Misc Health Charts

Extracted from Nov 22, 2000 presentation to EPA

Prepared by Arlene Brown on 24 March 2002 for DOT

Stable email arlene@mail.alum.rpi.edu

Also see Reports page of www.thirdrunway.homestead.com and

Caution : Beware small population statistics that can mask problems

Other supporting data for health concerns

• Studies near other airports

• Health concerns extend beyond SeaTac area

• Existing data indicates pollutants exceed safe levels

Other Studies Support need for Monitoring Air by Airport *

• Boston Logan Airport (Winthrop) - Asthma and allergies statistically significant differences 0.4, 0.8 and 1.5 miles from runway [Ref. 236]

• Chicago O’Hare (Park Ridge) - Identifies chemicals at the fence line & health risk contours [Ref. 238]

• Santa Monica Municipal Airport - Increased cancer risk calculations for known airport pollutants based on 200,000 baseline operations plus small increases in the number of operations [Ref. 247]

• Twin Cities Metropolitan Area Hazard Index Maps [Ref 249]

• Sidney Cancer map [Ref. 248]

* Data in reference notebook and also available at www.areco.org/ and www.us-caw.org/ web sites

“There is an epidemic of asthma in the U.S.”

E. Romana Trovato, director of the Office of Children’s Health Protection at the Environmental Protection Agency *

• Nearly 1 in 13 school-age children has asthma in the U.S.

• Asthma rate doubled over the past 20 years

• Asthma mortality more than doubled in past decade

• Other health concerns

• 2% serious developmental disability

• 4% born with significant birth defects

* Hileman, Bette, “Protecting a Child’s Health, Hearing Examines steps government should take to study risks from toxic chemicals”, Chemical & Engineering News, 12 June 2000, page 31

Health Concerns at National Level

Asthma Not Just a SeaTac Issue

• King County so high it noticeably increases the whole Washington average

• SeaTac childhood asthma statistically significantly higher than King County

• Georgetown/Boeing Field statistically significantly higher than King County

Childhood Asthma Hospitalizations by Age Group King County, Three Year Rolling Averages, 1987-1996 (Ref. Public Health Watch February 1998)

Children’s Asthma Varies Widely in King County

• Georgetown age 1 to 4 for 1989 to 1993 *

• Avg 831 per 100,000

• Approximately DOUBLE King County *

• SeaTac age 1-17 asthma significantly increasing compared to King County for 1992-1998 ***

* Seattle-King County Dept. Of Health 06/97 file n:\requests\ld_0513\Hospi3

** Public Health Data Watch February 1998

*** Seattle-King County Dept. Of Health 10/00

King County Rolling 3 Year Rolling Average for Asthma Hospital Hospitalizations **

Georgetown data so high, it’s off the chart !

Boeing Field Airport Health IssuesNote : Some neighborhoods impacted by both Boeing Field & Sea-Tac Airport

• A comparison of hospitalization rates between that area (Boeing Field) and greater Seattle-King County produced these alarming statistics:

• 57% higher asthma rate

• 28 % higher/ pneumonia/ influenza rate

• 26 % higher respiratory disease rate

• 83% higher pregnancy complication rate

• 50 % higher infant mortality rate

• 48% higher mortality rate for all death causes

• life expectancy rate of 70.4 years versus the City of Seattle’s 76.0 years

Available Data Indicates Airport Pollution Significant

• No permanent on site air monitoring at the airport

• Varied topography makes it difficult to model without monitoring data to calibrate models

• Few short term pollution studies inadequate

• Adams (June 1973) exceeded safe levels for the few toxics tested

• 750% formaldehyde

• High hydrocarbons

• 1995 McCulley, Frick & Gilman - four day study

• Several VOCs higher than WDOE ASILS

• Acetaldehyde & formaldhyde exceeded WDOE annual ASILS

• Acrolein exceeded 24-hour ASIL

• 1996 -1997 Carbon Monoxide Saturation Study - acceptable

• 1997 -1999 WA State DOE Oxides of Nitrogen & Particulates *

* Urry, Doug (U of WA) , Larson, Timothy (U of WA) , Williamson, John, Frost, Jim and Knowlton, Doug, Sea-Tac Airport Spatial NO2 Study, WA State Dept of Ecology (draft) and Frost, Jim and Knowlton, Doug, Oxides of Nitrogen and Particulate Monitoring Study for the SeaTac Area 1998/1999, WA State Dept of Ecology, draft 13 December 1999.

King County Toxics Higher than Many other U.S. Counties

Chart combines data from WA state maps of each individual chemical in EPA NATA database that used 1996 data. Ranking is compared to all other US counties.

King County WA 1996 Emission Densities (tons/yr/sq. mile) EPA National Air Toxics Assessment

(extracted from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/nata/ on Sept 29, 2000)

(bar height drawn to midway point in range)

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25-50

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King County Ranked against all other US Counties *

Top 5%

• Benzene• Lead • PCB’s• Trichloroethylene

Top 5-10%

• Acetaldehyde• Acrolein• 1-3 Butadiene• Carbon tetrachloride• 1- 3 Dichloropropene• Ethylene oxide

• Formaldehyde• Methylene chloride• Nickel• Perchloroethylene• 7-PAHs

* EPA National Air Toxics Assessment data extracted from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/nata/ on Sept 29, 2000)

King County ranked against

all other US Counties

Top 5% Benzene

Lead PCB’s

Trichloroethylene

Top 5-10%Acetaldehyde

Acrolein1-3 Butadiene

Carbon tetrachloride1- 3 Dichloropropene

Ethylene oxideFormaldehyde

Methylene chlorideNickel

Perchloroethylene7-PAHs

King, WA County Emission 1996 Densities 0-25 25-50 50-75 75-90 90-95 95-100

acetaldehyde xacrolein x

acrylonitrile xarsenic x

benzene xberyllium x

1- 3 butadiene xcadmium x

carbon tetrachloride xchloroform xchromium x

coke oven emissions x1- 3 dichloropropene x

ethylene dibromide xethylene dichloride x

ethylene oxide xformaldehyde x

hexachlorobenzene xhydrazine x

lead xmanganese x

mercury xmethylene chloride x

nickel xperchloroethylene x

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) x polycyclic organic matter (POM) x

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (7-PAH) xpropylene dichloride x

quinoline x1,1,2,3 tetrachloroethane x

trichloroethylene xvinyl chloride x

National Air Toxics Assessment at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/nata/ (9/29/00 data) Airports in King County: Seattle-Tacoma International, King County (Boeing), Renton

Some Airport Related Chemicals *

* Airports: Deadly Neighbors by Charles R. Miller at www.areco.org/ .Paper originally titled "Your Unfriendly Skies." An edited version of this paper was published in the Earth Island Journal in Summer 1998. See also Lake Ridge Report for chemicals measured at Chicago O'Hare's fence line at links on www.areco.org/

“Here is just a partial, astonishing list of constituent compounds: Freon 11; Freon 12; Methyl Bromide; Dichloromethane; cis-l,2-Dichloroethylene; 1,1,1-Trichloroethane; Carbon Tetrachloride; Benzene; Trichloroethylene; Toluene; Tetrachloroethene; Ethylbenzene; m,p-Xylene; o-Xylene; Styrene; 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene; 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene; o-Dichlorobenzene; Formaldehyde; Acetaldehyde; Acrolein; Acetone; Propinaldehyde; Crotonaldehyde; Isobutylaldehyde; Methyl Ethyl Ketone; Benzaldehyde; Veraldehyde; Hexanaldehyde; Ethyl Alcohol; Acetone; Isopropyl Alcohol;Methyl Ethyl Ketone; Butane; Isopentane; Pentane; Hexane; Butyl Alcohol; Methyl Isobutyl Ketone; n,n-Dimethyl Acetamide; Dimethyl Disulfide; m-Cresol; 4-Ethyl Toulene; n- Heptaldehyde; Octanal; 1,4-Dioxane; Methyl Phenyl Ketone; Vinyl Acetate; Heptane; Phenol; Octane; Anthracene; Dimethylnapthalene (isomers); Flouranthene; 1-methylnaphthalene; 2-methylnaphthalene; Naphthalene; Phenanthrene; Pyrene; Benzo(a)pyrene; 1-nitropyrene; 1,8-dinitropyrene; 1,3-Butadiene; sulfites; nitrites; nitrogen oxide; nitrogen monoxide; nitrogen dioxide; nitrogen trioxide; nitric acid; sulfur oxides; sulfur dioxide; sulfuric acid; urea; ammonia; carbon monoxide;ozone; particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5); and finally this compound; 3-nitrobenzanthrone.”

EPA Identified Hazards *

• Acrolein - Respiratory system, Possible human carcinogen

• Benzene - Known human carcinogen, Even worse when in the presence of other chemicals

• 1,3-Butadiene - Cardiovascular disease, Probable human carcinogen

• Carbon tetrachloride – Liver, probable human carcinogen

• Formaldehyde - Respiratory, lung and nasopharyngeal cancer, Probable human carcinogen

• Methylene Chloride - Targets liver, spleen and brain in mice, Possible human carcinogen

* www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/hlthef/

Additional Information• Web Links

• Feb. 1999, Dec. 1999, March 2000 SeaTac Study progress reports at http://www.metrokc.gov/health/phnr/eapd/reports/cancer/ (staff publications link)

• Topographical maps at www.topozone.com• Scorecard - Pollution by zip code at www.scorecard.org• US Emissions of 33 toxic chemicals (maps of individual states too) at www.epa.

gov/ttn/uatw/nata• EPA Envirofacts at www.epa.gov/enviro/index_java.html (includes access to

Integrated Risk Assessment Information System (health hazards) etc.• State specific Lung Disease Data Feb 2000 (includes asthma) at www.lungusa

.org/data• Sites with misc. reports: www.areco.org, www.us-caw.org, www.rcaanews.org,

www.thirdrunway.homestead.com• Reference Notebook and CD (not identical)• List of references in book & on CD contains links - file name ReferencesNov2000.doc

King County Ranking

• 1996 - Ranked Seattle 27 of 239 metropolitan areas for premature cardiopulmonary death due to PM10. *

• SeaTac mortality rate 21% higher than King County for 1993-1997 (statistically significant) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease **

* Deborah Sheiman Shprentz, Clean Air & Energy: Air Pollution: In Depth: Report, Breath-taking Premature Mortality Due to Particulate Air Pollution in 239 American Cities. May 1996. Mortality information available online at www.nrdc.org. (501 deaths per year, 31 per 100,000 year)

** SeaTac Study Feb. 1999 Progress Report Appendix A, Table 2

Addressing Community Health Concerns around SeaTac Airport Progress Report on the Work Plan Proposed in

August 1998WA State Department of Health

Seattle-King County Department of Health

26 February 1998

• Tabulated data reformatted into Bar graphs showing upper and lower confidence intervals. The average is the middle of the dark rectangle.

• The first bar is always data from the study and the second one the King County data.

• The King County data includes the unusually high Georgetown data!• Hospitalization data is based on Zip codes 98146, 98148, 98158, 98166,

98168 and 98188• Mortality (deaths) is based on SeaTac Airport Community census tracts

264-271, 273-276, 278-281,284.1, 284.2, 284.03, 285-287, 288.01 and 288.02

SeaTac Health Study 1998-2000 *

• 1st Progress report dated February 1999

• High asthma, pneumonia and influenza - 2nd Appendix A, Table 5

• High chronic obstructive pulmonary disease deaths - 2nd Appendix A, Table 2

• High cancer deaths - Appendix A, Table 2

Progress Reports at http://www.doh.wa.gov/EHSPHL/Epidemiology/NICE/default.htm - see link for Publications

Also available through www.thirdrunway.homestead.com and www.seatacair.homestead.com

Suicide: the Best Indicator of Depression

Suicide Deaths95% Confidence Interval Bounds

(Ref App A Table 11)

0

5

10

15

20

SeaTac King Cty

Upper BoundLower Bound

Average is higher but just misses being statistically significant

Why is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Mortaility so high?

1993-1993 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -Statistically Significant

95% Confidence Interval Bounds(Ref App A Table 3)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Pulmonary Disease Pulmonary Disease

Upper BoundLower Bound

SeaTac

King County

Why do more people around SeaTac die of cancer?

1993-1997 Cancer Mortality Rates - All Ages95% Confidence Interval Bounds

Statistically Significant Difference for All Cancers (Ref App A Table 3)

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

145

All Cancers All Cancers

Upper BoundLower Bound

SeaTac

King County

1993-1997 Cancer Mortality Rates - All Ages95% Confidence Interval Bounds

Statistically Significant Difference for Respiratory Cancer (Ref App A Table 3)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Respiratory RespiratoryKC

Breast (F) Breast (F)KC

Prostrate(M)

Prostrate(M) KC

Upper BoundLower Bound

SeaTac

SeaTac

SeaTac

Why is the asthma so high?

1992-1996 Asthma Hospitalizations -95% Confidence Interval Bounds

Statistically Significant Difference for All Categories (Ref App A Table 5 )

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

SeaTacAge 0-17

KC Age 0-17 Sea-TacAge 18-64

KC Age 18-64

SeaTac Age 65 plus

KC Age 65plus

Upper BoundLower Bound

Pneumonia/Influenza also Statistically Significantly Higher !

1992-1996 Pneumonia/Influenza Hospitalizations95% Confidence Interval Bounds

Statistically Significant Difference for Ages 0 thru 64 (Ref App A Table 5)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

SeaTac Age 0-17 KC Age 0-17 Sea-Tac Age 18-64

KC Age 18-64

Upper BoundLower Bound

Why are more SeaTac Children Dying ?

All Causes of Death Age 0 to 1795% Confidence Interval BoundsStatistically Signifacantly Higher

(Ref App A Table 6)

020406080

100120

SeaTac King Cty

Upper BoundLower Bound

October 2000Seattle - King County Dept of Health Supplementary Asthma Data

for 1997-1998

Asthma Trends Increasing near Airport but not King County

Condition Age group SeaTac Airport Community King County

Pneumonia/ all ages not significant significantly increasing Influenza

0-17 not significant not significant

18-64 not significant not significant

65+ not significant significantly increasing

Asthma all ages not significant not significant

0-17 significantly increasing not significant

18-64 not significant not significant

65+ significantly decreasing significantly decreasing

Trend, 1992-1998

†SeaTac Airport Community includes zip codes: 98146,98148,98158,98166,98168,98188 and 98198*For all ages, rate is age-adjusted to 1940 U.S. Population Ref. Dept of Public Health October 2000

SeaTac Airport Community And King County Trends in Pneumonia/Influenza and Asthma Hospitalization Rates, by Age, 1992-1998

Hospitalizations for Pneumonia/Influenza and Asthma Among All Ages, 0-17, 18-64, & 65+ year olds in SeaTac Airport Community †

and King County, 1997-1998

King County Comparison to95% Confidence Interval 95% Confidence Interval King County Rates

Condition

Average Annual Count

Rate per 100,000*

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

Average Annual Count

Rate per 100,000*

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

Significant Difference**

Percent Difference

All Ages:Pneumonia/Influenza 368 194.2 178.7 211.1 4081 172.1 168.0 176.4 Higher 13Asthma 180 146.8 131.4 163.7 1797 115.4 111.6 119.4 Higher 27

Age 0-17:Pneumonia/Influenza 54 172.3 141.3 208.1 430 106.2 99.2 113.5 Higher 62Asthma 92 296.3 255.1 342.3 930 229.6 219.3 240.3 Higher 29

Age 18-64:Pneumonia/Influenza 97 116.9 101.0 134.5 1127 105.3 101.0 109.8 NS 11Asthma 65 77.7 64.9 92.3 638 59.7 56.4 63.0 Higher 30

Age 65+:Pneumonia/Influenza 218 1289.3 1171.1 1416.4 2524 1422.1 1383.2 1461.9 NS -9Asthma 23 136.3 99.9 182.0 229 128.8 117.2 141.1 NS 6

SeaTac Airport Community

†SeaTac Airport Community includes zip codes: 98146,98148,98158,98166,98168,98188 and 98198*For all ages, rate is age-adjusted to 1940 U.S. Population Ref. Dept of Public Health October 2000**Lower=lower than King County rate; higher=higher than King County rate; NS=not statistically significant

Hospitalizations for Pneumonia/Influenza and Asthma Among All Ages, 0-17, 18-64, & 65+ year olds in SeaTac Airport Community †

and King County, 1992 - 1996

†SeaTac Airport Community includes zip codes: 98146, 98148, 98158, 98166, 98168, 98188 and 98198*For all ages, rate is age-adjusted to 1940 U.S. Population **Lower=lower than King County rate; higher=higher than King County rate; NS=not statistically significantRef. Dept of Public Health 3 May 1999. Includes one zip code not in SeaTac Study report

King County Comparison to95% Confidence Interval 95% Confidence Interval King County Rates

Condition

Average Annual Count

Rate per 100,000*

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

Average Annual Count

Rate per 100,000*

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

Significant Difference**

Percent Difference

All Ages:Pneumonia/Influenza 316 177.0 167.6 188.5 3412 154.9 152.4 157.4 Higher 14Asthma 148 116.6 107.9 125.3 1502 96.0 93.8 98.2 Higher 21

Age 0-17:Pneumonia/Influenza 44 148.8 129.9 169.8 375 97.1 92.7 101.5 Higher 53Asthma 66 221.6 198.3 246.9 726 187.9 181.8 194.1 Higher 18

Age 18-64:Pneumonia/Influenza 98 120.8 110.3 132.0 1059 101.8 99.1 104.6 Higher 19Asthma 54 66.4 58.7 74.9 539 51.9 49.9 53.9 Higher 28

Age 65+:Pneumonia/Influenza 174 1049.2 980.7 1121.4 1978 1132.8 1110.6 1155.4 NS -7Asthma 28 171.4 144.5 202.1 236 135.4 127.8 143.3 Higher 27

SeaTac Airport Community

Condition

92-96 Significant Difference

**

92-96 %

Differ-ence

97-98 Significant Difference

**

97-98 %

Differ-ence Trend Data 1992-1998

All Ages:Pneumonia/Influenza Higher 14 Higher 13 KC significantly increasing

Asthma Higher 21 Higher 27

Age 0-17:Pneumonia/Influenza Higher 53 Higher 62Asthma Higher 18 Higher 29 SeaTac significantly increasing

Age 18-64:Pneumonia/Influenza Higher 19 NS 11

Asthma Higher 28 Higher 30

Age 65+:Pneumonia/Influenza Higher -7 NS -9 KC significantly increasing Asthma NS 27 NS 6 Both significantly decreasing

†SeaTac Airport Community includes zip codes: 98146,98148,98158,98166,98168,98188 and 98198*For all ages, rate is age-adjusted to 1940 U.S. population**Lower=lower than King County rate; higher=higher than King County rate; NS=not statistically significant1997-98 Data Sources: Hospitalization Discharge Data: Washington State Department of Health, Office of Hospital and Patient Data Systems.Population Estimates: 1990-2002: Department of Social and Health Services, Washington State Adjusted Population Estimates, April, 1999;Orig data Prepared by: Public Health- Seattle & King County, Epidemiology, Planning and Evaluation Unit, 10/00

Age-specific Cancer Mortality Rates, SeaTac Airport Community † and King County 1996-1998 ***

Age Group All CancerRespiratory

CancerBreast Cancer

Other Cancer

25 to 44 28% 27% 41% 23%

45 to 64 13% 37% 23% 5%

65+ 2% -1% 3% 9%***Positive percentages are % SeaTac area is higher than King County, negative means lower than King County

†SeaTac Airport Community includes census tracts 264-271,273-276,278-281,284.01,284.02,284.03,285-287,

288.01,288.02,289,290.01,290.02 Data Sources:

Death Certificate Data: Washington State Department of Health, Center for Health Statistics.

Population Estimates (note uses different population estimates than the 1999-2000 SeaTac Health Studies):

1990-2002: Department of Social and Health Services, Washington State Adjusted Population Estimates, July, 2000

Original Data Prepared by: Public Health- Seattle & King County, Epidemiology, Planning and Evaluation Unit, 1/01

Above chart by A Brown only shows differences for select cancers. No differences were statistically significant.

Large error bands for small populations may mask some issues. Rare cancers also make it difficult to