American 5.78333 3.29526 .712 -4.4802 16.0469 Two or more ethnicities .14167 3.29526 1.000 -10.1219 10.4052 Other ethnicity 10.20833 3.29526 .053 -.0552 20.4719

Middle Eastern Asian -6.70000 3.29526 .521 -16.9635 3.5635


Black 5.64167 3.29526 .739 -4.6219 15.9052 Caucasian -8.54167 3.29526 .192 -18.8052 1.7219 Hispanic -3.37500 3.29526 .983 -13.6385 6.8885 Jewish -7.88333 3.29526 .290 -18.1469 2.3802 Native American -2.10000 3.29526 .999 -12.3635 8.1635 Two or more ethnicities -7.74167 3.29526 .315 -18.0052 2.5219 Other ethnicity 2.32500 3.29526 .999 -7.9385 12.5885

Native American

Asian -4.60000 3.29526 .899 -14.8635 5.6635 Black 7.74167 3.29526 .315 -2.5219 18.0052 Caucasian -6.44167 3.29526 .576 -16.7052 3.8219 Hispanic -1.27500 3.29526 1.000 -11.5385 8.9885 Jewish -5.78333 3.29526 .712 -16.0469 4.4802 Middle Eastern 2.10000 3.29526 .999 -8.1635 12.3635 Two or more ethnicities -5.64167 3.29526 .739 -15.9052 4.6219 Other ethnicity 4.42500 3.29526 .918 -5.8385 14.6885


Asian 1.04167 3.29526 1.000 -9.2219 11.3052 Black 13.38333 3.29526 .002 3.1198 23.6469 Caucasian -.80000 3.29526 1.000 -11.0635 9.4635 Hispanic 4.36667 3.29526 .924 -5.8969 14.6302 Jewish -.14167 3.29526 1.000 -10.4052 10.1219 Middle Eastern 7.74167 3.29526 .315 -2.5219 18.0052 Native American 5.64167 3.29526 .739 -4.6219 15.9052 Other ethnicity 10.06667 3.29526 .059 -.1969 20.3302

Other ethnicity

Asian -9.02500 3.29526 .137 -19.2885 1.2385 Black 3.31667 3.29526 .985 -6.9469 13.5802 Caucasian -10.86667 3.29526 .029 -21.1302 -.6031 Hispanic -5.70000 3.29526 .728 -15.9635 4.5635 Jewish -10.20833 3.29526 .053 -20.4719 .0552 Middle Eastern -2.32500 3.29526 .999 -12.5885 7.9385 Native American -4.42500 3.29526 .918 -14.6885 5.8385 Two or more ethnicities -10.06667 3.29526 .059 -20.3302 .1969

Arithmetic Asian

Black 16.56667 4.63623 .011 2.1265 31.0068 Caucasian -1.31667 4.63623 1.000 -15.7568 13.1235 Hispanic 6.00000 4.63623 .933 -8.4401 20.4401 Jewish .95000 4.63623 1.000 -13.4901 15.3901


Middle Eastern 6.21667 4.63623 .919 -8.2235 20.6568 Native American 8.53333 4.63623 .655 -5.9068 22.9735 Two or more ethnicities 3.26667 4.63623 .999 -11.1735 17.7068 Other ethnicity 13.01667 4.63623 .116 -1.4235 27.4568

Black

Asian -16.56667 4.63623 .011 -31.0068 -2.1265 Caucasian -17.88333 4.63623 .004 -32.3235 -3.4432 Hispanic -10.56667 4.63623 .357 -25.0068 3.8735 Jewish -15.61667 4.63623 .023 -30.0568 -1.1765 Middle Eastern -10.35000 4.63623 .386 -24.7901 4.0901 Native American -8.03333 4.63623 .726 -22.4735 6.4068 Two or more ethnicities -13.30000 4.63623 .099 -27.7401 1.1401 Other ethnicity -3.55000 4.63623 .998 -17.9901 10.8901

Caucasian

Asian 1.31667 4.63623 1.000 -13.1235 15.7568 Black 17.88333 4.63623 .004 3.4432 32.3235 Hispanic 7.31667 4.63623 .816 -7.1235 21.7568 Jewish 2.26667 4.63623 1.000 -12.1735 16.7068 Middle Eastern 7.53333 4.63623 .791 -6.9068 21.9735 Native American 9.85000 4.63623 .458 -4.5901 24.2901 Two or more ethnicities 4.58333 4.63623 .987 -9.8568 19.0235 Other ethnicity 14.33333 4.63623 .053 -.1068 28.7735

Hispanic

Asian -6.00000 4.63623 .933 -20.4401 8.4401 Black 10.56667 4.63623 .357 -3.8735 25.0068 Caucasian -7.31667 4.63623 .816 -21.7568 7.1235 Jewish -5.05000 4.63623 .976 -19.4901 9.3901 Middle Eastern .21667 4.63623 1.000 -14.2235 14.6568 Native American 2.53333 4.63623 1.000 -11.9068 16.9735 Two or more ethnicities -2.73333 4.63623 1.000 -17.1735 11.7068 Other ethnicity 7.01667 4.63623 .849 -7.4235 21.4568

Jewish

Asian -.95000 4.63623 1.000 -15.3901 13.4901 Black 15.61667 4.63623 .023 1.1765 30.0568 Caucasian -2.26667 4.63623 1.000 -16.7068 12.1735 Hispanic 5.05000 4.63623 .976 -9.3901 19.4901 Middle Eastern 5.26667 4.63623 .969 -9.1735 19.7068 Native American 7.58333 4.63623 .785 -6.8568 22.0235 Two or more ethnicities 2.31667 4.63623 1.000 -12.1235 16.7568


Other ethnicity 12.06667 4.63623 .188 -2.3735 26.5068

Middle Eastern

Asian -6.21667 4.63623 .919 -20.6568 8.2235 Black 10.35000 4.63623 .386 -4.0901 24.7901 Caucasian -7.53333 4.63623 .791 -21.9735 6.9068 Hispanic -.21667 4.63623 1.000 -14.6568 14.2235 Jewish -5.26667 4.63623 .969 -19.7068 9.1735 Native American 2.31667 4.63623 1.000 -12.1235 16.7568 Two or more ethnicities -2.95000 4.63623 .999 -17.3901 11.4901 Other ethnicity 6.80000 4.63623 .870 -7.6401 21.2401

Native American

Asian -8.53333 4.63623 .655 -22.9735 5.9068 Black 8.03333 4.63623 .726 -6.4068 22.4735 Caucasian -9.85000 4.63623 .458 -24.2901 4.5901 Hispanic -2.53333 4.63623 1.000 -16.9735 11.9068 Jewish -7.58333 4.63623 .785 -22.0235 6.8568 Middle Eastern -2.31667 4.63623 1.000 -16.7568 12.1235 Two or more ethnicities -5.26667 4.63623 .969 -19.7068 9.1735 Other ethnicity 4.48333 4.63623 .989 -9.9568 18.9235


Asian -3.26667 4.63623 .999 -17.7068 11.1735 Black 13.30000 4.63623 .099 -1.1401 27.7401 Caucasian -4.58333 4.63623 .987 -19.0235 9.8568 Hispanic 2.73333 4.63623 1.000 -11.7068 17.1735 Jewish -2.31667 4.63623 1.000 -16.7568 12.1235 Middle Eastern 2.95000 4.63623 .999 -11.4901 17.3901 Native American 5.26667 4.63623 .969 -9.1735 19.7068 Other ethnicity 9.75000 4.63623 .472 -4.6901 24.1901

Other ethnicity

Asian -13.01667 4.63623 .116 -27.4568 1.4235 Black 3.55000 4.63623 .998 -10.8901 17.9901 Caucasian -14.33333 4.63623 .053 -28.7735 .1068 Hispanic -7.01667 4.63623 .849 -21.4568 7.4235 Jewish -12.06667 4.63623 .188 -26.5068 2.3735 Middle Eastern -6.80000 4.63623 .870 -21.2401 7.6401 Native American -4.48333 4.63623 .989 -18.9235 9.9568 Two or more ethnicities -9.75000 4.63623 .472 -24.1901 4.6901

Graphs & Charts Asian Black 8.11667 2.66278 .061 -.1769 16.4102

Caucasian -2.36667 2.66278 .994 -10.6602 5.9269


Hispanic .65000 2.66278 1.000 -7.6436 8.9436 Jewish -3.31667 2.66278 .946 -11.6102 4.9769 Middle Eastern 7.18333 2.66278 .151 -1.1102 15.4769 Native American .66667 2.66278 1.000 -7.6269 8.9602 Two or more ethnicities -5.35000 2.66278 .538 -13.6436 2.9436 Other ethnicity 5.03333 2.66278 .621 -3.2602 13.3269

Black

Asian -8.11667 2.66278 .061 -16.4102 .1769 Caucasian -10.48333 2.66278 .003 -18.7769 -2.1898 Hispanic -7.46667 2.66278 .117 -15.7602 .8269 Jewish -11.43333 2.66278 .001 -19.7269 -3.1398 Middle Eastern -.93333 2.66278 1.000 -9.2269 7.3602 Native American -7.45000 2.66278 .118 -15.7436 .8436 Two or more ethnicities -13.46667 2.66278 .000 -21.7602 -5.1731 Other ethnicity -3.08333 2.66278 .965 -11.3769 5.2102

Caucasian

Asian 2.36667 2.66278 .994 -5.9269 10.6602 Black 10.48333 2.66278 .003 2.1898 18.7769 Hispanic 3.01667 2.66278 .969 -5.2769 11.3102 Jewish -.95000 2.66278 1.000 -9.2436 7.3436 Middle Eastern 9.55000 2.66278 .011 1.2564 17.8436 Native American 3.03333 2.66278 .968 -5.2602 11.3269 Two or more ethnicities -2.98333 2.66278 .971 -11.2769 5.3102 Other ethnicity 7.40000 2.66278 .124 -.8936 15.6936

Hispanic

Asian -.65000 2.66278 1.000 -8.9436 7.6436 Black 7.46667 2.66278 .117 -.8269 15.7602 Caucasian -3.01667 2.66278 .969 -11.3102 5.2769 Jewish -3.96667 2.66278 .860 -12.2602 4.3269 Middle Eastern 6.53333 2.66278 .257 -1.7602 14.8269 Native American .01667 2.66278 1.000 -8.2769 8.3102 Two or more ethnicities -6.00000 2.66278 .373 -14.2936 2.2936 Other ethnicity 4.38333 2.66278 .779 -3.9102 12.6769

Jewish

Asian 3.31667 2.66278 .946 -4.9769 11.6102 Black 11.43333 2.66278 .001 3.1398 19.7269 Caucasian .95000 2.66278 1.000 -7.3436 9.2436 Hispanic 3.96667 2.66278 .860 -4.3269 12.2602 Middle Eastern 10.50000 2.66278 .003 2.2064 18.7936


Native American 3.98333 2.66278 .857 -4.3102 12.2769 Two or more ethnicities -2.03333 2.66278 .998 -10.3269 6.2602 Other ethnicity 8.35000 2.66278 .047 .0564 16.6436

Middle Eastern

Asian -7.18333 2.66278 .151 -15.4769 1.1102 Black .93333 2.66278 1.000 -7.3602 9.2269 Caucasian -9.55000 2.66278 .011 -17.8436 -1.2564 Hispanic -6.53333 2.66278 .257 -14.8269 1.7602 Jewish -10.50000 2.66278 .003 -18.7936 -2.2064 Native American -6.51667 2.66278 .261 -14.8102 1.7769 Two or more ethnicities -12.53333 2.66278 .000 -20.8269 -4.2398 Other ethnicity -2.15000 2.66278 .997 -10.4436 6.1436

Native American

Asian -.66667 2.66278 1.000 -8.9602 7.6269 Black 7.45000 2.66278 .118 -.8436 15.7436 Caucasian -3.03333 2.66278 .968 -11.3269 5.2602 Hispanic -.01667 2.66278 1.000 -8.3102 8.2769 Jewish -3.98333 2.66278 .857 -12.2769 4.3102 Middle Eastern 6.51667 2.66278 .261 -1.7769 14.8102 Two or more ethnicities -6.01667 2.66278 .369 -14.3102 2.2769 Other ethnicity 4.36667 2.66278 .782 -3.9269 12.6602


Asian 5.35000 2.66278 .538 -2.9436 13.6436 Black 13.46667 2.66278 .000 5.1731 21.7602 Caucasian 2.98333 2.66278 .971 -5.3102 11.2769 Hispanic 6.00000 2.66278 .373 -2.2936 14.2936 Jewish 2.03333 2.66278 .998 -6.2602 10.3269 Middle Eastern 12.53333 2.66278 .000 4.2398 20.8269 Native American 6.01667 2.66278 .369 -2.2769 14.3102 Other ethnicity 10.38333 2.66278 .003 2.0898 18.6769

Other ethnicity

Asian -5.03333 2.66278 .621 -13.3269 3.2602 Black 3.08333 2.66278 .965 -5.2102 11.3769 Caucasian -7.40000 2.66278 .124 -15.6936 .8936 Hispanic -4.38333 2.66278 .779 -12.6769 3.9102 Jewish -8.35000 2.66278 .047 -16.6436 -.0564 Middle Eastern 2.15000 2.66278 .997 -6.1436 10.4436 Native American -4.36667 2.66278 .782 -12.6602 3.9269 Two or more ethnicities -10.38333 2.66278 .003 -18.6769 -2.0898


Ethnicity Analysis Ethnic groups:

• Asian (n = 711) • Black (n = 711) • Caucasian (n = 711) • Hispanic (n = 711) • Jewish (n = 711) • Middle Eastern (n = 711) • Native American (n = 711) • Two or more ethnicities (n = 711) • Other (n = 711) Analysis shows significant differences on the following scales:

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Overall Score (F(8,531) = 6.23; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Caucasian group (x̄ = 111.3) and the Two or more ethnicities group (x̄ = 111.9) outscored (p < .05) the Black (x̄ = 101.2), Middle Eastern (x̄ = 98.5), and Other ethnicity (x̄ = 98.8) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Jewish group (x̄ = 108.9) outscored (p < .05) the Middle Eastern group (x̄ = 98.5) and the Other ethnicity group (x̄ = 98.8).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Fluid Intelligence scale (F(8,531) = 5.28; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Caucasian group (x̄ = 114.2) and the Two or more ethnicities group (x̄ = 114.4) outscored (p < .05) the Black (x̄ = 103.9), Middle Eastern (x̄ = 100.2), and Other ethnicity (x̄ = 102.8) groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Spatial scale (F(8,531) = 4.05; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Caucasian group (x̄ =

107.1) outscored (p < .05) the Middle Eastern group (x̄ = 98.9). Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Two or more ethnicities group (x̄ = 110.4) outscored (p < .05) the Black (x̄ = 99.2), Jewish (x̄ = 101.8), Middle Eastern (x̄ = 98.9), and Other ethnicity (x̄ = 101.6) groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the 2D-3D Images scale (F(8,531) = 5.05; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Caucasian group

(x̄ = 111.0) outscored (p < .05) the Black (x̄ = 97.9) and Middle Eastern (x̄ = 96.1) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Two or more ethnicities group (x̄ = 113.6) outscored (p < .01) the Black (x̄ = 97.9), Jewish (x̄ = 99.9), and Middle Eastern (x̄ = 96.1) groups.


• A significant ANOVA was found on the Logical scale (F(8,531) = 5.40; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Caucasian group (x̄ =

121.3) outscored (p < .05) the Black (x̄ = 108.5), Middle Eastern (x̄ = 101.4), and Other ethnicity (x̄ = 103.9) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Two or more ethnicities group (x̄ = 118.5) outscored (p < .01) the Middle Eastern (x̄ = 101.4) and Other ethnicity (x̄ = 103.9) groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Arguments scale (F(8,531) = 3.53; p < .01). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Caucasian group (x̄ = 122.1) outscored (p < .01) the Middle Eastern (x̄ = 105.7) and Other ethnicity (x̄ = 107.2) groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Puzzles scale (F(8,531) = 6.12; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Caucasian group (x̄ =

120.4) and the Two or more ethnicities group (x̄ = 121.0) outscored (p < .05) the Black (x̄ = 104.1), Middle Eastern (x̄ = 97.1), and Other ethnicity (x̄ = 100.7) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Native American group (x̄ = 112.2) outscored (p < .05) the Middle Eastern group (x̄ = 97.1).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Crystallized Intelligence scale (F(8,531) = 6.17; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Black

group (x̄ = 99.9) were outscored (p < .05) by the Caucasian (x̄ = 109.8), Jewish (x̄ = 109.6), and Two or more ethnicities (x̄ = 110.6) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Middle Eastern group (x̄ = 97.7) and the Other ethnicity group (x̄ = 96.8) were outscored (p < .01) by the Caucasian (x̄ = 109.8), Jewish (x̄ = 109.6), and Two or more ethnicities (x̄ = 110.6) groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Verbal scale (F(8,531) = 7.34; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Caucasian group (x̄ =

112.3) and the Jewish group (x̄ = 112.6) outscored (p < .001) the Middle Eastern group (x̄ = 96.7) and the Other ethnicity group (x̄ = 97.1). Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Middle Eastern group (x̄ = 96.7) were outscored (p < .05) by the Hispanic (x̄ = 107.5), Native American (x̄ = 110.4), and Two or more ethnicities (x̄ = 114.6) groups. The Other ethnicity group (x̄ = 97.1) were outscored (p < .01) by the Native American (x̄ = 110.4) and Two or more ethnicities (x̄ = 114.6) groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Vocabulary scale (F(8,531) = 5.95; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Caucasian group (x̄ =

111.4) and the Jewish group (x̄ = 115.5) outscored (p < .05) the Middle Eastern group (x̄ = 98.4) and the Other ethnicity group (x̄ = 99.0). Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Native American group (x̄ = 111.5) and the Two or more ethnicities group (x̄ = 113.8) outscored (p < .05) the Middle Eastern group (x̄ = 98.4) and the Other ethnicity group (x̄ = 99.0). The Hispanic group (x̄ = 109.9) outscored (p < .05) the Middle Eastern group (x̄ = 98.4).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Analogies scale (F(8,531) = 6.25; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Middle Eastern group

(x̄ = 95.0) and the Other ethnicity group (x̄ = 95.2) were outscored (p < .05) by the Caucasian (x̄ = 113.2), Jewish (x̄ = 109.7), Native American (x̄ = 109.4), and the Two or more ethnicities (x̄ = 115.5) groups.


• A significant ANOVA was found on the Numerical scale (F(8,531) = 4.69; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Black group (x̄ = 93.1)

were outscored (p < .01) by the Asian (x̄ = 105.4), Caucasian (x̄ = 107.3), Jewish (x̄ = 106.6), and Two or more ethnicities (x̄ = 106.5) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Caucasian group (x̄ = 107.3) outscored (p < .05) the Other ethnicity group (x̄ = 96.4).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Arithmetic scale (F(8,531) = 3.37; p < .01). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Black group (x̄ = 91.4)

were outscored (p < .05) by the Asian (x̄ = 108.0), Caucasian (x̄ = 109.3), and Jewish (x̄ = 107.0) groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Graphs & Charts scale (F(8,531) = 6.22; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that the Black group (x̄ = 94.8) were outscored (p < .01) by the Caucasian (x̄ = 105.3), Jewish (x̄ = 106.2), and Two or more ethnicities (x̄ = 108.3) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Caucasian group (x̄ = 105.3) outscored (p < .05) the Middle Eastern group (x̄ = 95.7). The Middle Eastern group (x̄ = 95.7) and the Other ethnicity group (x̄ = 97.9) were outscored (p < .05) by the Jewish (x̄ = 106.2) and Two or more ethnicities (x̄ = 108.3) groups.

Significant differences were not found on the Matrices scale.


Ethnicity Analysis – Graphical Results


Reliability Analysis Note: Reliability analysis is based on full sample of 9344.

Scale Name Number of Items

Cronbach's Alpha

Spearman-Brown

Coefficient Guttman Split-Half Coefficient

Standard Error of Measurement

Overall 109 0.94 0.88 0.88 3.81

Fluid Intelligence 54 0.89 0.82 0.82 5.27

Spatial 24 0.75 0.73 0.71 7.23

Matrices 12 0.56 0.53 0.49 8.26

2D-3D Images 12 0.66 0.62 0.60 11.63

Logical 30 0.86 0.80 0.76 7.64

Arguments 15 0.68 0.68 0.66 10.75

Puzzles 15 0.84 0.77 0.76 10.26

Crystallized Intelligence 55 0.90 0.77 0.77 5.24

Verbal 30 0.82 0.77 0.77 7.97

Vocabulary 15 0.69 0.64 0.64 10.81

Analogies 15 0.73 0.71 0.71 11.54

Numerical 25 0.86 0.76 0.76 6.84

Arithmetic 15 0.82 0.81 0.80 10.55

Graphs & Charts 10 0.71 0.68 0.68 8.72


Pearson’s Correlations - Scales

Overall Score Fluid Intelligence Crystallized Intelligence Vocabulary Analogies Arithmetic Graphs & Charts

Overall Score Pearson Correlation 1 .896 .977 .736 .813 .841 .710 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Fluid Intelligence

Pearson Correlation .896 1 .781 .537 .644 .702 .591 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344


Pearson Correlation .977 .781 1 .779 .835 .846 .715 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Vocabulary Pearson Correlation .736 .537 .779 1 .627 .478 .393 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Analogies Pearson Correlation .813 .644 .835 .627 1 .571 .419 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Arithmetic Pearson Correlation .841 .702 .846 .478 .571 1 .572 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Graphs & Charts

Pearson Correlation .710 .591 .715 .393 .419 .572 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Matrices Pearson Correlation .634 .732 .541 .340 .417 .513 .446 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

2D-3D Images

Pearson Correlation .696 .807 .591 .390 .481 .511 .510 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344


Overall Score Fluid Intelligence Crystallized Intelligence Vocabulary Analogies Arithmetic Graphs & Charts

Arguments Pearson Correlation .711 .799 .617 .460 .555 .540 .383 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Puzzles Pearson Correlation .843 .901 .754 .519 .606 .693 .567 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Verbal Pearson Correlation .861 .658 .896 .888 .915 .585 .451 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Numerical Pearson Correlation .885 .738 .891 .499 .573 .932 .831 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Spatial Pearson Correlation .753 .872 .641 .416 .511 .573 .544 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Logical Pearson Correlation .861 .938 .761 .540 .639 .687 .535 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344


Matrices 2D-3D Images Arguments Puzzles Verbal Numerical Spatial Logical

Overall Score Pearson Correlation .634 .696 .711 .843 .861 .885 .753 .861 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Fluid Intelligence Pearson Correlation .732 .807 .799 .901 .658 .738 .872 .938 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Crystallized Intelligence Pearson Correlation .541 .591 .617 .754 .896 .891 .641 .761 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Vocabulary Pearson Correlation .340 .390 .460 .519 .888 .499 .416 .540 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Analogies Pearson Correlation .417 .481 .555 .606 .915 .573 .511 .639 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Arithmetic Pearson Correlation .513 .511 .540 .693 .585 .932 .573 .687 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Graphs & Charts Pearson Correlation .446 .510 .383 .567 .451 .831 .544 .535 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Matrices Pearson Correlation 1 .569 .431 .565 .423 .545 .824 .556 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

2D-3D Images Pearson Correlation .569 1 .469 .598 .486 .572 .935 .594 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Arguments Pearson Correlation .431 .469 1 .664 .566 .536 .509 .883 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Puzzles Pearson Correlation .565 .598 .664 1 .627 .721 .656 .937 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344


Matrices 2D-3D Images Arguments Puzzles Verbal Numerical Spatial Logical

Verbal Pearson Correlation .423 .486 .566 .627 1 .597 .517 .657 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Numerical Pearson Correlation .545 .572 .536 .721 .597 1 .630 .703 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Spatial Pearson Correlation .824 .935 .509 .656 .517 .630 1 .649 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344

Logical Pearson Correlation .556 .594 .883 .937 .657 .703 .649 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344 9344


Pearson’s Correlations – Other IQ Tests

Standard IQ Tests MIT – R (Multidimensional Intelligence Test – Revised) Cattell – Test of g Pearson’s r(56) = .67, p < .001

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Pearson’s r(109) = .70, p < .001

Raven’s Progressive Matrices Pearson’s r(55) = .63, p < .001

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS – R) Pearson’s r(68) = .72, p < .001


Criterion Validity Analysis (concurrent validity) Comparison variable: Level of Education In the validation questions that appear at the end of the assessment, participants were asked the following question:

What is the highest degree of formal education that you have achieved?

• Grade school (n = 298) • Some high school (n = 1459) • High school (n = 1777) • Junior College (n = 1337) • College (n = 513) • Technical/Trade school (n = 125) • Associate’s degree (n = 202) • Bachelor’s degree (n = 824) • Master’s degree (n = 433) • Ph.D./Doctoral degree (n = 92) Note: All participants can choose not to answer the question by skipping it entirely or selecting “I don’t want to answer.” 7060 people responded to the question; 2284 chose not to.

In the Anova using the entire sample (a one-way, independent-measures test with 10 groups), the assumption of Homogeneity of Variance was violated for all scales except one. To remedy this problem, another Anova, adjusted for sample size, was performed using a randomly selected sample of 92 people for the first 9 groups. However, the Levene statistic was still significant. The differences between groups are still noteworthy, however. Below, we show the Test of Homogeneity of Variances tables and Anova tables for both the original sample of 7060 people and the equalized sample. The results that will be reported, however, are based on the Anova using equal-sized groups. Post-hoc test used: Tukey.


Test of Homogeneity of Variances - Original sample Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. Overall Score 9.943 9 7050 .000 Fluid Intelligence 7.756 9 7050 .000 Spatial 2.426 9 7050 .009 Matrices 1.586 9 7050 .113 2D-3D Images 2.006 9 7050 .035 Logical 12.459 9 7050 .000 Arguments 12.988 9 7050 .000 Puzzles 8.257 9 7050 .000 Crystallized Intelligence 9.846 9 7050 .000 Verbal 8.091 9 7050 .000 Vocabulary 5.688 9 7050 .000 Analogies 6.004 9 7050 .000 Numerical 9.586 9 7050 .000 Arithmetic 7.838 9 7050 .000 Graphs & Charts 14.707 9 7050 .000




Fluid Intelligence Between Groups 85876.670 9 9541.852 44.402 .000 Within Groups 1515034.167 7050 214.898 Total 1600910.837 7059







Crystallized Intelligence Between Groups 180817.438 9 20090.826 84.420 .000 Within Groups 1677810.458 7050 237.987 Total 1858627.897 7059



Test of Homogeneity of Variances – Equalized sample

Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.

Overall Score 5.835 9 910 .000

Fluid Intelligence 3.928 9 910 .000

Spatial 2.233 9 910 .018

Matrices .930 9 910 .498

2D-3D Images 2.151 9 910 .023

Logical 5.718 9 910 .000

Arguments 4.986 9 910 .000

Puzzles 4.456 9 910 .000

Crystallized Intelligence 5.845 9 910 .000

Verbal 4.016 9 910 .000

Vocabulary 1.693 9 910 .086

Analogies 3.597 9 910 .000

Numerical 5.310 9 910 .000

Arithmetic 3.844 9 910 .000

Graphs & Charts 4.031 9 910 .000




Fluid Intelligence













Dependent Variable

(I) What is the highest degree of formal education that you have achieved?

(J) What is the highest degree of formal education that you have achieved?

Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig.



Overall Score

Grade school

Some high school -8.04167 2.19051 .010 -14.9891 -1.0943 High school -5.22917 2.19051 .335 -12.1766 1.7182 Junior college -11.42663 2.19051 .000 -18.3740 -4.4792 College -11.21830 2.19051 .000 -18.1657 -4.2709 Technical/Trade school -12.45199 2.19051 .000 -19.3994 -5.5046 Associate’s degree -14.98913 2.19051 .000 -21.9365 -8.0417 Bachelor’s degree -17.05797 2.19051 .000 -24.0054 -10.1106 Master’s degree -19.66395 2.19051 .000 -26.6114 -12.7165 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -14.92935 2.19051 .000 -21.8768 -7.9819

Some high school

Grade school 8.04167 2.19051 .010 1.0943 14.9891 High school 2.81250 2.19051 .957 -4.1349 9.7599 Junior college -3.38496 2.19051 .873 -10.3324 3.5624 College -3.17663 2.19051 .911 -10.1240 3.7708 Technical/Trade school -4.41033 2.19051 .590 -11.3577 2.5371 Associate’s degree -6.94746 2.19051 .050 -13.8949 -.0001 Bachelor’s degree -9.01630 2.19051 .002 -15.9637 -2.0689 Master’s degree -11.62228 2.19051 .000 -18.5697 -4.6749 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -6.88768 2.19051 .054 -13.8351 .0597

High school

Grade school 5.22917 2.19051 .335 -1.7182 12.1766 Some high school -2.81250 2.19051 .957 -9.7599 4.1349 Junior college -6.19746 2.19051 .128 -13.1449 .7499 College -5.98913 2.19051 .162 -12.9365 .9583 Technical/Trade school -7.22283 2.19051 .034 -14.1702 -.2754 Associate’s degree -9.75996 2.19051 .000 -16.7074 -2.8126 Bachelor’s degree -11.82880 2.19051 .000 -18.7762 -4.8814 Master’s degree -14.43478 2.19051 .000 -21.3822 -7.4874 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -9.70018 2.19051 .000 -16.6476 -2.7528

Junior college Grade school 11.42663 2.19051 .000 4.4792 18.3740 Some high school 3.38496 2.19051 .873 -3.5624 10.3324


High school 6.19746 2.19051 .128 -.7499 13.1449 College .20833 2.19051 1.000 -6.7391 7.1557 Technical/Trade school -1.02536 2.19051 1.000 -7.9728 5.9220 Associate’s degree -3.56250 2.19051 .835 -10.5099 3.3849 Bachelor’s degree -5.63134 2.19051 .233 -12.5787 1.3161 Master’s degree -8.23732 2.19051 .007 -15.1847 -1.2899 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -3.50272 2.19051 .849 -10.4501 3.4447

College

Grade school 11.21830 2.19051 .000 4.2709 18.1657 Some high school 3.17663 2.19051 .911 -3.7708 10.1240 High school 5.98913 2.19051 .162 -.9583 12.9365 Junior college -.20833 2.19051 1.000 -7.1557 6.7391 Technical/Trade school -1.23370 2.19051 1.000 -8.1811 5.7137 Associate’s degree -3.77083 2.19051 .783 -10.7182 3.1766 Bachelor’s degree -5.83967 2.19051 .189 -12.7871 1.1077 Master’s degree -8.44565 2.19051 .005 -15.3931 -1.4982 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -3.71105 2.19051 .799 -10.6585 3.2364

Technical/Trade school

Grade school 12.45199 2.19051 .000 5.5046 19.3994 Some high school 4.41033 2.19051 .590 -2.5371 11.3577 High school 7.22283 2.19051 .034 .2754 14.1702 Junior college 1.02536 2.19051 1.000 -5.9220 7.9728 College 1.23370 2.19051 1.000 -5.7137 8.1811 Associate’s degree -2.53714 2.19051 .978 -9.4845 4.4103 Bachelor’s degree -4.60598 2.19051 .526 -11.5534 2.3414 Master’s degree -7.21196 2.19051 .035 -14.1594 -.2645 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -2.47736 2.19051 .981 -9.4248 4.4701

Associate’s degree

Grade school 14.98913 2.19051 .000 8.0417 21.9365 Some high school 6.94746 2.19051 .050 .0001 13.8949 High school 9.75996 2.19051 .000 2.8126 16.7074 Junior college 3.56250 2.19051 .835 -3.3849 10.5099 College 3.77083 2.19051 .783 -3.1766 10.7182 Technical/Trade school 2.53714 2.19051 .978 -4.4103 9.4845 Bachelor’s degree -2.06884 2.19051 .995 -9.0162 4.8786 Master’s degree -4.67482 2.19051 .504 -11.6222 2.2726 Ph.D./Doctoral degree .05978 2.19051 1.000 -6.8876 7.0072

Bachelor’s degree Grade school 17.05797 2.19051 .000 10.1106 24.0054


Some high school 9.01630 2.19051 .002 2.0689 15.9637 High school 11.82880 2.19051 .000 4.8814 18.7762 Junior college 5.63134 2.19051 .233 -1.3161 12.5787 College 5.83967 2.19051 .189 -1.1077 12.7871 Technical/Trade school 4.60598 2.19051 .526 -2.3414 11.5534 Associate’s degree 2.06884 2.19051 .995 -4.8786 9.0162 Master’s degree -2.60598 2.19051 .974 -9.5534 4.3414 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 2.12862 2.19051 .994 -4.8188 9.0760

Master’s degree

Grade school 19.66395 2.19051 .000 12.7165 26.6114 Some high school 11.62228 2.19051 .000 4.6749 18.5697 High school 14.43478 2.19051 .000 7.4874 21.3822 Junior college 8.23732 2.19051 .007 1.2899 15.1847 College 8.44565 2.19051 .005 1.4982 15.3931 Technical/Trade school 7.21196 2.19051 .035 .2645 14.1594 Associate’s degree 4.67482 2.19051 .504 -2.2726 11.6222 Bachelor’s degree 2.60598 2.19051 .974 -4.3414 9.5534 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 4.73460 2.19051 .484 -2.2128 11.6820

Ph.D./Doctoral degree

Grade school 14.92935 2.19051 .000 7.9819 21.8768 Some high school 6.88768 2.19051 .054 -.0597 13.8351 High school 9.70018 2.19051 .000 2.7528 16.6476 Junior college 3.50272 2.19051 .849 -3.4447 10.4501 College 3.71105 2.19051 .799 -3.2364 10.6585 Technical/Trade school 2.47736 2.19051 .981 -4.4701 9.4248 Associate’s degree -.05978 2.19051 1.000 -7.0072 6.8876 Bachelor’s degree -2.12862 2.19051 .994 -9.0760 4.8188 Master’s degree -4.73460 2.19051 .484 -11.6820 2.2128

Fluid Intelligence Grade school



Some high school

Grade school 8.48370 2.22009 .005 1.4425 15.5249 High school 3.49728 2.22009 .860 -3.5439 10.5385 Junior college -1.43207 2.22009 1.000 -8.4733 5.6091 College -1.27446 2.22009 1.000 -8.3157 5.7668 Technical/Trade school -2.97554 2.22009 .944 -10.0168 4.0657 Associate’s degree -2.91304 2.22009 .951 -9.9543 4.1282 Bachelor’s degree -5.54891 2.22009 .270 -12.5901 1.4923 Master’s degree -6.16576 2.22009 .146 -13.2070 .8755 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -.88043 2.22009 1.000 -7.9216 6.1608

High school

Grade school 4.98641 2.22009 .426 -2.0548 12.0276 Some high school -3.49728 2.22009 .860 -10.5385 3.5439 Junior college -4.92935 2.22009 .443 -11.9706 2.1119 College -4.77174 2.22009 .493 -11.8130 2.2695 Technical/Trade school -6.47283 2.22009 .103 -13.5140 .5684 Associate’s degree -6.41033 2.22009 .111 -13.4515 .6309 Bachelor’s degree -9.04620 2.22009 .002 -16.0874 -2.0050 Master’s degree -9.66304 2.22009 .001 -16.7043 -2.6218 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -4.37772 2.22009 .619 -11.4189 2.6635

Junior college

Grade school 9.91576 2.22009 .000 2.8745 16.9570 Some high school 1.43207 2.22009 1.000 -5.6091 8.4733 High school 4.92935 2.22009 .443 -2.1119 11.9706 College .15761 2.22009 1.000 -6.8836 7.1988 Technical/Trade school -1.54348 2.22009 1.000 -8.5847 5.4977 Associate’s degree -1.48098 2.22009 1.000 -8.5222 5.5602 Bachelor’s degree -4.11685 2.22009 .700 -11.1581 2.9244 Master’s degree -4.73370 2.22009 .505 -11.7749 2.3075 Ph.D./Doctoral degree .55163 2.22009 1.000 -6.4896 7.5928

College

Grade school 9.75815 2.22009 .001 2.7169 16.7994 Some high school 1.27446 2.22009 1.000 -5.7668 8.3157 High school 4.77174 2.22009 .493 -2.2695 11.8130 Junior college -.15761 2.22009 1.000 -7.1988 6.8836 Technical/Trade school -1.70109 2.22009 .999 -8.7423 5.3401 Associate’s degree -1.63859 2.22009 .999 -8.6798 5.4026 Bachelor’s degree -4.27446 2.22009 .652 -11.3157 2.7668 Master’s degree -4.89130 2.22009 .455 -11.9325 2.1499


Ph.D./Doctoral degree .39402 2.22009 1.000 -6.6472 7.4352


Grade school 11.45924 2.22009 .000 4.4180 18.5005 Some high school 2.97554 2.22009 .944 -4.0657 10.0168 High school 6.47283 2.22009 .103 -.5684 13.5140 Junior college 1.54348 2.22009 1.000 -5.4977 8.5847 College 1.70109 2.22009 .999 -5.3401 8.7423 Associate’s degree .06250 2.22009 1.000 -6.9787 7.1037 Bachelor’s degree -2.57337 2.22009 .978 -9.6146 4.4678 Master’s degree -3.19022 2.22009 .915 -10.2314 3.8510 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 2.09511 2.22009 .995 -4.9461 9.1363


Grade school 11.39674 2.22009 .000 4.3555 18.4380 Some high school 2.91304 2.22009 .951 -4.1282 9.9543 High school 6.41033 2.22009 .111 -.6309 13.4515 Junior college 1.48098 2.22009 1.000 -5.5602 8.5222 College 1.63859 2.22009 .999 -5.4026 8.6798 Technical/Trade school -.06250 2.22009 1.000 -7.1037 6.9787 Bachelor’s degree -2.63587 2.22009 .974 -9.6771 4.4053 Master’s degree -3.25272 2.22009 .905 -10.2939 3.7885 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 2.03261 2.22009 .996 -5.0086 9.0738

Bachelor’s degree

Grade school 14.03261 2.22009 .000 6.9914 21.0738 Some high school 5.54891 2.22009 .270 -1.4923 12.5901 High school 9.04620 2.22009 .002 2.0050 16.0874 Junior college 4.11685 2.22009 .700 -2.9244 11.1581 College 4.27446 2.22009 .652 -2.7668 11.3157 Technical/Trade school 2.57337 2.22009 .978 -4.4678 9.6146 Associate’s degree 2.63587 2.22009 .974 -4.4053 9.6771 Master’s degree -.61685 2.22009 1.000 -7.6581 6.4244 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 4.66848 2.22009 .526 -2.3727 11.7097

Master’s degree

Grade school 14.64946 2.22009 .000 7.6082 21.6907 Some high school 6.16576 2.22009 .146 -.8755 13.2070 High school 9.66304 2.22009 .001 2.6218 16.7043 Junior college 4.73370 2.22009 .505 -2.3075 11.7749 College 4.89130 2.22009 .455 -2.1499 11.9325 Technical/Trade school 3.19022 2.22009 .915 -3.8510 10.2314 Associate’s degree 3.25272 2.22009 .905 -3.7885 10.2939


Bachelor’s degree .61685 2.22009 1.000 -6.4244 7.6581 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 5.28533 2.22009 .339 -1.7559 12.3265


Grade school 9.36413 2.22009 .001 2.3229 16.4053 Some high school .88043 2.22009 1.000 -6.1608 7.9216 High school 4.37772 2.22009 .619 -2.6635 11.4189 Junior college -.55163 2.22009 1.000 -7.5928 6.4896 College -.39402 2.22009 1.000 -7.4352 6.6472 Technical/Trade school -2.09511 2.22009 .995 -9.1363 4.9461 Associate’s degree -2.03261 2.22009 .996 -9.0738 5.0086 Bachelor’s degree -4.66848 2.22009 .526 -11.7097 2.3727 Master’s degree -5.28533 2.22009 .339 -12.3265 1.7559

Spatial

Grade school

Some high school -6.51630 2.08404 .057 -13.1260 .0934 High school -3.94565 2.08404 .674 -10.5554 2.6641 Junior college -8.39674 2.08404 .002 -15.0065 -1.7870 College -7.70652 2.08404 .009 -14.3163 -1.0968 Technical/Trade school -8.31522 2.08404 .003 -14.9249 -1.7055 Associate’s degree -8.11957 2.08404 .004 -14.7293 -1.5098 Bachelor’s degree -11.05978 2.08404 .000 -17.6695 -4.4501 Master’s degree -10.91304 2.08404 .000 -17.5228 -4.3033 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -6.84783 2.08404 .035 -13.4576 -.2381

Some high school

Grade school 6.51630 2.08404 .057 -.0934 13.1260 High school 2.57065 2.08404 .967 -4.0391 9.1804 Junior college -1.88043 2.08404 .996 -8.4902 4.7293 College -1.19022 2.08404 1.000 -7.7999 5.4195 Technical/Trade school -1.79891 2.08404 .997 -8.4086 4.8108 Associate’s degree -1.60326 2.08404 .999 -8.2130 5.0065 Bachelor’s degree -4.54348 2.08404 .471 -11.1532 2.0663 Master’s degree -4.39674 2.08404 .521 -11.0065 2.2130 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -.33152 2.08404 1.000 -6.9413 6.2782

High school

Grade school 3.94565 2.08404 .674 -2.6641 10.5554 Some high school -2.57065 2.08404 .967 -9.1804 4.0391 Junior college -4.45109 2.08404 .502 -11.0608 2.1586 College -3.76087 2.08404 .732 -10.3706 2.8489 Technical/Trade school -4.36957 2.08404 .530 -10.9793 2.2402 Associate’s degree -4.17391 2.08404 .597 -10.7836 2.4358


Bachelor’s degree -7.11413 2.08404 .023 -13.7239 -.5044 Master’s degree -6.96739 2.08404 .029 -13.5771 -.3577 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -2.90217 2.08404 .930 -9.5119 3.7076

Junior college

Grade school 8.39674 2.08404 .002 1.7870 15.0065 Some high school 1.88043 2.08404 .996 -4.7293 8.4902 High school 4.45109 2.08404 .502 -2.1586 11.0608 College .69022 2.08404 1.000 -5.9195 7.2999 Technical/Trade school .08152 2.08404 1.000 -6.5282 6.6913 Associate’s degree .27717 2.08404 1.000 -6.3326 6.8869 Bachelor’s degree -2.66304 2.08404 .958 -9.2728 3.9467 Master’s degree -2.51630 2.08404 .971 -9.1260 4.0934 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 1.54891 2.08404 .999 -5.0608 8.1586

College

Grade school 7.70652 2.08404 .009 1.0968 14.3163 Some high school 1.19022 2.08404 1.000 -5.4195 7.7999 High school 3.76087 2.08404 .732 -2.8489 10.3706 Junior college -.69022 2.08404 1.000 -7.2999 5.9195 Technical/Trade school -.60870 2.08404 1.000 -7.2184 6.0010 Associate’s degree -.41304 2.08404 1.000 -7.0228 6.1967 Bachelor’s degree -3.35326 2.08404 .844 -9.9630 3.2565 Master’s degree -3.20652 2.08404 .876 -9.8163 3.4032 Ph.D./Doctoral degree .85870 2.08404 1.000 -5.7510 7.4684


Grade school 8.31522 2.08404 .003 1.7055 14.9249 Some high school 1.79891 2.08404 .997 -4.8108 8.4086 High school 4.36957 2.08404 .530 -2.2402 10.9793 Junior college -.08152 2.08404 1.000 -6.6913 6.5282 College .60870 2.08404 1.000 -6.0010 7.2184 Associate’s degree .19565 2.08404 1.000 -6.4141 6.8054 Bachelor’s degree -2.74457 2.08404 .950 -9.3543 3.8652 Master’s degree -2.59783 2.08404 .965 -9.2076 4.0119 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 1.46739 2.08404 .999 -5.1423 8.0771


Grade school 8.11957 2.08404 .004 1.5098 14.7293 Some high school 1.60326 2.08404 .999 -5.0065 8.2130 High school 4.17391 2.08404 .597 -2.4358 10.7836 Junior college -.27717 2.08404 1.000 -6.8869 6.3326 College .41304 2.08404 1.000 -6.1967 7.0228


Technical/Trade school -.19565 2.08404 1.000 -6.8054 6.4141 Bachelor’s degree -2.94022 2.08404 .924 -9.5499 3.6695 Master’s degree -2.79348 2.08404 .944 -9.4032 3.8163 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 1.27174 2.08404 1.000 -5.3380 7.8815

Bachelor’s degree

Grade school 11.05978 2.08404 .000 4.4501 17.6695 Some high school 4.54348 2.08404 .471 -2.0663 11.1532 High school 7.11413 2.08404 .023 .5044 13.7239 Junior college 2.66304 2.08404 .958 -3.9467 9.2728 College 3.35326 2.08404 .844 -3.2565 9.9630 Technical/Trade school 2.74457 2.08404 .950 -3.8652 9.3543 Associate’s degree 2.94022 2.08404 .924 -3.6695 9.5499 Master’s degree .14674 2.08404 1.000 -6.4630 6.7565 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 4.21196 2.08404 .584 -2.3978 10.8217

Master’s degree

Grade school 10.91304 2.08404 .000 4.3033 17.5228 Some high school 4.39674 2.08404 .521 -2.2130 11.0065 High school 6.96739 2.08404 .029 .3577 13.5771 Junior college 2.51630 2.08404 .971 -4.0934 9.1260 College 3.20652 2.08404 .876 -3.4032 9.8163 Technical/Trade school 2.59783 2.08404 .965 -4.0119 9.2076 Associate’s degree 2.79348 2.08404 .944 -3.8163 9.4032 Bachelor’s degree -.14674 2.08404 1.000 -6.7565 6.4630 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 4.06522 2.08404 .634 -2.5445 10.6749


Grade school 6.84783 2.08404 .035 .2381 13.4576 Some high school .33152 2.08404 1.000 -6.2782 6.9413 High school 2.90217 2.08404 .930 -3.7076 9.5119 Junior college -1.54891 2.08404 .999 -8.1586 5.0608 College -.85870 2.08404 1.000 -7.4684 5.7510 Technical/Trade school -1.46739 2.08404 .999 -8.0771 5.1423 Associate’s degree -1.27174 2.08404 1.000 -7.8815 5.3380 Bachelor’s degree -4.21196 2.08404 .584 -10.8217 2.3978 Master’s degree -4.06522 2.08404 .634 -10.6749 2.5445

Matrices Grade school

Some high school -4.82609 1.83281 .204 -10.6390 .9868 High school -3.78261 1.83281 .554 -9.5955 2.0303 Junior college -6.40217 1.83281 .018 -12.2151 -.5892 College -8.15217 1.83281 .000 -13.9651 -2.3392


Technical/Trade school -6.11957 1.83281 .030 -11.9325 -.3066 Associate’s degree -6.77174 1.83281 .009 -12.5847 -.9588 Bachelor’s degree -8.40217 1.83281 .000 -14.2151 -2.5892 Master’s degree -9.22826 1.83281 .000 -15.0412 -3.4153 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -5.30435 1.83281 .109 -11.1173 .5086

Some high school

Grade school 4.82609 1.83281 .204 -.9868 10.6390 High school 1.04348 1.83281 1.000 -4.7695 6.8564 Junior college -1.57609 1.83281 .998 -7.3890 4.2368 College -3.32609 1.83281 .726 -9.1390 2.4868 Technical/Trade school -1.29348 1.83281 .999 -7.1064 4.5195 Associate’s degree -1.94565 1.83281 .988 -7.7586 3.8673 Bachelor’s degree -3.57609 1.83281 .634 -9.3890 2.2368 Master’s degree -4.40217 1.83281 .326 -10.2151 1.4108 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -.47826 1.83281 1.000 -6.2912 5.3347

High school

Grade school 3.78261 1.83281 .554 -2.0303 9.5955 Some high school -1.04348 1.83281 1.000 -6.8564 4.7695 Junior college -2.61957 1.83281 .918 -8.4325 3.1934 College -4.36957 1.83281 .337 -10.1825 1.4434 Technical/Trade school -2.33696 1.83281 .959 -8.1499 3.4760 Associate’s degree -2.98913 1.83281 .833 -8.8021 2.8238 Bachelor’s degree -4.61957 1.83281 .259 -10.4325 1.1934 Master’s degree -5.44565 1.83281 .089 -11.2586 .3673 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -1.52174 1.83281 .998 -7.3347 4.2912

Junior college

Grade school 6.40217 1.83281 .018 .5892 12.2151 Some high school 1.57609 1.83281 .998 -4.2368 7.3890 High school 2.61957 1.83281 .918 -3.1934 8.4325 College -1.75000 1.83281 .994 -7.5629 4.0629 Technical/Trade school .28261 1.83281 1.000 -5.5303 6.0955 Associate’s degree -.36957 1.83281 1.000 -6.1825 5.4434 Bachelor’s degree -2.00000 1.83281 .986 -7.8129 3.8129 Master’s degree -2.82609 1.83281 .875 -8.6390 2.9868 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 1.09783 1.83281 1.000 -4.7151 6.9108

College Grade school 8.15217 1.83281 .000 2.3392 13.9651 Some high school 3.32609 1.83281 .726 -2.4868 9.1390 High school 4.36957 1.83281 .337 -1.4434 10.1825


Junior college 1.75000 1.83281 .994 -4.0629 7.5629 Technical/Trade school 2.03261 1.83281 .984 -3.7803 7.8455 Associate’s degree 1.38043 1.83281 .999 -4.4325 7.1934 Bachelor’s degree -.25000 1.83281 1.000 -6.0629 5.5629 Master’s degree -1.07609 1.83281 1.000 -6.8890 4.7368 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 2.84783 1.83281 .870 -2.9651 8.6608


Grade school 6.11957 1.83281 .030 .3066 11.9325 Some high school 1.29348 1.83281 .999 -4.5195 7.1064 High school 2.33696 1.83281 .959 -3.4760 8.1499 Junior college -.28261 1.83281 1.000 -6.0955 5.5303 College -2.03261 1.83281 .984 -7.8455 3.7803 Associate’s degree -.65217 1.83281 1.000 -6.4651 5.1608 Bachelor’s degree -2.28261 1.83281 .965 -8.0955 3.5303 Master’s degree -3.10870 1.83281 .798 -8.9216 2.7042 Ph.D./Doctoral degree .81522 1.83281 1.000 -4.9977 6.6282


Grade school 6.77174 1.83281 .009 .9588 12.5847 Some high school 1.94565 1.83281 .988 -3.8673 7.7586 High school 2.98913 1.83281 .833 -2.8238 8.8021 Junior college .36957 1.83281 1.000 -5.4434 6.1825 College -1.38043 1.83281 .999 -7.1934 4.4325 Technical/Trade school .65217 1.83281 1.000 -5.1608 6.4651 Bachelor’s degree -1.63043 1.83281 .997 -7.4434 4.1825 Master’s degree -2.45652 1.83281 .944 -8.2695 3.3564 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 1.46739 1.83281 .999 -4.3455 7.2803

Bachelor’s degree

Grade school 8.40217 1.83281 .000 2.5892 14.2151 Some high school 3.57609 1.83281 .634 -2.2368 9.3890 High school 4.61957 1.83281 .259 -1.1934 10.4325 Junior college 2.00000 1.83281 .986 -3.8129 7.8129 College .25000 1.83281 1.000 -5.5629 6.0629 Technical/Trade school 2.28261 1.83281 .965 -3.5303 8.0955 Associate’s degree 1.63043 1.83281 .997 -4.1825 7.4434 Master’s degree -.82609 1.83281 1.000 -6.6390 4.9868 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 3.09783 1.83281 .801 -2.7151 8.9108

Master’s degree Grade school 9.22826 1.83281 .000 3.4153 15.0412 Some high school 4.40217 1.83281 .326 -1.4108 10.2151


High school 5.44565 1.83281 .089 -.3673 11.2586 Junior college 2.82609 1.83281 .875 -2.9868 8.6390 College 1.07609 1.83281 1.000 -4.7368 6.8890 Technical/Trade school 3.10870 1.83281 .798 -2.7042 8.9216 Associate’s degree 2.45652 1.83281 .944 -3.3564 8.2695 Bachelor’s degree .82609 1.83281 1.000 -4.9868 6.6390 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 3.92391 1.83281 .499 -1.8890 9.7368


Grade school 5.30435 1.83281 .109 -.5086 11.1173 Some high school .47826 1.83281 1.000 -5.3347 6.2912 High school 1.52174 1.83281 .998 -4.2912 7.3347 Junior college -1.09783 1.83281 1.000 -6.9108 4.7151 College -2.84783 1.83281 .870 -8.6608 2.9651 Technical/Trade school -.81522 1.83281 1.000 -6.6282 4.9977 Associate’s degree -1.46739 1.83281 .999 -7.2803 4.3455 Bachelor’s degree -3.09783 1.83281 .801 -8.9108 2.7151 Master’s degree -3.92391 1.83281 .499 -9.7368 1.8890

2D-3D Images

Grade school

Some high school -8.20652 2.85613 .115 -17.2650 .8520 High school -4.10870 2.85613 .915 -13.1672 4.9498 Junior college -10.39130 2.85613 .011 -19.4498 -1.3328 College -7.26087 2.85613 .247 -16.3194 1.7976 Technical/Trade school -10.51087 2.85613 .009 -19.5694 -1.4524 Associate’s degree -9.46739 2.85613 .032 -18.5259 -.4089 Bachelor’s degree -13.71739 2.85613 .000 -22.7759 -4.6589 Master’s degree -12.59783 2.85613 .000 -21.6563 -3.5393 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -8.39130 2.85613 .097 -17.4498 .6672

Some high school

Grade school 8.20652 2.85613 .115 -.8520 17.2650 High school 4.09783 2.85613 .916 -4.9607 13.1563 Junior college -2.18478 2.85613 .999 -11.2433 6.8737 College .94565 2.85613 1.000 -8.1128 10.0041 Technical/Trade school -2.30435 2.85613 .998 -11.3628 6.7541 Associate’s degree -1.26087 2.85613 1.000 -10.3194 7.7976 Bachelor’s degree -5.51087 2.85613 .649 -14.5694 3.5476 Master’s degree -4.39130 2.85613 .877 -13.4498 4.6672 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -.18478 2.85613 1.000 -9.2433 8.8737

High school Grade school 4.10870 2.85613 .915 -4.9498 13.1672


Some high school -4.09783 2.85613 .916 -13.1563 4.9607 Junior college -6.28261 2.85613 .458 -15.3411 2.7759 College -3.15217 2.85613 .984 -12.2107 5.9063 Technical/Trade school -6.40217 2.85613 .429 -15.4607 2.6563 Associate’s degree -5.35870 2.85613 .685 -14.4172 3.6998 Bachelor’s degree -9.60870 2.85613 .027 -18.6672 -.5502 Master’s degree -8.48913 2.85613 .088 -17.5476 .5694 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -4.28261 2.85613 .892 -13.3411 4.7759

Junior college

Grade school 10.39130 2.85613 .011 1.3328 19.4498 Some high school 2.18478 2.85613 .999 -6.8737 11.2433 High school 6.28261 2.85613 .458 -2.7759 15.3411 College 3.13043 2.85613 .985 -5.9281 12.1889 Technical/Trade school -.11957 2.85613 1.000 -9.1781 8.9389 Associate’s degree .92391 2.85613 1.000 -8.1346 9.9824 Bachelor’s degree -3.32609 2.85613 .977 -12.3846 5.7324 Master’s degree -2.20652 2.85613 .999 -11.2650 6.8520 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 2.00000 2.85613 1.000 -7.0585 11.0585

College

Grade school 7.26087 2.85613 .247 -1.7976 16.3194 Some high school -.94565 2.85613 1.000 -10.0041 8.1128 High school 3.15217 2.85613 .984 -5.9063 12.2107 Junior college -3.13043 2.85613 .985 -12.1889 5.9281 Technical/Trade school -3.25000 2.85613 .981 -12.3085 5.8085 Associate’s degree -2.20652 2.85613 .999 -11.2650 6.8520 Bachelor’s degree -6.45652 2.85613 .416 -15.5150 2.6020 Master’s degree -5.33696 2.85613 .690 -14.3954 3.7215 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -1.13043 2.85613 1.000 -10.1889 7.9281


Grade school 10.51087 2.85613 .009 1.4524 19.5694 Some high school 2.30435 2.85613 .998 -6.7541 11.3628 High school 6.40217 2.85613 .429 -2.6563 15.4607 Junior college .11957 2.85613 1.000 -8.9389 9.1781 College 3.25000 2.85613 .981 -5.8085 12.3085 Associate’s degree 1.04348 2.85613 1.000 -8.0150 10.1020 Bachelor’s degree -3.20652 2.85613 .982 -12.2650 5.8520 Master’s degree -2.08696 2.85613 .999 -11.1454 6.9715 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 2.11957 2.85613 .999 -6.9389 11.1781



Grade school 9.46739 2.85613 .032 .4089 18.5259 Some high school 1.26087 2.85613 1.000 -7.7976 10.3194 High school 5.35870 2.85613 .685 -3.6998 14.4172 Junior college -.92391 2.85613 1.000 -9.9824 8.1346 College 2.20652 2.85613 .999 -6.8520 11.2650 Technical/Trade school -1.04348 2.85613 1.000 -10.1020 8.0150 Bachelor’s degree -4.25000 2.85613 .897 -13.3085 4.8085 Master’s degree -3.13043 2.85613 .985 -12.1889 5.9281 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 1.07609 2.85613 1.000 -7.9824 10.1346

Bachelor’s degree

Grade school 13.71739 2.85613 .000 4.6589 22.7759 Some high school 5.51087 2.85613 .649 -3.5476 14.5694 High school 9.60870 2.85613 .027 .5502 18.6672 Junior college 3.32609 2.85613 .977 -5.7324 12.3846 College 6.45652 2.85613 .416 -2.6020 15.5150 Technical/Trade school 3.20652 2.85613 .982 -5.8520 12.2650 Associate’s degree 4.25000 2.85613 .897 -4.8085 13.3085 Master’s degree 1.11957 2.85613 1.000 -7.9389 10.1781 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 5.32609 2.85613 .693 -3.7324 14.3846

Master’s degree

Grade school 12.59783 2.85613 .000 3.5393 21.6563 Some high school 4.39130 2.85613 .877 -4.6672 13.4498 High school 8.48913 2.85613 .088 -.5694 17.5476 Junior college 2.20652 2.85613 .999 -6.8520 11.2650 College 5.33696 2.85613 .690 -3.7215 14.3954 Technical/Trade school 2.08696 2.85613 .999 -6.9715 11.1454 Associate’s degree 3.13043 2.85613 .985 -5.9281 12.1889 Bachelor’s degree -1.11957 2.85613 1.000 -10.1781 7.9389 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 4.20652 2.85613 .903 -4.8520 13.2650


Grade school 8.39130 2.85613 .097 -.6672 17.4498 Some high school .18478 2.85613 1.000 -8.8737 9.2433 High school 4.28261 2.85613 .892 -4.7759 13.3411 Junior college -2.00000 2.85613 1.000 -11.0585 7.0585 College 1.13043 2.85613 1.000 -7.9281 10.1889 Technical/Trade school -2.11957 2.85613 .999 -11.1781 6.9389 Associate’s degree -1.07609 2.85613 1.000 -10.1346 7.9824 Bachelor’s degree -5.32609 2.85613 .693 -14.3846 3.7324


Master’s degree -4.20652 2.85613 .903 -13.2650 4.8520

Logical

Grade school


Some high school

Grade school 10.45109 2.78554 .007 1.6165 19.2857 High school 4.42391 2.78554 .854 -4.4107 13.2585 Junior college -.98370 2.78554 1.000 -9.8183 7.8509 College -1.35870 2.78554 1.000 -10.1933 7.4759 Technical/Trade school -4.15217 2.78554 .896 -12.9868 4.6824 Associate’s degree -4.22283 2.78554 .886 -13.0574 4.6118 Bachelor’s degree -6.55435 2.78554 .356 -15.3890 2.2803 Master’s degree -7.93478 2.78554 .122 -16.7694 .8998 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -1.42935 2.78554 1.000 -10.2640 7.4053

High school

Grade school 6.02717 2.78554 .483 -2.8074 14.8618 Some high school -4.42391 2.78554 .854 -13.2585 4.4107 Junior college -5.40761 2.78554 .641 -14.2422 3.4270 College -5.78261 2.78554 .545 -14.6172 3.0520 Technical/Trade school -8.57609 2.78554 .066 -17.4107 .2585 Associate’s degree -8.64674 2.78554 .061 -17.4814 .1879 Bachelor’s degree -10.97826 2.78554 .003 -19.8129 -2.1436 Master’s degree -12.35870 2.78554 .000 -21.1933 -3.5241 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -5.85326 2.78554 .527 -14.6879 2.9814

Junior college

Grade school 11.43478 2.78554 .002 2.6002 20.2694 Some high school .98370 2.78554 1.000 -7.8509 9.8183 High school 5.40761 2.78554 .641 -3.4270 14.2422 College -.37500 2.78554 1.000 -9.2096 8.4596 Technical/Trade school -3.16848 2.78554 .981 -12.0031 5.6661 Associate’s degree -3.23913 2.78554 .978 -12.0737 5.5955 Bachelor’s degree -5.57065 2.78554 .599 -14.4053 3.2640


Master’s degree -6.95109 2.78554 .272 -15.7857 1.8835 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -.44565 2.78554 1.000 -9.2803 8.3890

College

Grade school 11.80978 2.78554 .001 2.9752 20.6444 Some high school 1.35870 2.78554 1.000 -7.4759 10.1933 High school 5.78261 2.78554 .545 -3.0520 14.6172 Junior college .37500 2.78554 1.000 -8.4596 9.2096 Technical/Trade school -2.79348 2.78554 .992 -11.6281 6.0411 Associate’s degree -2.86413 2.78554 .991 -11.6987 5.9705 Bachelor’s degree -5.19565 2.78554 .693 -14.0303 3.6390 Master’s degree -6.57609 2.78554 .351 -15.4107 2.2585 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -.07065 2.78554 1.000 -8.9053 8.7640


Grade school 14.60326 2.78554 .000 5.7686 23.4379 Some high school 4.15217 2.78554 .896 -4.6824 12.9868 High school 8.57609 2.78554 .066 -.2585 17.4107 Junior college 3.16848 2.78554 .981 -5.6661 12.0031 College 2.79348 2.78554 .992 -6.0411 11.6281 Associate’s degree -.07065 2.78554 1.000 -8.9053 8.7640 Bachelor’s degree -2.40217 2.78554 .997 -11.2368 6.4324 Master’s degree -3.78261 2.78554 .939 -12.6172 5.0520 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 2.72283 2.78554 .993 -6.1118 11.5574


Grade school 14.67391 2.78554 .000 5.8393 23.5085 Some high school 4.22283 2.78554 .886 -4.6118 13.0574 High school 8.64674 2.78554 .061 -.1879 17.4814 Junior college 3.23913 2.78554 .978 -5.5955 12.0737 College 2.86413 2.78554 .991 -5.9705 11.6987 Technical/Trade school .07065 2.78554 1.000 -8.7640 8.9053 Bachelor’s degree -2.33152 2.78554 .998 -11.1661 6.5031 Master’s degree -3.71196 2.78554 .946 -12.5466 5.1227 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 2.79348 2.78554 .992 -6.0411 11.6281

Bachelor’s degree

Grade school 17.00543 2.78554 .000 8.1708 25.8400 Some high school 6.55435 2.78554 .356 -2.2803 15.3890 High school 10.97826 2.78554 .003 2.1436 19.8129 Junior college 5.57065 2.78554 .599 -3.2640 14.4053 College 5.19565 2.78554 .693 -3.6390 14.0303 Technical/Trade school 2.40217 2.78554 .997 -6.4324 11.2368


Associate’s degree 2.33152 2.78554 .998 -6.5031 11.1661 Master’s degree -1.38043 2.78554 1.000 -10.2150 7.4542 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 5.12500 2.78554 .710 -3.7096 13.9596

Master’s degree

Grade school 18.38587 2.78554 .000 9.5513 27.2205 Some high school 7.93478 2.78554 .122 -.8998 16.7694 High school 12.35870 2.78554 .000 3.5241 21.1933 Junior college 6.95109 2.78554 .272 -1.8835 15.7857 College 6.57609 2.78554 .351 -2.2585 15.4107 Technical/Trade school 3.78261 2.78554 .939 -5.0520 12.6172 Associate’s degree 3.71196 2.78554 .946 -5.1227 12.5466 Bachelor’s degree 1.38043 2.78554 1.000 -7.4542 10.2150 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 6.50543 2.78554 .367 -2.3292 15.3400


Grade school 11.88043 2.78554 .001 3.0458 20.7150 Some high school 1.42935 2.78554 1.000 -7.4053 10.2640 High school 5.85326 2.78554 .527 -2.9814 14.6879 Junior college .44565 2.78554 1.000 -8.3890 9.2803 College .07065 2.78554 1.000 -8.7640 8.9053 Technical/Trade school -2.72283 2.78554 .993 -11.5574 6.1118 Associate’s degree -2.79348 2.78554 .992 -11.6281 6.0411 Bachelor’s degree -5.12500 2.78554 .710 -13.9596 3.7096 Master’s degree -6.50543 2.78554 .367 -15.3400 2.3292

Arguments

Grade school

Some high school -7.44565 2.63287 .129 -15.7961 .9047 High school -3.64130 2.63287 .932 -11.9917 4.7091 Junior college -7.79348 2.63287 .091 -16.1439 .5569 College -9.09783 2.63287 .020 -17.4482 -.7474 Technical/Trade school -10.18478 2.63287 .005 -18.5352 -1.8344 Associate’s degree -8.38043 2.63287 .048 -16.7308 -.0300 Bachelor’s degree -10.02174 2.63287 .006 -18.3721 -1.6713 Master’s degree -13.08696 2.63287 .000 -21.4374 -4.7366 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -5.55435 2.63287 .521 -13.9047 2.7961

Some high school

Grade school 7.44565 2.63287 .129 -.9047 15.7961 High school 3.80435 2.63287 .913 -4.5461 12.1547 Junior college -.34783 2.63287 1.000 -8.6982 8.0026 College -1.65217 2.63287 1.000 -10.0026 6.6982 Technical/Trade school -2.73913 2.63287 .990 -11.0895 5.6113


Associate’s degree -.93478 2.63287 1.000 -9.2852 7.4156 Bachelor’s degree -2.57609 2.63287 .993 -10.9265 5.7743 Master’s degree -5.64130 2.63287 .498 -13.9917 2.7091 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 1.89130 2.63287 .999 -6.4591 10.2417

High school

Grade school 3.64130 2.63287 .932 -4.7091 11.9917 Some high school -3.80435 2.63287 .913 -12.1547 4.5461 Junior college -4.15217 2.63287 .859 -12.5026 4.1982 College -5.45652 2.63287 .548 -13.8069 2.8939 Technical/Trade school -6.54348 2.63287 .278 -14.8939 1.8069 Associate’s degree -4.73913 2.63287 .735 -13.0895 3.6113 Bachelor’s degree -6.38043 2.63287 .313 -14.7308 1.9700 Master’s degree -9.44565 2.63287 .013 -17.7961 -1.0953 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -1.91304 2.63287 .999 -10.2634 6.4374

Junior college

Grade school 7.79348 2.63287 .091 -.5569 16.1439 Some high school .34783 2.63287 1.000 -8.0026 8.6982 High school 4.15217 2.63287 .859 -4.1982 12.5026 College -1.30435 2.63287 1.000 -9.6547 7.0461 Technical/Trade school -2.39130 2.63287 .996 -10.7417 5.9591 Associate’s degree -.58696 2.63287 1.000 -8.9374 7.7634 Bachelor’s degree -2.22826 2.63287 .998 -10.5787 6.1221 Master’s degree -5.29348 2.63287 .592 -13.6439 3.0569 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 2.23913 2.63287 .998 -6.1113 10.5895

College

Grade school 9.09783 2.63287 .020 .7474 17.4482 Some high school 1.65217 2.63287 1.000 -6.6982 10.0026 High school 5.45652 2.63287 .548 -2.8939 13.8069 Junior college 1.30435 2.63287 1.000 -7.0461 9.6547 Technical/Trade school -1.08696 2.63287 1.000 -9.4374 7.2634 Associate’s degree .71739 2.63287 1.000 -7.6330 9.0678 Bachelor’s degree -.92391 2.63287 1.000 -9.2743 7.4265 Master’s degree -3.98913 2.63287 .886 -12.3395 4.3613 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 3.54348 2.63287 .943 -4.8069 11.8939


Grade school 10.18478 2.63287 .005 1.8344 18.5352 Some high school 2.73913 2.63287 .990 -5.6113 11.0895 High school 6.54348 2.63287 .278 -1.8069 14.8939 Junior college 2.39130 2.63287 .996 -5.9591 10.7417


College 1.08696 2.63287 1.000 -7.2634 9.4374 Associate’s degree 1.80435 2.63287 1.000 -6.5461 10.1547 Bachelor’s degree .16304 2.63287 1.000 -8.1874 8.5134 Master’s degree -2.90217 2.63287 .984 -11.2526 5.4482 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 4.63043 2.63287 .761 -3.7200 12.9808


Grade school 8.38043 2.63287 .048 .0300 16.7308 Some high school .93478 2.63287 1.000 -7.4156 9.2852 High school 4.73913 2.63287 .735 -3.6113 13.0895 Junior college .58696 2.63287 1.000 -7.7634 8.9374 College -.71739 2.63287 1.000 -9.0678 7.6330 Technical/Trade school -1.80435 2.63287 1.000 -10.1547 6.5461 Bachelor’s degree -1.64130 2.63287 1.000 -9.9917 6.7091 Master’s degree -4.70652 2.63287 .743 -13.0569 3.6439 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 2.82609 2.63287 .987 -5.5243 11.1765

Bachelor’s degree

Grade school 10.02174 2.63287 .006 1.6713 18.3721 Some high school 2.57609 2.63287 .993 -5.7743 10.9265 High school 6.38043 2.63287 .313 -1.9700 14.7308 Junior college 2.22826 2.63287 .998 -6.1221 10.5787 College .92391 2.63287 1.000 -7.4265 9.2743 Technical/Trade school -.16304 2.63287 1.000 -8.5134 8.1874 Associate’s degree 1.64130 2.63287 1.000 -6.7091 9.9917 Master’s degree -3.06522 2.63287 .977 -11.4156 5.2852 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 4.46739 2.63287 .797 -3.8830 12.8178

Master’s degree

Grade school 13.08696 2.63287 .000 4.7366 21.4374 Some high school 5.64130 2.63287 .498 -2.7091 13.9917 High school 9.44565 2.63287 .013 1.0953 17.7961 Junior college 5.29348 2.63287 .592 -3.0569 13.6439 College 3.98913 2.63287 .886 -4.3613 12.3395 Technical/Trade school 2.90217 2.63287 .984 -5.4482 11.2526 Associate’s degree 4.70652 2.63287 .743 -3.6439 13.0569 Bachelor’s degree 3.06522 2.63287 .977 -5.2852 11.4156 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 7.53261 2.63287 .118 -.8178 15.8830

Ph.D./Doctoral degree Grade school 5.55435 2.63287 .521 -2.7961 13.9047 Some high school -1.89130 2.63287 .999 -10.2417 6.4591 High school 1.91304 2.63287 .999 -6.4374 10.2634


Junior college -2.23913 2.63287 .998 -10.5895 6.1113 College -3.54348 2.63287 .943 -11.8939 4.8069 Technical/Trade school -4.63043 2.63287 .761 -12.9808 3.7200 Associate’s degree -2.82609 2.63287 .987 -11.1765 5.5243 Bachelor’s degree -4.46739 2.63287 .797 -12.8178 3.8830 Master’s degree -7.53261 2.63287 .118 -15.8830 .8178

Puzzles

Grade school


Some high school

Grade school 13.45652 3.52101 .005 2.2893 24.6237 High school 5.04348 3.52101 .917 -6.1237 16.2107 Junior college -1.61957 3.52101 1.000 -12.7868 9.5476 College -1.06522 3.52101 1.000 -12.2324 10.1020 Technical/Trade school -5.56522 3.52101 .857 -16.7324 5.6020 Associate’s degree -7.51087 3.52101 .504 -18.6781 3.6563 Bachelor’s degree -10.53261 3.52101 .084 -21.6998 .6346 Master’s degree -10.22826 3.52101 .106 -21.3955 .9390 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -4.75000 3.52101 .942 -15.9172 6.4172

High school

Grade school 8.41304 3.52101 .333 -2.7542 19.5803 Some high school -5.04348 3.52101 .917 -16.2107 6.1237 Junior college -6.66304 3.52101 .674 -17.8303 4.5042 College -6.10870 3.52101 .775 -17.2759 5.0585 Technical/Trade school -10.60870 3.52101 .079 -21.7759 .5585 Associate’s degree -12.55435 3.52101 .014 -23.7216 -1.3871 Bachelor’s degree -15.57609 3.52101 .000 -26.7433 -4.4089 Master’s degree -15.27174 3.52101 .001 -26.4390 -4.1045 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -9.79348 3.52101 .144 -20.9607 1.3737

Junior college Grade school 15.07609 3.52101 .001 3.9089 26.2433 Some high school 1.61957 3.52101 1.000 -9.5476 12.7868


High school 6.66304 3.52101 .674 -4.5042 17.8303 College .55435 3.52101 1.000 -10.6129 11.7216 Technical/Trade school -3.94565 3.52101 .983 -15.1129 7.2216 Associate’s degree -5.89130 3.52101 .810 -17.0585 5.2759 Bachelor’s degree -8.91304 3.52101 .253 -20.0803 2.2542 Master’s degree -8.60870 3.52101 .300 -19.7759 2.5585 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -3.13043 3.52101 .997 -14.2976 8.0368

College

Grade school 14.52174 3.52101 .002 3.3545 25.6890 Some high school 1.06522 3.52101 1.000 -10.1020 12.2324 High school 6.10870 3.52101 .775 -5.0585 17.2759 Junior college -.55435 3.52101 1.000 -11.7216 10.6129 Technical/Trade school -4.50000 3.52101 .958 -15.6672 6.6672 Associate’s degree -6.44565 3.52101 .716 -17.6129 4.7216 Bachelor’s degree -9.46739 3.52101 .180 -20.6346 1.6998 Master’s degree -9.16304 3.52101 .218 -20.3303 2.0042 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -3.68478 3.52101 .989 -14.8520 7.4824


Grade school 19.02174 3.52101 .000 7.8545 30.1890 Some high school 5.56522 3.52101 .857 -5.6020 16.7324 High school 10.60870 3.52101 .079 -.5585 21.7759 Junior college 3.94565 3.52101 .983 -7.2216 15.1129 College 4.50000 3.52101 .958 -6.6672 15.6672 Associate’s degree -1.94565 3.52101 1.000 -13.1129 9.2216 Bachelor’s degree -4.96739 3.52101 .924 -16.1346 6.1998 Master’s degree -4.66304 3.52101 .948 -15.8303 6.5042 Ph.D./Doctoral degree .81522 3.52101 1.000 -10.3520 11.9824


Grade school 20.96739 3.52101 .000 9.8002 32.1346 Some high school 7.51087 3.52101 .504 -3.6563 18.6781 High school 12.55435 3.52101 .014 1.3871 23.7216 Junior college 5.89130 3.52101 .810 -5.2759 17.0585 College 6.44565 3.52101 .716 -4.7216 17.6129 Technical/Trade school 1.94565 3.52101 1.000 -9.2216 13.1129 Bachelor’s degree -3.02174 3.52101 .998 -14.1890 8.1455 Master’s degree -2.71739 3.52101 .999 -13.8846 8.4498 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 2.76087 3.52101 .999 -8.4063 13.9281



Some high school 10.53261 3.52101 .084 -.6346 21.6998 High school 15.57609 3.52101 .000 4.4089 26.7433 Junior college 8.91304 3.52101 .253 -2.2542 20.0803 College 9.46739 3.52101 .180 -1.6998 20.6346 Technical/Trade school 4.96739 3.52101 .924 -6.1998 16.1346 Associate’s degree 3.02174 3.52101 .998 -8.1455 14.1890 Master’s degree .30435 3.52101 1.000 -10.8629 11.4716 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 5.78261 3.52101 .827 -5.3846 16.9498

Master’s degree

Grade school 23.68478 3.52101 .000 12.5176 34.8520 Some high school 10.22826 3.52101 .106 -.9390 21.3955 High school 15.27174 3.52101 .001 4.1045 26.4390 Junior college 8.60870 3.52101 .300 -2.5585 19.7759 College 9.16304 3.52101 .218 -2.0042 20.3303 Technical/Trade school 4.66304 3.52101 .948 -6.5042 15.8303 Associate’s degree 2.71739 3.52101 .999 -8.4498 13.8846 Bachelor’s degree -.30435 3.52101 1.000 -11.4716 10.8629 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 5.47826 3.52101 .869 -5.6890 16.6455


Grade school 18.20652 3.52101 .000 7.0393 29.3737 Some high school 4.75000 3.52101 .942 -6.4172 15.9172 High school 9.79348 3.52101 .144 -1.3737 20.9607 Junior college 3.13043 3.52101 .997 -8.0368 14.2976 College 3.68478 3.52101 .989 -7.4824 14.8520 Technical/Trade school -.81522 3.52101 1.000 -11.9824 10.3520 Associate’s degree -2.76087 3.52101 .999 -13.9281 8.4063 Bachelor’s degree -5.78261 3.52101 .827 -16.9498 5.3846 Master’s degree -5.47826 3.52101 .869 -16.6455 5.6890

Crystallized Intelligence Grade school

Some high school -7.82065 2.33692 .029 -15.2324 -.4089 High school -5.35054 2.33692 .397 -12.7623 2.0612 Junior college -12.18207 2.33692 .000 -19.5938 -4.7703 College -11.94837 2.33692 .000 -19.3601 -4.5366 Technical/Trade school -12.94837 2.33692 .000 -20.3601 -5.5366 Associate’s degree -16.78533 2.33692 .000 -24.1971 -9.3736 Bachelor’s degree -18.57065 2.33692 .000 -25.9824 -11.1589 Master’s degree -22.17120 2.33692 .000 -29.5830 -14.7594 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -17.71196 2.33692 .000 -25.1237 -10.3002


Some high school

Grade school 7.82065 2.33692 .029 .4089 15.2324 High school 2.47011 2.33692 .988 -4.9416 9.8819 Junior college -4.36141 2.33692 .692 -11.7732 3.0503 College -4.12772 2.33692 .756 -11.5395 3.2840 Technical/Trade school -5.12772 2.33692 .461 -12.5395 2.2840 Associate’s degree -8.96467 2.33692 .005 -16.3764 -1.5529 Bachelor’s degree -10.75000 2.33692 .000 -18.1618 -3.3382 Master’s degree -14.35054 2.33692 .000 -21.7623 -6.9388 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -9.89130 2.33692 .001 -17.3031 -2.4795

High school

Grade school 5.35054 2.33692 .397 -2.0612 12.7623 Some high school -2.47011 2.33692 .988 -9.8819 4.9416 Junior college -6.83152 2.33692 .101 -14.2433 .5802 College -6.59783 2.33692 .130 -14.0096 .8139 Technical/Trade school -7.59783 2.33692 .039 -15.0096 -.1861 Associate’s degree -11.43478 2.33692 .000 -18.8465 -4.0230 Bachelor’s degree -13.22011 2.33692 .000 -20.6319 -5.8084 Master’s degree -16.82065 2.33692 .000 -24.2324 -9.4089 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -12.36141 2.33692 .000 -19.7732 -4.9497

Junior college

Grade school 12.18207 2.33692 .000 4.7703 19.5938 Some high school 4.36141 2.33692 .692 -3.0503 11.7732 High school 6.83152 2.33692 .101 -.5802 14.2433 College .23370 2.33692 1.000 -7.1781 7.6455 Technical/Trade school -.76630 2.33692 1.000 -8.1781 6.6455 Associate’s degree -4.60326 2.33692 .621 -12.0150 2.8085 Bachelor’s degree -6.38859 2.33692 .162 -13.8003 1.0232 Master’s degree -9.98913 2.33692 .001 -17.4009 -2.5774 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -5.52989 2.33692 .348 -12.9416 1.8819

College

Grade school 11.94837 2.33692 .000 4.5366 19.3601 Some high school 4.12772 2.33692 .756 -3.2840 11.5395 High school 6.59783 2.33692 .130 -.8139 14.0096 Junior college -.23370 2.33692 1.000 -7.6455 7.1781 Technical/Trade school -1.00000 2.33692 1.000 -8.4118 6.4118 Associate’s degree -4.83696 2.33692 .549 -12.2487 2.5748 Bachelor’s degree -6.62228 2.33692 .127 -14.0340 .7895 Master’s degree -10.22283 2.33692 .001 -17.6346 -2.8111


Ph.D./Doctoral degree -5.76359 2.33692 .288 -13.1753 1.6482


Grade school 12.94837 2.33692 .000 5.5366 20.3601 Some high school 5.12772 2.33692 .461 -2.2840 12.5395 High school 7.59783 2.33692 .039 .1861 15.0096 Junior college .76630 2.33692 1.000 -6.6455 8.1781 College 1.00000 2.33692 1.000 -6.4118 8.4118 Associate’s degree -3.83696 2.33692 .827 -11.2487 3.5748 Bachelor’s degree -5.62228 2.33692 .323 -13.0340 1.7895 Master’s degree -9.22283 2.33692 .003 -16.6346 -1.8111 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -4.76359 2.33692 .572 -12.1753 2.6482


Grade school 16.78533 2.33692 .000 9.3736 24.1971 Some high school 8.96467 2.33692 .005 1.5529 16.3764 High school 11.43478 2.33692 .000 4.0230 18.8465 Junior college 4.60326 2.33692 .621 -2.8085 12.0150 College 4.83696 2.33692 .549 -2.5748 12.2487 Technical/Trade school 3.83696 2.33692 .827 -3.5748 11.2487 Bachelor’s degree -1.78533 2.33692 .999 -9.1971 5.6264 Master’s degree -5.38587 2.33692 .387 -12.7976 2.0259 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -.92663 2.33692 1.000 -8.3384 6.4851

Bachelor’s degree

Grade school 18.57065 2.33692 .000 11.1589 25.9824 Some high school 10.75000 2.33692 .000 3.3382 18.1618 High school 13.22011 2.33692 .000 5.8084 20.6319 Junior college 6.38859 2.33692 .162 -1.0232 13.8003 College 6.62228 2.33692 .127 -.7895 14.0340 Technical/Trade school 5.62228 2.33692 .323 -1.7895 13.0340 Associate’s degree 1.78533 2.33692 .999 -5.6264 9.1971 Master’s degree -3.60054 2.33692 .875 -11.0123 3.8112 Ph.D./Doctoral degree .85870 2.33692 1.000 -6.5531 8.2705

Master’s degree

Grade school 22.17120 2.33692 .000 14.7594 29.5830 Some high school 14.35054 2.33692 .000 6.9388 21.7623 High school 16.82065 2.33692 .000 9.4089 24.2324 Junior college 9.98913 2.33692 .001 2.5774 17.4009 College 10.22283 2.33692 .001 2.8111 17.6346 Technical/Trade school 9.22283 2.33692 .003 1.8111 16.6346 Associate’s degree 5.38587 2.33692 .387 -2.0259 12.7976


Bachelor’s degree 3.60054 2.33692 .875 -3.8112 11.0123 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 4.45924 2.33692 .664 -2.9525 11.8710


Grade school 17.71196 2.33692 .000 10.3002 25.1237 Some high school 9.89130 2.33692 .001 2.4795 17.3031 High school 12.36141 2.33692 .000 4.9497 19.7732 Junior college 5.52989 2.33692 .348 -1.8819 12.9416 College 5.76359 2.33692 .288 -1.6482 13.1753 Technical/Trade school 4.76359 2.33692 .572 -2.6482 12.1753 Associate’s degree .92663 2.33692 1.000 -6.4851 8.3384 Bachelor’s degree -.85870 2.33692 1.000 -8.2705 6.5531 Master’s degree -4.45924 2.33692 .664 -11.8710 2.9525

Verbal

Grade school


Some high school

Grade school 8.40217 2.60799 .043 .1307 16.6737 High school 2.65217 2.60799 .991 -5.6193 10.9237 Junior college -4.50000 2.60799 .781 -12.7715 3.7715 College -3.43478 2.60799 .950 -11.7063 4.8367 Technical/Trade school -6.30978 2.60799 .315 -14.5813 1.9617 Associate’s degree -10.87500 2.60799 .001 -19.1465 -2.6035 Bachelor’s degree -9.71196 2.60799 .008 -17.9834 -1.4405 Master’s degree -13.67391 2.60799 .000 -21.9454 -5.4024 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -9.20109 2.60799 .016 -17.4726 -.9296

High school

Grade school 5.75000 2.60799 .454 -2.5215 14.0215 Some high school -2.65217 2.60799 .991 -10.9237 5.6193 Junior college -7.15217 2.60799 .158 -15.4237 1.1193 College -6.08696 2.60799 .368 -14.3584 2.1845 Technical/Trade school -8.96196 2.60799 .022 -17.2334 -.6905 Associate’s degree -13.52717 2.60799 .000 -21.7987 -5.2557


Bachelor’s degree -12.36413 2.60799 .000 -20.6356 -4.0926 Master’s degree -16.32609 2.60799 .000 -24.5976 -8.0546 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -11.85326 2.60799 .000 -20.1247 -3.5818

Junior college

Grade school 12.90217 2.60799 .000 4.6307 21.1737 Some high school 4.50000 2.60799 .781 -3.7715 12.7715 High school 7.15217 2.60799 .158 -1.1193 15.4237 College 1.06522 2.60799 1.000 -7.2063 9.3367 Technical/Trade school -1.80978 2.60799 1.000 -10.0813 6.4617 Associate’s degree -6.37500 2.60799 .301 -14.6465 1.8965 Bachelor’s degree -5.21196 2.60799 .600 -13.4834 3.0595 Master’s degree -9.17391 2.60799 .016 -17.4454 -.9024 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -4.70109 2.60799 .734 -12.9726 3.5704

College

Grade school 11.83696 2.60799 .000 3.5655 20.1084 Some high school 3.43478 2.60799 .950 -4.8367 11.7063 High school 6.08696 2.60799 .368 -2.1845 14.3584 Junior college -1.06522 2.60799 1.000 -9.3367 7.2063 Technical/Trade school -2.87500 2.60799 .984 -11.1465 5.3965 Associate’s degree -7.44022 2.60799 .121 -15.7117 .8313 Bachelor’s degree -6.27717 2.60799 .323 -14.5487 1.9943 Master’s degree -10.23913 2.60799 .004 -18.5106 -1.9676 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -5.76630 2.60799 .450 -14.0378 2.5052


Grade school 14.71196 2.60799 .000 6.4405 22.9834 Some high school 6.30978 2.60799 .315 -1.9617 14.5813 High school 8.96196 2.60799 .022 .6905 17.2334 Junior college 1.80978 2.60799 1.000 -6.4617 10.0813 College 2.87500 2.60799 .984 -5.3965 11.1465 Associate’s degree -4.56522 2.60799 .766 -12.8367 3.7063 Bachelor’s degree -3.40217 2.60799 .953 -11.6737 4.8693 Master’s degree -7.36413 2.60799 .130 -15.6356 .9074 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -2.89130 2.60799 .984 -11.1628 5.3802


Grade school 19.27717 2.60799 .000 11.0057 27.5487 Some high school 10.87500 2.60799 .001 2.6035 19.1465 High school 13.52717 2.60799 .000 5.2557 21.7987 Junior college 6.37500 2.60799 .301 -1.8965 14.6465 College 7.44022 2.60799 .121 -.8313 15.7117


Technical/Trade school 4.56522 2.60799 .766 -3.7063 12.8367 Bachelor’s degree 1.16304 2.60799 1.000 -7.1084 9.4345 Master’s degree -2.79891 2.60799 .987 -11.0704 5.4726 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 1.67391 2.60799 1.000 -6.5976 9.9454

Bachelor’s degree

Grade school 18.11413 2.60799 .000 9.8426 26.3856 Some high school 9.71196 2.60799 .008 1.4405 17.9834 High school 12.36413 2.60799 .000 4.0926 20.6356 Junior college 5.21196 2.60799 .600 -3.0595 13.4834 College 6.27717 2.60799 .323 -1.9943 14.5487 Technical/Trade school 3.40217 2.60799 .953 -4.8693 11.6737 Associate’s degree -1.16304 2.60799 1.000 -9.4345 7.1084 Master’s degree -3.96196 2.60799 .885 -12.2334 4.3095 Ph.D./Doctoral degree .51087 2.60799 1.000 -7.7606 8.7824

Master’s degree

Grade school 22.07609 2.60799 .000 13.8046 30.3476 Some high school 13.67391 2.60799 .000 5.4024 21.9454 High school 16.32609 2.60799 .000 8.0546 24.5976 Junior college 9.17391 2.60799 .016 .9024 17.4454 College 10.23913 2.60799 .004 1.9676 18.5106 Technical/Trade school 7.36413 2.60799 .130 -.9074 15.6356 Associate’s degree 2.79891 2.60799 .987 -5.4726 11.0704 Bachelor’s degree 3.96196 2.60799 .885 -4.3095 12.2334 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 4.47283 2.60799 .787 -3.7987 12.7443


Grade school 17.60326 2.60799 .000 9.3318 25.8747 Some high school 9.20109 2.60799 .016 .9296 17.4726 High school 11.85326 2.60799 .000 3.5818 20.1247 Junior college 4.70109 2.60799 .734 -3.5704 12.9726 College 5.76630 2.60799 .450 -2.5052 14.0378 Technical/Trade school 2.89130 2.60799 .984 -5.3802 11.1628 Associate’s degree -1.67391 2.60799 1.000 -9.9454 6.5976 Bachelor’s degree -.51087 2.60799 1.000 -8.7824 7.7606 Master’s degree -4.47283 2.60799 .787 -12.7443 3.7987

Vocabulary Grade school

Some high school -6.57609 2.62287 .266 -14.8948 1.7426 High school -5.65217 2.62287 .489 -13.9708 2.6665 Junior college -12.50000 2.62287 .000 -20.8187 -4.1813 College -11.64130 2.62287 .000 -19.9600 -3.3226


Technical/Trade school -14.27174 2.62287 .000 -22.5904 -5.9531 Associate’s degree -18.67391 2.62287 .000 -26.9926 -10.3552 Bachelor’s degree -17.67391 2.62287 .000 -25.9926 -9.3552 Master’s degree -22.98913 2.62287 .000 -31.3078 -14.6705 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -17.21739 2.62287 .000 -25.5361 -8.8987

Some high school

Grade school 6.57609 2.62287 .266 -1.7426 14.8948 High school .92391 2.62287 1.000 -7.3948 9.2426 Junior college -5.92391 2.62287 .417 -14.2426 2.3948 College -5.06522 2.62287 .648 -13.3839 3.2535 Technical/Trade school -7.69565 2.62287 .098 -16.0143 .6230 Associate’s degree -12.09783 2.62287 .000 -20.4165 -3.7792 Bachelor’s degree -11.09783 2.62287 .001 -19.4165 -2.7792 Master’s degree -16.41304 2.62287 .000 -24.7317 -8.0944 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -10.64130 2.62287 .002 -18.9600 -2.3226

High school

Grade school 5.65217 2.62287 .489 -2.6665 13.9708 Some high school -.92391 2.62287 1.000 -9.2426 7.3948 Junior college -6.84783 2.62287 .214 -15.1665 1.4708 College -5.98913 2.62287 .401 -14.3078 2.3295 Technical/Trade school -8.61957 2.62287 .035 -16.9382 -.3009 Associate’s degree -13.02174 2.62287 .000 -21.3404 -4.7031 Bachelor’s degree -12.02174 2.62287 .000 -20.3404 -3.7031 Master’s degree -17.33696 2.62287 .000 -25.6556 -9.0183 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -11.56522 2.62287 .000 -19.8839 -3.2465

Junior college

Grade school 12.50000 2.62287 .000 4.1813 20.8187 Some high school 5.92391 2.62287 .417 -2.3948 14.2426 High school 6.84783 2.62287 .214 -1.4708 15.1665 College .85870 2.62287 1.000 -7.4600 9.1774 Technical/Trade school -1.77174 2.62287 1.000 -10.0904 6.5469 Associate’s degree -6.17391 2.62287 .355 -14.4926 2.1448 Bachelor’s degree -5.17391 2.62287 .619 -13.4926 3.1448 Master’s degree -10.48913 2.62287 .003 -18.8078 -2.1705 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -4.71739 2.62287 .736 -13.0361 3.6013

College Grade school 11.64130 2.62287 .000 3.3226 19.9600 Some high school 5.06522 2.62287 .648 -3.2535 13.3839 High school 5.98913 2.62287 .401 -2.3295 14.3078


Junior college -.85870 2.62287 1.000 -9.1774 7.4600 Technical/Trade school -2.63043 2.62287 .992 -10.9491 5.6882 Associate’s degree -7.03261 2.62287 .183 -15.3513 1.2861 Bachelor’s degree -6.03261 2.62287 .390 -14.3513 2.2861 Master’s degree -11.34783 2.62287 .001 -19.6665 -3.0292 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -5.57609 2.62287 .509 -13.8948 2.7426


Grade school 14.27174 2.62287 .000 5.9531 22.5904 Some high school 7.69565 2.62287 .098 -.6230 16.0143 High school 8.61957 2.62287 .035 .3009 16.9382 Junior college 1.77174 2.62287 1.000 -6.5469 10.0904 College 2.63043 2.62287 .992 -5.6882 10.9491 Associate’s degree -4.40217 2.62287 .808 -12.7208 3.9165 Bachelor’s degree -3.40217 2.62287 .954 -11.7208 4.9165 Master’s degree -8.71739 2.62287 .031 -17.0361 -.3987 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -2.94565 2.62287 .982 -11.2643 5.3730


Grade school 18.67391 2.62287 .000 10.3552 26.9926 Some high school 12.09783 2.62287 .000 3.7792 20.4165 High school 13.02174 2.62287 .000 4.7031 21.3404 Junior college 6.17391 2.62287 .355 -2.1448 14.4926 College 7.03261 2.62287 .183 -1.2861 15.3513 Technical/Trade school 4.40217 2.62287 .808 -3.9165 12.7208 Bachelor’s degree 1.00000 2.62287 1.000 -7.3187 9.3187 Master’s degree -4.31522 2.62287 .825 -12.6339 4.0035 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 1.45652 2.62287 1.000 -6.8621 9.7752

Bachelor’s degree

Grade school 17.67391 2.62287 .000 9.3552 25.9926 Some high school 11.09783 2.62287 .001 2.7792 19.4165 High school 12.02174 2.62287 .000 3.7031 20.3404 Junior college 5.17391 2.62287 .619 -3.1448 13.4926 College 6.03261 2.62287 .390 -2.2861 14.3513 Technical/Trade school 3.40217 2.62287 .954 -4.9165 11.7208 Associate’s degree -1.00000 2.62287 1.000 -9.3187 7.3187 Master’s degree -5.31522 2.62287 .580 -13.6339 3.0035 Ph.D./Doctoral degree .45652 2.62287 1.000 -7.8621 8.7752

Master’s degree Grade school 22.98913 2.62287 .000 14.6705 31.3078 Some high school 16.41304 2.62287 .000 8.0944 24.7317


High school 17.33696 2.62287 .000 9.0183 25.6556 Junior college 10.48913 2.62287 .003 2.1705 18.8078 College 11.34783 2.62287 .001 3.0292 19.6665 Technical/Trade school 8.71739 2.62287 .031 .3987 17.0361 Associate’s degree 4.31522 2.62287 .825 -4.0035 12.6339 Bachelor’s degree 5.31522 2.62287 .580 -3.0035 13.6339 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 5.77174 2.62287 .457 -2.5469 14.0904


Grade school 17.21739 2.62287 .000 8.8987 25.5361 Some high school 10.64130 2.62287 .002 2.3226 18.9600 High school 11.56522 2.62287 .000 3.2465 19.8839 Junior college 4.71739 2.62287 .736 -3.6013 13.0361 College 5.57609 2.62287 .509 -2.7426 13.8948 Technical/Trade school 2.94565 2.62287 .982 -5.3730 11.2643 Associate’s degree -1.45652 2.62287 1.000 -9.7752 6.8621 Bachelor’s degree -.45652 2.62287 1.000 -8.7752 7.8621 Master’s degree -5.77174 2.62287 .457 -14.0904 2.5469

Analogies

Grade school


Some high school

Grade school 10.22826 3.15089 .040 .2349 20.2216 High school 4.38043 3.15089 .930 -5.6129 14.3738 Junior college -3.07609 3.15089 .994 -13.0694 6.9173 College -1.80435 3.15089 1.000 -11.7977 8.1890 Technical/Trade school -4.92391 3.15089 .866 -14.9173 5.0694 Associate’s degree -9.65217 3.15089 .069 -19.6455 .3412 Bachelor’s degree -8.32609 3.15089 .200 -18.3194 1.6673 Master’s degree -10.93478 3.15089 .019 -20.9281 -.9414 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -7.76087 3.15089 .290 -17.7542 2.2325

High school Grade school 5.84783 3.15089 .699 -4.1455 15.8412


Some high school -4.38043 3.15089 .930 -14.3738 5.6129 Junior college -7.45652 3.15089 .347 -17.4499 2.5368 College -6.18478 3.15089 .625 -16.1781 3.8086 Technical/Trade school -9.30435 3.15089 .093 -19.2977 .6890 Associate’s degree -14.03261 3.15089 .000 -24.0260 -4.0393 Bachelor’s degree -12.70652 3.15089 .002 -22.6999 -2.7132 Master’s degree -15.31522 3.15089 .000 -25.3086 -5.3219 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -12.14130 3.15089 .005 -22.1347 -2.1480

Junior college

Grade school 13.30435 3.15089 .001 3.3110 23.2977 Some high school 3.07609 3.15089 .994 -6.9173 13.0694 High school 7.45652 3.15089 .347 -2.5368 17.4499 College 1.27174 3.15089 1.000 -8.7216 11.2651 Technical/Trade school -1.84783 3.15089 1.000 -11.8412 8.1455 Associate’s degree -6.57609 3.15089 .537 -16.5694 3.4173 Bachelor’s degree -5.25000 3.15089 .814 -15.2433 4.7433 Master’s degree -7.85870 3.15089 .273 -17.8520 2.1347 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -4.68478 3.15089 .897 -14.6781 5.3086

College

Grade school 12.03261 3.15089 .006 2.0393 22.0260 Some high school 1.80435 3.15089 1.000 -8.1890 11.7977 High school 6.18478 3.15089 .625 -3.8086 16.1781 Junior college -1.27174 3.15089 1.000 -11.2651 8.7216 Technical/Trade school -3.11957 3.15089 .993 -13.1129 6.8738 Associate’s degree -7.84783 3.15089 .275 -17.8412 2.1455 Bachelor’s degree -6.52174 3.15089 .549 -16.5151 3.4716 Master’s degree -9.13043 3.15089 .108 -19.1238 .8629 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -5.95652 3.15089 .676 -15.9499 4.0368


Grade school 15.15217 3.15089 .000 5.1588 25.1455 Some high school 4.92391 3.15089 .866 -5.0694 14.9173 High school 9.30435 3.15089 .093 -.6890 19.2977 Junior college 1.84783 3.15089 1.000 -8.1455 11.8412 College 3.11957 3.15089 .993 -6.8738 13.1129 Associate’s degree -4.72826 3.15089 .892 -14.7216 5.2651 Bachelor’s degree -3.40217 3.15089 .987 -13.3955 6.5912 Master’s degree -6.01087 3.15089 .664 -16.0042 3.9825 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -2.83696 3.15089 .996 -12.8303 7.1564



Grade school 19.88043 3.15089 .000 9.8871 29.8738 Some high school 9.65217 3.15089 .069 -.3412 19.6455 High school 14.03261 3.15089 .000 4.0393 24.0260 Junior college 6.57609 3.15089 .537 -3.4173 16.5694 College 7.84783 3.15089 .275 -2.1455 17.8412 Technical/Trade school 4.72826 3.15089 .892 -5.2651 14.7216 Bachelor’s degree 1.32609 3.15089 1.000 -8.6673 11.3194 Master’s degree -1.28261 3.15089 1.000 -11.2760 8.7107 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 1.89130 3.15089 1.000 -8.1020 11.8847

Bachelor’s degree

Grade school 18.55435 3.15089 .000 8.5610 28.5477 Some high school 8.32609 3.15089 .200 -1.6673 18.3194 High school 12.70652 3.15089 .002 2.7132 22.6999 Junior college 5.25000 3.15089 .814 -4.7433 15.2433 College 6.52174 3.15089 .549 -3.4716 16.5151 Technical/Trade school 3.40217 3.15089 .987 -6.5912 13.3955 Associate’s degree -1.32609 3.15089 1.000 -11.3194 8.6673 Master’s degree -2.60870 3.15089 .998 -12.6020 7.3847 Ph.D./Doctoral degree .56522 3.15089 1.000 -9.4281 10.5586

Master’s degree

Grade school 21.16304 3.15089 .000 11.1697 31.1564 Some high school 10.93478 3.15089 .019 .9414 20.9281 High school 15.31522 3.15089 .000 5.3219 25.3086 Junior college 7.85870 3.15089 .273 -2.1347 17.8520 College 9.13043 3.15089 .108 -.8629 19.1238 Technical/Trade school 6.01087 3.15089 .664 -3.9825 16.0042 Associate’s degree 1.28261 3.15089 1.000 -8.7107 11.2760 Bachelor’s degree 2.60870 3.15089 .998 -7.3847 12.6020 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 3.17391 3.15089 .992 -6.8194 13.1673


Grade school 17.98913 3.15089 .000 7.9958 27.9825 Some high school 7.76087 3.15089 .290 -2.2325 17.7542 High school 12.14130 3.15089 .005 2.1480 22.1347 Junior college 4.68478 3.15089 .897 -5.3086 14.6781 College 5.95652 3.15089 .676 -4.0368 15.9499 Technical/Trade school 2.83696 3.15089 .996 -7.1564 12.8303 Associate’s degree -1.89130 3.15089 1.000 -11.8847 8.1020 Bachelor’s degree -.56522 3.15089 1.000 -10.5586 9.4281


Master’s degree -3.17391 3.15089 .992 -13.1673 6.8194

Numerical

Grade school

Some high school -7.23913 2.64924 .162 -15.6414 1.1632 High school -4.95109 2.64924 .690 -13.3534 3.4512 Junior college -11.46196 2.64924 .001 -19.8643 -3.0596 College -12.05978 2.64924 .000 -20.4621 -3.6575 Technical/Trade school -11.18478 2.64924 .001 -19.5871 -2.7825 Associate’s degree -14.29348 2.64924 .000 -22.6958 -5.8912 Bachelor’s degree -19.02717 2.64924 .000 -27.4295 -10.6249 Master’s degree -22.26630 2.64924 .000 -30.6686 -13.8640 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -17.82065 2.64924 .000 -26.2230 -9.4183

Some high school

Grade school 7.23913 2.64924 .162 -1.1632 15.6414 High school 2.28804 2.64924 .997 -6.1143 10.6904 Junior college -4.22283 2.64924 .851 -12.6251 4.1795 College -4.82065 2.64924 .723 -13.2230 3.5817 Technical/Trade school -3.94565 2.64924 .896 -12.3480 4.4567 Associate’s degree -7.05435 2.64924 .191 -15.4567 1.3480 Bachelor’s degree -11.78804 2.64924 .000 -20.1904 -3.3857 Master’s degree -15.02717 2.64924 .000 -23.4295 -6.6249 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -10.58152 2.64924 .003 -18.9838 -2.1792

High school

Grade school 4.95109 2.64924 .690 -3.4512 13.3534 Some high school -2.28804 2.64924 .997 -10.6904 6.1143 Junior college -6.51087 2.64924 .293 -14.9132 1.8914 College -7.10870 2.64924 .182 -15.5110 1.2936 Technical/Trade school -6.23370 2.64924 .356 -14.6360 2.1686 Associate’s degree -9.34239 2.64924 .016 -17.7447 -.9401 Bachelor’s degree -14.07609 2.64924 .000 -22.4784 -5.6738 Master’s degree -17.31522 2.64924 .000 -25.7175 -8.9129 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -12.86957 2.64924 .000 -21.2719 -4.4672

Junior college

Grade school 11.46196 2.64924 .001 3.0596 19.8643 Some high school 4.22283 2.64924 .851 -4.1795 12.6251 High school 6.51087 2.64924 .293 -1.8914 14.9132 College -.59783 2.64924 1.000 -9.0001 7.8045 Technical/Trade school .27717 2.64924 1.000 -8.1251 8.6795 Associate’s degree -2.83152 2.64924 .988 -11.2338 5.5708 Bachelor’s degree -7.56522 2.64924 .120 -15.9675 .8371


Master’s degree -10.80435 2.64924 .002 -19.2067 -2.4020 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -6.35870 2.64924 .327 -14.7610 2.0436

College

Grade school 12.05978 2.64924 .000 3.6575 20.4621 Some high school 4.82065 2.64924 .723 -3.5817 13.2230 High school 7.10870 2.64924 .182 -1.2936 15.5110 Junior college .59783 2.64924 1.000 -7.8045 9.0001 Technical/Trade school .87500 2.64924 1.000 -7.5273 9.2773 Associate’s degree -2.23370 2.64924 .998 -10.6360 6.1686 Bachelor’s degree -6.96739 2.64924 .205 -15.3697 1.4349 Master’s degree -10.20652 2.64924 .005 -18.6088 -1.8042 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -5.76087 2.64924 .475 -14.1632 2.6414


Grade school 11.18478 2.64924 .001 2.7825 19.5871 Some high school 3.94565 2.64924 .896 -4.4567 12.3480 High school 6.23370 2.64924 .356 -2.1686 14.6360 Junior college -.27717 2.64924 1.000 -8.6795 8.1251 College -.87500 2.64924 1.000 -9.2773 7.5273 Associate’s degree -3.10870 2.64924 .976 -11.5110 5.2936 Bachelor’s degree -7.84239 2.64924 .091 -16.2447 .5599 Master’s degree -11.08152 2.64924 .001 -19.4838 -2.6792 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -6.63587 2.64924 .267 -15.0382 1.7664


Grade school 14.29348 2.64924 .000 5.8912 22.6958 Some high school 7.05435 2.64924 .191 -1.3480 15.4567 High school 9.34239 2.64924 .016 .9401 17.7447 Junior college 2.83152 2.64924 .988 -5.5708 11.2338 College 2.23370 2.64924 .998 -6.1686 10.6360 Technical/Trade school 3.10870 2.64924 .976 -5.2936 11.5110 Bachelor’s degree -4.73370 2.64924 .744 -13.1360 3.6686 Master’s degree -7.97283 2.64924 .080 -16.3751 .4295 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -3.52717 2.64924 .946 -11.9295 4.8751

Bachelor’s degree

Grade school 19.02717 2.64924 .000 10.6249 27.4295 Some high school 11.78804 2.64924 .000 3.3857 20.1904 High school 14.07609 2.64924 .000 5.6738 22.4784 Junior college 7.56522 2.64924 .120 -.8371 15.9675 College 6.96739 2.64924 .205 -1.4349 15.3697 Technical/Trade school 7.84239 2.64924 .091 -.5599 16.2447


Associate’s degree 4.73370 2.64924 .744 -3.6686 13.1360 Master’s degree -3.23913 2.64924 .969 -11.6414 5.1632 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 1.20652 2.64924 1.000 -7.1958 9.6088

Master’s degree

Grade school 22.26630 2.64924 .000 13.8640 30.6686 Some high school 15.02717 2.64924 .000 6.6249 23.4295 High school 17.31522 2.64924 .000 8.9129 25.7175 Junior college 10.80435 2.64924 .002 2.4020 19.2067 College 10.20652 2.64924 .005 1.8042 18.6088 Technical/Trade school 11.08152 2.64924 .001 2.6792 19.4838 Associate’s degree 7.97283 2.64924 .080 -.4295 16.3751 Bachelor’s degree 3.23913 2.64924 .969 -5.1632 11.6414 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 4.44565 2.64924 .808 -3.9567 12.8480


Grade school 17.82065 2.64924 .000 9.4183 26.2230 Some high school 10.58152 2.64924 .003 2.1792 18.9838 High school 12.86957 2.64924 .000 4.4672 21.2719 Junior college 6.35870 2.64924 .327 -2.0436 14.7610 College 5.76087 2.64924 .475 -2.6414 14.1632 Technical/Trade school 6.63587 2.64924 .267 -1.7664 15.0382 Associate’s degree 3.52717 2.64924 .946 -4.8751 11.9295 Bachelor’s degree -1.20652 2.64924 1.000 -9.6088 7.1958 Master’s degree -4.44565 2.64924 .808 -12.8480 3.9567

Arithmetic

Grade school

Some high school -10.46739 3.59186 .103 -21.8593 .9245 High school -8.20652 3.59186 .400 -19.5984 3.1854 Junior college -14.75000 3.59186 .002 -26.1419 -3.3581 College -17.86957 3.59186 .000 -29.2615 -6.4777 Technical/Trade school -12.67391 3.59186 .016 -24.0658 -1.2820 Associate’s degree -16.77174 3.59186 .000 -28.1636 -5.3798 Bachelor’s degree -24.32609 3.59186 .000 -35.7180 -12.9342 Master’s degree -29.13043 3.59186 .000 -40.5223 -17.7385 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -21.41304 3.59186 .000 -32.8050 -10.0211

Some high school

Grade school 10.46739 3.59186 .103 -.9245 21.8593 High school 2.26087 3.59186 1.000 -9.1310 13.6528 Junior college -4.28261 3.59186 .974 -15.6745 7.1093 College -7.40217 3.59186 .556 -18.7941 3.9897 Technical/Trade school -2.20652 3.59186 1.000 -13.5984 9.1854


Associate’s degree -6.30435 3.59186 .763 -17.6963 5.0876 Bachelor’s degree -13.85870 3.59186 .005 -25.2506 -2.4668 Master’s degree -18.66304 3.59186 .000 -30.0550 -7.2711 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -10.94565 3.59186 .072 -22.3376 .4463

High school

Grade school 8.20652 3.59186 .400 -3.1854 19.5984 Some high school -2.26087 3.59186 1.000 -13.6528 9.1310 Junior college -6.54348 3.59186 .721 -17.9354 4.8484 College -9.66304 3.59186 .179 -21.0550 1.7289 Technical/Trade school -4.46739 3.59186 .965 -15.8593 6.9245 Associate’s degree -8.56522 3.59186 .336 -19.9571 2.8267 Bachelor’s degree -16.11957 3.59186 .000 -27.5115 -4.7277 Master’s degree -20.92391 3.59186 .000 -32.3158 -9.5320 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -13.20652 3.59186 .009 -24.5984 -1.8146

Junior college

Grade school 14.75000 3.59186 .002 3.3581 26.1419 Some high school 4.28261 3.59186 .974 -7.1093 15.6745 High school 6.54348 3.59186 .721 -4.8484 17.9354 College -3.11957 3.59186 .997 -14.5115 8.2723 Technical/Trade school 2.07609 3.59186 1.000 -9.3158 13.4680 Associate’s degree -2.02174 3.59186 1.000 -13.4136 9.3702 Bachelor’s degree -9.57609 3.59186 .189 -20.9680 1.8158 Master’s degree -14.38043 3.59186 .003 -25.7723 -2.9885 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -6.66304 3.59186 .699 -18.0550 4.7289

College

Grade school 17.86957 3.59186 .000 6.4777 29.2615 Some high school 7.40217 3.59186 .556 -3.9897 18.7941 High school 9.66304 3.59186 .179 -1.7289 21.0550 Junior college 3.11957 3.59186 .997 -8.2723 14.5115 Technical/Trade school 5.19565 3.59186 .912 -6.1963 16.5876 Associate’s degree 1.09783 3.59186 1.000 -10.2941 12.4897 Bachelor’s degree -6.45652 3.59186 .737 -17.8484 4.9354 Master’s degree -11.26087 3.59186 .056 -22.6528 .1310 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -3.54348 3.59186 .993 -14.9354 7.8484


Grade school 12.67391 3.59186 .016 1.2820 24.0658 Some high school 2.20652 3.59186 1.000 -9.1854 13.5984 High school 4.46739 3.59186 .965 -6.9245 15.8593 Junior college -2.07609 3.59186 1.000 -13.4680 9.3158


College -5.19565 3.59186 .912 -16.5876 6.1963 Associate’s degree -4.09783 3.59186 .980 -15.4897 7.2941 Bachelor’s degree -11.65217 3.59186 .040 -23.0441 -.2603 Master’s degree -16.45652 3.59186 .000 -27.8484 -5.0646 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -8.73913 3.59186 .307 -20.1310 2.6528


Grade school 16.77174 3.59186 .000 5.3798 28.1636 Some high school 6.30435 3.59186 .763 -5.0876 17.6963 High school 8.56522 3.59186 .336 -2.8267 19.9571 Junior college 2.02174 3.59186 1.000 -9.3702 13.4136 College -1.09783 3.59186 1.000 -12.4897 10.2941 Technical/Trade school 4.09783 3.59186 .980 -7.2941 15.4897 Bachelor’s degree -7.55435 3.59186 .526 -18.9463 3.8376 Master’s degree -12.35870 3.59186 .021 -23.7506 -.9668 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -4.64130 3.59186 .955 -16.0332 6.7506

Bachelor’s degree

Grade school 24.32609 3.59186 .000 12.9342 35.7180 Some high school 13.85870 3.59186 .005 2.4668 25.2506 High school 16.11957 3.59186 .000 4.7277 27.5115 Junior college 9.57609 3.59186 .189 -1.8158 20.9680 College 6.45652 3.59186 .737 -4.9354 17.8484 Technical/Trade school 11.65217 3.59186 .040 .2603 23.0441 Associate’s degree 7.55435 3.59186 .526 -3.8376 18.9463 Master’s degree -4.80435 3.59186 .945 -16.1963 6.5876 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 2.91304 3.59186 .998 -8.4789 14.3050

Master’s degree

Grade school 29.13043 3.59186 .000 17.7385 40.5223 Some high school 18.66304 3.59186 .000 7.2711 30.0550 High school 20.92391 3.59186 .000 9.5320 32.3158 Junior college 14.38043 3.59186 .003 2.9885 25.7723 College 11.26087 3.59186 .056 -.1310 22.6528 Technical/Trade school 16.45652 3.59186 .000 5.0646 27.8484 Associate’s degree 12.35870 3.59186 .021 .9668 23.7506 Bachelor’s degree 4.80435 3.59186 .945 -6.5876 16.1963 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 7.71739 3.59186 .493 -3.6745 19.1093

Ph.D./Doctoral degree Grade school 21.41304 3.59186 .000 10.0211 32.8050 Some high school 10.94565 3.59186 .072 -.4463 22.3376 High school 13.20652 3.59186 .009 1.8146 24.5984


Junior college 6.66304 3.59186 .699 -4.7289 18.0550 College 3.54348 3.59186 .993 -7.8484 14.9354 Technical/Trade school 8.73913 3.59186 .307 -2.6528 20.1310 Associate’s degree 4.64130 3.59186 .955 -6.7506 16.0332 Bachelor’s degree -2.91304 3.59186 .998 -14.3050 8.4789 Master’s degree -7.71739 3.59186 .493 -19.1093 3.6745

Graphs & Charts

Grade school

Some high school -4.01087 2.36012 .796 -11.4962 3.4745 High school -1.69565 2.36012 .999 -9.1810 5.7897 Junior college -8.17391 2.36012 .020 -15.6593 -.6886 College -6.25000 2.36012 .197 -13.7353 1.2353 Technical/Trade school -9.69565 2.36012 .002 -17.1810 -2.2103 Associate’s degree -11.81522 2.36012 .000 -19.3006 -4.3299 Bachelor’s degree -13.72826 2.36012 .000 -21.2136 -6.2429 Master’s degree -15.40217 2.36012 .000 -22.8875 -7.9168 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -14.22826 2.36012 .000 -21.7136 -6.7429

Some high school

Grade school 4.01087 2.36012 .796 -3.4745 11.4962 High school 2.31522 2.36012 .993 -5.1701 9.8006 Junior college -4.16304 2.36012 .758 -11.6484 3.3223 College -2.23913 2.36012 .995 -9.7245 5.2462 Technical/Trade school -5.68478 2.36012 .322 -13.1701 1.8006 Associate’s degree -7.80435 2.36012 .033 -15.2897 -.3190 Bachelor’s degree -9.71739 2.36012 .002 -17.2027 -2.2320 Master’s degree -11.39130 2.36012 .000 -18.8767 -3.9060 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -10.21739 2.36012 .001 -17.7027 -2.7320

High school

Grade school 1.69565 2.36012 .999 -5.7897 9.1810 Some high school -2.31522 2.36012 .993 -9.8006 5.1701 Junior college -6.47826 2.36012 .158 -13.9636 1.0071 College -4.55435 2.36012 .649 -12.0397 2.9310 Technical/Trade school -8.00000 2.36012 .025 -15.4853 -.5147 Associate’s degree -10.11957 2.36012 .001 -17.6049 -2.6342 Bachelor’s degree -12.03261 2.36012 .000 -19.5180 -4.5473 Master’s degree -13.70652 2.36012 .000 -21.1919 -6.2212 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -12.53261 2.36012 .000 -20.0180 -5.0473

Junior college Grade school 8.17391 2.36012 .020 .6886 15.6593 Some high school 4.16304 2.36012 .758 -3.3223 11.6484


High school 6.47826 2.36012 .158 -1.0071 13.9636 College 1.92391 2.36012 .998 -5.5614 9.4093 Technical/Trade school -1.52174 2.36012 1.000 -9.0071 5.9636 Associate’s degree -3.64130 2.36012 .874 -11.1267 3.8440 Bachelor’s degree -5.55435 2.36012 .356 -13.0397 1.9310 Master’s degree -7.22826 2.36012 .069 -14.7136 .2571 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -6.05435 2.36012 .236 -13.5397 1.4310

College

Grade school 6.25000 2.36012 .197 -1.2353 13.7353 Some high school 2.23913 2.36012 .995 -5.2462 9.7245 High school 4.55435 2.36012 .649 -2.9310 12.0397 Junior college -1.92391 2.36012 .998 -9.4093 5.5614 Technical/Trade school -3.44565 2.36012 .907 -10.9310 4.0397 Associate’s degree -5.56522 2.36012 .353 -13.0506 1.9201 Bachelor’s degree -7.47826 2.36012 .050 -14.9636 .0071 Master’s degree -9.15217 2.36012 .004 -16.6375 -1.6668 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -7.97826 2.36012 .026 -15.4636 -.4929


Grade school 9.69565 2.36012 .002 2.2103 17.1810 Some high school 5.68478 2.36012 .322 -1.8006 13.1701 High school 8.00000 2.36012 .025 .5147 15.4853 Junior college 1.52174 2.36012 1.000 -5.9636 9.0071 College 3.44565 2.36012 .907 -4.0397 10.9310 Associate’s degree -2.11957 2.36012 .997 -9.6049 5.3658 Bachelor’s degree -4.03261 2.36012 .791 -11.5180 3.4527 Master’s degree -5.70652 2.36012 .316 -13.1919 1.7788 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -4.53261 2.36012 .655 -12.0180 2.9527


Grade school 11.81522 2.36012 .000 4.3299 19.3006 Some high school 7.80435 2.36012 .033 .3190 15.2897 High school 10.11957 2.36012 .001 2.6342 17.6049 Junior college 3.64130 2.36012 .874 -3.8440 11.1267 College 5.56522 2.36012 .353 -1.9201 13.0506 Technical/Trade school 2.11957 2.36012 .997 -5.3658 9.6049 Bachelor’s degree -1.91304 2.36012 .998 -9.3984 5.5723 Master’s degree -3.58696 2.36012 .884 -11.0723 3.8984 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -2.41304 2.36012 .991 -9.8984 5.0723



Some high school 9.71739 2.36012 .002 2.2320 17.2027 High school 12.03261 2.36012 .000 4.5473 19.5180 Junior college 5.55435 2.36012 .356 -1.9310 13.0397 College 7.47826 2.36012 .050 -.0071 14.9636 Technical/Trade school 4.03261 2.36012 .791 -3.4527 11.5180 Associate’s degree 1.91304 2.36012 .998 -5.5723 9.3984 Master’s degree -1.67391 2.36012 .999 -9.1593 5.8114 Ph.D./Doctoral degree -.50000 2.36012 1.000 -7.9853 6.9853

Master’s degree

Grade school 15.40217 2.36012 .000 7.9168 22.8875 Some high school 11.39130 2.36012 .000 3.9060 18.8767 High school 13.70652 2.36012 .000 6.2212 21.1919 Junior college 7.22826 2.36012 .069 -.2571 14.7136 College 9.15217 2.36012 .004 1.6668 16.6375 Technical/Trade school 5.70652 2.36012 .316 -1.7788 13.1919 Associate’s degree 3.58696 2.36012 .884 -3.8984 11.0723 Bachelor’s degree 1.67391 2.36012 .999 -5.8114 9.1593 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 1.17391 2.36012 1.000 -6.3114 8.6593


Grade school 14.22826 2.36012 .000 6.7429 21.7136 Some high school 10.21739 2.36012 .001 2.7320 17.7027 High school 12.53261 2.36012 .000 5.0473 20.0180 Junior college 6.05435 2.36012 .236 -1.4310 13.5397 College 7.97826 2.36012 .026 .4929 15.4636 Technical/Trade school 4.53261 2.36012 .655 -2.9527 12.0180 Associate’s degree 2.41304 2.36012 .991 -5.0723 9.8984 Bachelor’s degree .50000 2.36012 1.000 -6.9853 7.9853 Master’s degree -1.17391 2.36012 1.000 -8.6593 6.3114


Re-sampled Analysis What is the highest degree of formal education that you have achieved?

• Grade school (n = 92) • Some high school (n = 92) • High school (n = 92) • Junior College (n = 92) • College (n = 92) • Technical/Trade school (n = 92) • Associate’s degree (n = 92) • Bachelor’s degree (n = 92) • Master’s degree (n = 92) • Ph.D./Doctoral degree (n = 92) Effect Size and Power: The Anova tables include Partial Eta Squared as an indicator of effect size as well as Observed Power. The following effect size analysis uses the Overall Score and the “level of education” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .123) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Overall Score

Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Partial Eta

Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb

Corrected Model 28152.001 9 3128.000 14.172 .000 .123 127.544 1.000 Intercept 11501481.003 1 11501481.003 52108.118 .000 .983 52108.118 1.000 Level of Education 28152.001 9 3128.000 14.172 .000 .123 127.544 1.000 Error 200858.294 910 220.723 Total 11730491.299 920 Corrected Total 229010.295 919


The following effect size analysis uses the Fluid Intelligence scale and the “level of education” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .069) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Fluid Intelligence


Partial Eta

Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Spatial scale and the “level of education” validation question. Observed Power was .999 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .046) was of small size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Spatial


Partial Eta

Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb

Corrected Model 8784.317 9 976.035 4.885 .000 .046 43.968 .999 Intercept 10518639.952 1 10518639.952 52648.892 .000 .983 52648.892 1.000 Level of Education 8784.317 9 976.035 4.885 .000 .046 43.968 .999 Error 181807.481 910 199.788 Total 10709231.750 920 Corrected Total 190591.798 919


The following effect size analysis uses the Matrices scale and the “level of education” validation question. Observed Power was .998 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .040) was of small size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Matrices


Partial Eta

Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the 2D-3D Images scale and the “level of education” validation question. Observed Power was .996 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .038) was of small size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: 2D-3D Images


Partial Eta

Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Logical scale and the “level of education” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .069) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Logical


Partial Eta

Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Arguments scale and the “level of education” validation question. Observed Power was .996 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .038) was of small size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Arguments


Partial Eta

Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Puzzles scale and the “level of education” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .079) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Puzzles


Partial Eta

Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Crystallized Intelligence scale and the “level of education” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .140) was of large size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Crystallized Intelligence


Partial Eta

Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Verbal scale and the “level of education” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .119) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Verbal


Partial Eta

Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Vocabulary scale and the “level of education” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .123) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Vocabulary


Partial Eta

Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Analogies scale and the “level of education” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .082) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Analogies


Partial Eta

Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Numerical scale and the “level of education” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .114) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Numerical


Partial Eta

Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Arithmetic scale and the “level of education” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .097) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Arithmetic


Partial Eta

Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Graphs & Charts scale and the “level of education” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .094) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Graphs & Charts


Partial Eta

Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb




• A significant ANOVA was found on the Overall Score (F(9,910) = 14.17; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those with a Grade school education (x̄ = 100.3) were outscored (p < .05) by the Some high school (x̄ = 108.4), Junior College (x̄ = 111.7), College (x̄ = 111.5), Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 112.8), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 115.3), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 117.4), Master’s degree (x̄ = 120.0), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 115.2) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Some high school group (x̄ = 108.4) were outscored (p < .01) by those with a Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 117.4) and those with a Master’s degree (x̄ = 120.0). Those with a High school education (x̄ = 105.5) were outscored (p < .05) by the Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 112.8), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 115.3), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 117.4), Master’s degree (x̄ = 120.0), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 115.2) groups. The Master’s degree group (x̄ = 120.0) outscored (p < .05) the Junior College (x̄ = 111.7), College (x̄ = 111.5), and Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 112.8) groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Fluid Intelligence scale (F(9,910) = 7.50; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those with a Grade school education (x̄ = 103.3) were outscored (p < .01) by the Some high school (x̄ = 111.8), Junior College (x̄ = 113.2), College (x̄ = 113.1), Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 114.8), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 114.7), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 117.4), Master’s degree (x̄ = 118.0), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 112.7) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the High school group (x̄ = 108.3) were outscored (p < .01) by those with a Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 117.4) and those with a Master’s degree (x̄ = 118.0).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Spatial scale (F(9,910) = 4.89; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those with a Grade school

education (x̄ = 99.7) were outscored (p < .01) by the Junior College (x̄ = 108.1), College (x̄ = 107.5), Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 108.1), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 107.9), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 110.8), Master’s degree (x̄ = 110.7), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 106.6) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the High school group (x̄ = 103.7) were outscored (p < .05) by those with a Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 110.8) and those with a Master’s degree (x̄ = 110.6).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Matrices scale (F(9,910) = 4.25; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those with a Grade school

education (x̄ = 99.6) were outscored (p < .05) by the Junior College (x̄ = 106.0), College (x̄ = 107.8), Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 105.8), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 106.4), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 108.0), and Master’s degree (x̄ = 108.9) groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the 2D-3D Images scale (F(9,910) = 3.97; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those with a Grade

school education (x̄ = 99.9) were outscored (p < .05) by the College (x̄ = 107.1), Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 110.4), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 109.3), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 113.6), and Master’s degree (x̄ = 112.5) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that those with a Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 113.6) outscored (p < .05) by those with a High school education (x̄ = 104.0).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Logical scale (F(9,910) = 7.47; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those with a Grade school

education (x̄ = 106.9) were outscored (p < .01) by the Some high school (x̄ = 117.4), Junior College (x̄ = 118.3), College (x̄ = 118.7), Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 121.5), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 121.6), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 123.9), Master’s degree (x̄ = 125.3), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 118.8) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the High school group (x̄ = 112.9) were outscored (p < .01) by those with a Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 123.9) and those with a Master’s degree (x̄ = 125.3).


• A significant ANOVA was found on the Arguments scale (F(9,910) = 3.95; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those with a Grade

school education (x̄ = 111.5) were outscored (p < .05) by the College (x̄ = 120.6), Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 121.7), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 119.9), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 121.5), and Master’s degree (x̄ = 124.6) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that those with a Master’s degree (x̄ = 124.6) outscored (p < .05) those with a High school education (x̄ = 115.2).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Puzzles scale (F(9,910) = 8.67; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those with a Grade school

education (x̄ = 102.3) were outscored (p < .01) by the Some high school (x̄ = 115.8), Junior College (x̄ = 117.4), College (x̄ = 116.8), Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 121.3), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 123.3), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 126.3), Master’s degree (x̄ = 126.0), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 120.5) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the High school group (x̄ = 110.7) were outscored (p < .01) by those with an Associate’s degree (x̄ = 123.3), those with a Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 126.3), and those with a Master’s degree (x̄ = 126.0).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Crystallized Intelligence scale (F(9,910) = 16.51; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those with

a Grade school education (x̄ = 98.8) were outscored (p < .05) by the Some high school (x̄ = 106.6), Junior College (x̄ = 111.0), College (x̄ = 110.8), Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 111.8), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 115.6), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 117.4), Master’s degree (x̄ = 121.0), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 116.5) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Some high school group (x̄ = 106.6) were outscored (p < .01) by the Associate’s degree (x̄ = 115.6), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 117.4), Master’s degree (x̄ = 121.0), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 116.5) groups. Those with a High school education (x̄ = 104.2) were outscored (p < .05) by those with a Technical/Trade school degree (x̄ = 111.8), those with an Associate’s degree (x̄ = 115.6), those with a Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 117.4), those with a Master’s degree (x̄ = 121.0), and those with a Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 116.5). The Master’s degree group (x̄ = 121.0) outscored (p < .01) the Junior College (x̄ = 111.0) and College (x̄ = 110.8) groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Verbal scale (F(9,910) = 13.59; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those with a Grade school education (x̄ = 101.3) were outscored (p < .05) by the Some high school (x̄ = 109.7), Junior College (x̄ = 114.2), College (x̄ = 113.2), Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 116.0), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 120.6), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 119.5), Master’s degree (x̄ = 123.4), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 118.9) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Some high school group (x̄ = 109.7) were outscored (p < .05) by the Associate’s degree (x̄ = 120.6), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 119.5), Master’s degree (x̄ = 123.4), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 118.9) groups. Those with a High school education (x̄ = 107.1) were outscored (p < .05) by those with a Technical/Trade school degree (x̄ = 116.0), those with an Associate’s degree (x̄ = 120.6), those with a Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 119.5), those with a Master’s degree (x̄ = 123.4), and those with a Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 118.9). The Master’s degree group (x̄ = 123.4) outscored (p < .05) the Junior College (x̄ = 114.2) and College (x̄ = 113.2) groups.


• A significant ANOVA was found on the Vocabulary scale (F(9,910) = 14.17; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those with a Grade

school education (x̄ = 101.6) were outscored (p < .001) by the Junior College (x̄ = 114.1), College (x̄ = 113.3), Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 115.9), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 120.3), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 119.3), Master’s degree (x̄ = 124.6), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 118.8) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Some high school group (x̄ = 108.2) were outscored (p < .05) by the Associate’s degree (x̄ = 120.3), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 119.3), Master’s degree (x̄ = 124.6), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 118.8) groups. Those with a High school education (x̄ = 107.3) were outscored (p < .05) by those with a Technical/Trade school degree (x̄ = 115.9), those with an Associate’s degree (x̄ = 120.3), those with a Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 119.3), those with a Master’s degree (x̄ = 124.6), and those with a Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 118.8). The Master’s degree group (x̄ = 124.6) outscored (p < .05) the Junior College (x̄ = 114.1), College (x̄ = 113.3), and Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 115.9) groups.

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Analogies scale (F(9,910) = 8.99; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those with a Grade school education (x̄ = 101.4) were outscored (p < .05) by the Some high school (x̄ = 111.3), Junior College (x̄ = 114.4), College (x̄ = 113.1), Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 116.2), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 120.9), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 119.6), Master’s degree (x̄ = 122.2), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 119.0) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Some high school group (x̄ = 111.3) were outscored (p < .05) by the Master’s degree group (x̄ = 122.2). Those with a High school education (x̄ = 106.9) were outscored (p < .01) by those with an Associate’s degree (x̄ = 120.9), those with a Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 119.6), those with a Master’s degree (x̄ = 122.2), and those with a Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 119.0).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Numerical scale (F(9,910) = 13.02; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those with a Grade

school education (x̄ = 96.3) were outscored (p < .01) by the Junior College (x̄ = 107.7), College (x̄ = 108.3), Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 107.5), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 110.6), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 115.3), Master’s degree (x̄ = 118.5), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 114.1) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Some high school group (x̄ = 103.5) were outscored (p < .01) by the Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 115.3), Master’s degree (x̄ = 118.5), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 114.1) groups. Those with a High school education (x̄ = 101.2) were outscored (p < .05) by those with an Associate’s degree (x̄ = 110.6), those with a Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 115.3), those with a Master’s degree (x̄ = 118.5), and those with a Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 114.1).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Arithmetic scale (F(9,910) = 10.91; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those with a Grade

school education (x̄ = 93.9) were outscored (p < .05) by the Junior College (x̄ = 108.7), College (x̄ = 111.8), Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 106.6), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 110.7), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 118.3), Master’s degree (x̄ = 123.1), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 115.3) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Some high school group (x̄ = 104.4) were outscored (p < .01) by the Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 118.3) and Master’s degree (x̄ = 123.1) groups. Those with a High school education (x̄ = 102.1) were outscored (p < .01) by those with a Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 118.3), those with a Master’s degree (x̄ = 123.1), and those with a Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 115.3). The Master’s degree group (x̄ = 123.1) also outscored (p < .05) the Junior College (x̄ = 108.7) and Associate’s degree group (x̄ = 110.7). The Technical/Trade school group (x̄ = 106.6) were outscored (p < .05) by the Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 118.3) and Master’s degree (x̄ = 123.1) groups.


• A significant ANOVA was found on the Graphs & Charts scale (F(9,910) = 10.54; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those with a

Grade school education (x̄ = 98.6) were outscored (p < .05) by the Junior College (x̄ = 106.8), Technical/Trade school (x̄ = 108.3), Associate’s degree (x̄ = 110.4), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 112.4), Master’s degree (x̄ = 114.0), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 112.9) groups. Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Some high school group (x̄ = 102.6) were outscored (p < .05) by the Associate’s degree (x̄ = 110.4), Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 112.4), Master’s degree (x̄ = 114.0), and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 112.9) groups. Those with a High school education (x̄ = 100.3) were outscored (p < .05) by those with a Technical/Trade school degree (x̄ = 108.3), those with an Associate’s degree (x̄ = 110.4), those with a Bachelor’s degree (x̄ = 112.4), those with a Master’s degree (x̄ = 114.0), and those with a Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 112.9). The College group (x̄ = 104.9) were outscored (p < .05) by the Master’s degree (x̄ = 114.0) and Ph.D./Doctoral degree (x̄ = 112.9) groups.


Comparison variable: Level of Education – Graphical Results


Comparison variable: Grades in School In the validation questions that appear at the end of the assessment, participants were asked the following question:

How did you do at school in terms of academic achievement?

• Top of the class (n = 1171) • Well (n = 2591) • Average (n = 2491) • Below average (n = 317) • Poorly (n = 82) • Failed most classes (n = 58) Note: All participants can choose not to answer the question by skipping it entirely or selecting “I don’t want to answer.” 6710 people responded to the question; 2634 chose not to.

In the Anova using the entire sample (a one-way, independent-measures test with 6 groups), the assumption of Homogeneity of Variance was violated for two scales. To remedy this problem, another Anova, adjusted for sample size, was performed using a randomly selected sample of 58 people for the first five groups. However, the Levene statistic was still significant for nine scales. The differences between groups are still noteworthy, however. Below, we show the Test of Homogeneity of Variances tables and Anova tables for both the original sample of 6710 people and the equalized sample. The results that will be reported, however, are based on the Anova using equal-sized groups. Post-hoc test used: Tukey.


Test of Homogeneity of Variances - Original sample


Overall Score 9.955 5 6704 .000 Fluid Intelligence 11.769 5 6704 .000 Spatial 5.337 5 6704 .000 Matrices 5.841 5 6704 .000 2D-3D Images 4.910 5 6704 .000 Logical 12.338 5 6704 .000 Arguments 14.627 5 6704 .000 Puzzles 6.861 5 6704 .000 Crystallized Intelligence 8.912 5 6704 .000 Verbal 10.138 5 6704 .000 Vocabulary 4.375 5 6704 .001 Analogies 8.071 5 6704 .000 Numerical 13.511 5 6704 .000 Arithmetic 3.871 5 6704 .002 Graphs & Charts 25.769 5 6704 .000




Fluid Intelligence

















Graphs & Charts





Overall Score 2.911 5 342 .014 Fluid Intelligence 4.598 5 342 .000 Spatial 2.138 5 342 .061 Matrices .389 5 342 .856 2D-3D Images 2.184 5 342 .056 Logical 4.488 5 342 .001 Arguments 3.980 5 342 .002 Puzzles 3.439 5 342 .005 Crystallized Intelligence 2.065 5 342 .069 Verbal 3.174 5 342 .008 Vocabulary .763 5 342 .577 Analogies 3.053 5 342 .010 Numerical 2.626 5 342 .024 Arithmetic 1.692 5 342 .136 Graphs & Charts 3.733 5 342 .003














ANOVA - Equalized sample


Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.








Dependent Variable (I) How did you do at school in terms of academic achievement?

(J) How did you do at school in terms of academic achievement?

Mean Difference (I-J)

Std. Error Sig.



Overall Score

Top of the class

Well 1.27730 2.91325 .998 -7.0719 9.6265 Average 5.84339 2.91325 .341 -2.5058 14.1926 Below average 5.59483 2.91325 .391 -2.7544 13.9441 Poorly 10.64655 2.91325 .004 2.2973 18.9958 Failed most classes 15.78017 2.91325 .000 7.4309 24.1294

Well

Top of the class -1.27730 2.91325 .998 -9.6265 7.0719 Average 4.56609 2.91325 .621 -3.7831 12.9153 Below average 4.31753 2.91325 .676 -4.0317 12.6668 Poorly 9.36925 2.91325 .018 1.0200 17.7185 Failed most classes 14.50287 2.91325 .000 6.1536 22.8521

Average

Top of the class -5.84339 2.91325 .341 -14.1926 2.5058 Well -4.56609 2.91325 .621 -12.9153 3.7831 Below average -.24856 2.91325 1.000 -8.5978 8.1007 Poorly 4.80316 2.91325 .567 -3.5461 13.1524 Failed most classes 9.93678 2.91325 .009 1.5875 18.2860

Below average

Top of the class -5.59483 2.91325 .391 -13.9441 2.7544 Well -4.31753 2.91325 .676 -12.6668 4.0317 Average .24856 2.91325 1.000 -8.1007 8.5978 Poorly 5.05172 2.91325 .510 -3.2975 13.4010 Failed most classes 10.18534 2.91325 .007 1.8361 18.5346

Poorly

Top of the class -10.64655 2.91325 .004 -18.9958 -2.2973 Well -9.36925 2.91325 .018 -17.7185 -1.0200 Average -4.80316 2.91325 .567 -13.1524 3.5461 Below average -5.05172 2.91325 .510 -13.4010 3.2975 Failed most classes 5.13362 2.91325 .492 -3.2156 13.4829

Failed most classes

Top of the class -15.78017 2.91325 .000 -24.1294 -7.4309 Well -14.50287 2.91325 .000 -22.8521 -6.1536 Average -9.93678 2.91325 .009 -18.2860 -1.5875 Below average -10.18534 2.91325 .007 -18.5346 -1.8361 Poorly -5.13362 2.91325 .492 -13.4829 3.2156


Fluid Intelligence

Top of the class

Well .64224 3.07757 1.000 -8.1779 9.4624 Average 3.40948 3.07757 .878 -5.4107 12.2297 Below average 2.43966 3.07757 .969 -6.3805 11.2598 Poorly 10.37069 3.07757 .011 1.5505 19.1909 Failed most classes 13.76293 3.07757 .000 4.9427 22.5831

Well

Top of the class -.64224 3.07757 1.000 -9.4624 8.1779 Average 2.76724 3.07757 .947 -6.0529 11.5874 Below average 1.79741 3.07757 .992 -7.0228 10.6176 Poorly 9.72845 3.07757 .021 .9083 18.5486 Failed most classes 13.12069 3.07757 .000 4.3005 21.9409

Average

Top of the class -3.40948 3.07757 .878 -12.2297 5.4107 Well -2.76724 3.07757 .947 -11.5874 6.0529 Below average -.96983 3.07757 1.000 -9.7900 7.8504 Poorly 6.96121 3.07757 .213 -1.8590 15.7814 Failed most classes 10.35345 3.07757 .011 1.5333 19.1736

Below average

Top of the class -2.43966 3.07757 .969 -11.2598 6.3805 Well -1.79741 3.07757 .992 -10.6176 7.0228 Average .96983 3.07757 1.000 -7.8504 9.7900 Poorly 7.93103 3.07757 .106 -.8891 16.7512 Failed most classes 11.32328 3.07757 .004 2.5031 20.1435

Poorly

Top of the class -10.37069 3.07757 .011 -19.1909 -1.5505 Well -9.72845 3.07757 .021 -18.5486 -.9083 Average -6.96121 3.07757 .213 -15.7814 1.8590 Below average -7.93103 3.07757 .106 -16.7512 .8891 Failed most classes 3.39224 3.07757 .880 -5.4279 12.2124

Failed most classes


Spatial Top of the class

Well -.17241 2.61280 1.000 -7.6606 7.3158 Average 1.77586 2.61280 .984 -5.7123 9.2640 Below average .65517 2.61280 1.000 -6.8330 8.1433 Poorly 4.43966 2.61280 .533 -3.0485 11.9278 Failed most classes 7.98276 2.61280 .029 .4946 15.4709


Well

Top of the class .17241 2.61280 1.000 -7.3158 7.6606 Average 1.94828 2.61280 .976 -5.5399 9.4364 Below average .82759 2.61280 1.000 -6.6606 8.3158 Poorly 4.61207 2.61280 .490 -2.8761 12.1002 Failed most classes 8.15517 2.61280 .024 .6670 15.6433

Average

Top of the class -1.77586 2.61280 .984 -9.2640 5.7123 Well -1.94828 2.61280 .976 -9.4364 5.5399 Below average -1.12069 2.61280 .998 -8.6089 6.3675 Poorly 2.66379 2.61280 .911 -4.8244 10.1520 Failed most classes 6.20690 2.61280 .168 -1.2813 13.6951

Below average

Top of the class -.65517 2.61280 1.000 -8.1433 6.8330 Well -.82759 2.61280 1.000 -8.3158 6.6606 Average 1.12069 2.61280 .998 -6.3675 8.6089 Poorly 3.78448 2.61280 .697 -3.7037 11.2727 Failed most classes 7.32759 2.61280 .059 -.1606 14.8158

Poorly

Top of the class -4.43966 2.61280 .533 -11.9278 3.0485 Well -4.61207 2.61280 .490 -12.1002 2.8761 Average -2.66379 2.61280 .911 -10.1520 4.8244 Below average -3.78448 2.61280 .697 -11.2727 3.7037 Failed most classes 3.54310 2.61280 .753 -3.9451 11.0313

Failed most classes

Top of the class -7.98276 2.61280 .029 -15.4709 -.4946 Well -8.15517 2.61280 .024 -15.6433 -.6670 Average -6.20690 2.61280 .168 -13.6951 1.2813 Below average -7.32759 2.61280 .059 -14.8158 .1606 Poorly -3.54310 2.61280 .753 -11.0313 3.9451

Matrices

Top of the class

Well -2.75862 2.21227 .813 -9.0989 3.5816 Average .60345 2.21227 1.000 -5.7368 6.9437 Below average .89655 2.21227 .999 -5.4437 7.2368 Poorly 3.36207 2.21227 .652 -2.9782 9.7023 Failed most classes 6.29310 2.21227 .053 -.0472 12.6334

Well

Top of the class 2.75862 2.21227 .813 -3.5816 9.0989 Average 3.36207 2.21227 .652 -2.9782 9.7023 Below average 3.65517 2.21227 .564 -2.6851 9.9954 Poorly 6.12069 2.21227 .065 -.2196 12.4609 Failed most classes 9.05172 2.21227 .001 2.7115 15.3920


Average

Top of the class -.60345 2.21227 1.000 -6.9437 5.7368 Well -3.36207 2.21227 .652 -9.7023 2.9782 Below average .29310 2.21227 1.000 -6.0472 6.6334 Poorly 2.75862 2.21227 .813 -3.5816 9.0989 Failed most classes 5.68966 2.21227 .107 -.6506 12.0299

Below average

Top of the class -.89655 2.21227 .999 -7.2368 5.4437 Well -3.65517 2.21227 .564 -9.9954 2.6851 Average -.29310 2.21227 1.000 -6.6334 6.0472 Poorly 2.46552 2.21227 .875 -3.8747 8.8058 Failed most classes 5.39655 2.21227 .146 -.9437 11.7368

Poorly

Top of the class -3.36207 2.21227 .652 -9.7023 2.9782 Well -6.12069 2.21227 .065 -12.4609 .2196 Average -2.75862 2.21227 .813 -9.0989 3.5816 Below average -2.46552 2.21227 .875 -8.8058 3.8747 Failed most classes 2.93103 2.21227 .771 -3.4092 9.2713

Failed most classes

Top of the class -6.29310 2.21227 .053 -12.6334 .0472 Well -9.05172 2.21227 .001 -15.3920 -2.7115 Average -5.68966 2.21227 .107 -12.0299 .6506 Below average -5.39655 2.21227 .146 -11.7368 .9437 Poorly -2.93103 2.21227 .771 -9.2713 3.4092

2D-3D Images

Top of the class

Well 2.41379 3.68524 .987 -8.1479 12.9755 Average 2.94828 3.68524 .967 -7.6134 13.5100 Below average .41379 3.68524 1.000 -10.1479 10.9755 Poorly 5.51724 3.68524 .666 -5.0445 16.0790 Failed most classes 9.67241 3.68524 .094 -.8893 20.2341

Well

Top of the class -2.41379 3.68524 .987 -12.9755 8.1479 Average .53448 3.68524 1.000 -10.0272 11.0962 Below average -2.00000 3.68524 .994 -12.5617 8.5617 Poorly 3.10345 3.68524 .959 -7.4583 13.6652 Failed most classes 7.25862 3.68524 .362 -3.3031 17.8203

Average

Top of the class -2.94828 3.68524 .967 -13.5100 7.6134 Well -.53448 3.68524 1.000 -11.0962 10.0272 Below average -2.53448 3.68524 .983 -13.0962 8.0272 Poorly 2.56897 3.68524 .982 -7.9928 13.1307 Failed most classes 6.72414 3.68524 .451 -3.8376 17.2859


Below average

Top of the class -.41379 3.68524 1.000 -10.9755 10.1479 Well 2.00000 3.68524 .994 -8.5617 12.5617 Average 2.53448 3.68524 .983 -8.0272 13.0962 Poorly 5.10345 3.68524 .736 -5.4583 15.6652 Failed most classes 9.25862 3.68524 .123 -1.3031 19.8203

Poorly

Top of the class -5.51724 3.68524 .666 -16.0790 5.0445 Well -3.10345 3.68524 .959 -13.6652 7.4583 Average -2.56897 3.68524 .982 -13.1307 7.9928 Below average -5.10345 3.68524 .736 -15.6652 5.4583 Failed most classes 4.15517 3.68524 .870 -6.4065 14.7169

Failed most classes

Top of the class -9.67241 3.68524 .094 -20.2341 .8893 Well -7.25862 3.68524 .362 -17.8203 3.3031 Average -6.72414 3.68524 .451 -17.2859 3.8376 Below average -9.25862 3.68524 .123 -19.8203 1.3031 Poorly -4.15517 3.68524 .870 -14.7169 6.4065

Logical

Top of the class


Well


Average

Top of the class -5.04310 4.06116 .816 -16.6822 6.5960 Well -3.58621 4.06116 .950 -15.2253 8.0529 Below average -.81897 4.06116 1.000 -12.4581 10.8201 Poorly 11.25862 4.06116 .064 -.3805 22.8977 Failed most classes 14.50000 4.06116 .005 2.8609 26.1391

Below average

Top of the class -4.22414 4.06116 .904 -15.8632 7.4149 Well -2.76724 4.06116 .984 -14.4063 8.8718 Average .81897 4.06116 1.000 -10.8201 12.4581 Poorly 12.07759 4.06116 .037 .4385 23.7167 Failed most classes 15.31897 4.06116 .003 3.6799 26.9581


Poorly

Top of the class -16.30172 4.06116 .001 -27.9408 -4.6626 Well -14.84483 4.06116 .004 -26.4839 -3.2057 Average -11.25862 4.06116 .064 -22.8977 .3805 Below average -12.07759 4.06116 .037 -23.7167 -.4385 Failed most classes 3.24138 4.06116 .968 -8.3977 14.8805

Failed most classes


Arguments

Top of the class

Well .87931 3.88585 1.000 -10.2573 12.0160 Average 5.74138 3.88585 .679 -5.3953 16.8780 Below average 4.53448 3.88585 .852 -6.6022 15.6711 Poorly 13.08621 3.88585 .011 1.9496 24.2229 Failed most classes 14.58621 3.88585 .003 3.4496 25.7229

Well

Top of the class -.87931 3.88585 1.000 -12.0160 10.2573 Average 4.86207 3.88585 .811 -6.2746 15.9987 Below average 3.65517 3.88585 .936 -7.4815 14.7918 Poorly 12.20690 3.88585 .022 1.0702 23.3436 Failed most classes 13.70690 3.88585 .006 2.5702 24.8436

Average

Top of the class -5.74138 3.88585 .679 -16.8780 5.3953 Well -4.86207 3.88585 .811 -15.9987 6.2746 Below average -1.20690 3.88585 1.000 -12.3436 9.9298 Poorly 7.34483 3.88585 .410 -3.7918 18.4815 Failed most classes 8.84483 3.88585 .207 -2.2918 19.9815

Below average

Top of the class -4.53448 3.88585 .852 -15.6711 6.6022 Well -3.65517 3.88585 .936 -14.7918 7.4815 Average 1.20690 3.88585 1.000 -9.9298 12.3436 Poorly 8.55172 3.88585 .240 -2.5849 19.6884 Failed most classes 10.05172 3.88585 .103 -1.0849 21.1884

Poorly



Failed most classes

Top of the class -14.58621 3.88585 .003 -25.7229 -3.4496 Well -13.70690 3.88585 .006 -24.8436 -2.5702 Average -8.84483 3.88585 .207 -19.9815 2.2918 Below average -10.05172 3.88585 .103 -21.1884 1.0849 Poorly -1.50000 3.88585 .999 -12.6367 9.6367

Puzzles

Top of the class


Well


Average

Top of the class -4.34483 4.94785 .952 -18.5251 9.8355 Well -2.31034 4.94785 .997 -16.4906 11.8700 Below average -.43103 4.94785 1.000 -14.6113 13.7493 Poorly 15.17241 4.94785 .028 .9921 29.3527 Failed most classes 20.15517 4.94785 .001 5.9749 34.3355

Below average

Top of the class -3.91379 4.94785 .969 -18.0941 10.2665 Well -1.87931 4.94785 .999 -16.0596 12.3010 Average .43103 4.94785 1.000 -13.7493 14.6113 Poorly 15.60345 4.94785 .022 1.4231 29.7838 Failed most classes 20.58621 4.94785 .001 6.4059 34.7665

Poorly

Top of the class -19.51724 4.94785 .001 -33.6975 -5.3369 Well -17.48276 4.94785 .006 -31.6631 -3.3025 Average -15.17241 4.94785 .028 -29.3527 -.9921 Below average -15.60345 4.94785 .022 -29.7838 -1.4231 Failed most classes 4.98276 4.94785 .915 -9.1975 19.1631

Failed most classes




Top of the class


Well

Top of the class -1.59483 3.04515 .995 -10.3221 7.1324 Average 5.46552 3.04515 .470 -3.2617 14.1928 Below average 5.57759 3.04515 .447 -3.1497 14.3048 Poorly 9.18966 3.04515 .032 .4624 17.9169 Failed most classes 15.19397 3.04515 .000 6.4667 23.9212

Average

Top of the class -7.06034 3.04515 .189 -15.7876 1.6669 Well -5.46552 3.04515 .470 -14.1928 3.2617 Below average .11207 3.04515 1.000 -8.6152 8.8393 Poorly 3.72414 3.04515 .825 -5.0031 12.4514 Failed most classes 9.72845 3.04515 .019 1.0012 18.4557

Below average

Top of the class -7.17241 3.04515 .175 -15.8997 1.5548 Well -5.57759 3.04515 .447 -14.3048 3.1497 Average -.11207 3.04515 1.000 -8.8393 8.6152 Poorly 3.61207 3.04515 .843 -5.1152 12.3393 Failed most classes 9.61638 3.04515 .021 .8891 18.3436

Poorly

Top of the class -10.78448 3.04515 .006 -19.5117 -2.0572 Well -9.18966 3.04515 .032 -17.9169 -.4624 Average -3.72414 3.04515 .825 -12.4514 5.0031 Below average -3.61207 3.04515 .843 -12.3393 5.1152 Failed most classes 6.00431 3.04515 .361 -2.7229 14.7316

Failed most classes

Top of the class -16.78879 3.04515 .000 -25.5160 -8.0615 Well -15.19397 3.04515 .000 -23.9212 -6.4667 Average -9.72845 3.04515 .019 -18.4557 -1.0012 Below average -9.61638 3.04515 .021 -18.3436 -.8891 Poorly -6.00431 3.04515 .361 -14.7316 2.7229

Verbal Top of the class

Well -.47414 3.52204 1.000 -10.5681 9.6199 Average 6.34483 3.52204 .466 -3.7492 16.4388 Below average 4.30172 3.52204 .826 -5.7923 14.3957 Poorly 9.57759 3.52204 .074 -.5164 19.6716 Failed most classes 14.49138 3.52204 .001 4.3974 24.5854


Well

Top of the class .47414 3.52204 1.000 -9.6199 10.5681 Average 6.81897 3.52204 .382 -3.2750 16.9130 Below average 4.77586 3.52204 .753 -5.3181 14.8699 Poorly 10.05172 3.52204 .052 -.0423 20.1457 Failed most classes 14.96552 3.52204 .000 4.8715 25.0595

Average

Top of the class -6.34483 3.52204 .466 -16.4388 3.7492 Well -6.81897 3.52204 .382 -16.9130 3.2750 Below average -2.04310 3.52204 .992 -12.1371 8.0509 Poorly 3.23276 3.52204 .942 -6.8612 13.3268 Failed most classes 8.14655 3.52204 .192 -1.9474 18.2405

Below average

Top of the class -4.30172 3.52204 .826 -14.3957 5.7923 Well -4.77586 3.52204 .753 -14.8699 5.3181 Average 2.04310 3.52204 .992 -8.0509 12.1371 Poorly 5.27586 3.52204 .666 -4.8181 15.3699 Failed most classes 10.18966 3.52204 .046 .0957 20.2836

Poorly

Top of the class -9.57759 3.52204 .074 -19.6716 .5164 Well -10.05172 3.52204 .052 -20.1457 .0423 Average -3.23276 3.52204 .942 -13.3268 6.8612 Below average -5.27586 3.52204 .666 -15.3699 4.8181 Failed most classes 4.91379 3.52204 .730 -5.1802 15.0078

Failed most classes

Top of the class -14.49138 3.52204 .001 -24.5854 -4.3974 Well -14.96552 3.52204 .000 -25.0595 -4.8715 Average -8.14655 3.52204 .192 -18.2405 1.9474 Below average -10.18966 3.52204 .046 -20.2836 -.0957 Poorly -4.91379 3.52204 .730 -15.0078 5.1802

Vocabulary

Top of the class

Well -2.70690 3.58878 .975 -12.9922 7.5784 Average 7.86207 3.58878 .245 -2.4232 18.1473 Below average 4.63793 3.58878 .789 -5.6473 14.9232 Poorly 6.91379 3.58878 .388 -3.3715 17.1991 Failed most classes 12.10345 3.58878 .011 1.8182 22.3887

Well

Top of the class 2.70690 3.58878 .975 -7.5784 12.9922 Average 10.56897 3.58878 .040 .2837 20.8542 Below average 7.34483 3.58878 .318 -2.9404 17.6301 Poorly 9.62069 3.58878 .082 -.6646 19.9060 Failed most classes 14.81034 3.58878 .001 4.5251 25.0956


Average

Top of the class -7.86207 3.58878 .245 -18.1473 2.4232 Well -10.56897 3.58878 .040 -20.8542 -.2837 Below average -3.22414 3.58878 .947 -13.5094 7.0611 Poorly -.94828 3.58878 1.000 -11.2335 9.3370 Failed most classes 4.24138 3.58878 .845 -6.0439 14.5266

Below average

Top of the class -4.63793 3.58878 .789 -14.9232 5.6473 Well -7.34483 3.58878 .318 -17.6301 2.9404 Average 3.22414 3.58878 .947 -7.0611 13.5094 Poorly 2.27586 3.58878 .988 -8.0094 12.5611 Failed most classes 7.46552 3.58878 .300 -2.8197 17.7508

Poorly

Top of the class -6.91379 3.58878 .388 -17.1991 3.3715 Well -9.62069 3.58878 .082 -19.9060 .6646 Average .94828 3.58878 1.000 -9.3370 11.2335 Below average -2.27586 3.58878 .988 -12.5611 8.0094 Failed most classes 5.18966 3.58878 .699 -5.0956 15.4749

Failed most classes

Top of the class -12.10345 3.58878 .011 -22.3887 -1.8182 Well -14.81034 3.58878 .001 -25.0956 -4.5251 Average -4.24138 3.58878 .845 -14.5266 6.0439 Below average -7.46552 3.58878 .300 -17.7508 2.8197 Poorly -5.18966 3.58878 .699 -15.4749 5.0956

Analogies

Top of the class

Well 1.75862 4.30369 .999 -10.5755 14.0928 Average 4.82759 4.30369 .872 -7.5066 17.1617 Below average 3.96552 4.30369 .941 -8.3686 16.2997 Poorly 12.24138 4.30369 .053 -.0928 24.5755 Failed most classes 16.87931 4.30369 .001 4.5451 29.2135

Well

Top of the class -1.75862 4.30369 .999 -14.0928 10.5755 Average 3.06897 4.30369 .980 -9.2652 15.4031 Below average 2.20690 4.30369 .996 -10.1273 14.5411 Poorly 10.48276 4.30369 .147 -1.8514 22.8169 Failed most classes 15.12069 4.30369 .007 2.7865 27.4549

Average

Top of the class -4.82759 4.30369 .872 -17.1617 7.5066 Well -3.06897 4.30369 .980 -15.4031 9.2652 Below average -.86207 4.30369 1.000 -13.1962 11.4721 Poorly 7.41379 4.30369 .518 -4.9204 19.7480 Failed most classes 12.05172 4.30369 .060 -.2824 24.3859


Below average

Top of the class -3.96552 4.30369 .941 -16.2997 8.3686 Well -2.20690 4.30369 .996 -14.5411 10.1273 Average .86207 4.30369 1.000 -11.4721 13.1962 Poorly 8.27586 4.30369 .390 -4.0583 20.6100 Failed most classes 12.91379 4.30369 .034 .5796 25.2480

Poorly

Top of the class -12.24138 4.30369 .053 -24.5755 .0928 Well -10.48276 4.30369 .147 -22.8169 1.8514 Average -7.41379 4.30369 .518 -19.7480 4.9204 Below average -8.27586 4.30369 .390 -20.6100 4.0583 Failed most classes 4.63793 4.30369 .890 -7.6962 16.9721

Failed most classes

Top of the class -16.87931 4.30369 .001 -29.2135 -4.5451 Well -15.12069 4.30369 .007 -27.4549 -2.7865 Average -12.05172 4.30369 .060 -24.3859 .2824 Below average -12.91379 4.30369 .034 -25.2480 -.5796 Poorly -4.63793 4.30369 .890 -16.9721 7.6962

Numerical

Top of the class

Well 3.66379 3.29375 .876 -5.7759 13.1035 Average 7.77586 3.29375 .173 -1.6639 17.2156 Below average 10.04310 3.29375 .030 .6034 19.4828 Poorly 11.99138 3.29375 .004 2.5517 21.4311 Failed most classes 19.08621 3.29375 .000 9.6465 28.5259

Well

Top of the class -3.66379 3.29375 .876 -13.1035 5.7759 Average 4.11207 3.29375 .812 -5.3277 13.5518 Below average 6.37931 3.29375 .382 -3.0604 15.8190 Poorly 8.32759 3.29375 .119 -1.1121 17.7673 Failed most classes 15.42241 3.29375 .000 5.9827 24.8621

Average

Top of the class -7.77586 3.29375 .173 -17.2156 1.6639 Well -4.11207 3.29375 .812 -13.5518 5.3277 Below average 2.26724 3.29375 .983 -7.1725 11.7070 Poorly 4.21552 3.29375 .796 -5.2242 13.6552 Failed most classes 11.31034 3.29375 .009 1.8706 20.7501

Below average

Top of the class -10.04310 3.29375 .030 -19.4828 -.6034 Well -6.37931 3.29375 .382 -15.8190 3.0604 Average -2.26724 3.29375 .983 -11.7070 7.1725 Poorly 1.94828 3.29375 .992 -7.4914 11.3880 Failed most classes 9.04310 3.29375 .069 -.3966 18.4828


Poorly

Top of the class -11.99138 3.29375 .004 -21.4311 -2.5517 Well -8.32759 3.29375 .119 -17.7673 1.1121 Average -4.21552 3.29375 .796 -13.6552 5.2242 Below average -1.94828 3.29375 .992 -11.3880 7.4914 Failed most classes 7.09483 3.29375 .262 -2.3449 16.5345

Failed most classes

Top of the class -19.08621 3.29375 .000 -28.5259 -9.6465 Well -15.42241 3.29375 .000 -24.8621 -5.9827 Average -11.31034 3.29375 .009 -20.7501 -1.8706 Below average -9.04310 3.29375 .069 -18.4828 .3966 Poorly -7.09483 3.29375 .262 -16.5345 2.3449

Arithmetic

Top of the class

Well 2.44828 4.51357 .994 -10.4874 15.3840 Average 8.79310 4.51357 .375 -4.1426 21.7288 Below average 12.29310 4.51357 .073 -.6426 25.2288 Poorly 17.00000 4.51357 .003 4.0643 29.9357 Failed most classes 24.77586 4.51357 .000 11.8402 37.7115

Well


Average

Top of the class -8.79310 4.51357 .375 -21.7288 4.1426 Well -6.34483 4.51357 .724 -19.2805 6.5909 Below average 3.50000 4.51357 .972 -9.4357 16.4357 Poorly 8.20690 4.51357 .455 -4.7288 21.1426 Failed most classes 15.98276 4.51357 .006 3.0471 28.9184

Below average

Top of the class -12.29310 4.51357 .073 -25.2288 .6426 Well -9.84483 4.51357 .249 -22.7805 3.0909 Average -3.50000 4.51357 .972 -16.4357 9.4357 Poorly 4.70690 4.51357 .903 -8.2288 17.6426 Failed most classes 12.48276 4.51357 .066 -.4529 25.4184

Poorly



Failed most classes

Top of the class -24.77586 4.51357 .000 -37.7115 -11.8402 Well -22.32759 4.51357 .000 -35.2633 -9.3919 Average -15.98276 4.51357 .006 -28.9184 -3.0471 Below average -12.48276 4.51357 .066 -25.4184 .4529 Poorly -7.77586 4.51357 .518 -20.7115 5.1598

Graphs & Charts

Top of the class

Well 4.87931 2.93295 .557 -3.5264 13.2850 Average 6.75862 2.93295 .195 -1.6471 15.1643 Below average 7.79310 2.93295 .087 -.6126 16.1988 Poorly 6.98276 2.93295 .166 -1.4229 15.3885 Failed most classes 13.39655 2.93295 .000 4.9909 21.8022

Well

Top of the class -4.87931 2.93295 .557 -13.2850 3.5264 Average 1.87931 2.93295 .988 -6.5264 10.2850 Below average 2.91379 2.93295 .920 -5.4919 11.3195 Poorly 2.10345 2.93295 .980 -6.3022 10.5091 Failed most classes 8.51724 2.93295 .045 .1115 16.9229

Average

Top of the class -6.75862 2.93295 .195 -15.1643 1.6471 Well -1.87931 2.93295 .988 -10.2850 6.5264 Below average 1.03448 2.93295 .999 -7.3712 9.4402 Poorly .22414 2.93295 1.000 -8.1816 8.6298 Failed most classes 6.63793 2.93295 .212 -1.7678 15.0436

Below average

Top of the class -7.79310 2.93295 .087 -16.1988 .6126 Well -2.91379 2.93295 .920 -11.3195 5.4919 Average -1.03448 2.93295 .999 -9.4402 7.3712 Poorly -.81034 2.93295 1.000 -9.2160 7.5954 Failed most classes 5.60345 2.93295 .397 -2.8022 14.0091

Poorly

Top of the class -6.98276 2.93295 .166 -15.3885 1.4229 Well -2.10345 2.93295 .980 -10.5091 6.3022 Average -.22414 2.93295 1.000 -8.6298 8.1816 Below average .81034 2.93295 1.000 -7.5954 9.2160 Failed most classes 6.41379 2.93295 .247 -1.9919 14.8195

Failed most classes

Top of the class -13.39655 2.93295 .000 -21.8022 -4.9909 Well -8.51724 2.93295 .045 -16.9229 -.1115 Average -6.63793 2.93295 .212 -15.0436 1.7678 Below average -5.60345 2.93295 .397 -14.0091 2.8022 Poorly -6.41379 2.93295 .247 -14.8195 1.9919


Re-sampled Analysis How did you do at school in terms of academic achievement?

• Top of the class (n = 58) • Well (n = 58) • Average (n = 58) • Below average (n = 58) • Poorly (n = 58) • Failed most classes (n = 58) Effect Size and Power: The Anova tables include Partial Eta Squared as an indicator of effect size as well as Observed Power. The following effect size analysis uses the Overall Score and the “grades in school” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .107) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).


Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean

Square F Sig. Partial

Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb

Corrected Model 10097.174 5 2019.435 8.205 .000 .107 41.025 1.000 Intercept 4001336.776 1 4001336.776 16257.405 .000 .979 16257.405 1.000 Grades in School 10097.174 5 2019.435 8.205 .000 .107 41.025 1.000 Error 84174.391 342 246.124 Total 4095608.340 348 Corrected Total 94271.564 347


The following effect size analysis uses the Fluid Intelligence scale and the “grades in school” validation question. Observed Power was .998 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .089) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb

Corrected Model 9201.313 5 1840.263 6.700 .000 .089 33.499 .998 Intercept 4071988.259 1 4071988.259 14824.886 .000 .977 14824.886 1.000 Grades in School 9201.313 5 1840.263 6.700 .000 .089 33.499 .998 Error 93937.990 342 274.672 Total 4175127.563 348 Corrected Total 103139.304 347

The following effect size analysis uses the Spatial scale and the “grades in school” validation question. Observed Power was .860 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .042) was of small size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Matrices scale and the “grades in school” validation question. Observed Power was .944 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .054) was of small size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the 2D-3D Images scale and the “grades in school” validation question. The analysis was not significant (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Logical scale and the “grades in school” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .105) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Arguments scale and the “grades in school” validation question. Observed Power was .982 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .068) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Puzzles scale and the “grades in school” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .112) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Crystallized Intelligence scale and the “grades in school” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .106) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Verbal scale and the “grades in school” validation question. Observed Power was .989 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .072) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Vocabulary scale and the “grades in school” validation question. Observed Power was .972 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .062) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Analogies scale and the “grades in school” validation question. Observed Power was .975 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .063) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Numerical scale and the “grades in school” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .107) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Arithmetic scale and the “grades in school” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .109) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Graphs & Charts scale and the “grades in school” validation question. Observed Power was .966 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .060) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb




• A significant ANOVA was found on the Overall Score (F(5,342) = 8.21; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those who performed at the Top of the class in school (x̄ = 113.8) and those who performed Well (x̄ = 112.5) outscored (p < .05) the Poorly group (x̄ = 103.1) and the Failed most classes group (x̄ = 98.0). Post-hoc analyses also showed that those who Failed most classes (x̄ = 98.0) were outscored (p < .01) by the Average group (x̄ = 107.9) and the Below average group (x̄ = 108.2).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Fluid Intelligence scale (F(5,342) = 6.70; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those who performed at the Top of the class in school (x̄ = 113.3) and those who performed Well (x̄ = 112.6) outscored (p < .05) the Poorly group (x̄ = 102.9) and the Failed most classes group (x̄ = 99.5). Post-hoc analyses also showed that those who Failed most classes (x̄ = 99.5) were outscored (p < .05) by the Average group (x̄ = 109.9) and the Below average group (x̄ = 110.8).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Spatial scale (F(5,342) = 3.00; p < .05). Post-hoc analyses showed that those who Failed most classes

in school (x̄ = 99.0) were outscored (p < .05) by those who were at the Top of the class in school (x̄ = 107.0) and those who performed Well (x̄ = 107.2).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Matrices scale (F(5,342) = 3.92; p < .01). Post-hoc analyses showed that those who performed Well in

school (x̄ = 107.7) were outscored (p < .01) by those who Failed most classes (x̄ = 98.7).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Logical scale (F(5,342) = 8.04; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those who performed Poorly in school (x̄ = 103.2) and those who Failed most classes (x̄ = 100.0) were outscored (p < .05) by the Top of the class group (x̄ = 119.5), the Well group (x̄ = 118.1), and the Below average group (x̄ = 115.3). Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Average group (x̄ = 114.5) outscored (p < .01) the Failed most classes group (x̄ = 100.0).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Arguments scale (F(5,342) = 4.96; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those who performed at

the Top of the class in school (x̄ = 119.6) and those who performed Well (x̄ = 118.8) outscored (p < .05) the Poorly group (x̄ = 106.6) and the Failed most classes group (x̄ = 105.1).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Puzzles scale (F(5,342) = 8.63; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those who performed Poorly

in school (x̄ = 99.9) and those who Failed most classes (x̄ = 95.0) were outscored (p < .05) by the Top of the class group (x̄ = 119.5), the Well group (x̄ = 117.4), the Average group (x̄ = 115.1) and the Below average group (x̄ = 115.5).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Crystallized Intelligence scale (F(5,342) = 8.11; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those who

performed at the Top of the class in school (x̄ = 114.0) and those who performed Well (x̄ = 112.4) outscored (p < .05) the Poorly group (x̄ = 103.2) and the Failed most classes group (x̄ = 97.2). Post-hoc analyses also showed that those who Failed most classes (x̄ = 97.2) were outscored (p < .05) by the Average group (x̄ = 106.9) and the Below average group (x̄ = 106.8).


• A significant ANOVA was found on the Verbal scale (F(5,342) = 5.33; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those who Failed most

classes (x̄ = 100.5) were outscored (p < .05) by the Top of the class group (x̄ = 115.0), the Well group (x̄ = 115.5), and the Below average group (x̄ = 110.7).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Vocabulary scale (F(5,342) = 4.55; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those who performed at the Top of the class in school (x̄ = 114.1) outscored (p < .05) those who Failed most classes (x̄ = 102.0). Post-hoc analyses also showed that those who performed Well (x̄ = 116.8) outscored (p < .05) the Average group (x̄ = 106.2) and the Failed most classes group (x̄ = 102.0).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Analogies scale (F(5,342) = 4.63; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those who Failed most classes (x̄ = 99.1) were outscored (p < .05) by the Top of the class group (x̄ = 116.0), the Well group (x̄ = 114.2), and the Below average group (x̄ = 112.0).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Numerical scale (F(5,342) = 8.20; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those who performed at

the Top of the class in school (x̄ = 113.0) outscored (p < .05) those who were Below average (x̄ = 103.0), those who performed Poorly (x̄ = 101.0), and those who Failed most classes (x̄ = 93.9). Post-hoc analyses also showed that those who Failed most classes (x̄ = 93.9) were outscored (p < .01) by those who performed Well (x̄ = 109.3) and those whose performance was Average (x̄ = 105.2).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Arithmetic scale (F(5,342) = 8.37; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those who performed at

the Top of the class in school (x̄ = 115.6) and those who performed Well (x̄ = 113.2) outscored (p < .05) the Poorly group (x̄ = 98.6) and the Failed most classes group (x̄ = 90.8). Post-hoc analyses also showed that those whose performance was Average (x̄ = 106.8) outscored (p < .01) those who Failed most classes (x̄ = 90.8).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Graphs & Charts scale (F(5,342) = 4.39; p < .01). Post-hoc analyses showed that those who Failed

most classes (x̄ = 96.9) were outscored (p < .05) by the Top of the class group (x̄ = 110.3) and the Well group (x̄ = 105.5). Significant differences were not found on the 2D-3D Images scale.


Comparison variable: Grades in School – Graphical Results


Comparison variable: Work Performance Rating In the validation questions that appear at the end of the assessment, participants were asked the following question:

Please rate your level of general performance in your current field. • Excellent (n = 1156) • Good (n = 1798) • Satisfactory (n = 1199) • Needs improvement (n = 226) • Unsatisfactory (n = 121) Note: All participants can choose not to answer the question by skipping it entirely or selecting “I don’t want to answer.” 4500 people responded to the question; 4844 chose not to.

In the Anova using the entire sample (a one-way, independent-measures test with 3 groups), the assumption of Homogeneity of Variance was violated for all but one scale. To remedy this problem, another Anova, adjusted for sample size, was performed using a randomly selected sample of 121 people for the first four groups. However, the Levene statistic was still significant for nine scales. The differences between groups are still noteworthy, however. Below, we show the Test of Homogeneity of Variances tables and Anova tables for both the original sample of 4500 people and the equalized sample. The results that will be reported, however, are based on the Anova using equal-sized groups. Post-hoc test used: Tukey.


Test of Homogeneity of Variances - Original sample Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. Overall Score 8.825 4 4495 .000 Fluid Intelligence 15.414 4 4495 .000 Spatial 7.007 4 4495 .000 Matrices 4.223 4 4495 .002 2D-3D Images 4.886 4 4495 .001 Logical 18.211 4 4495 .000 Arguments 19.714 4 4495 .000 Puzzles 11.112 4 4495 .000 Crystallized Intelligence 6.209 4 4495 .000 Verbal 22.089 4 4495 .000 Vocabulary 13.393 4 4495 .000 Analogies 18.380 4 4495 .000 Numerical .735 4 4495 .568 Arithmetic 3.494 4 4495 .007 Graphs & Charts 3.077 4 4495 .015



Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. Overall Score 2.394 4 600 .049 Fluid Intelligence 3.119 4 600 .015 Spatial 2.797 4 600 .025 Matrices 2.222 4 600 .065 2D-3D Images 1.238 4 600 .294 Logical 2.719 4 600 .029 Arguments 4.286 4 600 .002 Puzzles 2.136 4 600 .075 Crystallized Intelligence 2.198 4 600 .068 Verbal 5.334 4 600 .000 Vocabulary 2.837 4 600 .024 Analogies 4.277 4 600 .002 Numerical 2.055 4 600 .085 Arithmetic 1.786 4 600 .130 Graphs & Charts 5.910 4 600 .000



Overall Score


Fluid Intelligence




2D-3D Images














Graphs & Charts




Dependent Variable

(I) Please rate your level of general performance in your current field.

(J) Please rate your level of general performance in your current field.

Mean Difference (I-

J)

Std. Error Sig.



Overall Score

Excellent

Good -.68871 2.06497 .997 -6.3387 4.9612 Satisfactory 3.58402 2.06497 .413 -2.0659 9.2340 Needs improvement 8.82782 2.06497 .000 3.1779 14.4778 Unsatisfactory 12.79752 2.06497 .000 7.1476 18.4475

Good

Excellent .68871 2.06497 .997 -4.9612 6.3387 Satisfactory 4.27273 2.06497 .235 -1.3772 9.9227 Needs improvement 9.51653 2.06497 .000 3.8666 15.1665 Unsatisfactory 13.48623 2.06497 .000 7.8363 19.1362

Satisfactory

Excellent -3.58402 2.06497 .413 -9.2340 2.0659 Good -4.27273 2.06497 .235 -9.9227 1.3772 Needs improvement 5.24380 2.06497 .083 -.4061 10.8937 Unsatisfactory 9.21350 2.06497 .000 3.5636 14.8634

Needs improvement

Excellent -8.82782 2.06497 .000 -14.4778 -3.1779 Good -9.51653 2.06497 .000 -15.1665 -3.8666 Satisfactory -5.24380 2.06497 .083 -10.8937 .4061 Unsatisfactory 3.96970 2.06497 .306 -1.6802 9.6196

Unsatisfactory

Excellent -12.79752 2.06497 .000 -18.4475 -7.1476 Good -13.48623 2.06497 .000 -19.1362 -7.8363 Satisfactory -9.21350 2.06497 .000 -14.8634 -3.5636 Needs improvement -3.96970 2.06497 .306 -9.6196 1.6802

Fluid Intelligence

Excellent


Good


Satisfactory Excellent -3.11570 2.07336 .561 -8.7886 2.5572 Good -3.69008 2.07336 .386 -9.3630 1.9828


Needs improvement 5.61570 2.07336 .054 -.0572 11.2886 Unsatisfactory 9.50826 2.07336 .000 3.8354 15.1812

Needs improvement


Unsatisfactory


Spatial

Excellent

Good -1.09917 1.91375 .979 -6.3354 4.1370 Satisfactory 1.02066 1.91375 .984 -4.2155 6.2569 Needs improvement 6.33884 1.91375 .009 1.1026 11.5750 Unsatisfactory 7.96281 1.91375 .000 2.7266 13.1990

Good

Excellent 1.09917 1.91375 .979 -4.1370 6.3354 Satisfactory 2.11983 1.91375 .803 -3.1164 7.3560 Needs improvement 7.43802 1.91375 .001 2.2018 12.6742 Unsatisfactory 9.06198 1.91375 .000 3.8258 14.2982

Satisfactory

Excellent -1.02066 1.91375 .984 -6.2569 4.2155 Good -2.11983 1.91375 .803 -7.3560 3.1164 Needs improvement 5.31818 1.91375 .044 .0820 10.5544 Unsatisfactory 6.94215 1.91375 .003 1.7059 12.1784

Needs improvement

Excellent -6.33884 1.91375 .009 -11.5750 -1.1026 Good -7.43802 1.91375 .001 -12.6742 -2.2018 Satisfactory -5.31818 1.91375 .044 -10.5544 -.0820 Unsatisfactory 1.62397 1.91375 .915 -3.6122 6.8602

Unsatisfactory


Matrices Excellent

Good -.28099 1.68712 1.000 -4.8971 4.3351 Satisfactory .50413 1.68712 .998 -4.1120 5.1202 Needs improvement 4.70248 1.68712 .043 .0864 9.3186 Unsatisfactory 5.43802 1.68712 .012 .8219 10.0541

Good Excellent .28099 1.68712 1.000 -4.3351 4.8971


Satisfactory .78512 1.68712 .990 -3.8310 5.4012 Needs improvement 4.98347 1.68712 .027 .3674 9.5996 Unsatisfactory 5.71901 1.68712 .007 1.1029 10.3351

Satisfactory

Excellent -.50413 1.68712 .998 -5.1202 4.1120 Good -.78512 1.68712 .990 -5.4012 3.8310 Needs improvement 4.19835 1.68712 .095 -.4178 8.8145 Unsatisfactory 4.93388 1.68712 .029 .3178 9.5500

Needs improvement

Excellent -4.70248 1.68712 .043 -9.3186 -.0864 Good -4.98347 1.68712 .027 -9.5996 -.3674 Satisfactory -4.19835 1.68712 .095 -8.8145 .4178 Unsatisfactory .73554 1.68712 .992 -3.8806 5.3516

Unsatisfactory

Excellent -5.43802 1.68712 .012 -10.0541 -.8219 Good -5.71901 1.68712 .007 -10.3351 -1.1029 Satisfactory -4.93388 1.68712 .029 -9.5500 -.3178 Needs improvement -.73554 1.68712 .992 -5.3516 3.8806

2D-3D Images

Excellent

Good -1.91736 2.61462 .949 -9.0712 5.2365 Satisfactory 1.53719 2.61462 .977 -5.6166 8.6910 Needs improvement 7.97521 2.61462 .020 .8214 15.1290 Unsatisfactory 10.48760 2.61462 .001 3.3338 17.6414

Good


Satisfactory

Excellent -1.53719 2.61462 .977 -8.6910 5.6166 Good -3.45455 2.61462 .678 -10.6084 3.6993 Needs improvement 6.43802 2.61462 .101 -.7158 13.5918 Unsatisfactory 8.95041 2.61462 .006 1.7966 16.1042

Needs improvement

Excellent -7.97521 2.61462 .020 -15.1290 -.8214 Good -9.89256 2.61462 .002 -17.0464 -2.7387 Satisfactory -6.43802 2.61462 .101 -13.5918 .7158 Unsatisfactory 2.51240 2.61462 .872 -4.6414 9.6662

Unsatisfactory



Logical

Excellent

Good -.04959 2.63602 1.000 -7.2620 7.1628 Satisfactory 5.21074 2.63602 .279 -2.0016 12.4231 Needs improvement 11.12397 2.63602 .000 3.9116 18.3363 Unsatisfactory 17.28512 2.63602 .000 10.0727 24.4975

Good

Excellent .04959 2.63602 1.000 -7.1628 7.2620 Satisfactory 5.26033 2.63602 .269 -1.9521 12.4727 Needs improvement 11.17355 2.63602 .000 3.9612 18.3859 Unsatisfactory 17.33471 2.63602 .000 10.1223 24.5471

Satisfactory

Excellent -5.21074 2.63602 .279 -12.4231 2.0016 Good -5.26033 2.63602 .269 -12.4727 1.9521 Needs improvement 5.91322 2.63602 .165 -1.2992 13.1256 Unsatisfactory 12.07438 2.63602 .000 4.8620 19.2868

Needs improvement

Excellent -11.12397 2.63602 .000 -18.3363 -3.9116 Good -11.17355 2.63602 .000 -18.3859 -3.9612 Satisfactory -5.91322 2.63602 .165 -13.1256 1.2992 Unsatisfactory 6.16116 2.63602 .135 -1.0512 13.3735

Unsatisfactory


Arguments

Excellent

Good .45455 2.41319 1.000 -6.1482 7.0572 Satisfactory 3.91736 2.41319 .483 -2.6853 10.5201 Needs improvement 8.55372 2.41319 .004 1.9510 15.1564 Unsatisfactory 13.45455 2.41319 .000 6.8518 20.0572

Good

Excellent -.45455 2.41319 1.000 -7.0572 6.1482 Satisfactory 3.46281 2.41319 .605 -3.1399 10.0655 Needs improvement 8.09917 2.41319 .007 1.4965 14.7019 Unsatisfactory 13.00000 2.41319 .000 6.3973 19.6027

Satisfactory


Needs improvement Excellent -8.55372 2.41319 .004 -15.1564 -1.9510 Good -8.09917 2.41319 .007 -14.7019 -1.4965 Satisfactory -4.63636 2.41319 .307 -11.2391 1.9663


Unsatisfactory 4.90083 2.41319 .252 -1.7019 11.5035

Unsatisfactory


Puzzles

Excellent


Good


Satisfactory


Needs improvement


Unsatisfactory



Excellent


Good


Satisfactory Excellent -3.81818 2.19703 .411 -9.8295 2.1931 Good -4.56405 2.19703 .231 -10.5753 1.4472


Needs improvement 5.05785 2.19703 .146 -.9534 11.0691 Unsatisfactory 9.06612 2.19703 .000 3.0548 15.0774

Needs improvement


Unsatisfactory


Verbal

Excellent


Good


Satisfactory


Needs improvement


Unsatisfactory


Vocabulary Excellent


Good Excellent 2.21488 2.59349 .913 -4.8811 9.3109


Satisfactory 3.26446 2.59349 .717 -3.8316 10.3605 Needs improvement 10.70248 2.59349 .000 3.6065 17.7985 Unsatisfactory 13.41322 2.59349 .000 6.3172 20.5092

Satisfactory

Excellent -1.04959 2.59349 .994 -8.1456 6.0464 Good -3.26446 2.59349 .717 -10.3605 3.8316 Needs improvement 7.43802 2.59349 .035 .3420 14.5340 Unsatisfactory 10.14876 2.59349 .001 3.0527 17.2448

Needs improvement

Excellent -8.48760 2.59349 .010 -15.5836 -1.3916 Good -10.70248 2.59349 .000 -17.7985 -3.6065 Satisfactory -7.43802 2.59349 .035 -14.5340 -.3420 Unsatisfactory 2.71074 2.59349 .834 -4.3853 9.8068

Unsatisfactory


Analogies

Excellent

Good -.10744 2.97418 1.000 -8.2451 8.0302 Satisfactory 7.91736 2.97418 .061 -.2203 16.0550 Needs improvement 11.54545 2.97418 .001 3.4078 19.6831 Unsatisfactory 15.42975 2.97418 .000 7.2921 23.5674

Good

Excellent .10744 2.97418 1.000 -8.0302 8.2451 Satisfactory 8.02479 2.97418 .055 -.1128 16.1624 Needs improvement 11.65289 2.97418 .001 3.5153 19.7905 Unsatisfactory 15.53719 2.97418 .000 7.3996 23.6748

Satisfactory

Excellent -7.91736 2.97418 .061 -16.0550 .2203 Good -8.02479 2.97418 .055 -16.1624 .1128 Needs improvement 3.62810 2.97418 .740 -4.5095 11.7657 Unsatisfactory 7.51240 2.97418 .086 -.6252 15.6500

Needs improvement


Unsatisfactory

Excellent -15.42975 2.97418 .000 -23.5674 -7.2921 Good -15.53719 2.97418 .000 -23.6748 -7.3996 Satisfactory -7.51240 2.97418 .086 -15.6500 .6252 Needs improvement -3.88430 2.97418 .688 -12.0219 4.2533


Numerical

Excellent


Good


Satisfactory


Needs improvement


Unsatisfactory


Arithmetic

Excellent

Good -2.14050 3.28125 .966 -11.1183 6.8373 Satisfactory 4.25620 3.28125 .693 -4.7216 13.2340 Needs improvement 9.55372 3.28125 .030 .5759 18.5315 Unsatisfactory 13.34711 3.28125 .001 4.3693 22.3249

Good


Satisfactory

Excellent -4.25620 3.28125 .693 -13.2340 4.7216 Good -6.39669 3.28125 .292 -15.3745 2.5811 Needs improvement 5.29752 3.28125 .489 -3.6803 14.2753 Unsatisfactory 9.09091 3.28125 .045 .1131 18.0687

Needs improvement Excellent -9.55372 3.28125 .030 -18.5315 -.5759 Good -11.69421 3.28125 .004 -20.6720 -2.7164 Satisfactory -5.29752 3.28125 .489 -14.2753 3.6803


Unsatisfactory 3.79339 3.28125 .776 -5.1844 12.7712

Unsatisfactory

Excellent -13.34711 3.28125 .001 -22.3249 -4.3693 Good -15.48760 3.28125 .000 -24.4654 -6.5098 Satisfactory -9.09091 3.28125 .045 -18.0687 -.1131 Needs improvement -3.79339 3.28125 .776 -12.7712 5.1844

Graphs & Charts

Excellent

Good 1.47934 2.10951 .956 -4.2925 7.2512 Satisfactory 2.04959 2.10951 .868 -3.7222 7.8214 Needs improvement 5.91736 2.10951 .041 .1455 11.6892 Unsatisfactory 11.56198 2.10951 .000 5.7902 17.3338

Good

Excellent -1.47934 2.10951 .956 -7.2512 4.2925 Satisfactory .57025 2.10951 .999 -5.2016 6.3421 Needs improvement 4.43802 2.10951 .220 -1.3338 10.2098 Unsatisfactory 10.08264 2.10951 .000 4.3108 15.8545

Satisfactory

Excellent -2.04959 2.10951 .868 -7.8214 3.7222 Good -.57025 2.10951 .999 -6.3421 5.2016 Needs improvement 3.86777 2.10951 .355 -1.9040 9.6396 Unsatisfactory 9.51240 2.10951 .000 3.7406 15.2842

Needs improvement

Excellent -5.91736 2.10951 .041 -11.6892 -.1455 Good -4.43802 2.10951 .220 -10.2098 1.3338 Satisfactory -3.86777 2.10951 .355 -9.6396 1.9040 Unsatisfactory 5.64463 2.10951 .059 -.1272 11.4164

Unsatisfactory

Excellent -11.56198 2.10951 .000 -17.3338 -5.7902 Good -10.08264 2.10951 .000 -15.8545 -4.3108 Satisfactory -9.51240 2.10951 .000 -15.2842 -3.7406 Needs improvement -5.64463 2.10951 .059 -11.4164 .1272


Re-sampled Analysis Please rate your level of general performance in your current field. • Excellent (n = 121) • Good (n = 121) • Satisfactory (n = 121) • Needs improvement (n = 121) • Unsatisfactory (n = 121) Effect Size and Power:

The Anova tables include Partial Eta Squared as an indicator of effect size as well as Observed Power. The following effect size analysis uses the Overall Score and the “work performance rating” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 =

.095) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb

Corrected Model 16307.650 4 4076.913 15.803 .000 .095 63.213 1.000 Intercept 7215117.017 1 7215117.017 27967.940 .000 .979 27967.940 1.000 Work Performance Rating 16307.650 4 4076.913 15.803 .000 .095 63.213 1.000 Error 154786.881 600 257.978 Total 7386211.549 605 Corrected Total 171094.531 604


The following effect size analysis uses the Fluid Intelligence scale and the “work performance rating” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .092) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Spatial scale and the “work performance rating” validation question. Observed Power was .999 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .056) was of small size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb

Corrected Model 7910.697 4 1977.674 8.925 .000 .056 35.702 .999 Intercept 6761576.332 1 6761576.332 30515.519 .000 .981 30515.519 1.000 Work Performance Rating 7910.697 4 1977.674 8.925 .000 .056 35.702 .999 Error 132946.971 600 221.578 Total 6902434.000 605 Corrected Total 140857.668 604


The following effect size analysis uses the Matrices scale and the “work performance rating” validation question. Observed Power was .973 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .035) was of small size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the 2D-3D Images scale and the “work performance rating” validation question. Observed Power was .999 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .053) was of small size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Logical scale and the “work performance rating” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .097) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Arguments scale and the “work performance rating” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .070) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Puzzles scale and the “work performance rating” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .093) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Crystallized Intelligence scale and the “work performance rating” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .086) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Verbal scale and the “work performance rating” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .076) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Vocabulary scale and the “work performance rating” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .063) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Analogies scale and the “work performance rating” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .067) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Numerical scale and the “work performance rating” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .063) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb



The following effect size analysis uses the Arithmetic scale and the “work performance rating” validation question. Observed Power was .998 or higher for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .049) was of small size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb


The following effect size analysis uses the Graphs & Charts scale and the “work performance rating” validation question. Observed Power was 1.000 for all analyses. The Partial Eta Squared (η2 = .061) was of moderate size. (Post-hoc used: Tukey - computed using alpha = .05).




Eta Squared

Noncent. Parameter

Observed Powerb




• A significant ANOVA was found on the Overall Score (F(4,600) = 15.80; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those whose performance was rated as Excellent (x̄ = 114.1) or Good (x̄ = 114.8) outscored (p < .001) the Needs Improvement group (x̄ = 105.3) and the Unsatisfactory group (x̄ = 101.3). Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Satisfactory group (x̄ = 110.5) outscored (p < .001) the Unsatisfactory group (x̄ = 101.3).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Fluid Intelligence scale (F(4,600) = 15.29; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those whose performance was rated as Excellent (x̄ = 115.1) or Good (x̄ = 115.6) outscored (p < .001) the Needs Improvement group (x̄ = 106.3) and the Unsatisfactory group (x̄ = 102.4). Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Satisfactory group (x̄ = 111.9) outscored (p < .001) the Unsatisfactory group (x̄ = 102.4).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Spatial scale (F(4,600) = 8.9; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those whose performance was

rated as Needs improvement (x̄ = 102.2) or Unsatisfactory (x̄ = 100.6) were outscored (p < .05) by the Excellent group (x̄ = 108.6), the Good group (x̄ = 109.7), and the Satisfactory group (x̄ = 107.5).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Matrices scale (F(4,600) = 5.36; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those whose performance

was rated as Excellent (x̄ = 107.1) or Good (x̄ = 107.4) outscored (p < .05) the Needs Improvement group (x̄ = 102.4) and the Unsatisfactory group (x̄ = 101.6). Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Satisfactory group (x̄ = 106.6) outscored (p < .05) the Unsatisfactory group (x̄ = 101.6).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the 2D-3D Images scale (F(4,600) = 8.36; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those whose

performance was rated as Excellent (x̄ = 110.1) or Good (x̄ = 112.0) outscored (p < .05) the Needs Improvement group (x̄ = 102.1) and the Unsatisfactory group (x̄ = 99.6). Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Satisfactory group (x̄ = 108.5) outscored (p < .01) the Unsatisfactory group (x̄ = 99.6).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Logical scale (F(4,600) = 16.14; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those whose performance


• A significant ANOVA was found on the Arguments scale (F(4,600) = 11.21; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those whose



• A significant ANOVA was found on the Puzzles scale (F(4,600) = 15.34; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those whose performance


• A significant ANOVA was found on the Crystallized Intelligence scale (F(4,600) = 14.15; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those

whose performance was rated as Excellent (x̄ = 113.6) or Good (x̄ = 114.4) outscored (p < .01) the Needs Improvement group (x̄ = 104.8) and the Unsatisfactory group (x̄ = 100.8). Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Satisfactory group (x̄ = 109.8) outscored (p < .001) the Unsatisfactory group (x̄ = 100.8).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Verbal scale (F(4,600) = 12.32; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those whose performance


• A significant ANOVA was found on the Vocabulary scale (F(4,600) = 8.9; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those whose performance

was rated as Needs improvement (x̄ = 107.1) or Unsatisfactory (x̄ = 104.4) were outscored (p < .05) by the Excellent group (x̄ = 115.6), the Good group (x̄ = 117.8), and the Satisfactory group (x̄ = 114.5).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Analogies scale (F(4,600) = 10.86; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those whose

performance was rated as Excellent (x̄ = 116.2) or Good (x̄ = 116.3) outscored (p < .01) the Needs Improvement group (x̄ = 104.7) and the Unsatisfactory group (x̄ = 100.8).

• A significant ANOVA was found on the Numerical scale (F(4,600) = 10.09; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those whose


• A significant ANOVA was found on the Arithmetic scale (F(4,600) = 7.75; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those whose performance



• A significant ANOVA was found on the Graphs & Charts scale (F(4,600) = 9.75; p < .001). Post-hoc analyses showed that those whose

performance was rated as Excellent (x̄ = 110.3) outscored (p < .05) the Needs Improvement group (x̄ = 104.3) and the Unsatisfactory group (x̄ = 98.7). Post-hoc analyses also showed that the Unsatisfactory group (x̄ = 98.7) were outscored (p < .001) by the Good group (x̄ = 108.8) and the Satisfactory group (x̄ = 108.2).


Comparison variable: Work Performance Rating – Graphical Results


Annex 1 – Means and standard deviations for Gender

N Mean Std. Deviation N Mean Std.

Deviation

Overall Score Women 4108 108.09 14.06 Puzzles Women 4108 114.46 23.92 Men 3532 111.70 16.01 Men 3532 115.81 25.97

Fluid Intelligence Women 4108 110.58 14.09 Crystallized Intelligence Women 4108 106.84 15.24 Men 3532 111.93 16.18 Men 3532 111.58 17.08

Spatial Women 4108 105.08 12.97 Verbal Women 4108 111.68 17.20 Men 3532 107.03 14.83 Men 3532 113.08 19.17

Matrices Women 4108 104.25 11.27 Vocabulary Women 4108 111.92 18.48 Men 3532 105.77 13.06 Men 3532 111.96 19.56

2D-3D Images Women 4108 105.90 18.69 Analogies Women 4108 111.44 20.13 Men 3532 108.29 19.93 Men 3532 114.19 22.78

Logical Women 4108 116.09 18.40 Numerical Women 4108 102.00 17.12 Men 3532 116.82 20.55 Men 3532 110.09 18.87

Arguments Women 4108 117.72 16.95 Arithmetic Women 4108 101.80 23.32 Men 3532 117.83 18.83 Men 3532 112.88 24.94

Graphs & Charts Women 4108 102.21 15.03

Men 3532 107.31 17.27


Annex 2 – Means and standard deviations for Age

N Mean Std. Deviation

N Mean Std. Deviation

Overall Score

Below 18 474 104.99 13.67

Puzzles

Below 18 474 108.06 24.44 18 to 24 474 109.47 15.73 18 to 24 474 113.64 25.81 25 to 29 474 112.85 15.65 25 to 29 474 119.45 25.06 30 to 39 474 114.39 14.84 30 to 39 474 122.82 23.14 40 to 49 474 115.71 13.65 40 to 49 474 123.44 22.19 50 and older 474 114.08 13.32 50 and older 474 118.61 22.47 Total 2844 111.91 14.95 Total 2844 117.67 24.46

Fluid Intelligence

Below 18 474 107.58 14.81



Spatial

Below 18 474 103.80 13.59

Verbal


Matrices

Below 18 474 102.93 11.26

Vocabulary




Deviation

2D-3D Images

Below 18 474 104.67 19.65

Analogies


Logical

Below 18 474 111.35 19.53

Numerical


Arguments

Below 18 474 114.64 18.50

Arithmetic


Graphs & Charts

Below 18 474 99.65 14.35

18 to 24 474 104.88 16.83

25 to 29 474 108.78 17.20

30 to 39 474 109.11 17.44

40 to 49 474 110.87 16.06

50 and older 474 107.95 16.63

Total 2844 106.87 16.85


Annex 3 – Means and standard deviations for Disability


Deviation

Overall Score Yes 711 107.94 14.89 Puzzles Yes 711 111.94 25.39 No 711 110.72 14.45 No 711 116.01 23.95

Fluid Intelligence Yes 711 109.45 15.30 Crystallized Intelligence Yes 711 107.18 15.91 No 711 112.40 14.38 No 711 109.88 15.60

Spatial Yes 711 104.68 14.05 Verbal Yes 711 111.58 18.14 No 711 107.15 13.78 No 711 113.79 17.41

Matrices Yes 711 103.25 11.95 Vocabulary Yes 711 112.03 18.83 No 711 105.84 12.14 No 711 112.96 18.72

2D-3D Images Yes 711 106.12 19.57 Analogies Yes 711 111.13 21.82 No 711 108.46 19.17 No 711 114.63 20.40

Logical Yes 711 114.22 19.55 Numerical Yes 711 102.77 18.06 No 711 117.65 18.01 No 711 105.98 18.02

Arguments Yes 711 116.51 17.57 Arithmetic Yes 711 102.76 24.55 No 711 119.28 16.48 No 711 107.18 24.35

Graphs & Charts Yes 711 102.79 15.68

No 711 104.78 15.98


Annex 4 – Means and standard deviations for Ethnicity


Deviation

Overall Score

Asian 60 106.43 15.69

Puzzles

Asian 60 111.28 26.05 Black 60 101.21 12.80 Black 60 104.07 22.58 Caucasian 60 111.26 13.75 Caucasian 60 120.38 21.73 Hispanic 60 105.25 16.18 Hispanic 60 108.77 28.31 Jewish 60 108.86 19.36 Jewish 60 110.92 28.97 Middle Eastern 60 98.53 14.89 Middle Eastern 60 97.07 26.94 Native American 60 106.66 14.17 Native American 60 112.23 22.53 Two or more ethnicities 60 111.85 17.15 Two or more ethnicities 60 120.98 24.21 Other ethnicity 60 98.77 14.38 Other ethnicity 60 100.72 25.83 Total 540 105.42 16.08 Total 540 109.60 26.30

Fluid Intelligence

Asian 60 108.03 16.64





Deviation

Spatial

Asian 60 104.55 13.16

Verbal


Matrices

Asian 60 103.85 11.04

Vocabulary


2D-3D Images

Asian 60 105.25 17.31

Analogies




Deviation

Logical

Asian 60 111.50 22.80

Numerical


Arguments

Asian 60 111.72 21.73

Arithmetic


Graphs & Charts

Asian 60 102.90 13.67

Black 60 94.78 13.28

Caucasian 60 105.27 14.61

Hispanic 60 102.25 16.50

Jewish 60 106.22 18.19

Middle Eastern 60 95.72 12.07

Native American 60 102.23 13.85

Two or more ethnicities 60 108.25 15.93

Other ethnicity 60 97.87 11.97

Total 540 101.72 15.14


Annex 5 – Means and standard deviations for Level of Education


Deviation

Overall Score

Grade school 92 100.31 14.41

Puzzles

Grade school 92 102.29 24.08 Some high school 92 108.35 13.26 Some high school 92 115.75 23.15 High school 92 105.54 15.58 High school 92 110.71 24.27 Junior college 92 111.74 14.34 Junior college 92 117.37 25.02 College 92 111.53 14.93 College 92 116.82 25.07 Technical/Trade school 92 112.76 12.17 Technical/Trade school 92 121.32 19.10 Associate’s degree 92 115.30 13.13 Associate’s degree 92 123.26 21.90 Bachelor’s degree 92 117.37 14.38 Bachelor’s degree 92 126.28 21.24 Master’s degree 92 119.97 14.20 Master’s degree 92 125.98 23.11 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 92 115.24 20.58 Ph.D./Doctoral degree 92 120.50 30.23 Total 920 111.81 15.79 Total 920 118.03 24.76

Fluid Intelligence

Grade school 92 103.33 16.24





Deviation

Spatial

Grade school 92 99.74 14.27

Verbal


Matrices


Vocabulary


2D-3D Images


Analogies




Deviation

Logical

Grade school 92 106.91 20.80

Numerical


Arguments

Grade school 92 111.52 21.68

Arithmetic


Graphs & Charts


Some high school 92 102.63 14.51

High school 92 100.32 14.50

Junior college 92 106.79 16.17

College 92 104.87 17.33

Technical/Trade school 92 108.32 16.76

Associate’s degree 92 110.43 15.36

Bachelor’s degree 92 112.35 16.95

Master’s degree 92 114.02 16.65

Ph.D./Doctoral degree 92 112.85 18.77

Total 920 107.12 16.74


Annex 6 – Means and standard deviations for Grades


Deviation

Overall Score

Top of the class 58 113.75 17.52

Puzzles

Top of the class 58 119.45 28.20 Well 58 112.48 12.93 Well 58 117.41 22.00 Average 58 107.91 13.56 Average 58 115.10 24.44 Below average 58 108.16 15.00 Below average 58 115.53 26.53 Poorly 58 103.11 16.22 Poorly 58 99.93 30.35 Failed most classes 58 97.97 18.18 Failed most classes 58 94.95 27.54 Total 348 107.23 16.48 Total 348 110.40 28.07

Fluid Intelligence




Spatial


Verbal


Matrices


Vocabulary




Deviation

2D-3D Images


Analogies


Logical


Numerical


Arguments


Arithmetic


Graphs & Charts


Well 58 105.45 14.78

Average 58 103.57 16.05

Below average 58 102.53 14.05

Poorly 58 103.34 14.86

Failed most classes 58 96.93 14.74

Total 348 103.69 16.18


Annex 7 – Means and standard deviations for Work Performance Rating


Deviation

Overall Score

Excellent 121 114.11 15.59

Puzzles

Excellent 121 121.36 25.79 Good 121 114.80 14.33 Good 121 121.92 23.23 Satisfactory 121 110.53 17.13 Satisfactory 121 114.86 27.94 Needs improvement 121 105.28 16.99 Needs improvement 121 107.67 26.41 Unsatisfactory 121 101.31 16.11 Unsatisfactory 121 100.25 26.59 Total 605 109.21 16.83 Total 605 113.21 27.25

Fluid Intelligence

Excellent 121 115.05 15.67



Spatial

Excellent 121 108.56 14.95

Verbal


Matrices

Excellent 121 107.07 13.33

Vocabulary




Deviation

2D-3D Images

Excellent 121 110.06 19.83

Analogies


Logical

Excellent 121 121.53 19.64

Numerical


Arguments

Excellent 121 121.70 17.03

Arithmetic


Graphs & Charts

Excellent 121 110.25 16.78

Good 121 108.77 16.31

Satisfactory 121 108.20 18.85

Needs improvement 121 104.33 16.00

Unsatisfactory 121 98.69 13.68

Total 605 106.05 16.88

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