misra,d.c.(2009) defining egovernment mdi, gurgaon 13.2.2009

11

Defining E-governmentDefining E-government

byby

Dr D.C.MisraDr D.C.Misra

School of Public Policy School of Public Policy and Governance, MDIand Governance, MDI

Defining E-governmentDefining E-government©Dr D.C.Misra 2009©Dr D.C.Misra 2009

22

Friday, February 13, 2009Friday, February 13, 20095-30 p.m.5-30 p.m.

Management Development Management Development Programme for Atomic Energy Programme for Atomic Energy

ComissionComission

School of Public Policy and GovernanceManagement Development Institute

P.B.60, Mehrauli Road, Sukhrali, Gurgaon 122 001



33

Defining E-government: A Citizen-Defining E-government: A Citizen-centric Criteria-based Approachcentric Criteria-based Approach

byby

Dr D.C.MisraDr D.C.MisraE-government ConsultantE-government Consultant

C-183 Madhuvan, Madhuvan Marg, New Delhi-110092C-183 Madhuvan, Madhuvan Marg, New Delhi-110092 EmailEmail: : [email protected] WebWeb: : http://in.geocities.com/drdcmisra Think TankThink Tank:: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cyber_quiz TelTel: 0-11- 2245 2431 : 0-11- 2245 2431 FaxFax: 0-11- 4244 5183: 0-11- 4244 5183



44

I. Evolution of I. Evolution of E-government in IndiaE-government in India

Three Phases of E-government in India Three Phases of E-government in India

SNSN Time Time PeriodPeriod

Type of E-Type of E-governmentgovernment

Need for E-Need for E-governmentgovernment

Dominant Dominant TechnologyTechnology

11 1947-1947-19841984

Informatics-Informatics-basedbased

Economic Economic PlanningPlanning

Mainframe/Mini Mainframe/Mini ComputersComputers

22 1984-1984-19951995

Personal Personal Computer Computer (PC)-based(PC)-based

Office Office AuomationAuomation

Personal Personal Computers Computers (PCs)/Wokstations(PCs)/Wokstations

33 1995-1995- World Wide World Wide Web-basedWeb-based

Government Government OnlineOnline

Internet/World Internet/World Wide WebWide Web



55

II. Drivers of E-government-1II. Drivers of E-government-1

External:External:

1. 1. CitizensCitizens (for Government Accountability and (for Government Accountability and Better Service Delivery)Better Service Delivery)

2. 2. VendorsVendors (for Doing More Business) (for Doing More Business)

3. 3. World League TablesWorld League Tables (for Comparative Status (for Comparative Status of E-government)of E-government)

4. 4. StateState (for Joining the E-government Band (for Joining the E-government Band Wagon)Wagon)



66

Drivers of E-government-2Drivers of E-government-2

InternalInternal1. 1. StateState (for Improving (for Improving InternalInternal Processes and Processes and

ExternalExternal Service Delivery) Service Delivery)2. 2. Policy MakersPolicy Makers (for Getting Publicity and (for Getting Publicity and

Showing Concern for Citizens)Showing Concern for Citizens)3. 3. Demand for ChangeDemand for Change (for Changing the (for Changing the

Existing Unproductive Government Systems)Existing Unproductive Government Systems)4. 4. eChampionseChampions (espousing the cause of (espousing the cause of E-Ggovernment) (Ministers/Civil Servants)E-Ggovernment) (Ministers/Civil Servants)



77

III. Conceptual Foundations of III. Conceptual Foundations of E-government E-government

1. Rise of the 1. Rise of the Virtual StateVirtual State and the and the E-citizenE-citizen2.2. Government Online Government Online 3. 3. DistinctionDistinction between: between: (a) Governance and Government(a) Governance and Government (b) E-governance and E-government (b) E-governance and E-government (c) E-commerce and E-government (c) E-commerce and E-government (d) Re-inventing Government and E-government(d) Re-inventing Government and E-government (e) New Public Management (NPM) and E-government (e) New Public Management (NPM) and E-government (f) Good Governance ad E-government (f) Good Governance ad E-government (g) Administrative Reforms and E-government(g) Administrative Reforms and E-government (h) E-democracy and E-government(h) E-democracy and E-government



88

Conceptual Foundations of Conceptual Foundations of E-government (Contd.)E-government (Contd.)

Relationship between E-government and Target: No Relationship between E-government and Target: No Satisfactory TermSatisfactory Term

SNSN TargetTarget CounterpartCounterpart

11 SubjectSubject RulerRuler

22 PublicPublic DemocracyDemocracy

33 CitizenCitizen StateState

44 SubscriberSubscriber SupplierSupplier

55 ClientClient MasterMaster

66 CustomerCustomer SellerSeller



99

Conceptual Foundations of Conceptual Foundations of E-government (Contd.)E-government (Contd.)

What is What is correctcorrect way of writing way of writing E-governmentE-government??

(a) eGovernment(a) eGovernment

(b) E-Government(b) E-Government

(c) e-government (c) e-government √√

(d) E-government (d) E-government √√

(e) Egovernment (e) Egovernment

(f) egovernment(f) egovernment



1010

IV. Government Online:IV. Government Online:Three PhasesThree Phases

1. 1. Presence Online (Information)Presence Online (Information)2. 2. Presence Online (Information)Presence Online (Information) + Transaction (Payment of Dues like taxes)+ Transaction (Payment of Dues like taxes)3. 3. Presence OnlinePresence Online + Transaction (Payment of Dues like taxes)+ Transaction (Payment of Dues like taxes) + Interaction ( e-citizen, e-voting, + Interaction ( e-citizen, e-voting, e-democracy)e-democracy)



1111

V. Administrative Reforms (AR):V. Administrative Reforms (AR):Three PhasesThree Phases

1. 1. Traditional Regulatory BureaucracyTraditional Regulatory Bureaucracy

(Authoritative and Rigid) (Pre-1980s)(Authoritative and Rigid) (Pre-1980s)

2.2. New Public Management (1980s) New Public Management (1980s)

(Re-inventing Government, Application of (Re-inventing Government, Application of Corporate Practices and Result-Orientation)Corporate Practices and Result-Orientation)

3. 3. Interactive and Responsive AdministrationInteractive and Responsive Administration

(Online Information, Online Transactions and (Online Information, Online Transactions and Online Citizen-State Interaction) (1990s)Online Citizen-State Interaction) (1990s)



1212

VI. Defining E-government:VI. Defining E-government: A Level-of-Perspectives ApproachA Level-of-Perspectives Approach

1. Level-I: 1. Level-I: ComputerisationComputerisation

2. Level-II: 2. Level-II: GovernmentGovernment Online Online

3. Level-III: 3. Level-III: Administrative Reforms (AR)Administrative Reforms (AR)

+ Government Online + Government Online

4. Level-IV: 4. Level-IV: Administrative Reforms (AR)Administrative Reforms (AR)

+ Government Online + Government Online

+ eCitizen+ eCitizen



1313

Defining E-government (Contd.)Defining E-government (Contd.)

E-government Fundamental Equation:E-government Fundamental Equation:E-government may be defined asE-government may be defined as

E-gov = f (G, ICT, BPR)E-gov = f (G, ICT, BPR)where E-gov = E-governmentwhere E-gov = E-government f = Functionf = Function G = Governance G = Governance ICT = Information and CommunicationICT = Information and Communication Technology Technology BPR = Business Process Re-engineeringBPR = Business Process Re-engineering



1414

E-government is E-government is TransformationTransformation..

Government

Technology

E-government



1515

VII. Limitations of E-GovernmentVII. Limitations of E-Government

1. E-government is 1. E-government is costlycostly..

2. E-government takes 2. E-government takes timetime to design and implement. to design and implement.

3. E-government is 3. E-government is riskyrisky..

4. E-government is 4. E-government is notnot universally subscribed. universally subscribed.

5. E-government requires 5. E-government requires E-inclusion.E-inclusion.

6.6. E-government requires E-government requires E-literacyE-literacy..

7. E-government requires appropriate ICT 7. E-government requires appropriate ICT infrastructureinfrastructure, , hardwarehardware and and softwaresoftware



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VIII. Benefits of E-government-1VIII. Benefits of E-government-1

(a) (a) To CitizensTo Citizens 1. 24x7x365 days round-the-clock service1. 24x7x365 days round-the-clock service 2. Economical (No need for physical visit)2. Economical (No need for physical visit) 3. Fast and Efficient (Electronic)3. Fast and Efficient (Electronic) 4. Transparent (No speed money)4. Transparent (No speed money) 5. Equitable (Any one can access it)5. Equitable (Any one can access it) 6. Convenience (Can be accessed at odd6. Convenience (Can be accessed at odd hours)hours)



1717

Benefits of E-government-2Benefits of E-government-2

(b) (b) To Business:To Business:

1. Reduced 1. Reduced timetime in setting up in setting up new businessnew business..

2. Conduct 2. Conduct E-businessE-business and and E-commerceE-commerce

3.3. Better conformity Better conformity to Government rules and to Government rules and regulations for running businessregulations for running business

4. More convenient and transparent way of doing 4. More convenient and transparent way of doing business with Government through business with Government through E-procurementE-procurement..

5. Better control over movement of 5. Better control over movement of goods goods through through online monitoring of online monitoring of clearancesclearances



1818

Benefits of E-government-3Benefits of E-government-3

(c) To Government(c) To Government

1. Better 1. Better policy makingpolicy making and and regulatoryregulatory and and development development functionsfunctions as result of as result of betterbetter and and up-to-dateup-to-date information. information.2. Very fast 2. Very fast acquisitionacquisition, , storagestorage and and retrieval ofretrieval of data leading to data leading to

better better decision-makingdecision-making..3. Better management of 3. Better management of government processesgovernment processes4. Better dissemination of government 4. Better dissemination of government rules, regulations and rules, regulations and

activitiesactivities5. Better performance in 5. Better performance in regulatory functions regulatory functions likelike taxation taxation6. Better performance in 6. Better performance in social sectorssocial sectors like like educationeducation, , healthhealth and and

social securitysocial security7. Creates the 7. Creates the positivepositive image of image of Modern and Progressive Modern and Progressive

GovernmentGovernment



1919

IX. Domains of E-governmentIX. Domains of E-government

1. E-government Fundamental Equation1. E-government Fundamental Equation E-gov= f (G, ICT, BPR)E-gov= f (G, ICT, BPR)2. 2. ThreeThree domains of E-government are: domains of E-government are: (a) Governance (G)(a) Governance (G) (b) Information and Communication(b) Information and Communication Technology (ICT)Technology (ICT) (c) Business Process Re-engineering (BPR)(c) Business Process Re-engineering (BPR)3. Where these 3. Where these three domains intersectthree domains intersect is the is the domain of domain of

E-governmentE-government as shown in following Figure1. as shown in following Figure1.



2020

Figure 1 Domains of E-government Figure 1 Domains of E-government ICT

BPRGovernance

E-GOVERNMENT



2121

X Dimensions of E-governmentX Dimensions of E-government

1. Governance (Legislature, Judiciary, Executive)1. Governance (Legislature, Judiciary, Executive)2. Government2. Government3. ICT Policy 3. ICT Policy 4. E-government Policy 4. E-government Policy 5. Citizens and Non-Citizens (Target Groups)5. Citizens and Non-Citizens (Target Groups)6. Civil Service 6. Civil Service 7. National Training Policy – Training in and for E-7. National Training Policy – Training in and for E-

governmentgovernment8. ICT Infrastructure, Computer Hardware and 8. ICT Infrastructure, Computer Hardware and

Software, E-procurement Software, E-procurement



2222

Dimensions of E-governmentDimensions of E-government(Contd.)(Contd.)

9. Cyber Laws including Conventional Laws affecting 9. Cyber Laws including Conventional Laws affecting E-governmentE-government10. Centre for E-governance (CEG)10. Centre for E-governance (CEG)11. eChampion – Driver of E-government, CIO, Action Plan 11. eChampion – Driver of E-government, CIO, Action Plan for the CIO 2006-2016for the CIO 2006-201612. E-citizen and E-democracy12. E-citizen and E-democracy13. E-inclusion, E-literacy, Making 100,000 citizens computer13. E-inclusion, E-literacy, Making 100,000 citizens computer literate every yearliterate every year14. Community Access Points (CAPs)14. Community Access Points (CAPs)15. Community Empowerment Programme (CEP)15. Community Empowerment Programme (CEP)



2323

XI ICT Policies and E-governmentXI ICT Policies and E-government

1. ICT Policy 1. ICT Policy

2. Communication Policy2. Communication Policy

3. E-government Policy3. E-government Policy

4. E-government Master Plan4. E-government Master Plan

5. E-government Action Plan5. E-government Action Plan

6. CIO Action Plan6. CIO Action Plan



2424

XII Guiding Principles for XII Guiding Principles for E-governmentE-government

1. E-gov 1. E-gov ≠ Computerisation≠ Computerisation

2. 2. E-gov E-gov ≠ Electronics but E-gov = Gov≠ Electronics but E-gov = Gov

3. Examine 3. Examine Government processesGovernment processes thoroughly thoroughly before before undertaking any e-gov measureundertaking any e-gov measure

4. Prepare an 4. Prepare an E-Business PlanE-Business Plan

5.Follow 5.Follow KISSKISS principle in design. principle in design.

(KISS= Keep It Simple, Stupid)(KISS= Keep It Simple, Stupid)

6. Attempt 6. Attempt simple taskssimple tasks first and the go for first and the go for complicated complicated taskstasks



2525

Guiding Principles for Guiding Principles for E-government (Contd.)E-government (Contd.)

7. Involve all stakeholders in 7. Involve all stakeholders in E-govE-gov

planningplanning

8. Plan and Test a 8. Plan and Test a PilotPilot before full before full Roll OutRoll Out

9. 9. Demystify E-govDemystify E-gov

10. 10. Monitor E-govMonitor E-gov

11. 11. Rate Rate and and benchmarkbenchmark all E-gov activities all E-gov activities



2626

Guiding Principles for Guiding Principles for E-government (Contd.)E-government (Contd.)

12. E-gov = SMART gov, where12. E-gov = SMART gov, where

S = Simple S = Simple

M = MoralM = Moral

A = AccountableA = Accountable

R = ResponsiveR = Responsive

T = TransparentT = Transparent



2727

XIII E-government ModelsXIII E-government Models

1. Broadcasting Model 1. Broadcasting Model

2. Comparative Analysis Model2. Comparative Analysis Model

3. Mobilisation and Lobbying Model3. Mobilisation and Lobbying Model

4. Interactive Service Model 4. Interactive Service Model

5. E-governance Maturity Model5. E-governance Maturity Model



2828

1. Broadcasting Model1. Broadcasting Model

It is a communication modelIt is a communication model Communication model isCommunication model is Sender(S) ------> MESSAGE (M) ---->Receiver (R)Sender(S) ------> MESSAGE (M) ---->Receiver (R)

Communication Channel (C)Communication Channel (C) It is called S-M-C-R ModelIt is called S-M-C-R Model It is It is very effectivevery effective as it is based on as it is based on One-to-Many One-to-Many

conceptconcept E-gov websites, which are accessible by many, are E-gov websites, which are accessible by many, are

its typical examples.its typical examples.



2929

XIV E-Government and XIV E-Government and E-Participation E-Participation

1. Gateways1. Gateways

2. Portals including Single Entry Portals2. Portals including Single Entry Portals

3. Websites3. Websites

4. Bulletin Boards4. Bulletin Boards

5. Discussion Groups5. Discussion Groups

6. Blogs and vBlogs6. Blogs and vBlogs

7. Email7. Email



3030

XV. E-government Strategy and XV. E-government Strategy and E-government PlanE-government Plan

VISION MISSION

Where we are Where we want to go

E-gov Strategy

How do we go there

Figure 2 E-government StrategyFigure 2 E-government Strategy



3131

E-government Strategy and E-government Strategy and E-government Plan (Contd.)E-government Plan (Contd.)

1. Operationalise E-government Strategy1. Operationalise E-government Strategy2. Prepare E-business Plan2. Prepare E-business Plan3. Implement E-business Plan: 3. Implement E-business Plan: Prescribe:Prescribe: (a) Objectives(a) Objectives (b) Goals(b) Goals (c) Targets(c) Targets (d) Milestones(d) Milestones4. Monitor Implementation4. Monitor Implementation5. Review Implementation5. Review Implementation



3232

Figure 3 Four-Pillar Model of Figure 3 Four-Pillar Model of E-governmentE-government

Model of E-governmentModel of E-government

VISION

E-BUSINESS PLAN

MISSION

IMPLEMENT



3333

XVI E-government Architecture XVI E-government Architecture and Standardsand Standards

What is E-government Architecture?What is E-government Architecture?

It is relationship between various components ofIt is relationship between various components of

an aspect of E-government. We have, for an aspect of E-government. We have, for example:example:

1. Process Architecture1. Process Architecture

2. People Architecture2. People Architecture

3. Technology Architecture3. Technology Architecture



3434

1. E-government Business Process 1. E-government Business Process ArchitectureArchitecture

S.N.S.N. ActivityActivity ResultResult

11 What does the What does the Ministry/Department do? Ministry/Department do?

Business: Business:

List of Subjects List of Subjects

Items within a SubjectItems within a Subject

22 How does the How does the Ministry/Department Ministry/Department conduct its business?conduct its business?

Business Processes Business Processes

33 How are these different How are these different business processesbusiness processes related with other? related with other?

Business Process Business Process Architecture Architecture



3535

1. E-government Business Process 1. E-government Business Process Architecture (Contd.)Architecture (Contd.)

SNSN ActivityActivity ResultResult

44 Is there a better way Is there a better way of doing of doing businessbusiness??

(a) Redesign (a) Redesign Business Business Process ArchitectureProcess Architecture

(b) Undertake (b) Undertake Business Business Process Re-engineeringProcess Re-engineering (BPR)? (BPR)?



3636

17 E-government and Knowledge 17 E-government and Knowledge Management Management

Four Components of Knowledge ManagementFour Components of Knowledge Management(a). (a). DataData- - Facts and Figures Facts and Figures (b). (b). InformationInformation- - Data + InterpretationData + Interpretation(c) (c) KnowledgeKnowledge Data + Interpretation + UseData + Interpretation + Use(d) (d) WisdomWisdom Data + Interpretation + Use + ApplicationData + Interpretation + Use + Application



3737

(a) Data(a) Data

1. Data1. Data Raw and Processed DataRaw and Processed Data Data Entry Data Entry Locked DataLocked Data Accessibility to DataAccessibility to Data Quality of DataQuality of Data (i) Up to date(i) Up to date (ii) Accurate(ii) Accurate (iii) Reliable(iii) Reliable



3838

Data (Contd.)Data (Contd.)

Sharing of DataSharing of Data (a) G2G(a) G2G (b) G2C(b) G2C2. 2. Collection, Entry, Analysis, Storage and Collection, Entry, Analysis, Storage and

Retrieval of DataRetrieval of Data- E-record and its Management- E-record and its Management- Security of Data- Security of Data- Outsourcing Data Entry- Outsourcing Data Entry



3939


3. 3. Data Mining and Knowledge DiscoveryData Mining and Knowledge Discovery- Trends and Patterns- Trends and Patterns4. 4. Data WarehouseData Warehouse5. 5. Data StorageData Storage- RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive- RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) Architecture: Six layersDisks) Architecture: Six layers- RAID 0- RAID 0 (Number of disk drives as one)(Number of disk drives as one)



4040


RAID 1RAID 1- Mirrors one disk to another- Mirrors one disk to anotherRAID 2RAID 2- RAID 0 + RAID 1- RAID 0 + RAID 1RAID 3RAID 3- Striped and Stored with parity checking- Striped and Stored with parity checkingRAID 4RAID 4- Data striping with parity checking- Data striping with parity checkingRAID 5 RAID 5 - Data Striping with Striped Parity- Data Striping with Striped Parity



4141


Networked Attached Storage (NAS) and Networked Attached Storage (NAS) and Storage Area Network (SAN)Storage Area Network (SAN)

6. 6. Data and DatabaseData and Database DatabaseDatabase- Logical Collection of Data- Logical Collection of Data- Entities (Persons, Objects, Events, Places) - Entities (Persons, Objects, Events, Places) - Create, Store, Update, retrieve Data- Create, Store, Update, retrieve Data- Set of Tables- Set of Tables



4242


- Records and Fields- Records and Fields

7. 7. Database Management SystemDatabase Management System (DBMS) (DBMS)

- Software System- Software System

- Creating, Storing, Updating and Retrieving - Creating, Storing, Updating and Retrieving DataData

8. 8. Relational Database Management System Relational Database Management System (RDMS)(RDMS)

- Integrity- Integrity



4343


- Concurrency- Concurrency

- Key Fields- Key Fields

9. 9. Meta DataMeta Data

- Data about Data- Data about Data

10. 10. SchemaSchema

- Data Elements and their Relationship in a - Data Elements and their Relationship in a Domain, ConstraintsDomain, Constraints



4444


11. 11. Centralised/Distributed DatabasesCentralised/Distributed Databases

12. 12. Modular/Monolithic DesignModular/Monolithic Design

13. 13. ID DatabaseID Database

14. 14. Single Sign OnSingle Sign On (SSO) (SSO)

15. 15. Smart CardsSmart Cards

16. Cloud Computing16. Cloud Computing



4545

(b) Information(b) Information

1. 1. Information SystemsInformation Systems in in - Government- Government- E-government- E-government2. 2. Information FlowsInformation Flows in in - Government- Government- E-government- E-government3. 3. Management Information System (MISManagement Information System (MIS) in) in- Government- Government- E-government- E-government



4646

Information (Contd.)Information (Contd.)

4. 4. Co-existence ofCo-existence of

- Traditional MIS- Traditional MIS

- Modern MIS (eMIS)- Modern MIS (eMIS)

5. 5. Problems of their Co-Existence and SolutionProblems of their Co-Existence and Solution

6. 6. Transitonal Strategies from Traditional to Transitonal Strategies from Traditional to Modern MISModern MIS

7. 7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional and Modern MISand Modern MIS



4747

(c) Knowledge(c) Knowledge

1. Information + Use = Knowledge1. Information + Use = Knowledge

2. 2. Types of KnowledgeTypes of Knowledge

(a) (a) TacitTacit Knowledge Knowledge

(b) (b) ExplicitExplicit Knowledge Knowledge

3. 3. Sources of Knowledge in GovernmentSources of Knowledge in Government

(a) Ministers(a) Ministers

(b) Civil Servants(b) Civil Servants



4848

Knowledge (Contd.)Knowledge (Contd.)

(c) Documents(c) Documents

- Files, Agenda, Record of Proceedings, - Files, Agenda, Record of Proceedings, Minutes, Government Orders (GOs) Minutes, Government Orders (GOs) Notifications Notifications

(d) Laws, Rules and Regulations(d) Laws, Rules and Regulations

(e) Archives(e) Archives

(f) Embedded in Physical Systems(f) Embedded in Physical Systems

(g) Citizens(g) Citizens



4949

Knowledge (Contd.)Knowledge (Contd.)

4. Creation of Knowledge4. Creation of Knowledge5. Capture of Knowledge 5. Capture of Knowledge 6. Decision Support System (DSS)6. Decision Support System (DSS) (a) Data-centric(a) Data-centric (b) Model-centric(b) Model-centric (c) GIS-based(c) GIS-based7. Examples: Egypt Cabinet DSS, Manhattan 7. Examples: Egypt Cabinet DSS, Manhattan

Court DSS, Lake Development DSS, etc.Court DSS, Lake Development DSS, etc.



5050

(d) Wisdom(d) Wisdom

1. Knowledge + Application = Wisdom, 1. Knowledge + Application = Wisdom, oror Data + Interpretation + Use + Application Data + Interpretation + Use + Application2. Use and Withholding of Knowledge2. Use and Withholding of Knowledge3. Flexibility in Applying Knowledge3. Flexibility in Applying Knowledge4. Importance of Tactfulness in Government4. Importance of Tactfulness in Government5. Government Interest in Decision-Making5. Government Interest in Decision-Making6. Public Interest in Decision-Making6. Public Interest in Decision-Making7. Governance first, E-governance afterwards7. Governance first, E-governance afterwards



5151

XVII Overview: Status of E-government in IndiaXVII Overview: Status of E-government in India

India: e-readiness Assessment Report 2006 for States/Union Territories (2008)India: e-readiness Assessment Report 2006 for States/Union Territories (2008)

1. Leaders:Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryan, Karnataka, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu

5. Below Average Achievers: Assam, Nagaland, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep

2. Aspiring Leaders: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Goa

3. Expectants: West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand

4. Averaage Achievers: Mizoram, Orissa,, Puducherry, Madhya Pradesh, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Uttarakhand

6. Least Achievers: Bihar, Tripura, Manipur, Daman and Diu, Jammu and Kashmir, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Arunachal Pradesh



5252

XIX Frontiers of E-governmentXIX Frontiers of E-government

1. eChampions1. eChampions

2. Evolution of Websites2. Evolution of Websites

3. Search Engine3. Search Engine

4. Scenario Building4. Scenario Building

5. Future Studies5. Future Studies

6. Artificial Intelligence 6. Artificial Intelligence

7. Wiki Technology 7. Wiki Technology



5353

XX Conclusion:XX Conclusion:Beyond E-governmentBeyond E-government

TRANSFORMATIONALTRANSFORMATIONALGOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

ororT-governmentT-government



5454

End of PresentationEnd of Presentation

ThankThank

You.You.