mis6120 - notes#2 - mobile computing architecture
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Mobile
Computing
Tata McGraw Hill
Notes#2
Mobile ComputingArchitecture
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History of Computers - I
German engineer Konrad Zuse developed a computer called Z3 to
design airplanes and missiles in 191 during !orld !ar ""
"n 193$ the %ritish developed a computer called Colossus &orcr'ptanal'sis to decode encr'pted messages transacted b' Germans
"n 19$ (o)ard ( Ai*en developed the (arvard + "%MAutomatic ,e-uence Controlled Calculator Mar* "$ or Mar* " &orshort
.lectronic Numerical "ntegrator and Calculator$ better *no)n as
.N"AC$ )as developed b' /ohn 0 .c*ert and/ohn ! Mauchl' in19
"n 19$ /ohn von Neumann introduced the concept o& storedprogram
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History of Computers - II
"n 19$ the invention o& the transistor b' / %ardeen$ !alter (%rattain$ and !illiam ,hoc*le' at %ell 4abs changed thedevelopment scenario o& digital computers 5he transistor replacedthe large$ energ' hungr' vacuum tubes in &irst generation computers
/ac* Kilb'$ an engineer )ith 5e6as "nstruments$ developed the"ntegrated Circuit 7"C8 in 19
%' the 19:;s$
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History of Internet I
@ollo)ing the success&ul launch o& ,putni* in 19 b' theussians$ B,A &elt the need o& research in certain &ocused areas5here&ore$ Advance esearch 0roect Agenc' 7A0A8 )as&ormed to &und ,cience and 5echnolog' proects and positionB,A as a leader in technolog'
"n earl' si6ties$ 4eonard Kleinroc* developed the basicprinciples o& pac*et s)itching at M"5
During the same period$ 0aul %aran in a series o& ANDCorporation reports recommended several )a's to accomplish
pac*et s)itch net)or*
"n 19$ )or*ing )ith 5homas Merrill$ 4a)rence G obertsconnected the 5E + 2 computer in Massachusetts to the F32 inCali&ornia )ith a lo) speed dial + up telephone line creating the&irst computer net)or*MIS 6120 Gerald Chege
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History of Internet II
"n 191$ a' 5omlinson at %%N )rote the so&t)are to send and
read simple electronic mail
"n Hctober 192$ demonstration o& the A0AN.5 )as done atthe "nternational Computer Communication Con&erence 7"CCC85his )as the &irst public demonstration o& this ne) net)or*technolog' to the public "t )as also in 192 that the initial IhotIapplication + electronic mail$ )as introduced
"n 19$ the B, N,@ initiated the development o& the N,@N.5)hich provided a maor bac*bone communication service &or the"nternet
"n .urope$ maor international bac*bones such as NHDBN.5and others provided connectivit' to a large number o& net)or*s"nternet slo)l' evolved as the universal net)or* o& net)or*s$)hich connects almost ever' data net)or*s o& the )orld )ith areach spread over the )hole o& earthMIS 6120 Gerald Chege
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History of Internet III
Hn Hctober 2th$ 199$ the @NC unanimousl' passed a resolutionto o&&iciall' de&ine the term "nternet According to this resolution$the de&inition o& "nternet is J"nternet re&ers to the globalin&ormation s'stem that + 7i8 is logicall' lin*ed together b' agloball' uni-ue address space based on the "nternet 0rotocol 7"08or its subse-uent e6tensions &ollo) + onsL 7ii8 is able to support
communications using the 5ransmission Control 0rotocol "nternet0rotocol 75C0"08 suite or its subse-uent e6tensions &ollo) +ons$ and or other "0 +compatible protocolsL and 7iii8 provides$uses or ma*es accessible$ either publicl' or privatel'$ high levelservices la'ered on the communications and related in&rastructure
described herein
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During 19:s$ D .ngelbart protot'ped an IoN4ine ,'stemI
7N4,8 that does h'perte6t bro)sing$ editing$ etc (e invents the
mouse &or this purpose
"n 1991$ 5im % 4ee invented ('per 5e6t Mar*up 4anguage7(5M48 and ('per 5e6t 5ransport 0rotocol 7(5508 5im )rote a
client program and named it as J!orld !ide !eb$ )hich &inall'
became the J))) 7!orld !ide !eb8 and became almost
s'non'mous )ith "nternet
History of Internet IV
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Internet The Ubiquitous Network
5)o ubi-uitous net)or*s + the telecommunications net)or* and
the "nternet
Glue &or telecommunications net)or* + ,,# 7loosel'8
Glue &or the "nternet + 5C0"0
5hree basic t'pes o& content + audio$ video and te6t
5hree main segments o& an' net)or* + Core$ .dge and Access
Core + bac*bone o& net)or* and loo*s at the tra&&ic &rom the
stream o& bits point o& vie)
.dge + responsible &or the distribution o& tra&&ic and loo*s at the
tra&&ic &rom the service point o& vie)
Access + deals )ith last mile o& transmission
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Architecture of Mobile Computin
5he three tier architecture contains the user inter&ace or the
presentation tier$ the process management or the application tier
and the data management tier
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Mobile Computin Architecture
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!resent"tion Tier
esponsible &or presenting the in&ormation to the end user
un on the client device and o&&er all the user inter&aces
"ncludes )eb bro)sers$ !A0 bro)sers and client programs
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Applic"tion Tier
"ndependent o& presentation and database management
(andles &unctions related to middle)are
Middle)are + la'er o& so&t)are sitting bet)een the operatings'stem and user &acing so&t)are
Man' t'pes o& middle)are + Message Hriented Middle)are$
5ransaction 0rocessing Middle)are$ Communication
Middle)are$ Distributed Hbects and Components$ 5ranscodingMiddle)are$ !eb ,ervices$ etc
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Mess"e #riente$ Mi$$lew"re
4oosel' connects di&&erent applications through as'nchronous
e6change o& messages
!or*s independent o& plat&orm or processor con&iguration
Generall' as'nchronous and peer to peer
!or*s in publish subscribe &ashion
.6amples + MF series &rom "%M$ /M,$ etc
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Tr"ns"ction !rocessin Mi$$lew"re
0rovides tools and environment &or developing transactionbased distributed applications
Capable o& providing services to thousands o& clients in a
distributed client + server environment
"ndependent o& database architecture
.6ample + C"C, &rom "%M
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Communic"tion Mi$$lew"re
Bsed to connect one application to another
Fuite use&ul in the telecommunications )orld
Bses mediation server to automate the telnet protocol to
communicate to nodes in the net)or*
.6ample + Bsing telnet to connect one application to another
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%istribute$ #b&ects "n$ Components
(andles open distributed obect computing in&rastructure
.6ample + Common Hbect e-uest %ro*er Architecture 7CH%A8
CH%A + a vendor independent in&rastructure
CH%A + highl' interoperable across heterogeneous plat&orms
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Tr"nsco$in Mi$$lew"re
Bsed to transcode one &ormat o& data to another suiting the needs
o& the client
Bse&ul &or content adaptation to &it the needs o& device.6ample + "nternet Content Adaptation 0rotocol 7"CA08 &rom
".5@
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ICA!
Aimed at providing simple obect based content vectoring &or
(550 services
4ight)eight protocol to do transcoding on (550 messages
,imilar to e6ecuting a 0C on a (550 re-uest
Adapted messages can either be (550 re-uests or (550
responses
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%"t" flow in "n ICA! en'ironment
1. A user agent makes a request to an ICAP-capablesurrogate (ICAP client) for an object on an origin
server.2. !e surrogate sen"s t!e request to t!e ICAPserver.
#. !e ICAP server e$ecutes t!e ICAP resource%s
service on t!e request an" sen"s t!e possibl&Continue"MIS 6120 Gerald Chege
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*. !e surrogate sen"s t!e request possibl& "i+erentfrom t!e original client request to t!e origin server.
,. !e origin server respon"s to t!e request.
. !e surrogate sen"s t!e repl& (from eit!er t!e ICAPserver or t!e origin server) to t!e client.
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(eb )er'ices
0rovides a standard means o& communication and in&ormation
e6change among di&&erent so&t)are applications
0ublic inter&aces and bindings are de&ined using EM4
,tandards &or service re-uestor and service provider
,ervice re-uestor + &ind and discover the description o& services
,ervice provider + publish the description o& services it provides
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%"t" Tier
Bsed to store data needed b' the application and acts as a
repositor' &or both temporar' and permanent data
Can use EM4 &or interoperabilit' o& data )ith other s'stems
and data sources
Might incorporate the use o& Database Middle)are and
,'ncM4
Database Middle)are + inter&aces application programs and the
databaseDatabase Middle)are + helps business logic run independent
and transparent &rom database technolog' and database vendor
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)yncM*
.merging standard &or s'nchroni=ation o& data access &rom
di&&erent nodes
0romotes a single common data s'nchroni=ation protocol that
can be used industr' )ide
,upports naming and identi&ication o& records and common
protocol commands to s'nchroni=e local and net)or* data
!or*s over all net)or*s used b' mobile devices + )ired and
)ireless
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%esin Consi$er"tions
Conte6t in&ormation is the in&ormation related to thesurrounding environment o& an actor in that environment
Mobilit' implies that attributes associated )ith devices and
users )ill change constantl'
,uch changes shall mean that content and behavior o&
applications should be adapted to suit the current situation
,ome e6amples are>
1 Content )ith conte6t a)areness2 Content s)itch on conte6t
3 Content transcoding on conte6t
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Concernin conte+ts in Mobile Computin
5he &ollo)ing conte6ts need to be ta*en care o&>
Bser conte6t
Device conte6t
Net)or* conte6t
%and)idth conte6t
4ocation conte6t
5ime conte6t
.nvironment conte6t
Charging conte6t
,ecurit' conte6t
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H"n$lin user conte+t
!ho is the user
"n 5rusted 0ersonal Devices 750D8$ and certain des*top
environments user can be assumed &rom a particular environment @or e6ample$ an'bod' &rom B,"B can access the digital librar'
"n general$ des*tops are shared devices and user conte6t is
d'namic
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H"n$lin $e'ice conte+t
!hat is the device behavior!hat is the displa' si=e
Does it support color
Does it support ,'ncM4
!hat bearers it supports
"s there an' shared obect bet)een applications in device
and server
Can )e identi&' the device )ithout ambiguit' 7li*e "M."8
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H"n$lin network conte+t
!hat is the securit' polic' in the net)or*
!hat are the available bearers in the net)or*
!hat are the di&&erent nodes in the net)or*
Does the net)or* o&&er positioning in&ormation
!hat are the di&&erent services available )ithin the net)or*
!hat are the services the user has subscribed to
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H"n$lin b"n$wi$th conte+t
!hat is the band)idth available &or this net)or*
!hat is the band)idth the subscriber is allo)ed to
"s there an' service level agreement on band)idth bet)een the
user and net)or*
!ho pa's &or the band)idth
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H"n$lin loc"tion conte+t
Can )e locate the device
!hat is the positioning in&ormation 7@or e6ample$ is the car
&acing north )a' or south )a' in the high)a'8
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H"n$lin time conte+t
Can )e identi&' the time=one o& the client
Can )e get the timestamp o& the client
Can )e s'nchroni=e the cloc*
0roviding in&ormation based on time @or e6ample$ " &inish m'
meeting at >:: 0M$ the s'stem can tell me that " can visit a
museum and the close b' a-uarium &ollo)ed b' dinner in a
Chinese restaurant
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H"n$lin en'ironment conte+t
!hat are the environmental conditions o& the surrounding
.ssential &or sensor based net)or*s
.ssential &or telematic applications
.ssential &or embedded s'stems
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H"n$lin ch"rin,billin conte+t
!ho pa's &or this service
(o) to collect the usage in&ormation
!hom to send the in&ormation &or billing the end user
!hat are the principles o& sharing the revenue )ith other
service providers
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H"n$lin security conte+t
!hat is the securit' conte6tCan )e authenticate the device
Can )e authenticate the user o& the device
"s the net)or* trusted "& not$ )hat is re-uired to build the
trust"s the net)or* encr'pted
!hat t'pes o& encr'ption does the client support
Does the client have a !"M 7!ireless "denti&ication Module8
Does the client have a private *e'
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Content "rchitecture in Mobile Computin
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Client Conte+t M"n"er CCM.
Maintains in&ormation pertaining to>
1 Mobile devices
2 Bsers3 4ocation
Net)or*
.nvironment around each mobile device
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Ch"llenes with CCM
Conte6t de&inition> De&ining conte6t attributes )ithinteroperabilit' in mindL ho) )ill ever' G0, device *no) thecurrent data &ormat
Conte6t sensing> 5he )a' conte6t data is obtainedL eg G0,data ac-uisition
Conte6t representation> 5he )a' conte6t in&ormation is storedand transportedL eg transmitting such in&ormation
Conte6t interpretation> 5he )a' the conte6t data isinterpretedL eg )e might need additional G", in&ormation tointerpret the G0, data
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Conte+ts h"n$le$ by CCM
"dentit'
,patial and temporal in&ormation
.nvironmental in&ormation
,ocial in&ormation0ro6imit' and availabilit' o& resources
0h'siological measurements
Activit'
,chedules and agendas
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/unctions of the CCM
esponsible &or receiving ra) conte6t data$ collating the datainto a use&ul &orm and disseminating it to conte6t consumers
0resent conte6t in&ormation to consumers in suitable and
interoperable &orm
Conte6t model should allo) aggregation
D'namic updates should be possible
Conte6t histor' should be available
Conte6t should be &ilteredMIS 6120 Gerald Chege
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Composite C"p"bilities,!reference !rofiles
0roposed !3C standard &or describing device capabilities and
user pre&erences
%ased on esource Description &rame)or* 7D@8
Can be seriali=ed using EM4
Hrigin server or pro6' can per&orm some sort o& content to
device matching
Abbreviated as CC00
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CC,!! in "ction
Device sends seriali=ed pro&ile model )ith re-uest &or contentHrigin server receives seriali=ed D@ pro&ile and converts it
into an in + memor' model
5he pro&ile &or the re-uested document is retrieved and an in +
memor' model is created
5he device pro&ile model is matched against the document
pro&ile model
A suitable representation o& the document is chosen .ither
content s)itch on conte6t or content transcoding on conte6t is
emplo'ed
Document is returned to device and presented
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)implest use of CC,!!
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/orm"t for 0%/
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1+"mple for 0%/
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!"rser for 0%/
/ava based D@ parser 7,i0AC8 is available &ree on the )eb
,i0AC can be used to parse serialised D@ into triples
5riples are the output o& D@ parsers and are o& the &orm triple7subect$ predicate$ obect8
Bsing triples$ it is possible to build a CC00 model 5he modelis updated )henever ne) conte6t data are sent &rom conte6tsources
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!olicy M"n"er
esponsible &or controlling policies related to mobilit'
,hould be able to de&ine polic' &or documentsservices and
assign roles to user
,hould assign roles to users li*e
0ermission
0rohibition
Hbligations
0olic' combined )ith conte6t should determine
)hat action7s8 the user is allo)ed to per&orm
)hat action7s8 the user is obliged to per&orm
the polic' applicable
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)em"ntic (eb
@acilitates putting machine understandable data on the )eb
@acilitates )eb de&inition and lin*ing in a )a' to be use&ul &or
machines in the conte6t o& automation$ securit'$ &iltering$
integration and data reuse"ncreases the modularit' o& )eb applications
%uilt on s'nta6es )hich use B"?s to represent data
,uch s'nta6es are called esource Description @rame)or*7D@8 s'nta6es
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)ecurity M"n"er
,ecures connection bet)een client device and origin server
,hould handle
Con&identialit' 7managed b' encr'ption8
"ntegrit' 7managed b' algorithms8 Availabilit' 7relates to peripheral securit'8
Non + repudiation 7managed b' digital signatures8
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!l"tform for !ri'"cy !reference !ro&ect
.merging standard de&ined b' !3C
.nables )ebsites to e6press their privac' practices in a
standardi=ed &ormat retrievable and interpretable b' user
agents
An' discrepancies bet)een a site?s practices and the user
pre&erences can be &lagged as )ell
Does not provide an' mechanism &or ensuring that )ebsites
act according to their policies
"ntended to be complementar' to both legislative and sel&+
regulator' programmes
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A$"pt"bility M"n"er
%ased on conte6t and polic' $ it should adapt to>
Content
%ehaviour
Hther aspectsMa' ta*e an' number o& actions depending upon the
in&ormation passed to it b' Conte6t Manager
Ma' include appending location + speci&ic in&ormation to
documents
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Content "$"pt"tion
Content should be able to adapt to d'namic situations
Adaptation can be static or d'namic
Content adaptation can be per&ormed either at content level in
server or agent level in client
Content adaptation can be handled b' middle)are as )ell
Content adaptation needs to consider the ph'sical and logical
capabilities o& the device$ e&&ective net)or* band)idth andpa'load 7total number o& bits delivered to the agent &or static
parts8
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Content tr"nsco$in
5he resource re-uirements &or the client devices can be determinedb'>
,tatic content si=e in bits
Displa' si=e,treaming bit rate
Colour re-uirements
Compression &ormats
(ard)are re-uirements
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Types of content tr"nsco$in
,patial transcoding
5emporal transcoding
Colour transcoding
Code transcoding
Hbect or semantic transcoding
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Content r"tin "n$ filterin
Need to ensure social discipline in the electronic )orld
0lat&orm &or "nternet Content ,election 70"C,8
0"C, + !3C proposed standard &or )eb content rating
0"C, + set o& technical speci&ications &or labels that helpso&t)are and rating services to )or* s'nergisticall'
0"C, + services should choose their o)n criteria &or proper
identi&ication and &iltering o& content
ating can be through sel& labeling or third part' labeling
Hriginall' designed to help parents and teachers control children
access to the "nternet
Also includes code signing and privac'
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0)ACI
Acron'm &or ecreational ,o&t)are Advisor' Council + "nternet
(as a 0"C, compliant rating s'stem called esaca
esaca has &our categories + violence$ nudit'$ se6 and language
(as a rating range &rom : to
: means no potentiall' o&&ensive content
means highest level o& o&&ensive content
0"C, + a general meta data s'stem
0"C, labels + help&ul in &inding desirable content on the )eb
0"C, + enables more sophisticated commerce$ communication$
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Content Are"tion
@rom the content aggregator?s perspective$ services are o& t)ocategories>
,ingle service re-uest + )or*s at user level and &or one user
.6ample > A user ma' re-uest a )ebpage in Chinese &rom pro6'
server (ere$ the user bu's both the content and translation service
Group service re-uest + )or*s &or a group o& users
.6ample > 5he content aggregator has some arrangement &oradvertisement "t e6amines all (5M4 pages and inserts an
advertisement at an appropriate place
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)e"mless Communic"tion
A ubi-uitous s'stem involves availabilit' and accessibilit' &roman')here$ an'time and through an' net)or* or device
,eamless communication shall involve seamless handovers and
seamless roaming
(ando&& is the process b' )hich the connection to the net)or*
is moved &rom one base station to another )ithin the same
net)or* )ithout discontinuing the service
oaming shall involve the point o& attachment moving &rom onebase station o& one net)or* to a base station o& another net)or*
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Aspects of )e"mless Communic"tion
Authentication across net)or* boundaries
Authori=ation across net)or* boundaries
%illing and charging data collection
.nd + to + end data securit' across roaming
(ando&& bet)een )ireless access points
oaming bet)een net)or*s
,ession migration
"0 mobilit'
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Autonomous Computin
5he purpose o& autonomous computing is to &ree users and s'stem
administrators &rom the details o& the s'stem operation and
maintenance comple6it' "t combines the &ollo)ing &unctions>
,el& con&igurable
,el& optimi=ing
,el& healing
,el& protecting
,el& upgradable
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Conte+t "w"re systems
5he &ollo)ing in&ormation needs to be handled in a mobilecomputing environment &or ma*ing a s'stem conte6t a)are>
4ocation in&ormation
Device in&ormationNet)or* in&ormation
Bser in&ormation
.nvironment in&ormation
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2lob"l !ositionin )ystem
Gives the e6act positioning on .arth
@unded and controlled b' B, Department o& De&ense
(as three parts + the space segment$ the user segment and
control segment
(as 2 satellites $ each in its o)n orbit 11$::: nautical miles
above .arth
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M"kin e+istin "pplic"tions mobile en"ble$
.nhancing an e6isting application
enting an application
Developing a ne) application
%u'ing a pac*aged solution
%ridging the gap through middle)are
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Ne+t Topic
Mobile Computin throuh
Telephony