mis i -unit
TRANSCRIPT
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Why Do People Need Information?
Individuals - Entertainment and enlightenment
Businesses - Decision making, problem
solving and control
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Management information system
(MIS) Management information system (MIS)
An MIS provides managers with information and support foreffective decision making, and provides feedback on daily
operations
Right Information
To the right person
At the right placeAt the right time
In the right form
At the right cost
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Data
Raw facts such as an employees name
and number of hours worked in a week,.Information
Data presented in a meaningful context.
Data Information
$35,000
12 Unit $12,000J. Jones WesternRegion $100,000 100Units 35Units
DataProcessing
Salesperson : J. JonesSales Territory : WesternRegion Current Sales :147 Units = $ 147,000
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Data vs. InformationData
raw facts
just numbers and text
Information
processed data
value-added to data summarized
organized
analyzed
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Data vs. Information
Data 6.34
6.45
6.39 6.62
6.57
6.64
6.71
6.82 7.12
7.06
SIRIUS SATELLITE RADIO INC.
$5.80
$6.00
$6.20
$6.40
$6.60
$6.80
$7.00
$7.20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Last 10 Days
Stock
Price
Information
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GENERATING INFORMATION
Raw data areprocessed in an IS tocreate final useful
information
Process:Manipulation of data
Computer-basedISs: process data toproduce information
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Good information possesses these attributes:
Information Quality:measures information accuracy andreliability.
Timeliness:information is needed when managerial action istaken.
Real Time Information: reflects the current condition.
Completeness:manager has the information to act.
Relevance:information matches the managers specific needsat hand.
Irrelevant information does not apply
HighQuality
Relevant Timely
Relatively
Complete
UsefulInformation
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Intelligence The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.
Two types of intelligence
- Natural intelligence- -Artificial intelligence
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Natural intelligenceDifficult
Takes time
Inexpensive
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Artificial intelligenceIt is concerned with two basic ideas Involves studying the thought processes of humans
Deals with representing those processes via machinesuch as computers, robots,etc
Easy
Fast
In Expensive - when shared by many users with
repetitive use.
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Information technologyI.T. is a combination of various techniques for data
capture, data storing, data processing, datatransmission, information retrieval, and informationdisplay
IT = CT(Computer Technology) + TCT
(Telecommunication Technology)
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Functions of information
TechnologyData capture- collect data from various sources.
Data storage-Data is stored in media for future use.
Data transmission-Data is transmitted from 1 place toanother.
Data Processing-Conversion of data into information.
Data Retrieval-Finding out the needed information.
Data display-Presenting information to user.
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
ARCHITECTURE Information architecture is the particular form that
information technology takes in an organization toachieve selected goals or functions.
It is a design for the firms key business applicationsystems and the specific ways that are used by eachorganization.
Information architecture meet business requirementsnow and in future
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Information technologiesHardware software Mobile Magnetic tape Optical disc Pen based computing Speech based computing Optical scanning
Electronic mail
Electronic spread sheet Programming languages
Web languages
Data Resource Management
Data warehousing
Data mining
Telecommunications andnetworks Internet
Extranet
Intranet
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ARCHITECTURE
TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM
DATA RESOURCES
APPLICATIONSARCHITECTURE
IT ORGANISATION
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INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
Hardware
Software
Databases
Networks
Other relatedcomponents
are used to build
INFORMATIONSYSTEMS
PayrollSystem
Inventory System
Marketing System
CustomerServiceSystem
IS Vs IT
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Evolution of information system Transaction processing systems these process data
resulting from business transactions, update operationaldatabases, and produce business documents. Examples:
sales and inventory processing and accounting systems. Office automation systems automate office procedures
and enhance office communications and productivity.
Management information systems provide
information in the form of pre-specified reports anddisplays to support business decisionmaking. Examples:sales analysis, production performance and cost trendreporting systems.
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Decision support systems provide interactive supportfor the decision-making processes of managers and otherbusiness professionals. Examples: product pricing,profitability forecasting and risk analysis systems
Executive information systems provide criticalinformation from MIS, DSS and other sources, tailored to
the information needs of executives. Examples: systems foreasy access to analysis of business performance, actions ofall competitors, and economic developments to supportstrategic planning.
Expert systems knowledge-based systems that provideexpert advice and act as expert consultants to users.Examples: process monitor, and diagnostic maintenancesystems.
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Artificial intelligence
It is concerned with two basic ideas
Involves studying the thought processes of humans Deals with representing those processes via machine
such as computers, robots, etc
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Evolution
TPS - Focus on Data
OAS - Focus on Communication
MIS - Focus on Information DSS - Focus on Decision Support
EIS - Focus on Decision Support
ES - Focus on Consultation
AI - Focus on self-learning / thinking systems
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MIS
TPS
DSS
OAS
EIS
ESAI
1950s 21st Century
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Operational Managers
Data Workers
Middle Managers
Senior Mgr
Expert system
Decision Support System
Executive InformationSystem
Management Information System
Office Automation System
Transaction Processing System
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Types based on functions of
information system
The accounting information system
The finance information system
The manufacturing (operations, production) information
system The marketing information system
The human resources information system
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Marketing Information Systems Systems that help the firm identify customers
for the firms products or services, developproducts and services to meet customersneeds, promote products and services, sell theproducts and services, and provide ongoing
customer support.EXAMPLES
System Description Organizational Level
Order processing Enter, process, and track orders Operational
Market analysis Identify customers and markets using Knowledge
data on demographics, markets,consumer behavior, and trends
Pricing analysis Determine prices for products Management
and services
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Finance and Accounting Systems
Systems that keep track of the firms financial
assets and fund flows.
Examples
System Description Organizational Level
Accounts receivable Track money owed the firm Operational
Portfolio analysis Design the firm's portfolio of investments Knowledge
Budgeting Prepare short-term budgets Management
Profit planning Plan long-term profits Strategic
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Manufacturing and Production Systems
Systems that deal with the planning,
development, and production of products andservices and with controlling the flow of
production.
Examples
System Description Organizational Level
Machine control Control the actions of machines Operational
and equipment
Computer-aided design (CAD) Design new products using Knowledge
the computer
Production planning Decide when and how many Managementproducts should be produced
Facilities location Decide where to locate new Strategic
production facilities
H R S t
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Human Resources Systems
Systems that maintain employee records; Track
employee skills, job performance, and training;And support planning for employee compensation
and career development.
Examples
System Description Organizational Level
Training and development Track employae training, skills, Operational
and performance appraisals
Career pathing Design career paths for employees Knowledge
Compensation analysis Monitor the range and distribution Management
ofemployee wages, salaries, and bene6csHuman resources planning Plan the long-term labor force needs Strategic
of the organization
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Types based on Hierarchy of IS
Information Systems
Operations Support
SystemManagement SupportSystem
Transactionprocessingsystems
Processcontrolsystems
Officeautomationsystems
Managementinformationsystems
Decisionsupportsystems
Executiveinformationsystems
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1. Operations support systems process data generated by business operations
Major categories are:
i) Transaction processing systems
ii) Process control systems
iii) Office automation systems
2. Management Support Systems provide information and support needed foreffective decision making by managers
Major categories arei) Management Information System
ii) Decision Support Systems
iii) Executive Information System
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1. Operations Support System
i) Transaction processing systems
Process business exchanges Maintain records about the exchanges
Handle routine, yet critical, tasks
Perform simple calculations
ii) Process control systems monitor and control industrial processes.
iii) Office automation systems automate office procedures and enhance officecommunications and productivity.
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2. Management support systems provide information and support needed foreffective decision making by managers
Major categories are:
i) Management information systems
Routine information for routine decisions
Operational efficiency
Use transaction data as main input
Databases integrate MIS in different functional areas
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ii) Decision Support System
Interactive support for non-routine decisions or problems End-users are more involved in creating a DSS than an MIS
iii) Executive information systems
provide critical information tailored to the information needs of executives
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Other categories
a) Expert systems
b) Business information systems
a) Expert Systems are knowledge-based systems that provides expert advice and act
as expert consultants to the usersb) Business information systems support the operational and managerial
applications of the basic business functions of a firm
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Definition of system
System is a group ofinterrelated componentsworkingtogether toward a common goal by accepting inputand producing outputs in an organized transformationprocess.
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System has three basic interacting components orFunctions:
1. Input2. Processing3. Output
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1.Input Involves capturing and assembling elements thatenter the system to beprocessed. For ex. Raw materials,energy, data, and human effort must be secured and
organized for processing. 2.Processing involves transformation processes that
convert into output. Ex:manufacturing process, the humanbreathing process or mathematical calculations.
3.Output involves transferring elements that have been
produced by atransformation process to their ultimatedestination. E.g. finished products, human services, andmanagement information must be transmitted to theirhuman users.
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The system concept becomes even more useful byincluding two addition components: feedback and control
Feedback: is data about the performance of a system. Ex.
Data about sales performance is feedback to a salesmanager.
Control: Involves monitoring and evaluating feedback to determine
whether a system is moving toward the achievement of its
goal. The control function then makes necessary adjustments to a
systems input and processing components to ensure that itproduces proper output.
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The System Analyst is one who figure out how to use
computers to get things done.
Any system in the world need some one to analyze it to
identify the problems in it and to help in recommendation
and in the improvement of the system.
In term of the computer system, we need the analyst to
perform this work.
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Role of a System Analyst Change Agent:
Among all the roles of a system analyst, it is the most wide-ranging andresponsible role. They are also known as the person who serves as a catalyst forchange, develops a plan for change, and works with others facilitating thechange. Analyst carefully plans, monitors and implements change into the userdomain because people inherently resist changes. In the role of a change agent,Systems Analyst may use different approaches to introduce changes to the userorganization.
Consultant:
They are an agent to a business. They set as to address Information Systemsissues with in a business. They can give you different perspective. They will alsohelp you to understand organizational culture from other viewpoints.
Intermediary:The analyst tries to appease all parties involved while implementing a
candidate system. People can improve acceptance of the system throughDiplomacy in dealing. It is the goal of a system analyst to have the support
of all the users. He represents their thinking and tries to achieve theirgoals through computerization.
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Architect:
The architect role of a system analyst is a liaison between the user's logical designrequirements and the detailed physical system design. In this role he also
creates a detailed physical design of candidate systems. On the basis of end user
requirements a systems analyst makes the design of information systemarchitecture. This design becomes the blue print for the programmers. Motivator:
The analyst's role as a motivator becomes obvious during the first few weeks afterimplementation and during times when turnover results in new
people being trained to work with the candidate system. As the System acceptance isachieved through user participation in its development,
effective user training and proper motivation to use the system. Investigator and Monitor:
A systems analyst as an investigator, investigates the existing system to find thereasons for the failure. His role is to extract the problems from existing systems
and create information structures that uncover previously unknown trends that mayhave a direct impact on organization. And as a monitor, to undertake and
successfully complete a project, the analyst must monitor programs in relation to
time, cost, and quality. Of these resources, time is the most important. If time"gets away", the project suffers from increased costs and wasted human resources.Implementation delays also mean the system will not be ready on time, which
frustrates users and customers alike.
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Psychologist:
Since systems are built around people, a System Analyst plays the role of apsychologist in the way he/she reaches people, interprets their thoughts,
assesses their behavior, and draws conclusions from these interactions. Inother words, understanding inter functional relationships is important.
Salesperson:Selling change can be as crucial as initiating change. Selling the system
actually types place at each step in the system life cycle, however, Sales skillsand
persuasiveness, then, are crucial to the success of the system.
Politician:In implementing a candidate system, the analyst tries to appease all
parties involved. Diplomacy and finesse in dealing with people can improveacceptance of the system. In as much as a politician must have the support
of his/her constituency, so is the analyst's goal to have the support ofthe users' staff. He/she represents their thinking and tries to achieve their
goals through computerization.
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Functions of System Analyst System Development:
Systems analysts and programmers are organized into permanent teams that support theinformation systems and applications for specific business function. A systemdevelopment unit includes a centre for excellence, which is a group of experts(experienced systems analysts, system designers, and system builders) who establish andenforce methods, tools, techniques and quality for all system development projects.
Data Administration:
In Data Administration, data and other Information Resources of the organization aremanaged, which includes databases that are used to support applications by systemdevelopers. Those analysts who are experts in data analysis can work here who arecommonly known as Data Analysts. They analyze database requirements, design andconstruct (sometimes) the corresponding databases.
Telecommunications:
In Telecommunication, the computer networks are designed, implemented and managedwhich play a critical role in the success of any business. Here, Network analysts performmany of the tasks as applied to designing local and wide area networks that willultimately be used by systems and applications.
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End-user Computing:
The growing base of personal computers and local area
networks in the end user community are supported. Thisprovide installation services, training and help-deskservices. Analysts also provides standards and consulting toend users that develop their own systems with PC powertools such as spreadsheets and PC database management
systems. In this centre, analysts may work as End-usercomputing consultants.
Computer Operations:
Computer Operations include all of the shared computersincluding minicomputers and other computers are put tooperation and the same is coordinated. Systems Analystsmay work as Capacity Analysts in this area.