mirror of common errors

I 59--71

8. VERBS: Verbs.--Au,xiliary Verbs·, Primary Auxiliaries, Modal Auxiliaries, Main Verbs I Principal Verbs; Infinitives-Uses· of Infinitives; Usesof Inflnitives (without 'to') or (Bare Infinitives), Participles, P-toblems~'.Answ.ers, Explanations

i ~ 50-58

7. ADJECTIVES Adjectiv.es-Definition, Classification, Proper Adjective, Distributive, Use of each, every, either, neither, eaeh and every. Demonstrative, Numeral, Order of Numerals, Quantitative. Order of Indefinite Numerals and Definite Numerals, Qualitative, Interrogative, Degree of Csmpariserr, Same Important Facts :· Comparatively I Relatively, Enough, Interchanges, of Degrees; Problems, Answers, Explanations

42-49

6. PRONOUNS Pronouns-Definition, Classification, Uses of Personal Pronouns, Uses of Objective Case Pronouns:, 'Than:' and, the Case, Distributive, Reciprocal, Demonstrative, Reflexive, Emphatic, Relative, Uses ef who I which I that etc., Who-/ Whom,

-Iruerrogative, Exclamatory, Ph:JbfelliS')·Answer-s; Explanations ·

33-41

24-32

·4, SUBJECT - VERB. AGREEMENT Subject - ·verb Agreement,. Problems, Answers, Explanations

5. TTh1E & TENSES Present Tense-Present Indefinite, Present Imperfect/Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Past·Tense-Past Indefinite, Past Imperfect/Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Contmueus; Future 'Iense=-Puture Indefinite, Future Imperfect/Continuous, PururePesfect, Probfems,-.Answers, Explanations

16-23

3. NOUNS & NUMBERS Nouns and Numbel'S'-Singulaf.' Nouns, Singular and Plural Nouns (No change in form), Plural Nouns, Singubu:.1.Pl\:mrt Formation, Uses of Singular Nouns, Uses of Plural Nouns, Problems.Answers, Explanations

9-15

2. NOUNS & CASES Case-Definition, Types, Possessive Case, Uses. of Apostrophe 's' ('s), Problems, Answers, Explanations

Page No. Chapter

1-8

1. ARTICLES Articles - 'A, An, The', Idiomatic Uses of 'A I An', Difference between 'A' and 'An', Uses of 'The', Omission ofArticles, Problems, Answers, E~planatic;>Ds

PART(A)

TEXT, PROBLEMS, ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS

***

I 135-1411

I

1-t SUPERFLUOUS EXPRESSIONS & SLANG Superfluous Expressions and Slang-Definition, Some important Suprefluous. Expressions and Slang, Problems, Answers, Explanations

117-1

13. PREPOSITIONS Prepositlon=-Definition, Classification, Prepositions of Direction, Prepositions of Place, Preposition of Time, Some other Prepositions, Some important facts about Prepositions, Some Nouns and appropriate Prepositions, Some Verbs and appropriate Prepositions, Some Adjectives and Participles followed by Prepositions, Problems, Answers, Explanations.

106- 116

12. NARRATIONS Narration-Definition. Kinds of Narrations, Some important information about Narration, Changing Direct Narration into Indirect Narration, General Rules, Indirect Narration of Assertive Sentences, Indirect Narration of Interrogative Sentences, Indirect Narration of Imperative Sentences, Rules regarding 'order I request', Indirect Narration of sentences beginning with 'Let', Indirect Narration of Optative Sentences, Indirect Narration of Exclamatory Sentences, 'Must' and Indirect Narration, Problems, Answers, Explanations

94-105

11. VOICES Voice-Definition, Kinds of Voices, General Rules regarding Active to Passive, Tense & Voice, Present Indefinite, Present Imperfect, Present Perfect, Past Indefinite, Past Imperfect, Past Perfect, Future Indefinite, Future Perfect, Passive of Interrogative Sentences, Passive of 'Yes/No Questions', Passive of Questions beginning with 'Do/Does/Did', Passive of Questions beginning with 'Have/Has/Had', Passive of Questions beginning with 'Modal Auxiliary Verbs', Passive of 'Wh-Questions'. Passive of Imperative Sentence, Passive of Sentences expressing 'order/request' etc., Passive of sentences expressing 'Suggestion/Advice', Passive of sentences expressing

'request', Passive of To be+ Infinitive (To+ V1), Passive of Have/Has/Had+ Infinitive (To + V\ Passive of Stative Verbs, Passive of Verbs·+ Preposition-e Object, Problems, Answers, Explanations

72-85

9. ADVERBS Adverbs-Classification, Simple Adverbs, Interrogative Adverbs, Relative Adverbs, Some Important Adverbs and their uses, Position' of Adverbs, Inversion, Problems, Answers, Explanations

Page No . . ,.. ·< '·,""i .•.

Chapter

(xii)

86 :._ 93

10. CONJUNCTIONS Conjunctions-Some important Conjunctions and their uses, Problems, Answers, Explanations

(B) humble pie (D) No improvement

[C.l).S. Exam., 1999] ~ 1Jr-f ~ underlined Part 'the humble pie'~ ~ (A) ~ ~ ~ ~ 'a bumble pie' ~ improve ~ ~ ~ eat a· humble pie~ idiom ti

(ii) Even though our team took the field with great confidence, the opposition made them eat the humble ~- (A) a humble pie (C) humble pies

[B.S.R.B. (Bhopal) P.O. EXAM., 1989] ~ ~ q;r Part (C) l'fffii t ~ 'job' ~ Singular

Countable Noun t · ~ ~ 'a' q;r ffl' WTTI a«r: ~ ~ajob~I

(ii) It being rainy day I most of the people I out on the (A) (B)

strcc( were I carrying umbrellas. I No Error. (q (D). (E)

[B.S.R.B. (Patna) Clerical Exam., 1993] ~~ JiFi <iii Pan (A) "1fffif l ~ 'day'·~ Singular

Countable Noun t ~ ~ 'a' q;r Jl<IT7T ff ~, ~ day ~ ~ ~ Adjective rainy t ~ ~ a q;r WWT rainy~ ~ ~I ani: ~ ~ a rainy day ~I

(iii) Summons I was served I on Ram. I No Error. (A) (B) (C) (D)

[C.D.S. Exam., 1999) ~ ~ q;r Part (A) 1ffi<f t ~ summons 'Q,q'i Singular Countable Noun t ~ ~ A. q;r ~ m11TI am: ~ ffl' A Summons mrITI ~-

. (E) No Error.

an Noun (Singular Countable)

~ R'1l1r ~ anmfto Problems~ ~ ~ fl ~- (i) Ravi prefers I self employment I to job I in any office. I

(A) (B) · (C) (D)

(ii) This is an . r

sinfer.

Noun (Singular Countable)

¥· a

(i) Mohan is a J".

A,°An ~ The <N Articles q;m ~ t ~ ~ wwr ~Noun~ indefinite 7.IT.Definite ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !; · ~- . .

(i) A beggar; has stol_en your shirt. (ii) This is the house in which I live. <Jm ~ (i) ~ beggar~ ~·A q;r ~ !1 A 7.IT An~

Indefinite Articles q;m ~- t ~ ~ ·~ Noun ~ Indefinite~ ti a«r: A beggar q;r a.1Yf t ~ f1rartt, ~ 1'"raro'1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "q' ~ ~ ~ t fq; ~ mt~~t,

qiq<j (ii) ~ house ~ ~ the q;r ~ !1 The q;r Definite Article q;m "ffilT t ~ ~ ~ Noun ~ Definite q:m:rr t, am: The house t ~ ~ q;r ~ mm ti ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ffiIT {1

1. Uses of Al An : Al An q;r m- ~ Singular Countable Noun~~mmt; ~-

Chapter- 1 ARTICLES

Summons=-nfnoun), pl (= plural) summonses [c (= countable)] an official order to appear in a court of law: serve a summons on sb (= somebody)

-LONGMAN DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH (p. 1446)

(iv) Laser beams can carry / long distance signals in way I (A) (B)

somewhat similar to radio waves. I No Error. (C) (D)

[R.R.B., (Tiruvananthpuram) A.S.M. Exam., 2001] ~ 1fr-!' q;r Part (B) ~ t ~ way~ Singular Countable Noun t ~ ~ a q;r ~ mm1 am: ~ ffl' in a way Ml .

2. Some Idiomatic uses of Al An : (a) ~ (number) cfi!fT .ll'ffl ••Htl.'lql<ft ~ ~

expressions jt: ~- A lot ( of) A great many ( of) A great deal (of) A good many (of) A good deal (of) A number (of) A large quantity ( of) A large number ( of) · A large amount (of) A great number (of)

· ~ (b) ~ 3F<f expressions it : eat a humble pie, in a hurry, in a dilemma, in a rage, in a mood, ~w1..n:w.er, at a loss, have a drink, have a rest, have a walk, go for a walk, have a headache, have a sleep, have a dream, have a chat, have a quarrel, have a fight, make a noise, take a risk, take a hint, take a rest, take a meal, have a good/bad education, get/give/award a scholarship etc. ·

~ idiomatic wwil' ~ ~ a ~ ~·Problem R;lfT ~ t1~-

(i) Nathan's habit of I delaying his work I put his . (A) (B)

- collegues I to lot of trouble. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

[B.S.R.B. (Delhi) P.O. Exam. - 1990] ~ 1Jr-f q;r Part (D) Tfffif t <FITfcf; lot~ ™ a q;r WWT

mrITI ani: a lot of trouble·~ ~ mrITI NOTE-: lot ~ plural iiR"R ~ m ~ Part ~ m ~

~ lots of q;f ffl' ,it mm t,

I

The Noun (Uncountable)

the Noun (Singular Countable)

(ii) These are the git whom I have invited. T. the notm (Ph.mu

Countable) t_ iii) 1he water of this well is polluted. -r ·-r .

(i) You.are the man who helped me. T ~

{B.S.R.B. (Jaipur) Clerical Exam., 1991) [~ ~ 'q;I' Part (D) ~ ti ~ Part if a~ ~ an q;r if<lllT mrrr ~ expensive ~<Rlqf.:ecj) qi!' ~

sound ~I fiRT' <f;T vowel !1] (ii) He had no I illusion of being I either a distinguished

(A) (B) (C) writer I or a editor I No Error.

(D) (E) · [B.S.R.B. (Lucknow) Clerical Exam., 1993] [~ m ~ Part (D) ~ a ~ ~ an q;r 'lfclTlT mnT'

~ editor q;r ~ sound /Tl/ ~ ciii ~ vowel ti]

i. Uses .of 'The' :-The cfiT 'lflrrTr ¢llq,t<!cfidl:j'81< f<f;m Singular Countable Noun, Plural Countable Noun <IT Uncountable Noun ~ definite oRFt ~ ~ fcf;<!r ~ t; ~-

3. Difference between A and An : A cfiT ml' consonant 'sound(~~) t ~~~~·~mart, ~~A pen/A box/A table/A car. [<!"ITT pen cfiT ~ sound zv/, box cfiT Wffi sound RI, ~ cfiT ~ sound · . lei ~ car l5T ~ sound ~/ consonant sounds !I] An cfiT "ffl vowel sound t ~ ~ ~ $ m maT ti ~-An orange I An elephant I An OX I An ass. [~ orange q;r ~ sound /3TI/, elephant q;r ~ sound

/fl./, ox qii' ~ sound /a-rr/, ass q;r ~ sound /rf/ vowel sounds t'1] NOTE : ~ ~ q;r ~ sound consonant t <IT vowel ~ ~ ,3.l'T4' '3'l=I' ~ q;r'~ ·~·~~~I * ~ it. fcnm ~ cfiT ~ letter~ q;r vowel~ m ~ ~ an cfiT m ~ am 'll'R consonant m m ~ ~· a q;r ·mr ~I ~ M.A. cfiT ~ letter 'M' consonant t ~ ~ ~ ·~· ~ ti ~· q;r ~ sound rtl/ ~ vowel ti anr: An M.A. q;r ~ ~, fc!9; Member q;r ~ letter 'M' t ~ ~ sound m; ~ consonant ti anr: A Member cfiT ~ ~I f~i.if~f'<Sld ~ ~ ~ A~ An~ ~ q;\" ~ : an X-ray plant {~-t ~] [~ sound~ t1J a one-way .ticket ['a.-;:r-~ ~] [~ sound /cf/ t"1] a unique man [~ lRJ [~ sound ~/ ti) an umbrella [~J [~ sound /al/ t"1J · ~~~~Problems~~~ tr~- (i) I am not I wealthy so I I cannot afford to buy I a

(A) (B) . (C) expensive car./ No Error.

{D) (E)

A Mirror of Common Errors

2. Some Important-Uses of-'The' : (i) ~ $ ~ ~ ~ ~-The Ganges (or The Ganga), The Brahmputra, The Cauvery, The. Krishna), ~ $ ;ni:rl' $ ~ ~-The Arabian ·sea, The Red Sea, The Dead Sea}, l4{ii.~lHl<I' ~ :;rirr·:$ m ~-The Indian Ocean, Th, Pacific Ocean The Atlantic Oceari), ffl . ~ $. :rim ~ ,m;t. ~-The Himalayas, The Alps),~ ~ $ ~ ~ m ~-The east, The West)~ ~ ~ i:lidiq{Oj atdl.?tcll~ ~ $ ~ ~-The top, The bottom,· The centre, The weather, The world, The meuntains etc.), 'tr=r. ~ ~ :rrm· $ ~ ~-The Andamans, The Nicobars, The Phillipines, 'Jbe East Indies, Tne West Indies)

3. Superlative Degree~ Adjectives~ m; ~- (i) She is the tallest girl in the class. (ii) He is the best boy in the class.

~~~~problems~~~ li ~ Sunil is I a. best student I in our class I at present.' I

. (A) . (B) . (C) . .(D). No Error. [B.S.R.B. (Patna), Clerical Exam.'1988]

(E) mr ~ $ Part (B) if a~ ffi the cfiT ~ ~ ~ superlative degree ~ adjective ~ ~ the %r ~ mar ti m: the best student~ ~ ~I]

(!'comparative Degree $ ~ ~ than qj' to cfiT ~ m m '3'l=I' Comparative Degree js ~ the cfiT ~ ~ maT t'; ~- (i) He is better than you. [;i- ~ the better than] (ii) She is senior to you. [:r ~ the senior to]

~~~.~Problem~- (i) The interviewer asked me I if I knew that I Kalidas was

(A) (B) the greater I than any other poet. I No Error.

(C) (D) (E) . [B.S.R,.B. (P.O.) Exam., 1996) · mr 'll'r-1' ~ Part (C) it the cfiT WUTT "lfffif t ~ ~

'q'l';p:f if comparative + than cfiT ml' ti am: Kalidas was greater.. ... ~ ffl ~I] . , ~ f.:ti..if~f{sld 4RR21Rl<.il it Comparative Degree~ m The q;r -m ~ t-

~(A) * Comparative Degree.~ ~ of the two cfiT ~ ti";~- .

He is the better of the two boys. --r -r- l the comp. of the two .

(B) ~~~'ff it ~~-:?:IT~~ m ~vt. w. the + Comp. + Subject + "'.erb, the + Comp .. + "/ Subject+ Verb cfiT ~ mm- t; ~-·

(i) The more he gets, the morehe wants. ~ Rcflt ~ ~ Problems ~ ~ ~ ti ~-

2

(iii) A lot of money has beenspent. (:r fct; the money] * NOT~ : Kind of, type of, sort of ~ dfR ~an cf;!" 'll~ m ~ l <ITT!: cITif<l' "Interrogative Sentence it ~; ~ What type of a singer is he ? 'ii i What type of singer is he ?

4. Man, Woman, Life, Death, Science, Art, Nature .q;r ffi ~ ~ ·~ it m m ~ w. ftf;m Article q;r ~

~mrrt;~- (i) Man is mortal. (ii) Woman is man's mate. ~~"«'.~Problem ~- The man is mortal I and ultimately he has to leave

(A) (B) everything here, I yet how irrationally he remains attached ·

(C) -~. to his worldly possessions. I No Error.

.CD) (E), [B.S.R.B. (Bombay) P.O. Exam., 1994]

~~%Part (A)~ man~-~ the cfiT ~ ~ ~I]

S. school, college, church, hospital, prison, jail, court, bed, market q;r m ~~}ill~-~~ "ffl" ~ ffl ~l Article q;r ~ Wt ~ it (i) I go to school daily. [~ ~ ft:n!J (ii) Th~ injured man was sent to hospital. [~ ~ ~ ~~'qt ~iftcr Problems~- (i) The moment Vignesh was I admitted to the hospital I

{A) . (B) the warden decided I to inform his parents. I No Error.

(C) . · (D) (E) [B.S.R.B. (Bangalore), P.O. Exam., 1991]

[~ w:; ~ Part (B) if hospital ~ ~ the cfiT ~ m W1TTI]

(ii) The robbers were I caught just as they I were about to I (A) (B) (C)

escape from the jail. I No Error. . (D) (E)

[B.S.R.B. (Lucknow) Clerical Exam., 1992] [~ ~ ~ Part (I)) .if jail ~ w the q;r m ~ WIT · .am ~ ~ escape from jail WITI] ..

6. f.,yf(i,f©d phrases if Articles q'iT 1flTI'lT ~ mtt t- (a) by post I by chance I by messenger I by, cheque I by air I by land I by sea I by road I by car I by bus I by jeep I by train I by plane I by steamer I by scooter I by bicycle I by mistake.

~~b) ~n fact_! in detail Ii~ short I in tr_oubJe Ii~ confusio~ i f\n time I m demand I in danger I m life I m haste I in

cricis I in difficulty I in doubt I in debt. (c) on strike I on duty I on foot I on payment I on leave I on demand I on time I on earth. (d) write in ink I write in pencil_(~ write with a !)ea I write with a pencil).

l. fcl:;zjt ~ (Subject),. '111iT (language), ~ (games & sports)~~~~ Articleq;f ~·iti(~ mm t; tt- ( i) He is a student of history. (ii) She can speak Hindi, Sanskrit and English.

Q_)fq,(:!J Possessive Adjective (My, Your, Our, etc.), ~ Demonstrative Adjective (This, That, These, Those, No, Any, Other, Any other, etc.) fef;zjt Distributive Adjective (each, either, neither, every)~ dfR ~ Noun~ m Article ci>r 3i<TI7T ~ mm t; ~- (i) This is my house. [:r f<F; a/the house] (ii) This house is mine. [:r 1% a/the house] (iii) Each boy was ready. [:r 1% a/the boy]

3. Kind of, type of, sort of, variety of, rank of, post-of, title of, position of, A number of, A large number of, A lot of, .Lots of, Plenty of, A great deal of~ dfR ~ Noun ~ ~ Article q:;r ~ ~ mm !; ~- (i) I do not like this kind of man. [:r 1% a man] (ii) He has been promoted to the rank of S.P. p:!' fcl; an S.P. m the S.P.]

OMISSION OF ARTICLES

the Noun of Noun

W ~ ~ a.i"Ntftf Problems~ ~ ~ !1 ~--:- * (i) The teacher drew I an attention of the l boys to the (A) . (B) (G}

importance I of regular practice. I No Error. (D) (E)

[B.S.R.:S. Jaipur, Clerical Exam., 1992] [~ ~ ~ Part (B) ~ an~ ~ the <fiT >l<fl'lT ~]

of this class are naughty. ,i, .J,

(i) The students J, J

(i) In a mountaineering expedition I higher you go from (A) ~).

the base camp I the colder you feel. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

. [S.C.R.A. Exam., 1998] [Wm~ Part (B) "G' higher~ m the <fiT m WTrl 31(!'.: ~·~ the higher~!]

(ii) The greater the demand, higher the price. (A) high (B) the high (C) the higher (D) No improvement

[S.S.C. (Section officer Comni'ercial Exam., 2001)] ~ 1!v-r cf>!" underlined part higher ciit (C) ~ ~ ,ro: ~ <fiT ~ the higher~ improve "q;vJT ~I

5. l-11'11=-ld<ll Ordinal Adjective ~ ~ the cfil' m ~ t; ~- (i) Who was the first President of India ?

6. l-lll-11-<ldl!I Noun +of+ Noun <nT ~ ~ "R ~ Noun $ ~ the~~mmt; tt-

....

3 A Mirror of Common Errors

No Error. (E)

21. The most happy I marriage would be I a union of a deaf (A) (B) (C)

man to a blind woman. I No E1TOr. (D) (E)

. -~ 19. I inspired him I to take the heart I in an adverse situations/

(A) (B) (C) and deserve to be called a real hero. i No, Error,

(D) (E)

20. In my opinion it is not the failures I that have made I him (A) (B)

lose the heart but the lack of I emotional support. I (C). (D}

18. These orders of I the Manager I may put the lives of/ two . (A) (B) (C)

thousand workers in a danger. I No Error. (D) (E) r=.

(E)

11 .. The remedy lies I in promoting values of humanism i and (A) (B)

democracy so as to combat I the oncoming brand of (<;) (D)

fascism. I No Error. (E)

12. When the house was I set on the fire, all the people I (A) (B)

started crying at the top I of their voices. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

13. A first step I in 'a rational solution/ to any problem is the I (A) (B) . (C)

recognition of the fact that a problem exists. I No Error. (D) (E)

14. Little knowledge I of music that he possessed I proved to (A) (B)

be a boon for him I when he was utterly helpless. I No (C) (D)

Error. (E)

15. Don't talk to f him, he always I remains in temper I these (A) . (C) .

days. I No Error . (D) (E)

@;He boasts of i having good knowledge I of mathem~tics ;_p (A) (B) / but everybody I knows how far he is good at

(C) (D) mathematics./ No Error.

(E)

17. It was I by a mistake I that he caught I her hand. I No (A) (B) (q (D)

9, I don't. like I that type of a man /who does nothing but I (A) (B) (C)

find out faults in others. I No Error. (D) (E)

®He claims to be a linguist I but, in reality, he I does not (A) · (B)

know even I the AB C of linguistics. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

8. He said that lw kit nervous I because a friend of his I had iN (B)

given him I a very bad news.' I No Error.: CC) ·(E)

'k 7. He is I the best artist I of the time but unfortunately/ least (A) (B) (C)

recognised./ No Error. . (E)

~ I have been I informed that I Dr. Sinha visits Patna I the (A) (B) (C)

following month./ No Error. (D) (E)

4. He is unfortunate enough I to lose I few friends he made I (A) (B) (C)

during his stay at Patna./ No Error. . . (D) -· (E)

5. There were a number I of pretty girls in the party I but it (A) (B)

was Ragini I who remained a centre of attraction: I No (C) (D) Error. (E)

~- ~.iOf the two I answers, this I is definitely I better. (A) (B) (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

2. It is only after I the war is over I that people realise I how (A) . (B) (C)

bad it was/ No Error. (D) (E)

No Error. (E)

1. In science the credit goes to a man I who convinces the . (A) (B)

world, I not to the man to whom I the idea first occurs. I (C) (D)

~· ..... Directions : Find out the error in each of the following

sentences if any. ff there is no error, your answer is 'E'.

PROBLEMS BASED ON ARTICLES

. A Mirror of Common Errors ~ 4

Error.

No Error. (E)

41. The Ganges I is for North India I what Krishna I is for ···~ (A) (B) (C) South India. I No Error. (D) . (E)

{4'}: The first European I sailor to come to India I in modem (A) (B)

times I was Vasco-da -Gama, I No Error. (C) (D) . (E)

~The trees in a forest I must be properly counted and (A) (B)

numbered I and proper entries be made I in the register. I (C) (D)

40. Brahmaputra is I one of the longest rivers I that originate i (A) (B) . (C)

in the Himalayas. I No Error. (D) (E)

38. It is a pity I that the son of millionaire I should indulge I (A) (B) (C)

in stealing. I No Error. (D) (E)

~ It is I the most important I question which you have I to ~ (A) (B) (C)

prepare very carefully./ No Error. · (D) (E)

35. "Music is science I but singing is an art" I said the I ~ (A) (B) (C)

music teacher. I No Error. (D) (E)

@ We should spend I a good part of the day / in out of door (A) (B)

activities and games I because staying indoors all the time (C) (D)

is bad for health. I No Error. (E)

37. He should mix I his authority with little I of courtesy a'nd I (A) (B) (C)

common sense. I No Error. (D) (E)

34. The seed I of all the modem amenities I lies in r the (A) (B) (C)

science. I No Error. (D) (E)

33. One should I be true to one's promises I in order to earn I (A) (B) (C)

name and fame in the life. I No Error. (D) (E)

(E)

@eople in Darwin I had become so accustomed lo cyclone (~ (B)

warnings I that few of them paid any attention to the radio (C)

warnings I which began this morning. I No Error. (D) (E)

No Error.

No Error. . (E)

23. After returning I from the jail, he has abandoned I all the (A) • (B)

criminal activities and is determined I to lead a simple (C) (D)

life. I No Error. (E)

24. He was an atheist I but now-a-days he goes to the church/ (A) (B)

and offers prayers I for hours./ No Error. (C) (D) (E)

25. His father ( forbade rum to go I to cinema I late at night. I (A) (B) (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

@-he fact that the compact car I is better than I conven~ (A) (B)

tional cars has I been proved by its sales. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

27. There was little I milk in the bottle and she gave it I to the {A) (B)

baby when it I starred weeping. I No Error. (C) ·(D} .. (E)

28. He leads I a very busy life I so he goes everywhere I by a (A) (B) (C) (D)

car. I No Error. (E)

r1 29. Thanks to an insight/ and persistence of the local doctor./ (A). - . (B)

hundreds of victims have been I able to resume a normal (C) (D)

life. I No Error. (E)

~In a hour's time I when I had finished the work, I I got up .. (A) (B)

and I slipped out unnoticed. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

31. He uses I the mock-heroic I style to depict I a violence. I (A) (!} (C) (D)

22. John suggested to I his brothers that they should I go to (A) (B)

the school regularly I and do their home work sincerely. I (C) (D)


10. (E) ~~ti 11. (B) values js m the m11TI am ~o 5 ~ olffisllT ~I

12. (B) on the fire ~ ~ on fire m -it idiomatic !1 ~ W fci;. 'on fire' ;?ff set (something) on fire # fire ~ m 'the'/ 'a'/ 'an'cf.T ~ lR'ra mm i,

I

13. (A) A~ ~ The mm1 ~ fcfim Ordinal Adjective ~the<fif~~t1 '

14. (A) Little $ ~ the m11TI The little <fiT ~ t ';;rr ~ Little q;r ~ t almost none c=r@' ~ ~)I

IS. (C) in temper $ ~ in a temper mm ~ idiomatic .. ~ ~ in a mood/in a rage/in a dilemma <fiT mmt,

16. (B) good ~ ~ a 'ITT1fT ~ have 'a good/so knowledge' idiomatic ti ~ W fci; 'knowl~ cf.T ~ * ~ ~ -q-m c~ ~· $ ~ m) m knowledge ~ Uncountable Noun t - ~ ~ ~ fci;m Article qif >Im ~ mar ~- (i) Knowledge is power.

(ii) He is a man of knowledge.

The · noun of noun 6. (E) qfcflf ~ !1 7. (D) least ~ ~ the W11T ~ Superlative Degree- t

Adjective js ~ the cf.T ~ mar t1 ' ) 8. (D) a cf.T ~ ~ WIT ~ News ~ Uncountable

Noun !1 ~ JlcITT, information, luggage, baggage. scenery, dntpeJY_ ~ -~ 4158---;,an - q;f _ _B <fl}! .3ff att --.- -·-----~ .

9. (B) .a q;r 1'<flTT ~ ~ ~ type of. kind of. sort of~ oTIG ~ ~ Noun$ m ~: Article >1<TI'TT ~ fq;lj'r ;;rm t; ~- (i) I don't appreciate this kind of book.

R fcfi this kind of a book.]

of this college J, J,

(i) He is the · taller of the two boys. T -r J, the comp. of the two.

4. (C) · few ~ ~ the <fiT ~ ·mtrr ~ the few friends he made sst ~ mm t ·~ ~ ~ m ~" ~ 'Few friends' <fiT 3lYf t 'No friends'.

5. (D) a ~ ~ the mrrT ~ Noun + of + Noun construction ~ of ~ ~ ~ Noun ~ m ~: The WWI l; ~...:_

1. (A) a man$ ~. the man W11T ~ man~ ~ ~ ~ cf.T ~ ~ t, tt-Thc boy who; the dog which etc. ~ who/which/that ~ ~ ~ Nouns~: 'the'~ ti

2. (B) the$ ~ a WIT ~ the wart ~ ~ ~ cf.T ~ mm t. ~ a war~ any war cf.Tl

creatures living I on earth. I No Error .. (C) (D) (E)

ANSWERS I. (A) 2. (B) 3. (D} 4. (C) 5. (D) 6. (E) 7. (D) 8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (E) 11. (B) 12. (B) 13. (A) 14. (A) 15.(C) 16. (B) 17. (B) 18, (D) 19. (B) 20. (C) 21. (C) 22. (C) 23. (B) 24. (B) 25. (C) 26. (E). 27. (A) 28. (D) 29. (A) 30. (A) 31. (D) 32. (E) 33. (D) 34. (D) @CD) 36. (E) 37. (B) 38. (B) 39. (B) 40. (A) 41. (C) 42.(E) 43. (E) 44. (D) 45. (B) 46. (D) 47. (A) 48. (D) 49. (A) so. (E)

• EXPLANATIONS I

47. In the conclusion I it may be safely asserted that I the poet (A) (B)

preaches some I moral implicitly. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

- _ @: All the staffs I of this office hold the view I that Mr. Sinha . (A) (B)

is a very wise I and 8 intelligent officer, I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

49. The man I is the only creature I that is endowed with/ the (A) (B) (C)

power of speech. I No Error. (D) (E)

®it is very difficult I to point out the number of I the (A) (B)

rickshaw outside the station. I No Error. (D) . (E)

46. He s~id I that he did not feel I any need to discuss I the (A) (B) (C}

episode in the detail. I No Error. (D) (E).

, ,:,i~The principal I asked the girls to return I to the hostel 3. (D) better ~ ~ 'the' cf>T ~ W11T ~ ~ \;_/ . ./ (A) · . CB) · . (C) Comparative Degree js Adjective jt choice vr option

- before I the sunset. I No Error. q;r ~ m m ~ ffi The ~ !1 ~ ~ (D) (E) Comparative Degree $ .-fR 'of the· two' m m ~

45. He found I himself in a trouble I when he saw no I Comparative Degree ~ ~ 'the' <fir ~ mcIT t; r- (A) (B) (C) ~-

''.31. (D) a q;r JfmTT ;;tr m-irr1 'depict violence' idiomatic ti 32. (E) m~tr 33. (D) the clii m life~ ffl ~ WTTI ~ 3:ref if-~

~ "tR life, science, m~. woman~ ~ the·c!>T m · ~ ~ .ti <fR life. science ~ q;r "Sf<ITlT ~ 3,ilT it' m m il" ,m-;t mer article~ ·t; ~-

(i) He leads a happy life. (ii) The life of this patient is in danger.

34. (D) the c!>T J1mTT science~~~ mlTTI ~ ~ m:§QT 33 it wrr ~ ti

35. (D) science $ ~ a. ff ~ science c!>T "lf<TI"Tr ~ ~ 31'4- ~) ~ ~ # ~ solT l ~ (a branch of knowledge based on scientific principlesj js ~ ~ ?T ti "3m ~. ~ . An qif Jl<ITlT q,ffi

(creation of beauty)~ 3l2f if m m ~ ~ ~ Article ~ WrnT ti ~-'Art lies in concealing art',~ Art qif ~~-skill lrr m ~ ~ Article q;r "li<lTlT mar t; ~-He has developed an excellent art of teaching.

36. (E) ~~!1 37. (B) little~ ~ a~ ~ ~I ~ "tj°o 27 cR" ~

~I

38. (B) millionaire js ~ a q;r Jl<ITlT m1TT ~ millionaire ~ countable noun t I ~ Two/three millionaires ~ti

39. (B) the~ ~ a qif m m1IT ~ ~ ocf ~ <rr ~ ~ ~~<rr~:m~¥RTwmm~ Superlative Degree~ Adjective qif m ~ qifct ti 'The most' Superlative Degree if~ mm t ~ 'a most' positive degree ift ~ ~ Tf most q;r ~ ~t" very;~- (i) You are the most powerful man in this party.

(ii) You are a most powerful man . ~ ~ q1cf<f if 'you' q;t ~ party * aR ~ ~ ~ t_ ~~~it' 'you'~~ fcf;m- ~ ~ !1 ~ a most== a very. ~ ~.-(i) She is the most beautiful girl in the class. ~. (ii) She is a most beautiful girl.

40. (A) Brahmaputra ~ ~ The q;r wrrrT mTJT ~ Brahmaputra~ ~ q;r -;i-rir ti

41. (C) Krishna~ ~ the q;r m m1JT ~ ¥RJ" <Jtf *1T am: <FWTT ~ ~ ~ ~ i. am 3lfQ" ~ i fcf; ~ ~ ~ ~ -crnB 'the' q;r "Sl<TI1T ml t; ~-The Koshi is known as a ct..rsc to North Billa.

42. (E) ~~t1 43. (E) ~~!1 44. (D) sunset ~ ~ the ~ m11T ~ before, aftec .c,- co

~ ·<f!G * dawn, daybreak, sunrise, sunset.,

20. (C) the q;r ~ ~ mlTTI take heart ~ ~ lose heart ,fl" idiomatic tr

,21. (C) a union~~ the union m1JTJ Tf: 'The+ Noun+ of + Noun' construction t,

22. (C) school ~ ~ the ~ mlTTI go to school/church/jail 3lTR ~ school, church, jail~~~ qif ~

ffiT ti go to school ~ ~ futO go to the school ~3Rffl~_~I

23. (B) jail ~ ~ the :rm m-rrr1 return from jail qif aref t t't; (~ ~ ~ it ~) return from the jail ~ 3l2f

t (~ffl~~~~I

24. (B) church ~ ~ the ~ ~I ~ ~o 22 ~ ~ ~I

25. (C) go to the cinema/circus/lheacre/opt:ralstation 3TIR . i9~ti_c t'1 .mr: go to cinema ~ ~ go to the cinemamlTTt

26. (E) ~~t1 27. (A) little~ -rm a ~ "Ji<lTlT ~I A liule q;r 3l2f t ·~·

jq,-§ little CiiT 3lvf t ~ $ ofUdR: <rr ~ ~·1

- . (D) car if; ~ a q;r "Ji<lTlT ~ ~I by car, by bus, by train~ idiomatic t, *~~car <rr train m m ~ fu,:ifcr if car <rr train ~ ffl. article war t; ~-by the 7.30·train etc.

ek ~ ~ in a car. in a taxi, in a jeep, on a plane, on a ship, on a steamer. on a bicycle, on· a scooter, on a motor cycle 31lfu ~ tr

29. (A) an~ the m1TT ~ construction 'The+ Noun+ of + Noun'"tR ~ ti

30. (A) a ~ ~ an mm1 hour qif ~ sound '31'1'' "Q;cfi vowel !1

The knowledge 17. (B) 'a' "q;J" ~ ~ mlTT, 'by mistake' qif ~

iodiomatic tr 18. (D). 'a' qif ffl" -=im' m1TT ~ in danger, in trouble, in

confusion, in debt, in demand, in detail, in fact 3TIR: idiomatic t,

19. (B) the q;r >l<n7[ ~ WIT~ take heart, take action, take care~ idiomatic t'r

knowledge of this man is limited. J. .

(i) The J..

a adj. knowledge ~. ~, Knowledge ~ D~finite oRTl!f ~ m ~ m 'the'~ wiM it'~ -;;rr ~ t; tt-

grammar. knowledge of English

J.. (i) She has a

1 I ~. ~ knowledge is m ~ Adjective~- m ~

_Adjective~ m NAn cfiT" ~ f<fim ~ t; ~-

r-,

***

. a man . ~. ~ 'man' cnr ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fu-q: m <IT~ m 'µic''TI" ~ t; ~- (i) The man who was killed was a leader. T-r- the man

SO. (E) qJcR ~ !1

night ~ cfiT ~ m al ~ ~ Article~ ~ !1 ~-(i) She rerumed home after sunset. . .

[-;r fcfi after the sunset] ~ (ii) She rerumed home after the sun had set.

· 45. (B) trouble ~ ~ a cfiT m- -:m' m-1ITI '&lr@IT ~ fm!: ~~o 18~1

46. (D) detail ~ m the cnr ~ m WIT, in detail, in difficulty, in problem, in fear, in hope, in sense, in conclusion a:rJR idiomatic \1

47. (A) conclusion ~ ~ the cfiT WlTlT ~ WIT! "q;R1JT ~

~o 46 -q ~ "lfcIT ti 48. (D) intelligent ~ m an cfiT ~ m m1 '5fol" ~

Adjectives cfiT ~ ~ ~ ci!l'fcRr <l"T ~ ~ ~ 'fil al M ~ Adjective ~ ~ Article cfiT m- fcf;m ~ t;~- (i) A red and blue coat (Q:cf> ~ coat -;;n- ~ ol!IT ~t)1 ·.

(ii) A red and a blue coat~ coats mil' ~ ~ ol!IT ~ -;fR;n- t) I


49. (A) mail ~ m the cnr '5l<WI' m ~ ~ man cnr '5l'GITlT '5fol" ~ 1tRcl '5l'Tftr ~ ~ m m ~ ~ ~ ARTICLE cfiT ~ m '?mr t; ~-

(i) Man is mortal. [':f fcf; A man I The man is mortal) (ii) Man is. a social animal. [':f fcf; A man I The man) (iii) Man is the crown of creation. R fcfi A man I The

man] ~. ~ 'man' cnr m Countable Noun ~ ~ if m <IT ~ m a/an~ t; ~-'-- (i) Jyoti Babu is a man of horiour.

TT .

8

(B) ['s] [Apostrophe's] ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "Ulm -.m-

I, ~~Nouns~ 's [Apostrophe's] q;r ~ ~ fci;<TT ~t;~- Ram's wife's career esr ~ ~ .:rRT ~ !1 ~ ~

~ The career of Ram's wife q;r '!l<Wr ~ ~I

2. ~ Compound Noun ~ a:iRPr ~ ~ 's q;r ~ ~t;tt- (i) His son-in-law's appointment P fcf; son's-in- law's

appointment] (ii) The Government of India's orders.

3. <iR. fcf;m Noun ~ ffl Noun in Apposition q;r ~ W m Noun in Apposition ~ ~ 's q;r ~ fcf;<TT ';i!ToT !; tt- (i) Rajeev my friend's father. 3m -ircm:, (ii) My friend Rajeev's father.

4. ~ ~ Nouns closely related ~ m ~ Noun ~ ~ ['s] q;r 'Sl<ITtT mm t; ~- (i) Ram and Sita's sons [:J fcf; Ram's and Sita's sons] ~. Ram's and Shyam's sons.

5. Anybody I Somebody I Nobody I Everybody I Anyone I Someone I No one I Everyone js mer ,:ft 's q;r '!l<Wr mm !; tt-(i) Everybody's business is nobody's business.

@'ll'R Anybody I Somebody 3TIR =if; ofR 'else' <f;T w:ITlT ~ m ['s] q;r ~ else 'tR fci;<TT ~ t; ~- (i) I like your decision and not anybody else's.

~

arrival I departure

4.. cl'3R oldl.\qJ{-1 ~ ~ ~ ~ m il'IG 'weight' ~q;r~~;~- (i) A ton's weight; A gram's weight.

S. Money~ ~ ~ mer ~ m G!R value I worth cfiT '!l<Wr m; tt- Ci) Arnpee's value; a pound's worth.

6. Space aia1.\q1JI ~ ~ ~ ~ Nouns ~ ~; -tit- (i) A razor's edge, A needle's point, A boat's length.

7. ~ ~ ~ ~ (Some diSnified natural objects)~ ~; tt- c >

The earth's surface I gravity I creatures I area etc.

The sun's rays; Heaven's wil1; the heart's content,

the soul's delight/ journey.zhe mind's eye, etc. @. ~ ~ qft~filq'f ~ expressions .efit mer m ~

~~;tt- Theship's ~ The train's The plane's A boat's crew.

Nominative Objective "ITT, Pronoun ~ Nominative am: Objective ~ ~ if ~ mm ! ~ fcl'«m: j\- ~ ~ PRONOUNS~ atffl

~I

POSSESSIVE CASE-Possessive Case, possession (~) <TT ownership(~~ t)r ~ possession <TT ownership m q;r cf>Ti:r 's [Apostrophe 's'] <TT 'of' ~ ~ ~ ';i!ToT t; tt-

(i) Shakespeare's plays <TT The plays of Shekespeare, ~. awr ~ ~ ~ 's q;r ~ :ml' ~ ~ t am: ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~cm~~ <R lfOO if

Problems~~ t'; ~- (.i) A table's legs I were broken I by my I angry brother. I

(A) (B) (C) (D) No Error.

(E) [~ cfl'cf<r if A table's legs q;r '5f'lrrTr "lffio lt ~ The legs

of a table ~ ~ ~ table I bench 3TifG ~ ffl t ~ mer 's q;r 'lJ'lTI"1'T "lffio ~ t-11 _..,_...

(A) ffl ~ 's -~ ~ Wlf <Ql-<Ql ~ ~ f- l. 1l'R<f ~ I ~ ~ mer

~-Man's life I Ram's wife. Dogs' kennels I Cows' tails.

2. "¢ fcf;m f.J$f ffl q,1 m;rcr ~ ~ if ~ ~ ~;tt-

(i) Death's icy hand. (ii) Fortune's favourite.

J-3. ~ aia1~q1ei ~ ~ mer; ~- (i) A moment's delay, A week's leave, A month's

,a; .......- absence.

Ram loves. Sita T T

Nominative Objective Sita loves Ram T T (II) I

i I I

CASES-The relation in which a noun stands to some other word, or the change of the form by which this relation is indicated. is called the case.

Case~ >fq;f{ =if; ~ tr (A) Nominative Case or Subjective Case (cfmT ~ (B) Objective Case (q;if ~) (C) Possessive I Genitive Case ~ cf;Rcfi) (D) Vocative Case~ ~) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Possessive Case cm- ~ <R ~ t.

~ Noun ~ mer Nominative <TT Objective Case -q ~ Problem ~ mm t ~ 'lft Noun Nominative <TT Objective Case if~ ti-~ if ~t; tt-

(i)

Chapter-2 NOUNS & CASES

19. The survey gives I us much knowledge of the I public's (A) (B)

opinion I on the matter of terrorism./ No Error. · (C) (D) 11 (E)

No Error . (E)

14. The officer said I that he. appreciated I his staffs coming (A) (B) -

on time I and co-operating him. I No Error. (C) . (D) . (E)

15. As we are told, I this idea of Mrs. Gandhi's I was totally (A) . (B)

valid in the I present condition of India. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

16. It is true I that I met I the Chief Minister I at one of my (A) (B) . · (C)

friend's houses. I No Error. (D) (E)

17. 'The teacher said I to us that one ought I to work hard in . (A} (B) (C) ·

order I to attain one goal. I No Error. (D) (E)

l8. Being sure of his I success, he told his friends that I he would (A) (B)

never forget I even his enemies names. I No Error . (C) (D) (E)

Directions : Find out the error in each of the foil owing sentences, if any. If there is no error; your answer is 'E'.

1. You know it well/ that you success in life I depends not (A) (B)

on my advice I but on somebody else. I No Error. (C) (D) (E) ,

. 2. He informed me I that he had gone to I one of the (A) (B)

Minister's residences I and stayed there all night. I (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

3. The building's roof I needs repairing otherwi~: I it may . (A) . (B)

fall down and I result into many persons' death. I (C) . {D)

No Error. (E)

4. I visited I John's and Mary's house I twice but found I the (A) (B) (C)

couple absent. I No Error. (D) (E)

S. A ton's weight I is too heavy for I anyone to I carry on his (A) (B) (C) (D)

head./ No Error. (E)

(} I stopped I his going out late at night I because the (A) (B) (C)

situation I in the town was very tense./ No Error. (D) (E)

7. He did not approve I of his son raising I stupid questions CN (B) (C)

and thereby I vexing the teacher. I No Error. (D) (E)

PROBLEMS BASED ON .NOUNS & CASES . ·

' (i) They like each other's ideas. 8. A+ Noun + of+ Noun construction if ~ Noun~ ~

~ltll-4d<I: ['s] ci>T "lf<ITlT ~ t "<l'R ~ Noun~ ~ o!ffcRl ~; ~- (i) A friend of my borther's,

(ii) A ho'use· o{Ram's. ~ (i) A picture of Ram (Utr" cf>t ~ ~ (ii) A picture of Ram's (Utr" ~ -qm- ~~if~)

~ ~ "q-{ amnfur Problems~ ~ t; ~- I follow I . your. suggestions l and I nobody's else. I

(A) (B) (C) (D) NoError.

(E) . (~ nobody's else~~ nobody else's qiT 1l"llT1T nl]

7. 'each other' ~ 'one another" ~ ~ ,fl-. ['s] ~ -~ mcTI . ti ~-.


8. America's problems I are, however, I not so serious I and· (A) (B) (C)

awful as India. I No Error. · (E)

9, Your tone of speaking I as well as your friends I is really (A) (B)

extremely sarcastic I yet we never take it seriously. I (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

10. The Finance Minister /boasts of improving l the economic (A) (B) .

· condition of I the country's./ No Error. . (C) (D) (E)

11. The life of the rich I is not inmany I ways as peaceful I as (A) (B) (C)

that of the poor's. I No Error. (D) (E}

12. For your sake I as well as for your wife, I we all wish that (A) (B)

you may I get that job./. No Error. (C) (D) (E)

13. The expert mason reported to I the owner of the hotel (A) (B)

that I there was no question I of the wall's falling down. I (C) (D)

10

.r

No Error. (E)

No Error. (E)

34. 'Everybody's business I is nobody's business', I said the {A) (B)

teacher I to the students./ No Error: {C) · (D) (E) · ',_

35. I postponed him I going to Delhi tonight as I I wanted him (A) (B)

to deal with I one of my major problems./ No Error, {C) (D) (E) ··

@) He told her I that he had ever seen I her with his/ mind's . (A) ca) (C)

eye. I No Error. · · (D) (E)

37. 'When I arrived I at the gate of his I house, I found his I (A) . (B) (C)

locking up the door. I No Error. (D) (E}' .

@India and China's present I condition clearly indicate I that · (A) . . (B) ·· .

both the countries ./ will face a lot of problems .in the (C) (D}

coming time./ No Error. (E)

39. Keeping in view I the public's demands, I the company . (A) ..----- (B) . .

hi/§ declared to improve the quality and lower I the prices (C)

of its products .. / No Error. (D) (E)

40. His maid servant I behaviour is undoubtedly I indecent (A) {B)

but I don't I understand how he tolerates it./ No Error. (C)· (D) (E)

41. These buildings' decoration l is not as much I impressive (A) . (B) (C)_

as it I ought to be./ No Error. (D) (E)

@>elhi's water supply I system is certainly I as good as is (A) (B) .

expected I in a capital town. I No Error. (C) . (D) (E) @ Yeats's poetry is characterised I by his-unique style I

(A) · (B) ·which he developed I during the long span of his life. I

(C) (D)

32. It was India's I past glory I that attracted I a number of (A) (B) (C)

invaders in the remote past. I No Error. . (D) {E)

@Everybody should be careful / to fulfil the ~ociety's \,~ (A) . (B) . · demands I and thereby show his I attachment to it. I

(C) . . (D)

28. He suggested to me I that I should go to the nursery I to .-- (A) (B)

bring some beautiful I summer's flowers." No Error. (C) - (D) (E)

·@He came to his wits I end when he found I that his (A) ' (B)

younger I brother had slapped his wife./ No Error: (C) (D) (E)

30. When Jaya and Shyama I came across Jyoti, they I caught (A) (B)

one another hands I and talked for a while. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

31. The former P. M. of India's I Mr. P. V. Narsimha Rao's I (A) · (B)

visit to Japan strengthened the relationship I between India· (C)

and Japan./ No Error. · (D) (E)

27. Unfortunately for me I the root cause of my frustration (A}) (B)

lies I in the Governments I dubious policy. I No Error. (C) (D) {E)

20. Very few soldiers I dared to turn I a deaf ear to their i (A) (B). (C)

Commander's-in-Chief orders./ No Error: (E)

21. Your son's-in-law's friend is seriously ill/ and he wants . (A) (B) · (C).

you I to see him as soon as possible. I No Error. (D) . (E)

@ I appreciate you I h.~12in-g the poor I who are really the (A) . _ (B~ . (C)

most ignored and completely deprived I section of our . . (D)

society. I No Error. (E)

23. I have read I many plays of Shaw's I who is called the I (A) (B) (C)

Shakespeare of our age./ No Error. (D) . (E)

24. I do not want I to bring her to my home I because her W 00 ~

rashness I is quite intolerable./ No Error. (D) (E)

~He is chiefly concerned I with his own problems I but you (A) (B)

say I that his is not. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

, ,.~@A friend of my I wife came to me I yesterday and asked y (A) (B) (C) me for I some money: I No Error.

(D) (E)


1. (D) else ~ ~ 's [apostrophe"s'J ~ ~. ~ else ~ ~ else's q;r Jl<rr?i lrrlTII <JR -ra' fcn 3ilcP~lJ¥cti m ~ somebody else I nobody else I anybody else anfu: ~ ~ else~ ~ 's [apostrophe 's 'I cfiT 'Sl<ITTf ~ t-1 ~ 1iQ; q(cf<I' it f.:p:.:if (1 f & ct ,n,r ct!' <iFli<lc ~ ~ ' not on my advice butohsornebody else's advice.' 3-l<f ~ else's js ~ 'advice' cfiT repetetion m UiT %- 31cf: ~ 'advice·~ cffi' ~ ~ ~ w. ~ t aw ~ ft2lfcf it ~ fu4i understood ~ "1mf ti 3rcf:. ~ Expression q;l' ~ f.!l::;;fuf&o ~ it ~ "not on my advice but on somebody else's".

~~~~F9~~~~- (i) This is Ram's book and not Shyam's. [book] (ii) Your problem is J?Ore difficult than Sita's. [problem) NOTE : ~ ~ it ~ ~ ~ [book, problem a:fTRJ futj; understood ~I

2. (C) one of ~ GfR * ~ Nouns cfiT Ji<TI'lT 'fil -at ~ Possession m Ownership olf 's ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ 'of'~ ~ ornm t; ~- one of the minister's residences ~ ~ the residence of one of the ministers~ ~I

~ ~ <fiRllT ~ i fcf; one of~ ~ Noun Plural ft '%1 am:, ~ ~ <ifu; ~ Nouns cfiT ~ t m ~ ~ ~ mm t fczi <)-,1· it ~ ~-m Noun Plural 'ITTI 'Q.m ~ # Expression~ ~ ~ ~ t,~- (i) One of the minister's residence.

[~ if ~ ~ cfiT residence) (ii) One of the minister's residences [ltrr ~ residences it ~ ~] .. am. ~ ~ 3-lif ct!' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ if 'of' cfiT 'Sl<ITTf ~ ~ ·~~' ~ if ~ lTQ'. ~ ~ ~ '1ffT ~ 'the residence of one of the ministers' cfiT ~ ~I

3. (A) 'TI1e building's roof' ~ ~ 'the roof of the building' cfiT 'Sl<ITTf q;vrr ~ ~ ~= f.:r-:ffq ~ ~ m?.I' ~ 's [apostrophe 's'] cF,i ~ -:i-m ~ i, 3«1':,

(i) The room's decoration

(ii) The wall's painting 3-llfc:: ~ 'ITffif t, ~ Expressions <il' ~ f.:tqfc-11&<1 ~ ~ ~ ~ mt, (i) The room decoration ~ The decoration of the room. (ii) The wall painting~ The painting of the wall.

ANSWERS I. (D) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (E) 6. (E) 7. (B) 8. (D) 9.~) 10. (D)

11. (D) 12. (B) 13. (D) 14. (C) 15. (B) 16. (D) 17. (D) 18. (D) 19. (C) 20. (D) 21. (A) 22. (A) 23. (B) 24. (E) 25. (D) 26. (B) 27. {C) 28. (D) 29. (A) 30. (C) 31. {A) 32. (E) 33. (E) 34. (E) 35. (A} 36. (E) 37. (C) 38. (A) 39. (B) 40. (A) 41. (A) 42. (E) 43. (E) 44. {E) 45. (A) 46. (D) 47. (E) 48. (A) 49. (A) so. (E) 51. {E)

46, He did not know even I the name of the scientist I who (A) (B)

discovered I the laws of the earth gravitational force. I (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

47. "This blade's edge I is sharper than any I other bade's" w ~) ~

said I the sales representative of the company./ No Error. (D) (E)

48. Many of the questions' I given in this question paper I are (A) (B)

so difficult that I many of the students may fail. I (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

@·he President of India I constitutional power is limitless/ (A) (B)

but it is the P. M. who is, I indeed. powerful. I No Error. (C) (D) (E}

50. Many a man's life is in danger I if the Government does (A) (B)

not take I any serious action to I safeguard us. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

51. Nobody's claim I to be a permanent member I of the club (A) (B) (C)

is valid I in the eyes of the committee. I No Error (D) (E)

{jj. Brutus' role in Julius Ceasure I is very attractive as I well . (A) (B)

as important as far as I the action of the play is concerned. (C) (D)

I No Error. (E)

@The blind's life I is really very miserable I because they w ~) ~ can't see I what happens around them./ No Error.

. (D)' (E)

EXPLANATIONS

A Mirror of Common Errors 12

' ' . .:

8. (D) India~ ~ 's <iii" >Tcfl'lT vlT ~I ~ India~ ~ India's cnr WI' W1!T ~ 'America ~ Problems q;t- ¥RT India ~ Problems 'ii' t, '-l' 1% India "it1 ~- (i) America's problems ..... .'India's. [problems] (b) Ram's books and Shyam's. [books] NOTE : l~ ~ ii' ~ TfC!: ~ understood ~ t1J .

9. (B) friends ~ [Apostrophe] qiJ' '5f<TI1T ~ WIT! ~ friends ~ ~ friends' cfiT 'Sf<WT ~I Rit TfC!: -~ ~~~~- l_i) Your tone of speaking as well as your friends' [tone of speaking). ITT~ tjt err-r ra ~ fcfim Plural Noun cf;T ~ [s] ~ 'ITT m ~ Plural Noun <RM ' fApostrophe] cnr 'Q<TI11" ~ '5ITTIT. t '-l' 1% 's [Apostrophe 's'] qif; ~- (i) Boys' hostel [".f fch Boys 's hostel] (ii) Girls' hostel R 1% Girls's hoste!J ~. ~ Piural Nouns~ ~ (sl "it '-l'"ITT m ~ ~ 's [apostrophe's] 'q;J' mm t; ~- Women's college, Children's books 3,TRf

I j, ~ Possessive Gerund

(ii) Your singing ,!. .L.

Possessive Gerund

4. (B) John's and Mary's~ ~ John and Mary's q;r ~ ~$, ~ W, fcl; ~ ~ Nouns ~~ i closely related lIT m 's fuq; ~ Noun ~ ~ mm WI ~ qJcPr ~

Part -(D) ~ 'couple' wa; <f.T m % ~ % -q-ar ~ t fcf; John and Mary ·i:mr-~· l1 31~:, '3:r ~ q;r 'Q.qi ~ ~· ti . % tjj- ~ W f John's and Mary's house '-11' ~ Expression t ~~~WIT 'John's house and Mary's house' ~ ~ ~ ~ i 3ITT. zyif cnT ti'(

3R111'-~ %1 5. (E) 'qfcFf ~ ~I

<iR; m' fci; 'q;lf:f' [weight] iil~l.iqlcl ~ ~ m'll' ~ 's [apostrophe 's] cfiT m ~ t: ~- A ton's weight, A gram's weight, A kilo's weight 3,IRI

6. (E) qT<Fr ~ ti 7. (B) son~ 's [apostrophe 's'] cnT Jf<WT <R'-IT ~ ~

Gerund [m Verbal Noun tjj- ~ -;;nm tJ $" ~ ~ive Case cfiT ~ mm t: ~- ...,.._ (i) Her dancing

10 -, (D) country's ~ ~ country cfir W1T m1 <f"~ ['s] cfiT · ~ 3"i·M$(<1cf> t, f.:p:.:ifc::1forn Expressions~~

(i) The population of the country. [-:i- f country's J ~~~) (ii) The progress of the country. [::r fci; country's] ~ cm~) .

11. (D) poor's ~ ~ poor q;r ~ WtT ~ that of the poor q;r ~ t the life of the poor.

12. (B) wife ~ m'll' 's q;r >!<WT m,ITI ~ wife ~ ~ wife's cfiT ~ ~ ~ ~ TfC!: expression cfiT ~ t-For your sake for your wife 's, [sake 1 3-m~ (i) For Ram's sake and Shyam's [sake]

(ii) For his success as ·well· as his wife's [success] 3TIRI

13. (D) 'the wall's falling down'~ ~ 'the falling down of the. wall' q;r 'Sf<ITTr cR-rr ~ ~- 'wall'~ ~ ffl t". 3m: ~ ffl 's cfiT '5f<lh ~ ~ ~ ti

e:,_ NOTE:~~~~ 3m-msqT (3) m1 Q} (C) staffs 'tR ' [apostrophe] cfiT '5f<IT7T "cf>BT W!Tl ~ m'

f coming ~ Gerund t am m ffl' 3-llq!4c:hctlj@. Possessive Case "c:f;f >f<n'TT mm t' -;r 1% Objective 'll'T Nominative Case cflf;

tt- M He appreciated your singing. [¥ffl'U TiRT]

· (ii) She stopped Ram's behaving like this. ['Ulr <f.i ~ ~ ~ cR-rrJ NOTE : (~ 'o<lralIT ~ ~ 3m "{:j-o 7 ~]

15. (B) Gandhi's js ~ Gandhi q;r WIT7T WIT, ~ This I That I These I Those I The + Noun + of+ Noun if of ~ <iire; qffi NOUN ~. m'll' 's [Apostrophe 's' 'll'T Apostrophe J q;r >flTI1T ::rm ~ ~ t ~- (i) This house of Ram f·f 1% Ram's] -r --y- T ~

This Noun of Noun (ii) This hostel of Patna College r:r ~ College's J

16. (D) one of my friend's houses~ ~ the house of one of my friends~ ~I

NOTE : ~ cilfrallT ~ ft;ro: am: "{:j-o (2) ~l 17. (D) one$ m'll' 's q;r ~-rr lWTTI ~ct_ one ~ ~ one's

cnT Wllf m,rr1 ~- (i) One should keep one's promises. R fcf; one promises] (ii) One should be true to one's word. [1 fci; one word]

18. (D) cnernies js ffl ' [Apostrophe] cnT 1l<lPT W!Tt 3-.~ enemies~ ~ enemies' q;r 'SimlT miTTl (i) He· honours his seniors' desires. R fcfi seniors)

19. (C) public's opinion ~ ~ public opinion 'ITTTTT ~ public I hostel I city I village I 3,TR Noun$ ~ ~ -r:

. 13 A Mirror of Common Errors

1

Noun in Apposition [';f fcfi Ram's the doctor's advice]

32. (E) ~~t1 ~ ·-ra' fcf; ~ ~ ~ '=!1'tf ~ mer 's [apostrophe 's'] q;r ·WTI1T ~ -if1' ~ t; ~- (i) India's heroes "tIT The heroes of_India.

~. (i) summer, · spring, autumn, winter ~ ~ Personified ~ ~ 'itt ~ ~ ·•·s"'<f.T' ~ ~ ~ ti tt-Spring's arrival, Winter's-departure. (ii) A summer's day <IT A summer day, A winter's day <!'T A winter day cnT \TI 1l<il'1T fun' ti

29. (A) <IT m wit's WIT <iT wits'. NOTE : at one's wits' end (Nesfield); at one's wit's end (A. S. Homby)~ idiom t ~am~ t (f4ic:W&1fcl3!.<$ ~ ~ if) I

30. (C) 'one another' ~ ~ one another's q;r 1f<TI1T ~I . crre: ~ 1% <tfG each other ('!?.lT one another ~ m-er 's

[apostrophe 's'] 'q;T ~ ~ ~ m 's [apostrophe 's'] other~ anotherilfi m-er ~ t; ~- (i) They pointed out each other's merits· and demerits. (ii) They respect one another's parents.

31. (A) India ~ ~ 's [apostrophe 's'] <iiT wi'PT m. m1Tl'I ~India's$ ~ India q;r ffl' m1lfl 'lW!:' -ra' ~ 1%m Noun~ m-er ~ Noun in Apposition [~ Noun ~ Phrase~ ~ ~ ffi ~ ~ Noun/ Pronoun ~ ~ ii' ~ ~ ~ Noun i Pronoun ~ Explain~ tJ cfiT ffl' "ITT 'fil 's [Apostrophe 's'] cir ffl' Noun in Apposition lR mm t; tt- (i) Ram the doctor's advice.

.J,

,, :j

I i

Adj, Noun 20. (D) Commander's-in-Chief ~ ~ Commander-in

Chief's q;r ~ m,m me; -ra' f<f; fcl;zj'I' 'Tl: Compound Noun ~-Phrase~~~ 'lR 's [apostrophe's'] 'q;J' ~ ~ °t; ~- (i) The Government of India's orders. (ii) His daughter-in-law's sister, (iii) The Chief Minister's personal life.

~~- ~ 1Jl:l: Phrases if Government of India ~ Phrase · t ~ daughter-in-law, Chief Minister a:fTR Compound ·Nmms:·t-, 31Cf,; 's .. cfil' ~ ~ ~

~ India, law, Minister 1R fci.:rr "l'l<IT t, 21.. (A) son's-in-law js ~ son-in-law's q;r ~ m1Tl'I

NOTE:~~~~ am-~ (20) ~t 22. (A) you ~ ~ your q;r ~ m1Tl' ~ helping ~

Gerund t am: Gerund ~ ~ Possessive Case cnT ~ ·mm ti You q;r Possessive Case your ('!?.lT yours mm t ~ your ~ Adjective t ~ yours ~ Pronoun, am: Noun· [helping ~ Gerund <IT Verbal Noun t] *1' ~ -arnf.r _q;r ,~ Adjective ffl', -::i- 1% Pronoun. am:, ~ 111!: ~ it your cnT ~

. ~ ~, ;r for; yours q;r <IT you q;r1 23. (8) Shaw's ~ ~ Shaw q;r ~ lIT1TT ~ Many +

Noun + of + Noun ~ Construction if ~ Noun .lR 's q;r'wwr 'm mm t-1

24. (E) ~~ti 25. (D) 'his'~ ~- he~ ~ WTTI @'(B) wife~ mer 's q;r Wf!'7T mlfT ~A+ Noun+ of+ "' ~ . Noun Construction if of~ ~ ffl Noun~ mif 's

\)"' _,...... · [apostrophe 's'] cnT ~ fcf;'l!T ':5llcl'T t' ~ ~ Noun / ~~o!WRl'"fill

(i) A . book · of Ram's is missing. r -r r- -r- A Noun of Noun's R f<fi Ram]

(ii) A pen of Shyam's is red (-;r 1% Shyam] ~. f.:F=!f~f<Sld Phrases~ ~ ~ ~- (i) A picture of Sita [mcIT q:;\' ~ ~] I (ii) A picture of Sita's [m ~ 'tfm ';sit ~ ! m 'ii ~]I

I ;1

!

hostel . -r (i) He remembers his · Noun

life. T .

,j' :, < :

~- ffl t ('!?.lT Adjective ~ ~- if 'TI'I are:, ~ mer· 's cfiT ffl' ~ TTmr t, ~-

. (i) The prblic consists of you and me.

Noun (ii) The pu1blic opinion I demands I life I carrier. · . .... . r

'. Adj'. Noun (iii) This school has a beautiful hostel .

~


27. (C) Govertunent ~ . ~ 's .<f.T 0"SJ<rrlf m7!TI ~

Government ilfi ~ Government's cfiT ffl' ~I -~--

(i) The Government's dubious policy. (ii) The Government's planning.

28. (D) summer's flowers ~ ~ summer flowers <iiT ~rrr ' m1Tl' ~ season ~ '=!itf [~ summer, autumn,

winter, spring ~] ilfi. m-er 's [apostrophe 's'] cfiT -~ ~ ~ ~ t, ~ -ra' fq; summer, autumn ~ Nouns~ ~ if ~ ~ t am: Adjectives js

~if.~1~- (i) Spring is the king of all seasons.

J, Noun

(ii) There are a number of sTng flowers in his garden . . ~

Adj. Noun

. I J

--- ---

'•

! ***

. j

! 1 !

.

'

. ' I

~ !1 ~. Ram's and Shyam's wife cnr ~ t. Ram's wife and Shyam's wife. ·

39. (B)· public's demands ~ ~ public demands qif ~ n, · NOTE:~~~~~ 'tj-o (19)~1

40. (A) servant~ ~ 's <f>T ~ ~ ~ maid servant js ~ behaviour~ NOUN !1 3Ta': His maid servant's behaviourcfil' ~ t ~ ~ q;i- ~·1

41. (A) 'building' ~ ~ 's . [apostrophe 's'] cfil' ~ ~ wrITI ~ 'The decoration of these bui'ldings'-q;r il<nlT. ~ ffl"lJTI

· NOTE : ~ o1JRgqT ~ ~ ~ m:§!IT (3) ~I 42. (E) ~~ti 43. (E) ~~t1

'E2iA' ffl 1% Yeats's, Keats's, Dickens's am qif ~

~t, 44. (E) 'qTcfll' ~ ! I .

'ElJR W fcn .Brutus, Burns, Sophocles, Appolonius 3fTR ~ Nouns t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- m ' [apostrophej js ~ c!il' m ~ ~ ti

45. (A) 'The blind's life' ~- ~ 'The life· of the blind'. cnr WWT A ~ The +. adjective cfiT WUTT Plural Noun~ aref if~-~%~ traT t ~ ~ ~ 's ~ 'Si'<WT :mt ~ t1 ~ m ~ ~ ~ · · ~ Preposition 'of' qif 'll<Wf ml' i; ~- (i) The economic condition of the poor. (ii) The hobbies of the rich.

46. (D) 'earth'~ m!f 's [apostrophe 's'j qif 'Sl<ITTT -g\"lrrf ~ 'the earth's gravitational force'~ ~I ·

~ ffl f.f; ""' dignified natural objects ~ ~ .fut) t ~ ~ 's qif.l[?Wf mart; ~- The earth's surface, The sun's rays, Heaven's will etc. ·

47. (E) ~~t1 'E2JA' m ~ 'space' dldi'.icllcl ~- ~ ~ ~ ~ Nouns~ ~ 's q;r 1l<ITlT mm t; mt- A boat's length, A hair's breadth, A blade's edge, A needle's point. ~ Phrases if length,· edge, point anR Space Gidl4c:li<il ~ ti a«!': ~ ~ ~ ~ Nouns, boat, hair, blade, needle. ~ ~ 's (apostrophe 's') cfil' m fq;.rr lJ<IT ti

48. (A) questions'~ ~ questions qif m ~I 49. (A) India~ mer 's (apostrophe 's') qif ~ ~ ~

The President of India ~ PHRASE t ~ ~ ~ ~ 's [Apostrophe 's') cfiT ~ mm t.1

50. (E) qfq<f ~ ti 51. (E) qf<Pf ~ t,

.

33. {E) ciT<Ff ~ t'1 'ElJR W fci; society ~ ~ 'TI' 's [apostrophe 's' J q;r ~ ~ ~ ~ l; ~- (i) The society's demands <IT The demands of the society. ii) China's population <IT The population of China. ·

$# ti" ,rq;n: % ~ ~ it t, 34. (E) ~~t, . 35: (A) 'him' % ~ 'his' cfiT 1f<UlT WIT ~ going ~

Gerund t, ~ Gerund ~ ~ Possessive Case cfiT . ~ mar t, '-=r fci; Objective Gase q;r1

NOTE:~~%~~~ (7)~-(14) ~I

36. (E) cTicFr ~ t1 .:rrc:- W the mind's· eye, the heart's content, the soul's delight 3fTR idiomatic ti

37. (C) 'his' % ~ 'him' cfiT 'Sl<lT'lT WIT! ~ 'locking' Participle t', -=r fci; Gerund I ~ W fci; Participle ~ Adjective js ~ it cfill1 ~ t ~ ~ Objective Case cfil' WUTT ~ l. ~ Gerund ~ Noun ~ ~ it <f.Tlf ~ t ~ ~ Possessive Case cfil' wrrrT -grar ti~...;.!:.. (i) . Walking' is a good exercise.

:r: Gerund

c~~~~to (ii) I found him walking in the.field. r

Participle ~~~~~"Gml)

NOTE : Walking I Running ~ qif w:rrrr * Gerund ~ ~ it m m ~ ~ ·'-=rr, % ~ ~t;~~.~am,~~ WWT ~ Paniciple js ~ ~ m m ~ ~ 'wfitAft I s-m~' % ~ ~ t; ~ ·~ "(11;', ·~ ~· ~I (i) ~ (ii) it AA 'll"Q; ~ it 'walking'% Gerund~ Participle js ~ it ~ ~~<ffi'~I

38. (A) India % ~ 's [apostrophe 's'] qif ~ m7!TI ~ 'India's and China's present condition' cfiT 1l<ITlT n ~ ~ ~ India's present condition and China's present condition. .:rrc:- W fer; ';;fd(" -et- ~ Nouns 'and' ~ ~ ~ ~ a::r ~ cfil' 3ffilT-aR=f71' ~ fcf;m oZffifi <IT ~ ~ m m 's q;i- 11<IT1T ~ Nouns~~~ t; ~- (i) The C. M. of Bihar 's and the P. M. of India's meeting. (ii) Ram's and Shyarn's wife [-=r fcf; Ram and Shyam's wife] Ram and Shyam's wife cnr ~ t fc!> Ram am Shyam -ey:n" ~ 'TI-IT ~ ~ ~ t, ~ ~ ~ if ~

(sip.) ~ (sif g.) ¥1- (stg.) ¥2 (a) mouse mice goose geese 'crirerion criteria .

louse lice cupful cupfuls phenomenon phenomena foot feet handful handfuls axis axes tooth teeth mouthful mouthfuls ·basis bases

dormouse dormice spoonful spoonfuls oasi.s oases

a team ~ two teams, -~ Jl'cnR congregations, classes, governments, families ~I

(4) ~ ~ Nou_ns ~ ~ Plural m t°-:- (a) cattle, people (m"tT), police, gentry, peasantry,

electorate, nobility, poultry, riches (t:R, ~). odds. (b) Tools or Instruments : arms (W-~). bellows,

fetters, pincers, tongs, sheers. (c) Articles of Dress : trousers, pants. patloons, trappings

~I

(5) Rt:.ilc:?lf~a Singular Nouns ~ ~ Plural ~ m ~ w-

(i) Two dozens I eggs have I been/ bought. I No Error (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

[~ Two dozen eggs~ ~] (ii) Two dozen I of eggs /have been/ bought I No Error.

, (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

[ofcfil' m ~ m1JT ~~dozen, hundred, thousand ~ m a, one, two a:rrfi; ~ m ~ w fcf; -::r m- dozen ~ dozens, -:r m hundred.er hundreds~ ~ t ~ -::t' ~ ~ ~ 'of'~ffl~7=imt] ----- . ~.

(i) Dozens of eggs Cm' ~) ·· (ii) Hundreds of books ~ ~)

~ ;rem:,

(iii) in dozens/in scores/in hundreds/in thous;~ds cfiT J!mlT mil ti . .

@ ~ Collective. Nouns ~ ~ ~ unit ~) q;r ~ ~ m Singular,-~ * -~ ~ ~ q;r GIN ~ m Plural l'.!R" "Glrlr t'; ~-team, crowd, congregation, audience, class, government, jury, family, public.

(i) The team is strong. (ii) The· team are fighting among themselves. rm the team = the players of the tea~]

· ~. ~ ~· Collective. Nouns ~ ~ units ~) cfiT .ml" ~ m ~ ~ ~ q;r Plural Formation m ~ t; ~-

~ .

'·

l I l ·

f I ' j I I

Nouns & Numbers js ~ it ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ q;f.r~~~~~i~~~~ir ~ ~ ~ i, B ~ cm~~ <!R w__:_

(1) ~Nouns~~ Singular~ t- (a} luggage, baggage, breakage, fur:niture, , drapery, .

imagery, scenery, poetry, pottery, machinery, work (<W:r), paper ~), wood ~), iron ~), stone ~)., glass (~). dust, rubbish, dirt, electricity, traffic, information, advice ~), chalk, food, bread, grass, .

~ Nouns Uncountable t, arcf: ~ ~ -:r m 'a I an' ~ WlTTf mm t ~ -:r m ~ ~ -'s I es' ~ ~ Plural ~ -;;rrar t; ~- .

(i) What is poetry?[-;, f<ii a poetry] (ii) The scenery of Kashmir is beautiful. [":f f<i; The

sceneries] (iii) The wall is.madeof stone. [':l" ~ a stone] NOTE :- ~ nouns ~ ffl 3-llq~"-li:hdljf!R a piece of I

pieces of I a bit of I bits of I a loaf of I loves of I a heap of / heaps of 3-ITR ~ ~lclQ4i:hdlj*!I;:: ~ <R Singular 'llT Plural Verb~ it mm~ t ~-

(i) A loaf of bread [-;i- f<f; a bread .:ir two breads} . (H) Two loves of bread

(b) ~ ~ Nouns~ 3Rf ~ '-S' R1IT ~ ! [~ ~ if Plural !J Singular~ t-

news, mathematics, ethics, linguistics, phonetics, politics, economics, statistics, measles, 'mumps, rickets, billiards, darts, draughts, innings etc. .

NOTE : ~ ~ fcJ; Nesfield ~ Wren & Martin ~ ~ measles, mumps 3TIR <A" Plural lfRT t ~ ~ Jr<ITlT if ~ Singular Uncountable Nouns t .am: ~ mil' wtm Singular Verb cfiT '3PTI1T mar t-1 'billiards' cm Wren & Martin ~ 'lft Plural lfRT t ~'

'Billiards is played by women as well as by men.' OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER'S DICTIO~ARY

-A.S.Homby (2) ~ ~ Nouns ~ Singular ~ Plural ~ if ~

~ ~ f<nl!T ~ t- (a) series, species (>IT'JIT) deer, sheep, fish(~. fishes 'lft] (b) ~ ~ ~ ~ -;:wr----salmon,- turbot, pike.

mackerel, plaice ~ 1 ..

(c) headquarters, means (mir-1', lTIUl11), dozen, hundred, thousand, score, agenda, data. -3l@:r

NOTE : dozen, hundred, thousand ~ . ~ ~ Problems f.r::r "WITT ~ ~ ~ !-

I Chapter-3 · NOUNS & NUMBERS '--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~__J

~::::::~~~~====:=~:::::::::::-:=~53::====--- ---- ------

Noun ~ "31<fiR, (i) a ten-mile walk

(ii) two ten-rupee notes. ~ ~ mi if ten-mile/ten-rupee l'.!Bf ~ Adjective q'iJ'

~ ffl st1; mITTr ~ ti ~ W ~ ~ hypheneated expressions ~ ~ ~ ~ 7ffiIT t" am: ~ ~ t ~ hypheneated expressions q'iJ' Plural Formation -:ttt' mm ti a:rcl':, ~ ,fl" a;ytT ~ ~ ~. ~ ~I

(7) ~ ra ~ One of+ the + Noun (Plural) q'iJ' m H t, am:~ ,fl" one~fq;f mm am~ m cf>T ~ ~

1% ~ "liflG Noun Plural t <IT -::r€I' ~ ~ 'tR ~ ~ ~~-q-~~t;~-

(i) One of the most intelligent boy ~ boy ~ ~ boys ~]

(i) Five rupees have been spent. ~. (ii) I have «five-rupee Illm· R ~ five rupees note].

-!,

strife serfs strifes

safe serf

i!p cafes beliefs proofs turfs roofs gulfs griefs safes

(Stg.)

cafe • belief

proof turf roof gulf grief

~ chiefs cliffs

(Srg.)

chief cliff

wolf wolves ~.~Nouns~ ~if f/fe~mmt ~

Plural Formation~ ~ ii' s ~ ~ ~ ti

wives calves halves elves selves leaves thieves sheaves loaves

woman haters man lovers man haters

women advocates women doctors

men servants men teachers

~ ~

~ (e~ .~ Noun + Preposition + Noun (~ Noun + Preposition + ~ Noun) m m Preposition ~- ~ W Nouns Singular~ t; ~-

wife calf half

7 elf self leaf thief

-) sheaf loaf

knife

woman hater man lover man hater

woman doctor woman advocate

man servant man teacher

......

row uponrow R_ f<n rows upon rows] day by day R f<n days by days] day after day [-::r ~ days after days] NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ Noun + Preposition + Noun if

Nouns cfil' Plural~ Problem~~!;. 'tt- Women after women. I climbed the rostrum to I speak

(A) (B) against the cruel I practices of dowry and bride burning. I

woman lover woman lovers (C) · (D) · ~ man hater= one who hates manetc. No Error.

(d) ~ ~ Nouns t ~- 3Rf if fife ~ mm t 1'!"2fT (E) ~ Plural Formation '-fife'~~ ·-ves' ~ fcr;"l!r ~ [M 't ~ Part (A) 1'fffif l1 . 'Women after women' ~ !1 ~- ~ ~ 'Woman after woman' q;r ~ ~ 'Cftlrrt]

~ (Pl.) ..;~ @Five rupees, ten miles cfil" ~ ~ ~: ~ t J, -1, Y ~ ~ ollG ~ ~ Noun <fil" ~ m m 1:Z!R W ~ five

11.,.e rupees~~ five rupee, ten miles~~ ten mile aTIR cnr I' lives ~ mf t; 'tt-

knives

maid servant maid servants girl friend girl friends

boy friend boy friends aTIRI (c) man 1'l"2fT woman ~ «r-1' Compound Nouns ~

Parts if Plural Formation mT it 'tt- . (STg.) ~

sons-in-law step-sons Chief-Ministers

i!p . (Siig.)

son-in-law step-son Chief-Minister

(b) Compound Nouns ~ root word if Plural Formation ' mmt,

17 A Mirror. of Common Errors · ...

lapses. I No Error {E)

@In one of our first conversation I she informed me I that (A) (B)

.she had lost her husband I in a bus accident./ No Error. · (C) (D)° (E)

3. All the girls students I of the college are advised I to sit in (A) (B) (C)

the I Girls'.Common Room./ No Error. (D) (E)

4. The majority of the woman I teachers are persuading I (A) (B)

the principal to consider I their demands./ No Error. (C) (D) (E)

5. It is harmful I to take cupsful I of tea I fiye times a day. I (A) (B) cq ·co) ·

Ne- Error. (E)

/. I•

Directions : Find out the error in each of the following sentences. if any. If there is no error; your answer is 'E".

1. One of her firmest belief I was that her friend shouted at (A) (B)

her I with a view to making her I aware of her repeated (C) (D)

PROBLEMS BASED ON NOUNS AND NUMBERS

~-None of the boys(=, fcfi boy) ~I

All of+ the

[ Noun uncountable (Sing.) Noun countable (PL)

[ Noun uncountable (Sing.) Noun countable (PL)

(11) Most of+ the

~ Noun

Each of+ the + Noun (Plural) Either of + the + Noun (Plural) Neither of+ the+ Noun (Plural)

~-;Ci) Either of the boys R fcf; boy] (9)W -srcm,

I None of+ the + Noun (Plural)

(10) I Any of + the + Noun (Plural~ ~ COUNTABLE mt

l i

f I

come in time. I No Error. (D) (E) [l"« ~ ~ Part 'A' ii' problem js ~ problems cfiT

~~.~one of~ .JR Noun~ Plural~ ti] (8)~ wm ~ & fcf;

(i) One of the problem I with you I is that you do not I (A) (B) (C) .,

(ii) One of the book rrnf book~ ~ books tWT1] \)'~@In the last elections I the electorates' I disinterestedness ~ f.ilfl1 ~ ~ Problem ~r /""" (A) (B) (C)

puzzled I the politicians very much./ No Error. (D) (E)


7. The present datas I show that the illiteracy rate I in India (A) (B)

has fallen down but not I to the level of expectation. I (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

8. He said that I he always kept in his pocket I a bundle of (A) (B)

one hundred I rupees notes. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

9. Running a five stars I hotel needs much more I money (A) (B)

than what we have in I our account. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

10. He gave me I two important informations I I had been (A) . (B)

waiting for I for the previous two months. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

11. Your advices are I the proof of your I discriminating mind (A) . (B) (C)

and I pragmatic approach./ No Error. (D) (E)

12. An earthquake I is a natural phenomenon I and nobody (A) (B) (C) .

can I check it, be sure. I No Error. (D) (E)

13. The class teacher I gave him a home work I and (A) (B)

instructed him to do it I at night. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

14. I saw only I five police who I were running after I the (~ (B) (C)

bank-robbers. I No Error. (D) (E)

@The sheafs I of the wheet-plants were too heavy I {or me (A) (B) (C)

to I carry on the head: I No Error. (D) (E)

16. All the Chiefs Ministers I are responsible for the I pitiable (A) (B) .

condition of their I states. I No Error. {C) (D) {E)

17. After he had delivered I the speech, he .said that he (A) (B)

hoped I to be conspicuously understood I and for_givcn for (C) (D)

any lapses. I No Error. (E)

18

--------'---~-------- ---- -------------

. . 37. The pretty woman I sitting in the car is I the daughter of I

(A) (B) (C) the one of the headman of the village. I No Error.

(D) (E)

38. When he returned I from America, he informed me I that (A) (B)

he had come here I to do an urgent work. I No Error. . (C) (D) (E)

39. Many of the MPs. absented °t 'themselves from i Parliament .. (A) (B)

when some issues of.the highest national importance I (C)

were to be discussed. I No Error. (D) (E)

No Error. (E)

36. "Please convey my- best I regard and wishes to the (A) (B)

Boss", I the secretary said to the peon I of the Manager./ (C) (D)

Error. (E)

@. The doctor declared that I the patient's !,p~s.tine ~a& I not -' '(A) (B)

working properely and so he needed I medical treatment (C) (D)

for a long time. I No Error. (E)

34. He has ordered I bricks/for the proposed I hotel and bar./ (A) (B) (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

35. When you see his I offsprings, you can't I believe that he (A) (B) (C)

is I above seventy. I No Error. (D) (E)

29. The sceneries I of Kashmir is more beautiful I than that (A) (B) (C)

of I Darjeeling. / No Error. (D) (E)

~ His means I are very limited I yet he does not curtail I his. ~ (A) (B) (C)

expenditure and spends lavishly. I No Error. (D) (E)

31. He uses a fine I quality of shampoo I so his hairs are I (A) (B) (C)

black and attractive./ No Error. (D) (E)

32. Wordsworth's poetries I is characterised by his subtle (A) (B)

description I of the beauty and liveliness I of Nature. I No (C) (D)

students. I No Error. (E)

28. The beautiful surrounding I of the palace I attracted a large (A) (B)

number of tourists I coming from abroad. /No Error. (C) (D) (E)

27. He has bought I a dozen of copies I of British English (A) (B) (C)

Grammar, I which is a very popular book among the (D)

• 26. Two summons I have been issued by the court I but you (A) (B)

have not I turned up yet. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

No Error. (E)

25. If a student needs I advice about careers, I he should ; (A) (B) (C)

consult I the careers officer, I No Error. (D) (E)

18. He says that I a two-miles walk I always keeps him I (A) (B) (C)

healthy and fresh./ No Error. (D) (E)

@The haves should t- not look scornfully I at the, naves not, ~l"~ (A) (B). / rather they should I try to encourage them to work hard

(C) (D) and earn their livelihood./ No Error.

(E)

20. "Language consists of several stratums", I said a linguist I (A) - (B)

in his lecture on Language I and Linguistics./ No Error. (C) (D) (E)

21. All his sister-in-laws I are extremely beautiful I to look {A) (B)

at so the question I of selection is very puzzling. I No (C) (D)

Error. (E)

22. The bretherns I of this locality are always I at daggers- (A) (B)

drawn without any i apparent reason. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

23. The wall of this magnificent I building is I fifty foot high (A) {B)

and its paintings I are very striking. I No Error. (C) · . (D) (E)

'@"The headquarter I of the Anny is in Delhi", it's really (A) . (B)

very I surprising that you do not know J even this fact. I (C) (P)


(iv) female dector female doctors

4. (A) 'woman' ~ ~ 'women' m7TT ~ 'man' 3l?tqf

'woman'~ oR Compound Nouns ii' :et>ll-<ld<ll ~ m "IPTI' if Plural formation f%<IT -;;rrm t; ~- SINGULAR PLURAL

J, i (i) man conductor men conductors

(ii) man servant men servants (iii) woman engineer women engineers (iv) woman supervisor women supervisors

SINGULAR PLURAL l l

(i) maid servant maid servants (ii) boy friend boy friends (iii) girl student girl students •

1. (A) 'belief' ~ ~ 'beliefs' q;r ~ m1IT ~ one + of ~ ifTG Plural Noun tst ~ mT t; ~- (i) One of the books,. -r -"T

one of Noun (Plural) (ii) one of the women etc. --r- J,

one of Noun (Plural) 2. (A) conversation cfil" plural form 'conversations' q;r 1l<WT

~I tfiRlJT ~ °tj"o l if~ 1l<IT tt 3. (A) 'girls students' ~ ~ 'girl students' mirr ~

Compound Nouns if M ~ ~ cfil" Plural formation m-T "1'rnT t; ~-

outdoor games. I No Error. (D) (E)

ANSWERS 1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (B) 7. (A) 8. (D) 9. (A) 10. (B)

11, (A) 12. (E) 13. (B) 14. (B) 15. (A) 16. (A) 17. (E) 18. (B) 19. (C} 20. (A) 21. (A) 22. (A) 23. (C) 24. (A) 25.(E) 26. (A) 27. (B) 28. (A) 29. (A) 30. (E) 31. (C} 32. (A) 33.(B) 34. (B) 35.(B) 36. (B) 37. (D) 38. (D) 39. (E) 40. (E) 41. (A) 42.(B) 43. (B) 44. (E) 45. (B) 46. (E) 47. (B) 48. (B) 49. (C) 50. (E)

EXPLANATIONS I

I,

i

~ 49. Now I have come I to know why he always I remains at , (A) (B) .

loggers-head with his wife I and mother-in-law. I (C} (D) .

No Error. (E)

48. "I know nothing I about his whereabout. I Do you ?," I he (A) (B) (C)

said to me. I No Error. (D) (E)

_. 47. Owing to his heavy engagement, I he could not write even (A) (B)

the two-third I of the book of which I the publication was (C}

expected before January. I No Error. (D) (E)

45. You are among those I luckiest man who I attained name (A) (B)

and fame not by / labour but. by chance. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

~@)Notto speak of failure I even a tragedy/does not affect/ »: (A) (B) . (C)

his high spirits. I No En-or. (0) (E)

44. I do my best I but I don't understand why I I do not get (A) (B)

expected I marks in the examination. /No Error. (C) (D) (E)

42. "There are only I certain boy that are sincere I and (A) (B)

deli gent and that can do well in the examinations." I said (C)

the class teacher./ No Error. ~ (D) (E)

"J' /@have.never seen I such a lovely spectacles I in my life", / ' (A) (B) (C)

said I the passer-by./ No Error. (D) (E)

Error. (E)

40. The issues ·are I very complex and the problem I is that (A) (B)

they are bound to be obscured I by these hypocritical . (C) (D) politicians. I No Error.

(E)

_ . \ ~ese type of books I are certainly helpful to the students ~ ,_ (A) (B)

I preparing for the Banking Service I Examinations. I No (C) (D) l

I

l I.

· A Mirror of Common Errors

50. You will not I be allowed I to go anywhere else I to play (A) (B) (C}

- --- ------ - --

20

(i) dictum-dicta · (ii) memorandum-memoranda

(iii) corrigendum-:corrigenda (iv) bacterium-bacteria, etc.

(iii) District Magistrate District Magistrates .17. (E) qJcPr ~ t, 18. (B) a two-miles walk~ ffl a two-mile walk mrITI q;roir

3'tR: ~o 8 it~ lfm tr 19. (C) haves not ~ ffl have nots mrIT f~ aw mm t

The poor, ~ haves, ~ ~ mm i the rich, q;r fc1q~ht1% ~ tr

20: (A) stratum ~ Latin ~ ! ~ Plural strata ~ t ;r ~ stratums. ~ 1(cfiR ~ ~ ~ q;r Plural ~-

State Ministers Bank Officers

(i) State Minister (ii) Bank Officer

15. (A) sheaf cf;!' Plural formation sh~afs m mm- t ~ sheaves mm- ti ~ ~ ~ knife, life, wife, calf, half,· self, elf, wolf, loaf, thief, leaf, sheaf, shelf <fiT

Plural 'f lfe'<m~ 'ves·~~~il 16. (A) Chiefs ~ ~ Chief \WTTI Chief Minister ~

Compound Noun t, ~ ~ ~ Minister ti am:,~ Plural Chief Ministers mrITI ~ 3!<m:,

Sin~uJar £rn.w ·· J, J,

Two

a Noun Countable

· Singular policemen were running after a thief.

l Noun (Countable Plural)

(ii) Two J,

12. (E) ~~t1 13. (B) home work ~ ~ a cf;!' ~ ~ mtrr1 <'ITT"T ~

~o 10 it~~ t, ~ ~ -ra' fct:; home work I urgent work I class work I important work a,rre: if work Uncountable Noun. ti-

14. (B) 'police' ~ ~ policemen mtrr ~ 'The Police' · ~ plural number if ti ~ Police .srrftr q;r ~ mm ti Countable Noun ~ ~ it Policeman~ ~ Plural Policemen~ t; ~- (i) The police are becoming more and

l l Noun Verb

(Plural)· {Plural) more inactive.

~ (i) I have seen ~ policeman coming here. J, l

a work ~, (ii) All the works of · Shakespeare are worthreading. --r- ·

work cfiT Plural 11. (A) advices js ~ advice cfiT ~ ~r cfiRUT ~ ~o

IOir ~ lfm t1 ~ ~ ~-ra' fcl; ·~· ~ ~ if 'Advice' Uncountable Noun t ~ Advices cf;!'

~ ~· mmlr

I I I '}--,

~ I

(iii) mouthful mouthfuls (iv) spoonful spoonfuls (v) glassful glassfuls

6. (B) 'electorate' plural number if ti ~ aw ~ t voters. am:, electorates'~~ electorate's cfiT ~

~~I 7. (A) data singular am: plural $rr ~ forms if "SJclT1T ~ i1

am:, data q;r plural formations datas ~ t"1 8. (D) rupees js ~ rupee ~r ~ one hundred rupees

ffl t ~ a one hundred - rupee note ~ Two one hundred - rupee notes ffl t ~ aror Noun 'note' t -am: one hundred - rupee fu"q; ~ Adjective js ~ if ffl q;m ti 3m" ~. A two-mile walk~ Two miles' walk.

9. (A) A five-stars hotel~~ A five-star hotel ffl ~ o!ITT§1l1" 3m: ~ o 8 il' ~ 1ft t I

10. (B) information ~ Uncountable Noun t, .anr:, ~ m ~ m NAn q;r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 's' ~ ~ Plural formation ~r ~ ~ Nouns !-news I information I advice/ jvork I scenery I pottery I imagery I poetry I stationery etc. ~ Singular ~ ~ a piece of I a bit of aY.IT Plural pieces of I bits of~ ~ aA'1"llT ~ tr am: two important pieces of inofrmation cfiT ~

® ffl ~-, N. B. Work cfiT aN ~ ·~. ~" m, "ffl" "lili

\J" Uncountable Noun mm- tr I have an urgent work. if urgent~ ffi" 'an' cfiT ~ ~ tr 'an'~ ~ ~ 'some' cfiT >fll1"1T cfi\ ~ t ~ a piece of urgent work~~tr ~ work t ~- ~ ·~· cfiT ~ m m ~ Countable Noun mm tr ~: (i) Macbeth is ~ popular work of Shakespeare.

l J,

Plural ~ cupfuls handfuls

Sinfular

(i) cupful (ii) handful

5. (B) 'cupsful' ~ ~ 'cupfuls' ~ ~ ~ Nouns ~ ~ 'ful' ~ m- ful il' 's' ~ Plural Formation q;fct t; ~-

2t A Mirror of Common Errors

Two NOUN (PLURAL)

32. (A) poetriesjs ~ pieces of poetry .:rr. poems m,-1 'o!ITT9llT ~ ~ °3m: ~ 10 ~I

~3. (B) intestine ~ ~ intestines q:;r ffl' mm ~ intestines cf,f ffl' Plural ~ it mcJT t I ~ the smallintestine, the large intestine cfif 'ifcWT ~ q;fc, %1 Plural form if ~ ~ ~ 3Pl' Nouns cf.t ~I

spectacles ~) I glasses ~), manners ~).riches~' ffl) scissors, trousers etc.

34. (B) bricks ~ ~ pieces of brick ml' ~ brick, stone,iron,ice~ Uncountable Nouns jt: ~-_-;,:_, .. (i) This' bunglow is made of bri~k/sto~~ etc. ~ stone ~ Countable Noun mar t ~ ~ a:¢ ~-trc'cR cfiT ~I ~-He threw a stone in the water. ~ ~ iron cfiT plural irons mm t' ~ ~ am m ~ t ·~· 'llT ~·1

35. (B) offsprings ~ ~ offspring ~I 'Offspring' ~ am ''l=rnR'' t Singular am: Plural $rr tr ~ if ~mart1~:_ (i) Her first offspring (= first child = ~ ~) could not survive. (ii) Her two offspring ( = two children = ~ ~) are alive.

36. (B) regard ~ ~ regards cf,f ~ WIT ~ i::r:r ~ if kind~y thoughts and wishes~ ~ regards q=;r ~ fcl;lrr -:snm t ~ i::r:r 3lTR if convey my respects, regards, wishes 3lTR cfif ~ fcfi'llT -:.mrT !1

hairs or' Ram's head are white. !

(iii) Two J,

Noun

. 29. (A) sceneries~~ scenery ~I ~ ~ ~ '3m:

~10~1 30. (E) cfrcP.T ~ ti 31. (C) hairs$ ~ hair n ~ are~ ~ is n1 hair

~ Collective Noun t ~ ~ Uncountable ti ~ ~ ~ ftR"cn' ~ ~ m hair Countable m ~ t, am: ~ ~ ir a hair, two hairs~ ~ ~ t; ~- (i) His hair is black. ~ ~ ~ t)

,!. NOUN (collective)

(ii) All his hair is.black. L

NOlJN (collective)

~.

(i) A dozen mangoes ~ m 3Wl')

~. (ii) Dozens of mangoes ~ 3Wf)

28. (A) surrounding ~ . ~ surroundings cfiT m A <P-l1fcfi surrounding tss Adjective t. ~ ~ mm t ~~cfiT); ~-

(i) Patna and its surrounding counpside l

Adjective Noun ~ surroundings ~ Plural Noun t ~ 3N mm t "~~~mu ~ cti"t ~··; ~__:_

f I I ! I I I !,

!·

(vii) woman women

. 24. (A) ~f@lll~ll ~ ~ 'headquarters' ~ cfiT ffl' Singular ~ Plural-zyf\'-@' ri if mcTT t; ~- (i) The headquarters of the Army. (ii) The headquarters of the Anny & the Navy. ~ :sfq;R quarters ~ cfiT -m- ''ER' ~ 3N if Singular~ Plural ~ tt' ~ i't mm ·t,

25; (E) cfrcP.T -~ t, 2.6. (A) 'Summons' ~ Countable Noun t ~ Singular tt

~ Plural summonses ~ t, ~ Oxfor<l Advanc.ed Learner's Dictionary) . 3«1':, Two summonses~ ffl' mllTI

· · · · 27. (B) a dozen copies 'llT dozens of copies cfiT -m- ~ · cflITf.t; A dozen I Two dozen ~ 'llT A hundred I Two

hundred ~ ~ ~ 'of" cfiT ffl' ~ mm t ~ Dozens 'llT Hundreds ~ oi1G of cfiT ffl' mT t; ~-

(i) louse lice (ii) mouse mice

(iii) dormouse dormice (iv) goose geese (v) tooth teeth (vi) man men

I'

I· ,. I'; .

NOTE : ~ "ffi1T dictum <fif Plural dlctums, memorandum cfiT Plural memorandums ~ corrigendum <fif Plural corrigendums cffl' ,ft ~ ,rr;rn- t ~ 'lf '5l<U1T ~ ~ t,

_..21. (A) sister-in-laws ~ ~ sist~rs~in-Iaw ~I oZJra!ft' ~ ~~~o3~1

_22. (A) brethren ~ 3N t ~-~') wf.t-an,:r if Plural t, 3«1': ~ ~ 's' ~ plural formation ~ 'l'R-ra" t,

23. (C) fifty foot ~ ~ fifty feet ~ ~ foot cfiT plural feet mm t, Irregular ~ ~ plural form ~ ffl ~~t- .

~ J,


(i) The surroundings of this museum J,

22

\ ' I

37. (D) (i) the one ofq;r JlcU1T the headman js m -:;tr~ ~ ~ ~ 1'Jlq <fir ~ m headman ~) mmt, .(ii) tt one of ~ ~ the headmen t,;IT headman q;r plural t') cfiT Jl'1TI'lT ~ sil'T ~ 't ~ ali ~ ~ ~ a;tR ~~tr~~ ti~ (i) The headman of this panchayat is kind. [~~'lf;J"~~t1] ~. . (ii) One of the headmen of these ten panchayats is kind. [~·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t11

38. (D) urgent work ~ ~ an <R ~ ~ WTTI ~ ~ ~ ~ 3m: mgqr 13 mlT 101:fil' oZfR§!IT ~I

39. (E) cffcR ~ ti 40. (E) ~ w;: ti 41. (A) type ~ W types cfiT ~ ~ cflfl'f.f; These I

Those I certain I other~ Demonstrative Adjectives ~ o1R Noun~ Plural Nu~ber it mm it tt Th~e~ ~ This '1t- ~ ';5fT ~ t ~ Experssion "This type" m ~. ~ Part (B) °;f Verb Plural Number it t am: These types m ~ m-m1

42. (B) boy ~ ~ boys WTTI ~ certain + Noun (Plural);~- (i) certain books (ii) certain pens ~ A certain + Noun (Singular); tt (i) A certain book. (ii) A certain pen.

43. (B) spectacles ~ ~ spectacle <fir ~ lITlTT ~ spectacles ~ ~ ali ~ !-glasses ~) mir

scenes~;~- (i) He usually wears spectacles. ~ (ii) There are some beautiful spectacles~) in this hilly region. ~, Spectacle, -it ~ Singular Countable Noun t, q;f ~ ~· ~ 3l'f it -::rtr mm t ~ ~· ~ 3ref if ~ ti am: (i) What a beautiful spectacle ! (= What a beautiful sight!)(=~~ ~!I)

m. (i) What beautiful spectacles ! (= What beautiful sights I scenes!) (~~~~~!)

***

~. (ii) He got good marks in English.

45. (B) man ~ ~ men ir11T cflfl'f.f; ~ ~ one of·<R '!JllTlT ti ~ ~ ,:ft ~ ~ fcf; one of, either of, neither of, each of, every one of; many of, both of, A number of~ ~ ifTG Noun ~ Plural Number if mrrt ~-

(i) One of the bags (ii) Many of the hats (iii) Both of the rats (iv) Either of the candidates.

46. (E) ~~ti Failure (lack of success) ·ai~tf>t1dl' ~ ~ if

. Uncountable Noun t am: ~ ffl -:r m A 'q,f ~

~ am: -:; ti' ~ Plural failures 'qifl ~ ~.

spirit Singular Noun t a.m: ~ aref ~ (soul). -~ (ghost) mw ti ~ spirits q;r a:¢ alcohol mm ti ~ ~ ~ a:¢ 'mood' ,:ft mm t, am: .' in good spirits I in bad spirits 3TIR cfiT ~ ~ ~ t -:i- fcf; in good spirit~ in bad spirit cf;TI ~ A good spirit ltT Abadspirit tsr ~~ti

47. (B) two-third ~ ~ two-thirds q;r wrrrr ~ cPm% one-third (Singular) t ~ two-thirds I three-fourths ~ Pluratt1

@<B) whereabout ~ ~ ~hereabo~ q;r ~ ~I whereabout q;r "ll<lTlT ~~ t ~ whereabouts q;r Jl'1TI'lT moT t1 Noun ~ ~ if ~ a:¢ mcIT t (atm--i«IT) m!T ~ ~ Singular ~ Plural Verb q;r ~itmt;~- (i) His whereabouts is I are not known. ~ Interrogative Adverb~ ~ if ~ aref mm t ·~~w~~~-R·~- (i) Whereabouts did you find it ?

49. (C) at loggers-head ~ ~ at logger-heads <fiT m wrr ~ ~ ~ "t ( in disagreement).

50.(E) ~~i1


(ii) What beautiful spectacles ! (= What beautiful glasses !) <=~~mt>

44. (E) cffcR ~ t,. . NOTE : fflf, 3lTR ~ ~ ~ ~ marks ~·ca \'t ~ mm- t, mark 'q;T ali ~ 'R@' mm t .. ~ ~ if '1t- mark q;r Plural marks 'fflaT l; ~ (i) Who made these dirty marks on my new book ?

(Sing.) (Sing.)

· (4) ~ ~ Singular Nouns 'and' ~ ~ ~ :©: ~ ffl <IT 'TI<f q;r a1N ~ m Verb Singular~ t;

(i) Bread and butter is my favourite food.

~ ~· Nouns <fir ~ RL.if~f-&?I t- Bread and butter, Rice and curry, Horse and carriage,

Hammer and sickle, Crown and glory etc. NOTE:~~~ Nouns~~~~~ q;r ~

~ m Verb Plural mm t; ~- . (i) Crown and glory exist together.

~ (5) *-~ Nouns m Pronouns as well as, in addition to, besides, like, unlike, with, along with, together with, accompained by, led by, headed by, guided by, controlled by, governed by, rather than, and not a1'ifu ~ ~ m m Verb ~ Noun m Pronoun js ~ mar t; #-

(i) You as well as your sister were in the wrong. (ii) He together with his friends is coming today.

NOTE : ~ m fcF; ~ ~ it Sister~ ~ was am: friends~ ~ were <fir JJmlT cfR: Problems~ ~ ti ~ (6) ~~Subjects Notonly but also, Neither .. ...... nor, Either or i ~ ti!' m Verb~ ~ qffi Subj~t~~~t,; #-

. (i) Neither you nor I am willing to do it. (ii) Neither you nor be is making a noise.

each Noun each Noun (Sing.) (Sing.)

<IT (ii)

~ ~ and 8f is invited.

each Noun Noun

(i) My friend I were I not present I there. I No Error. A B C D E

[f<!:°Q: lfQ: cfrCR ~ Part (B) it 'were'~ ~ 'was' q;r '5l"mrT ~ ~. ~ c(1q<f Cf\T Subject 'My friend' Third

,, Person, Singular Number it !I] ·a:r.r~~~~-

(ii) We are T-T Sub. Verb (Pl.) (Pl.)

NOTE : 'fll'R' W fcfi Subject Verb Agreement ~ Problems rn* is, are, am, was, were, do, does, have, has ~ fsf;<rran' if ~ t m fl:R Present Indefinite Tense ~ ~ ~ il'1 ~ii'~ is~~ arem am,do~ ~ does, have~ ~ has a1'lfu Cf\T ml' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t;~-

walking in the field.

(B) I ~ubject (Plural) Verb (Plural) j (i) 1}ey ¥ playing in the field.

Sub. Verb (Pl.) (Pl.)

~ '(ii) You~ ~ ri ~ Plural.

(i) I~ ~ am, was~ ~ ~ ~ Plural.

~ i' t ,. l

Sub. Verb (Sing.) (Sing.)

(ii) Ram eats a mango. J. J.

Sub. Verb (Sing.) (Sing.)

~=

~ ,fl- Finite Verb Cf\T Number .am: Person cffllf (Subject) (1) <lR cfrCR Cf;f Subject ~ Singular Noun ~ ffl Verb ~ Number am: Person js ~ ~ t; ~- ~ngular mar t; ~-

(i) They go. (i) Mohan is always late. (ii) He goes. (ii) A book has been bought.

~ go ~ Finite verb t ~ Plural Subject 'They' ~ (2) ~ ~ Singular Nouns 'and'~ ~ m ffl' Verb Plural

~ Plural ~ ~ ii' t", ~ Singular Subject 'He' ~ mef ~ l; ~- Singular~ ~ if !1 (i) Ram and Shyam have come.

~ W fcfi ~ SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ~ tr (ii) A book and a pen have been bought. ~ "q{ ~ ti ~ f.rlP1 t ~ (3) ~&Sj~ouns 'and'~~ m. ~ ~ ~

(A) I Subject (Singular) Verb (Singular) I each m every <fi1" ·wrrtr mm Verb Sin~Iar:wm t; tt- ~ (i) S~e re;ds a book. (i) ¥ 1}°Y and ~ 8}! is invited,

Chapter-4

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

. (i) The number of the buses is increasing.

(16) Some, Some of, All, All of, Enough, Most, Most of, Losts of, A lot of, Plenty of$ i1'R: Noun ~ Countable 'ffl' m cffl Plural mm t 3'ITT: Verb '4t Plural;~-

(i) All men are mortal. (ii) Lots ofp'/ayers were there. ~. ~ m ofTG Noun Uncountable· 'ffl' m ~ Singular

men t am: Verb 'TI Singuiar mm l ~- - (i) Some money is needed. (ii) Lots of milk is available.

(17) Half of, One third of, Two thirds of, Three fourths of ~ ~ Noun ~ Countable 'ffl' err cffl Plural moT t ~ Verb Gt Plural mm t; ~-

(i) Half of the hotels are closed today. ~. ~ il'R: Noun~ Uncounrable.st m ~ Singular

mm t ~ Verb 'TI Singular mm t1 tt- (i) Two thirds of the land has been ploughed."

~ (18) More than one ~ ofR Singular Noun am: Singular 1erb 'ffl'clT t; tt- ·

(i) More than one room is vacant. ~. More+ Plural Noun+ than one~~ Verb Plural

mmt;~- (i) More teachers than one are late. (19) There clYlT It <ti!' m ~ Introductory Subjects $

~ ~ 'ID° <IT There t mer Verb cf;T 'SJ1rrlT. There ~ <il'rc:: ~ Noun c:rr Pronoun ~ Number 3'ITT: .Person -"R R"R cfiUfT t; ~-

(i) There was a king.' (ii) There were two kings. ~, It~~ Verb~ Singular mt ~ (i) It is these boys that came latetoday,

Verb

(15) A number·of, A large number of, Large numbers of$ -rR: Noun Plural om Verb~ Plural m<!T t; ~-

(i) A number of girls have passed.

~ ~. The number of~ -rR: Noun_ Plural.~ ~;gular mm ti tt-,

{i) Many a pen ~ red. J, J, J, J,

Many a Noun Verb (Sing.) (Sing.)

(14) Many, A great many, A good many ~ om:: Noun Plural~ Verb~ Plural mm t; ~-

(i) A great many boys are sitting there.

~ Many a/an ~ a1R Noun Singular am Verb ~ Singular moT t; ~-

(i) Not she but her friends are guilty. (ii) She and not her friends is guilty.

(8) ~ q'TcFI' 1f;f Subject Each, Either, Neither 'ffl' 'fil Verb Singular'ffl'ol t; tt-

(i) I invited two boys but neither has come. (9) Each of I Either of I Neither of I Every one of I One of

~ $ alR Noun c:rr Pronoun Plural ~ t', ~ Verb Singular;~-

(i) Each of the mangoes is ripe. l

Noun (Pl.) (ii) One of them has played well. -r-

Pronoun (PL) ~ f.lcflf 'IR ~ Problem~- (i) The teacher asked the student I if every one of them I

(A) (B) were ready to attend the classes every day I No Error.

(C) (D) (E) [~ ~ ~ PART (C) ~ 'were'~ ~ ·~as' <ti!' 'SJ1rrlT

miTT ~ every one of~ il'R: Noun 'llT Pronoun Plural ~ Verb Singular mm \1 ]

rf< (10) ~ ~ cfiT Subject e~erybody, someb?<f y, i:wbody anybody someone, ~ne, icyecyone, anyone, everything, something, nothing, anything 'ffl' err Verb Singular mw t ~- · _.;.-

(i) Everybody knows that the earth is round. (ii) Everybody among your friends likes playing.

::k (12) * ~ q;r Subject Many, Both, Few, A few ~ ffl' Verb Plural ft t; ~-

(i) Both are happy. • (ii) Many were invited but a few have come.

,;,. (13_) Both of, A few of; Few of, Many of~ an'G Noun c:rr / Pronoun Plural oerr Verb ,fl' Plural mm t; tt-

(i) Many of the ~ are green. i

Noun (Pl.)

~~'IR ~ Problems~ ~ ~ t'1 ~'- (i) Neither Prakash nor his I brother Prashant are I capable

(A) (B) . of doing this I work within two days. I No Error.

(C) (D) (E) . [GRAMIN BANK 1991]

[ ~ q'TcFI' ~ PART (B) ~ 'were'~ ~ 'was' cfil' 'SJ1rrlT m1lT ifllTFcf; Verb ~ ~ cfil' Subject 'nor his brother Prashant' l ~ Third Person, Singular Number jt !J

(7) <1R Subject not but 'llT 'not' ~ ~ m' err Verb ~ Subject 'Not' ~ mer ~ t', m ~ mm t; ~-


·-~.·_I_ .---------~-- -·---,-- -- -- -- ----~-v-

campus. I No Error (D) (E)

4. More than one successful candidate I have taken the (A)

interview for one I of the popular magazines I being (B) (C) publishied from Delhi. I No Error

(D) . (E)

@s the~e any difficulties I in disposing .of this gorgeo~ ~a w ~ ~/ building I built on such a spacious I and beautiful

(C)

3. Ritu as well as I some of her friends I have fallen in love (A) (B) . (C)

· with Sonu, who/is the eldest son of an S. D. 0./No Error (D) (E) .

2. It is noticed that I the elite class have no soft I comer for (A) (B)

the downtrodden who are the I real 'i!Ctims of the present (C) (D)

social set-up. I No Error (E)

... Directions : Find out the error in each of the following

sentences, if any. If there is no error, your answer is 'E'. 1. Two miles beyond I that pasture was seen hundreds I of

(A) (B). cattle including I some lambs. I No Error

(C) (D) (E)

PROBLEMS BASED ON SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

[t.D.S.B. 1990] [~ ~ ~ Part (B) -q am ~ ~ are <fir ~ lrr1TT

~ Part (A) if 'You' ~ 'I' 'and' ~ ~ t 3lR ~ 1rciiR Subject Plural ti]

Pro. and Pro. · Verb (Pl.)

~ ~ 1R .anmror Problems ,fl' ~ ~ ~ t: tt (i) You and I I am going to take part I in the meeting

(A) (B) tomorrow I No Error.

(C) (D)

have disturbed me. J,

guilty

(i) I wish I were a bird. ~ ~ 1R ~ Problems ils'IT ~ ~ t; ~- (i) If I was you I I would have told I the Chairman to keep

(A) (B) (C) I his mouth shut. I No Error.

(D) (E) ,

[B.S.R.B. (BANGALORE) P. O. EXAM. 1990]

~ ~ ~ Part (A) if 'was' ~ ~ 'were' ~ ~ m1JT ~ fflR' ~ Unfulfilled wish I conclition I desire (~ m ~)~~if I as if I as though I f>wish etc. $ ~ ~ To Be q;r ~ m m ~ 'were' ~ 'lJ'lnlT ir .a:rrm t,

(23) ~ ~ 'Pronouns ·'andr.~ ~ m · Verb Plural mm t; ~-

I I ··t

i t i

. ! l !

[B.S.R.B. PATNA 1992] ~ qJq<f $ Part (B) if 'was'~ ~ 'were' q;r ~

m1TT ~ 'which' Relative Pronoun t ~ Antecedent " 'the issues· Plural l ~ ~ ~ Verb ,fl' Plural ~I

~ ,~),, . (22) 'cfdm:r ~ Unfuifilled wish, condition, 'desire <tit 7 ~ q;f.t ~ ~ if, as if, as though. I wish, We wish etc ~ ~ * To Be q;r 'll<l1'1T 'fil err ~ Arif; 'were' ~ ~ if

amrr t ~ Subject fct;m ,fl' Number Per~ <Pit' :r 'fil; ~-

I I:

.. ,I . ;'

\~.A- ~ (21) * who, which~ that q;r ~ Relative Pronouns ---- ~ ~ if m or ~ ~ ~ Verb ~ Antecedents ~

Number~ Person 1R R"h cf;«fT' t; tt- (i) I, who am a teacher, teach here. (ii) The students who are here did not do well. ~ f.rli111R 3ml1ftf Problems ils'IT ~ ~ t; tt- (i) One of the issues I which was discussed I in the

(A) {B) meeting I was raised by me. I No Error .

(C) (D) (E)

(i) Two thousand rupees have been spent. t J. J,

Numeral Noun Verb (Adj.) (Pl.) (~-~w·

(ii) Ten tons of coal is enough for me. ~. * Numeral Adjective + Plural Noun ~ ~ ~ cf>f ilT'q m or Verb Plural mar t; tt-

(i) Two thousand ~ is a-handsome amount. J, .!. J.

Numeral Noun Verb (Adj.) (Pl.)' (Sing.)

vp·· (20) * fct;m · Numeral Adjective + Plural Noun ~ ~ (i) 1. ~ -um, ~. cr;;r:r, ~ ~ cf>f ~ 'ffl' <IT Verb J, Singular mnT 't; ~- Pr o.


and he are J, .!, J,

and Pro. Verb (Pl.)

and he J, J.

(ii) You J.

- - ~~- - - - ~ - - ---- ---- ~~-~--

No Error i (E)

24. The teachers face the I same problems in their day to day ~ (A) (B)

lives I as do an ordinary mari I of our society. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

25. The man who cannot I believe his senses and the man who (A) . (B)

cannot I b~lieve-anyfhiiig 'else'are I insane. ·1 No Error (C) (D) (E)

No Error (E)

~elften says that I it are these obscene films I that lead the v"°' " . (A) (B)

youth to their moral degradation I and are responsible for j,, (C) .

many evils growing in our society. I No Error (D) (E)

22. Not only the doctor I but also the nurses of this nursing I (A) (B)

home is very kind and helpful I to the attendants./No Error (C) (D) (E)

~3. There appears I a number of new faces in the hall I and I (A) (B)

really do not know where they have/ come from and why./ (C) (D)

(E) . . .

WMost of the news I pertaining to the sudden demise of Dr. 4 (A) (B)

Sen I have been communicated by some of the ruffians I (C)

whom I know well./ No Error (D) (E)

@Although these building are I in need of repair, I there (A) (B)

have been much improvement I in their appearance. I (C) (D)

No Error

No Error. (E)

17. Each of the students, I whom I have chosen to take part I (A) (B)

in the cultural programmes to be performed I in the City (C)

Hall, are up to the mark. I No Error (D) (E)

18. Everybody among the businessmen I were enjoying (A) (B)

drinking I when the Manager of the hotel I was shot dead./ (C) (D)

16. A body of volunteers I have been organized I to help the (A) (B)

faculty members I in their attempt to raise the fonds. I (C) (D)

11. Just outside I the hotel is I two baro/extremely beautiful/ (A) (B) (C)

as well as crowdy. / No Brror (D) (E)

12. We should not forget that I we have a right to criticise (A) ~)

but I at the same time each of us I have to remember the (C) (D)

duty also. I No Error (E)

@Her pugnacious daughter I always do something that may (N (B)

incur insult I on her neighbours who hold a wrong I (C)

opinion about her family. I No Error (D) (E)

14. One of I the biggest industrial houses I in Mumbai is on W 00 ~ the verge of I declaring a lock out. I No Error ·

(D) (E)

QJ Our Head of the Department assured I us that a series of . (A) (B) lectures on Milton I were to be arranged I the following

(C) week and so we should not create any nuissance./No Error

(D) (E)

No Error (E)

10. His politics is not I good. so we have suggested to him I ~ (A) (B)

that he should read Gandhi, Nehru I and Karl Marx. / (C) (D)

9;The publisher says I that there is I many important details to "· ·--·(A) (B) (C)

attend I to before this book gets printed. I No Error (D) (E)

No Error (E)

@Along the northern fomtier I of India is seen I the Himalayas (A) (B) (C)

mighty I in their splendour. I No Error. (D) (E)

7. The request of the workers' I union that their wages (A) , (B)

should be I increased were supported by I a vast majority./ (C) (D)

6. The leader as well as I his followers are fatally injured CN . ~) in I the train accident which occured last night I near this

(C) railway crossing. I No Error

(D) (E)

27 · A Mirror of Common Errors

understand it I No Error (D) (E)

f i

No Error (E)

38. The idea of I introducing genes I to correct heritable and (A) (B) (C)

other I disorders are revolutionary. I No Error (D) (E)

39. An ability to shrink I and reduce oneself to a tiny form (A)

and reverse the process whenever desired I belongs to the (B)

realm of fantasy and is heard of only I in fairy tales or (C)

tales of magic. I No Error (D) (E)

40. Neither Rajni I nor Ragini were to take to her heels I (A) (B)

when they saw a cobra laying I at the gate. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

41. Have either of I the two candidates been I selected for the (A) (B)

post of Branch Manager I in the Punjab National Bank ? I (C) (D)

No Error ~ (E)

ffi\None I of the five players I who have been given a \.:7 (A) . (B) (C)

chance I to join this team play confidently. I No Error (D) (E)

43. What she says I and what she does I are incomprehensible/ (A) (B) . .CC)

to an ordinary mind like yours. I No Error . (D) . (E)

44. Where she went I and where she left her purse I are not (A) (B)

known to us; so it I is of no use being worried about her. I (C) (D) ..

No Error (E)

45. Nobody else I but these-comely young women have I (A) (B)

played a prank on you; but it is pitiable that you don't I (C).

ship. I No Error (E)

factory./ No Error (D) (E)

33. Every man and woman I of the village have come out I to (A) (B)

see this strange child I who claims to know everything . ~ ~-

about his pre-natal existence. I No Error (E)

34. In our college. it I was obligatory for each of I the students (A) (B) (C)

to buy I his own instruments. I No Error (D) (E)

..::. 35. Those athletes who I did not adhere to the rules of

(A) (B) athletics I was deprived of taking part I in the champion-

(C) (D)

28. What were once glorious forts I are now nothing I but (A) (B)

piles of I rubble. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

@whether you should get married I now or whether you (A)

should remain I single all your life I are your personal (B) (C) (D)

problem. I No Error (E)

30. Each faculty member as I well as most of the students I (A) (B)

were of the view that there should I be many more new (C)

courses in this college. I No Error (D) (E)

31. Does his daily struggle I for existence leave time I to (A) (B)

ponder over I international affairs ? I No Error (C) (D) (E)

32. Either the manager I or his assistants always try to (A) (B)

misguide the public I regarding the vacancy I in the (C)

27. Shingles are a disease I in which the patient develops I lots (A) (B)

of inflamed spots round the I waist.·/ No Error (C) , (D) {E)

26. The available statistics I indicate that the population of the (A)

world will double in about 30 years I and human life will (B) (C)

become I more and more miserable. I No Error (D) (E)


36. One of the developing or underdeveloped I countries are (A)

not in favour of launching I chemical warfare because it (B) (C)

trembles I to imagine its repercussions. I No Error (D) (E)

37. Not -John and his friends I but Mary has surreptitiously (A) (B)

taken I your photographs and sent them I to her friends. I (C) (D)

~-

I

parked a red car. J,

Sub. (SING.)

(iv) Outside the hotel were parked two red cars. J, J,· J,

Adverb Verb Sub. Of Place (Pl.) (Pl.)

cfT<fll' (i) WIT (ii) if 'Seldom' Adverb of Frequency! ~ ~ Grammarians Adverb of Number 'lft. ~ t) I ffl WIT ~ qJ'<PIT if Subject ~: he ~ they $ ~ does WIT do cfiT ~ saTI' t1 '3m' ~. IITTR WIT~~ if,·'Outside' i ~ ~ t, ~ ~ Adverb of Place !1 r-£ ~ ~ Subject ~: a red car ~ two red cars t, afR ~ ~ was ~ were cfiT '3l<ITtT :gm ti

2. (B) have ~. ~ has WrrT ~ The elite class, the middle class ~ Collective Nouns t, ~ Singular ~t'l

3. (C) have ~ ~ has cfiT ~ WIT ~ q1<flf efif ~ Subject 'Ritu' !1 <ITT:: ~ fci; ~ ~ Subjects as well as, in addition to, like, unlike, accompanied by, with, together with, along with 3llR i ~ m m ~ q;r ~ Subject ~ ~ ~ ~ qym Noun ~ Noun equivalent itm' t ,a.m Verb m ~ ~ ~ ~t;~- (i) I along with many of my friends am going to Mumbai tonight.

4. (B) have ~ ~ has m7TI' ~ Many a ~ 'afR Noun wtm Singular mm t ~ Verb 'lft Singular mm t1 m ~ More than one ~ ~ Noun 3ITT Verb ~ ,Jl' Singular ffl' t f£-More than one man ;'as killed. · @ (A) is ~ ~ are cfiT ffl' WrrT ~ ~ efif ~ Subject 'difficulties' %1 , · . N. B. mTT 'tl'TG: ~ fcf; ~ There afR It efif ~ Introductory Subjects~~ if mm t (ft .There~ 3ltf.t iflG ~- Noun ~ Number am: Person $ ~ Verb mrT t; tt'-

come to me.

Adverb Verb Sub, (Sing.) (Sing.)

(ii) Seldom do they J, J, -1

Adverb Verb Sub. (PL) (Pl.)

(iii) Outside the hotel was J, J,

Adverb Verb (SING.)

ffl m ~ t, am ~ '3m' Subject~ Number cl'2l't Person jrtr ~j~IIRld ~ t; ~- (i) Seldom does he come to me.

J, J, J,

1. (B) was ~ ~ were cfiT ~ miTT ~ ~ cfiT Subject 'hundreds of cattle' t', 1 fcf; pasture. N.B. ~ -ra' 1% ~ll-11-<ld<ll Seldom, Hardly, Searcely, Rarely, Never before tt Adverbs ~ 'Q;cFi Adverb of Place ~ ~ -~ q'l'q<IT if Verb ~ Subject ~

EXPLAN ..\TIONS

commenced I that concrete measures to I restructure the (C)

movement would be considered. I No Error (D) (E)

ANSWERS

1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (B) 7. (.C) 8. (B) 9. (B) 10. (A)

11. (B) 12. (D) 13.(B) 14. (E) 15. (C) 16. (B) 17. (DJ 18. (B) 19. (C) 20, (C) 21. (B) 22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (C) 25. (E) 26. (E) 27. (A) · 28. (E) 29. (D) 30._(C) l 31. (E)

32. (E) 33. (B) 34. (E) 35. (C) 36. (B) 37. (E) 38. (D) 39. (E) 40. (B) 41. (A) 42. (E) 43. (E) 44. (E) 45. (E) 46. (B) 47.$) 48. (B)" · 49. (A) 50. (E)

angry comment. I No Error (E)

48. If Mahatma Gandhi I was alive I he would start weeping/ (A) (B) (C)

to see the present condition of India. I No Error (D) (E)

49. Was she a bird I she would definitely· fly to you I and say . (A) (B)

that she could not/ live without you. i No Error (C) (P) (E)

SO. There were I reports a few days before the Accra Session (N $)

General Assembly. I No Error (E)

· 47. If any proof was needed to show that the United Nations I (A) .

have lately become a policy tool in the hands of the U. S. $)

A. and that I the world's sole might has a subservient . (C)

international body, it was provided I by President Bush's (D)

46. Some highly significant I observations has been made by (A) $)

the former UN I Secretary General, Mr. Perez De Cueler, I (C)

in his annual report submitted to the current session of (D)

29 A Mirror of Common Errors ..

Noun Verb (Plural) (Plural)

. some of

Sub. (Sing.) Verb (Sing.) 19. (C) have if; ~ has <fiT' 'SPWT ~ ~ News ~

Uncountable Noun !1 <ITG ~ f<fi "<!R Most of I · Most I All of I All I A lot of I Lots of I Some of I Two

thirds of I Part of~ if; G!iG Countable Noun m m ~ ~ Plural Number~ ~ l elm ~ ~ Verb ,fl- Plural w.T !; ~- (i) Some of the boys are good.

J, J. J.

(i) Nobodx of that name lives · here. J. ' J,

/

Verb (Sing.) Sub. (Sing.) (ii) Everxone ·knows him well.

J, J.

. .

(i) Mathematics is not as easy a subject as you feet. (ii) Economics is considered to be a difficult subject ~.~~~~~ Possessive Adjective~ My I Your I His 'tlT Article 'The') <fiT ;p:rrlf m- m ~ ~ if; aN ~.~ t ~ ~ Plural jt ~ t ~ Plural Verb~ t°; #.-

Noun Verb (Plural)

8. (B) is ~ ~ are cfiT ~ m,rr ~ <Im m ~ ~ ~ Adverb Phrase ~ ~ t, am c'flq<I' q:;r ~ Subject "the Himalayas" t" sm- Plural Number it ti .

9. (B) is ~ ffl are m,JT ~ q"fq<f ei;r ~ Subject "many important details" t, W Plural Number it t"1

10. (A) is~ ~ are <fir wrriT ~ ~ His politics q;r ~ t His political views I Poltical ideas. ~ W f.t; Politics, Mathematics, Economics, Statistics cfiT ~ ~ ~ ·if; ··-::rri:r ~ ·~ -q' ·~ m ~ ~ Singular Verb <fir Jl'cTI'Tr f.t;'lif ;;irm l ~..;_

Noun Prep. Noun Prep. (Plural)

Patna ate good ·

i J,

(iii) It was Ram and Laxman. 6. (B) are ~ ~ is q;r ;p:rrlf ~I ~ ~ ~ ~

3m: 'tj'o 3·~1 {D(C) were ~ ~ was mtJT ~ qfcp:f q:;r ~ Subject

'the request' t"1 N. B. ~ 'cl' f.t; .q'J'<f<f it <fR Noun + Preposition + Noun +. Preposition + . . . . . . . . m <IT ~ Preposition if; m ~ ~ Noun <IT Noun equivalent qTcp.r ciiT ~ Subject ffl ti ~- (i) The boys of mariy schools of

-1, -!, J. j,

(i) It is I. (ii) It is they.

Verb Noun (Plural) (Plural)

~ It ~ ~ Nu~ber am Person ~ ~ Verb 'ffilT ti '{fcf;, It Third Person elm Singular Number cfiT Personal Pronoun !, am: Primary Auxiliaries it rn4i is I was I has I does q;r ;p:rrlf ~ ~~t~-


(i) His mathematics are week. .r (ii) Your statistics are incorrect.

11. (B) is ~. ~ are q;r V<rr'1T mTJT ~. "J1,1st outside the hotel" Adverb of Place °t am·~ q;r ~ Subject "two bars" t, ~ Plural Number it ti

12. (D) have ~ ~ has q;r ~ ~ ~ Subject 'each' !1 N. B. ~ W f.t; each, either, neither <IT e~of,

·e~ ne~of, e~~. o~f * ~ ~ Verb~ Singularmol i1

13. (B) do~ ~ does q;r ~ ~ ~ ~ cfiT Subject "Her pugnacious daughter" i ~ Third Person, Singular Number if ti

14. (E) qrepr. ~ t, ~ ~ ~\'.) 12 it W ~ t, 15. (C) were~ ~ was <fil' ~ ~ ~ ~ qi!' ~

Subject 'A series; i ~ Singular ti N. B. ~ 'TI ~ W f.t; A body of, A crowd of, A bunch of, A team of, A heap of, A herd of, A fleet of, A piece of, A pair of, A chain of'~~~ Noun Plural Number it mt t, ~ Verb ~ Singul!!t; ~t;~- (i) A crowd of people is waiting for the minister.

16. (B) have if; ~ has qiJ' ~ m-rrT ~ qf<f<r <fil'

Subject "Abody"t'I ~ ~ '3m: ~o 15~ i1 17. (D) ate~~ is tWTl" ~ c'flq<I' cfiT Subject "Each of"

i1 ~ a:iT<s'~r'~ ~ om: ~o 12 ~I 18. (B) were if; ~ was q;r WJl1'r tWT1" ~ 'Everybody'

~ q:;r Subject t am ~ Third Person elm Singular Number <fil' Pronoun t"i W ~ ~ ~ Pronouns ~-Somebody, Anybody, Nobody, Everyone, Someone, Anyone, No one, Everything, Something, Anything, Nothing ~ m Third Person ~ Singular Number it t, am Subject if; ~ it ~~~~~Singular Verb~ t': ~-

.. 30

.... (i) There was a king. t J.

, .. Verb Noun

(Sing.) (Sing.) ~ .•

(ii) There five kings. were J. j,

(Sing.) (Sing.) 34. (E) qfq<f ~ ti . 35. (C) was ~ ~ were q;r ~ fl ~ ~ Subject

'Those athletes' t '5IT Plural Number il' t'1 36. (B) are ~ ~ is cfiT ll<rr7r WIT ~ qJ".p:r q;r Subject

'One' t, ~ ~ Singular Verb cfiT ~ ~ ti 37. (E) ~~t1 38. (D) are~ ~ is q;r ll<rr7r 'ffl"tlT ~ cflcPl" q;r Subject

'Theidea't, ~ Singulart"t 39. (E) ~ ~ t, . ~ An ability ~ ~ Verb

'belongs' cfiT Jl<rrlT s3lT ti 40. (B) 'were' ~ ~ 'was' mTfT ~ ~ ~ Nouns ll'T

Pronouns 'either or' 'neither nor' t ~ 1rr m Verb~~~ Subject~~ mmt.1 N. B. : ~ olfmZIT ~ ~ '!l'B ~o 22 q;r ~ ~I

41. (A) have ~ ~ has cfiT ~ 'ffl"tlT ~ qJcfll'

Interrogative t ~ Subject 'either' t "311' ~ Singular Verb mIT t1

42. (E) ~ ~ !1 Nesfield ~ ~ ~ None~ qJcfll'

cfiT Subject lrr m Verb Singular~ ti ~- (i) None has come.

J, J.. Sub. Verb

(Singular)

~.~none of~ aflG° Plural Number~ Nouns <IT Pronouns cfiT 'll'<lTlT ~ oT Verb Singular 'llT Plural ~ ti~-

(i) Each ~ and each &!:! is ready. .i ! -!- J,

Each Noun each Noun (Sing.) (Sing.)

(ii) Each ~ and .girt is late. .i .i J,

Each Noun Noun

· 29. (D) 'are' ~ ~ 'is' q;r 'Sf'lrrlT ft ~ ~ ~ Clauses 'or' t rt ti ~ W fcfi ~ Clause ~ Singular Noun~ oroiR mt, ~ ~ Singular Nouns~ 'or' t ~ ~ m Verb Singular mm=· t1

30. (C). were ~ ffi was ~ 'lfln'lT fl ~ ~ cfiT ~ Subject "Each faculty member" t <i1T Third Person ~ Singular Number 1f tr

31. (E) q1q<J ~ tt 32. (E) ~~ti~~~ 3m: ~o 22~1 33. (Bj have~ ~ has~ ~ ~ ~ Singular Nouns

'and'~ ~ m ~ m ~ ll'T ft:rif; ~ Noun~ ffl' Each 'll'T Every q;r ~ m m Verb Singular~

·ti~-

some of Noun Verb (Un.) (Sing.)

20. (C) have ~ ~ has ft ~ There ~ 411"1; ~ . ~ Noun ~ "improvement" .t ~ Singular t

elm ~ Jn ~ Verb WTTI There oilT It ~ Verb t ~ R.:rtIT ~ 3m: ~ o 5 cfil '6!l'ra!rr if ~I

21. (B) arc ~ ~ is cfiT WITT!' 'ffl'lTT ~ that-clause q;r Subject 'it' ti

22. (C) is~ ~ are cfiT Jl<rrlT mTJT cflilfcl:; Not only . but also, Neither nor, Either or, ~ Conjunctions t ~ Nouns ll'T Noun equivalents ~~Verb~~~ Nouns ll'T

Noun equivalents js ~ mr ti ~- (i) Neither Shyam nor his friends have come.

a':) (ii) Is either Sbyam or his friends here? e1(A) appears js ~ appear q;r "5l<TI'lT fl ~ ~ cfiT

~ Subject "a number of new faces" t ~ Plural Number jl ti

24. (C) do ~ ffi does cfiT 1l<rrlT fl <Piffcl; Subject "an ordinary man"! -;;rr Thrid Person, Singular Number 'ir ti

25. (E) ~~t1 26. (E) ~ ~ ti 'Stastistics' cfiT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~~mm ~ Singular Verb~ t; ~- (i) Statistics is not an easy subject. ~ statistics cfiT ~ ~ statistical· facts ll'T data ~ oT Verb~ Plural mr t1 N. B. : ~ "&ITT9!IT ~ ~ ~ ~o 10 cfiT ~ ~I

27. (A) are ~ ~ is cfiT · WTI'lT WIT ~ Shingles ~ disease cfiT -=tTlf ti cffi form 1f Plural t ~ Verb ~ ~ ~ Singularmr ti~~~~ -;rri:r ~ Mumps, Measles ~ ,ft Singular Verb tr ~ t, ~~ ~"it~ Plural jt rar~t, -;;rr ~~ti)

(i) Some of the land is ' yet to be J, J, J..

some of Noun Verb (Un.) (Sing.)

ploughed. (ii) Some of the money has been spent.

-!- J, -!-

some of Noun Verb (Plural) (Plural)

~' m ofR ~ Uncountable Noun m- m Verb ~ Singular·mm t1 tt-

are good. -!-

(ii) Some of the girls J,. J,

(i) I wish I were a bird ! [''511 ~ ~ t, ~ ~ ~ !]

49. (A) was ~ ~ were q;r 'Sl<TI'lT A ~ ~ ~ it 'TI' ffi ~ ti mq; q'Jq<f ~ ~ it -3RR t, NOTE : 'llTG W f<f; If~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ were cf;T Jfm'1T' Subject ~ Gf1G mcIT t ~ If <R ~ t ~ ~ ~ 'were' subject~ ~ ~ "1TiTI' t°; ~-If I were you, I would do it. ~" Were I you, I would do it. ~ [If I were you = Were I you]

SO. (E) ~ w;: ti .

***

46. (B) has~ ~ have .q;r ~ m-rtr ~ Subject "Some highly significant observations" t ~ Plural Number ir ti

47. (B) have~~ has q;r wwr ~ ~ "The United Nations"~ organisation q;r -:{J1f t ,3fi' Singular ti NOTE : 'llTG W f<f; ~ ~. ~. -~. ~ ~ q;r ~ ~ ir Plural '11' m ~ ~ Verb Singular'tt mm t; ~- (i) TheEast Indies is a ~mall country. (ii) 'Romeo and Juliet' is a popular work · of Shakespeare.

48. (B) was ~ ~ were cf;T 'Sf<lTlT' Al . NOTE : 'llTG W fci:; Present ~ unfulfilled wish I desire "lJT unreal situation ~ express ~ ~ ~ If, As if, As though, I wish ~ Gf1G ~ Verb To be q;r 'Sl<TI'lT cfivlT . m m ~ fu,$; 'were' ~ 'Sl<TI'lT ~ ~ t qJt Subject f<f;tjt 'TI' Number "lJT Person cfiT <P-n' -;, m; ~- .

I

I.

to us. 44. (E) <iTcRf ~ ti ~ ~ ir ~ ~ Clauses and ~ ~ t'

~ ~ ~ Subject t'1 am: Verb Plural Number ir ~ti

(ii) When she sings and when she dances are known

(i) When she sings is known to us. ~ 'When she sings' ~ Clause t"t 3lo:, Singular Verb'q;J' ffT ~ 'l1<lf l1 ~.

None can be followed by a singular or plural verb if it refers to a countable noun. None of the drivers has I have tuned up.

. -Michael Swan: PRACTICAL ENGLISH USAGE (p.172)

~. 'None' (= no one) should be followed by a singular verb, when it is the subject of the sentence. None but the brave deserves the fair. But when several persons or things are spoken of, the verb can be made plural by anraction- None of my lost books were found. None but fools have ever believed in ghosts.

-J.C. Nesfield : ENGLISH GRAMMA COMPOSITION AND USAGE. (p. 42)

43. (E) ~ ~ ti ~ ~ Clause~ q;r Subject m m Verb Singular mcIT t ~ -~ Clauses ~ and ~ ~ m' am: qfq<f ~ Subject jf, m Verb Plural mcIT t; ~-

Uses: (A)~ ri ~ ~ ~ Past if sQ:; ~~ · (i) He came yesterday. (ii) He left for London last night. NOTE : Yesterday, last night I week I month I year, dz

other day, the other morning 3Tif<; $ ~ ~= hsl Indefinite Tense <fir >l'<fl7T mm l1

(B) Past cil' ~ ·~ ~ ~; ~ (i) He always came to see me.

(ii) Meena never made a mistake.

Uses: (A) ~ ri $ ~ ~ Past if ~ ~ 3lR -mr 'lft ~

t;~- (i) I have been Jiving here for a month (:::: I have lived here for a month I (B) ~ ~ $ rei:i: ~ ~ ~ qq; '3ITir W t 3fn: ~.ft

~ t ~ ~ 3N.fcf 33~ '1T t; ~-,- (i) They havebeen working in thefield all day.

PAST TENSE 1. PAST INDEFINITE I SIMPLE PAST TENSE

RULE : (i) Subject + ·v2 + .... : ... (ii) Subject+ was I were_+ complement.

RULE : j Subject+ have I has+ v3 + .... ;; . Uses:

(A)~·ri $ ~ ~ 3Nt-ri ~· sQ: t; ~., (i) He has finished the work. (ii) You have just come.

~(B)~ ffl ~ ~ ~ Pastif ~ ~ ~ ~ $ zj sti: t°; ~-

(i) I have seen the Taj Mahal. (ii) I have visited Kashmir. (C)~ ffl ~~~Past if·~~.~~ 'lft ~

t';~- . (i) I have lived here for a month.

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

RULE.: Subject+ have I has + been +V4 (V + ing) + •.• (for I since + Time) ·· ·

2. PRESENT IMPERFECT I CONTINUOUS TENSE

RULE : I Subject-tis I are/~+ V4 (V + ing) +· ,· .. ,,.~;: . r Uses:

(A)fq-.~1 ~ ffl ~~ ~~~~m; ~ (i) They are watching television.

(ii) She is cooking. (B) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ cmi:rR if ~ t ~ ~

~ ~ t f<ii ~ ~ m ~ m; ~ Ci) He is writing a book.

(C) f.rq;z ~ ~ ~ Programme js ~; ~

(i) I am going to Delhi tonight

L

(i) As soon as I will I reach Patna, I will I send you the (A) (B)

books I you have asked for. I No Error. (C) . (D) (E)

[S. B. I. (Kashmir Valley) P.O. Exam. 1992] ~ ~ ~ Part (A) if 'wi11' cf>T >l'<fl7T ~ WIT,

~ Conditional Clause -ct Future Indefinite Tense <fir ~ ~· ~ t ~ Present Indefinite Tense <fir wmT mm !1

PRESENT TENSE

1. PRESENT INI>EFlNITE I SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

·RULE: (i) !subject+ v1N5 + , •..... · I (ii) !Subject+ is I are I am+ complement: j

Uses: (A) fflr-1 ~ ~ ~ ffl ~ ~; ~

(i) He works in this office. (ii) I live in India. :

(iii) The earth is round.

(B) .. ~ cil' ~ ~ ~; ~ (i) He gets up before sunrise.

~(C)~~~~<mRT~~; ~ (i) She goes to Mumbai next month. (D) ~ '1fcr&f cf>1' ~ ~ <fir ~ m m when, if,

unless, until, as soon as, as long as, in case, before, after ~ ~ ~ Clause it; ~-

(i) You will not succeed unless you work hard. [-::r fcii unless ~ou will work hard] NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~"lrol' Problems ~ ~ TJit !1

~- .

""" ... ·

Chapter-S r '--~~~~~~~~~~T_I_M_E_&~T_E_N_S_E_S~~~~~~~-'--_,,.......~_J·

(ii) We are seeing the C. M. tomorrow,

(D)~ ~ ~ ~ ffl.~ ~; ~ (i) She is teaching mathematics these .days:.

3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

(a)I sub.iect +is, arelam +'to+ v1 · · 1 · tt-(i) He is to start some business.· · ·

(b) l Subject + is I are I am + about + to + V1

~-(i) Mohan is about to leave the hosue.

(c) I Subject+ bas I have + to+ v11·r~ (Compulsion) ~~~

tt-(i) She has to leave the school. 2. FUTURE IMPERFECT I CONTINUOUS TENSE

RUI..E : I Subject + shall/ will + be + v4 (V + ing) + • . . . I Use:

(A)~~~~ -;;u ~if~~;~-- (i) He will be writing some letters tomorrow morning.

FUTURE TENSE

1. FUTURE INDEFINITE I SIMPLEL FUTURE TENSE RULE : j Subject+ shall I will + V1 + • • . . . . j Uses:

(A)~~~ ffiQ; ~ ~ 1f wt;~ (i) He will do it tomorrow.

(ii) Dinesh will build a house. NOTE : ~ ~ ~ Future ~ m q;l" ffl ~ ~

Present Indefinite Tense -~ Present Imperfect Tense q:;r ,ft- ~ mar t. ~ Programme ~ mi ~ constructions~ lflUfli ~ Future~ ffl ~ ~ -;;ir ~

t:

Uses: (A) ~ ri ~ ~ ~ Past ff ~ ~ ~ R;ff cJq;

~~~;~- (i) Meena bad been lying there for an hour.

RULE : SUBJECT+ had + been + v' (V + ing) ..... (for I since+ Time.)

(B) I wish, it, as if, as though ~ ~ 'TI Past Perfect q;i

Jl<rrTT ~ ~ t ~ Past ~ unfulfilled· wish, condition, desire~~~ 'ITT; ~-

(i) I wish I had passed in the First Division. (ii) If he had come on time, he would have caught the

train. (C) ~ Direct Narration if Reporting Verb Past Tense if

lrr n'IT Reported Speech Present· Perfect 'tiT Past Indefinite if ~ m Indirect Narration it Reported Speech if Past Perfect Tense q;r 'ffl" ~ ~ \; ~- ·

Direct : (i) Deepa said, "I have done it." ~ (ii) Deepa said, "I did it" Indirect : (i) Deepa said that she had done it

4. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

3. PAST PERFECT TENSE

RULE: I subject+ bad+ v3 ••••.. 1

Uses: \\-~~ (A) -;;i.r Past ir i't ~ tl'it ~ m ~ ~ ffi trat m1 / ~ ~ Past Perfect oYtT ~ ~ <fR ir trat m ~ ffiQ; .

Past Indefinite cfiT 'ffl" ~ ~ !; ~- (i) The patient had died before the doctor came. (ii) He reached the station after the train had started. NOTE : ~: Past ~ ~ -era::rr ~ ~ Past Perfect

~ ~ -;:r ~ Past Indefinite 'ifir ~ fcti7rr -mT t; tt- (i) He had come yesterday~ ~ He came yesterday

~~ti

(i) He was becoming more and more ambitious. . (D)M' ~~PAST~~~~~ ~-fffi!: ~. r~$~'.$1~2 ~ <f;1" cm:ui- ~ m; ~-

(i) She was always writing rude letters to me.

2. PAST IMPERFECT I CONTINUOUS TENSE

RULE : jsubject + was I were+ V4 (V + ing) + .• · I Uses:

(A)~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Past ir ;;rrft .et; ~- . (i) He was writing a letter yesterday evening. (B)~ Past~i't~~ ~~~; ~ (i) While she was dancing, he was singing. (C) ~ Past ir fcfim ~ q:;r ~ ~ ~ ~ zyrr:rr

m;tt-

NOTE : Past q;j' ~ iildl4ctl~ ~ ir ,fr <Eli+U.cio<II always, daily, every day, every month, every year, once a week I month I year~ q:;r ll'1f!1T ~ ~ !1

Ni(, Past~ ~ m ~ ~ 'used to' q:;r ,fr 'ffl" mT ·t;~-

(i) Gandhiji used to walk in the morning. (C) ~ ~ unfulfilled wish, condition, desire ~ arcRf

cfif.t ~ . ~ I wish, if, as if, as though, it is time, it is high 'time ~ ~ ~ ,ft- Past Indefinite Tense q:;r ~ ~ ~ t;~- \

·(i) I wish I were the P.M. of India. (ii) It is time (that) you went to the station.

: · · (D) ~ Direct Narration it Reporting Verb Past Tense -if lrr ~ Reported Speech Present Indefinite Tense ir m Indirect Narration ~ Reported Speech ~ Past Indefinite ir ~ ~ -itT<IT ti [N.B. ~ Universal Truth~ Vreb ~ ':l1ff ~ ~ ti]:~- ·-

Direct ..He said, "I write a letter." Indirect: He said that he wrote a letter.

A Mirror of Common Error@

20. All the flowers I in his. garden will surely die I before~. w . ~ ~ rains I will fall./ No Error

(D) (E)

18. He uses to study I at least till ten o'clock I at night aJiJd -*· . (A) .. (B) (C)

' . ·" ~· . . · ... then I he goes to bed. I No Error

~ . (D) -, , . (E) ~- / . ·

@)If he had i a few hours to spare, I hewould spend I dre.;;:J (A) (B) (C)

in a public library. I No Error (D) .· ' (E) ··

16. Before the alarm I had stopped ringing I Veera.had pulled (A) (B) (C)

up I the shade. I No Error . .(D) <._~) ·.

[S.S.C. CLERK GRADE EXAM., 1992}

~ I have been knowing I him for ten years/ but I don't know/ (A) . (B) (C)

where he lives. I No Error (D) (E)

15. This is , indeed, I the first time in my life that I I hear I -* (A) CB)., (C)

such an interesting story. I No Error (D) . . (E)

14. When I will be thirty I most of my friends I will be above _.,- (A) -(B) · (C)

thirty I five, be sure, I No Etror (D) (E)

13. I will let you know I as soon as I willget I any informarion ! (A) (B).' (C)

. · about your promotion. I No: Error· (D) (E)

12. She says I that she will take I her umbrella I in case it will (A) (B) (C) (D). rain. I No Error

(E)

No Error (E)

8. He seems to be happy I because his parents I had come (A) (B)

from London I to live with him. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

problem. I No Error (D) (E)

5. A mysogynist is a person I who is hating woman I but a (A) (B)

philogynist is a person I who loves woman. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

6. The secret of his good I health lies in the .fact tha.t I he is (A) ·--~-

getting up before sunrise I and has a two- mile walk every (C) (D)

morning. I No Error (E)

7. Now-a-days he teaches physics I becuase the teacher of {A) (B)

physics I has been absenting .himself I for a month. t . (C) (D)

Directions : Find out the. error in each of the following sentences, if any. If there is no error; your answer is 'E'..

1. When you will find out I any solution to this problem I (A) . (B)

you will become able I to finalise. the project. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

2. Whenever I you are -coming here, I you bring a lot of I (A) (B) (C)

sweets for me. I No Error . (D) (E}

Q;:lt is appearing to me I that you are plotting I against your I (A) (B) (C)

friends and their parents: I No Error (D) (E)

4. The old man who is sitting in that room / lived here for (A) ' (B)

more than I a month but he has never created I any (C)

..

3. FUTURE P.ERFECT TENSE @'It ii high time (you -~e starting .· l this work," I my .

RULE :ISabject +shall/ will + haye +. v3 + . . . (A) (B) (C) ~ -~ ~ ...:...~.::. ~~~ ~ friend said to me.v No Error .

(A)~~ ~ <t> ~ ~· '11"1""1 'i ~ ~· ~"f) "'-t!'I; '>I~- • (D) . (E)

(i) They will have arrived here by this tim~ tomorrow. ~ 10. I have come I to know that your I father has died I last (B) ~ ~ ~ ft;rl!, f<i; ~ awRr ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (A) (B) (C) · ·.

~ ~; ~- '!\'eek./ NQ Error (i) You will have heard the name of Gandhi. (D) (E) NOTE : Future Perfect Continuous cfiT m :; ~ ~ @Many of my friends I wished to come here I today but i

~ !1 ara: ~ ~ ~ -:r©' ctt'':51T W ti ., '(<. (A) .. (B) (C) . none of them arrived yet. I No Error

PROBLEMS BASED ON Tll\1:tf & TENSES (D) (E)


--··· . ·-~

41. It is about time I you have taken I you children I to shcool. · (A) (B) · (C) (D)

/No Error . (E) . ~I had hoped I that I would see I you the other day, but I V (A) (B) (C)

unfortunately-I fell ill./ No Error (D) (E)

43. The thief was caught I after he has disposed of I the stolen (A) . (B) (C)

goods. I No Error (D)

44. Sushma arrived here, I did all the preparations I and then '*' (A) (B) has called I on one of her intimate friends. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

29. If I was you I I would have told I the Chairman to keep I (A) (B) (C)

his mouth shut./ No Error (D) (E)

[B.S.R.B. (Banglore) P.O. Exam., 1990]

~ J want you to I pick up the box I of eggs gently ~d I kept.. V (A). (B) (C) it in the corner carefully. I No Error

(D) -(E)

[B.S.R.B (Baroda) P.O. Exam., 1991] 31. The victim tried to tell us I what has happened I but his

(A) (B) (C) words I were not audible. I No Error

(D) (E)

[B.S.R.B. (Baroda) P.O. EXAM. 1991)

.ten years./ No Error 38. "Here is coming /- my friend l", said Manju when I she (E) {?' (A) (B) (C)

[S.BJ. (Kashmir Valley) P.O. EXAM., 1992] was anxious./ No Error ~If we had Mohan I in our team, we I would have won the (D) (E)

(A) (B) (C) 41 '@!)He advised me I to do as he did I but I did not pay any match I against your team. I No Error . . (A) (B) (C)

(D) fE) attention I to his advice./ No Error 28. Radha came I to the meeting 1 much later I than I . (D) (E)

(A) (B) (C) 40. By this time next year he I bas had I settled himself I in · expect. I No Error · (A) (B) (C)

(D) (E) London. /No Error [B.S.R.B. (Patna), 1991] (D) (E)

(3::., 21. If I would have done this,/ I would have done wrong I and ~ (A) (B)

would have disappointed I many of my friends. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

@If she had told me that I her husband never lived I within ~ W 00

his means, I would not I have lent him the money. I (C) (D)

No Error (E)

23. I wish I he saw you I when you were/ living in EnglancY . (A) (B) (C) . (D) , No Error

(E)

24. The judge had not given I any dicision I until he had I (A) (B) (C)

studied the case. I No Error (D) (E)

25. I lived I here since 1980, I therefore I know everything I (A) (B) (C)

about this city. I No Error (D) (E)

26. I have been I working for this I organisation for I the last (A) (B) (C) (D)


32. We got I everything ready for all I of them long I before (A) (B) (C) they arrived. I No Error (D) . (E)

.· 33. She was with I me uptil now, I so don't rebuke her I for (A) (B) (C)

getting late. I No Error (D) (E)

34. I have been adoring I her for I the voice with I which she. (A) (B) (C)

is gifted. I No Error (D) (E)

./35. Had he come I even a moment earlier, I he would have I (A) (B) (C)

found me there. I No Error (D) (E)

36. Many observations indicate I that the number of the drug I (A) (B) .

addicts is grew I day by day. I No Error -~ (C) (D) (E) 'r)7, Newspapers told I us about the events I that happen I all

(A) (B) (C) over the world. I No Error

(D) (E)

-

Present Indefinite (ii) She appears to be dull.

J. · Present Indefinite

NOTE : Appear q;r ~ ~ if ~ '3l<ITlTI' ~ ~- (a) appear q;r 3Tl!f ~ "Sl<tilf~td m;rr' (to be published) m m ~ ~ Imperfect Tense it ,ft moI' t°; ~ (i) My next book is appearing this month. (b) appear if;!' m- ;;J'GI' 'come before the public'~ 3Tl!f it ~ m ~ ml' Imperfect Tense if ,ft ~ l; tt- (i) Now an eminent artiste i's appearing on the ~

4. (B) 'lived'~ ~ 'has lived' -~ has been living cf;1' ~

n ~ Part (A)-q ~ 'is sitting'~ Pan (C) ~ 'has never created' t 'Q'ffi' ~-t f<5 ~ Present.Tense <iiT ti

@(B) 'who is hating'~ ~ 'who hates' cf;!' ~

. cfZilfcf; universal truth~ rev: Present Indefinie ~ qif~"ffi!Tt;~- (i) A vegetarian is a person who never eats~ (ii) A theist is a person who believes in-God.

Present Indefinite you need not fear.

J, Present Indefinite.

3. (A) 'It is appearing' ~ ~ 'It appears' if;!' "!fmTr mm <Pfffcl; appear q:;r 3Tl!f ~ seem ~ m-:IT) m m appear <iiT ml' Indefinite Tense if moI' t, -::r 1%. Imperfect Tense if; ~- (i) It appears that he will fail in this plan.

,!.

· Present Indefinite

Present Indefinite

(ii) As long as God is with you, J,

Indefinite 2. (B) 'you are coming' ~ ~ 'you come' cfiT ~

~ ~ ~ cfit 3TI'G<f (Present habit) iloR ~ ft:lv: Present Indefinite Tense <iiT ffl' maT t; ~- (i) Whenever she weeps, nobody asks her the reason.

J, . J,

Future Tense

will wait.for him. ..L

(i) Until he comes, ,!.

Present

~ t) ~ Present Indefinite Tense ·o"JI Principal clause ~ Future Tense ~ JfcIT1T' mcrr t'; ~-

1. (A) 'you will find' ~ ~ 'you find' q;r ~ ~ ~ ~ Future ~ ~ ~ if;!' m ~ m Conditional Clause t,;TI' when. if, before, after, until ~ t ~

* 52. The teacher said I to us that we I should stay at home I if

. (A) (B) (C) (D) it rains. I No Error

{E)

ANSWERS I

1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. {B) ...,_ 6. (C) 7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (C)

11. (D) 12. (D) 13. (B) 14. (A) 15 . .(C) 16. (B) 17. (A) 18. (A) 19. (E) 20. (D) 21. (A) 22. (E) 23. (B) 24. (A) 25. (A) 26. (E) 27. (A) 28. (D) 29.(A) 30. (D) 31. (B) 32. (A) 33. (A) 34. (A) 35. (E) 36. (C) 37. (A) 38. (A) 39.(E) 40. (B) 41. (B) 42. (E) 43. (B) 44. (C) 45. (B) 46. (B) 47. (E) 48. (C) 49. (E) so. (C)

51. (E) 52. (D)

EXPLANATIONS J

.(

4i. I could 00( recall I what she has told I me about her I (A) (B) (C)

coocern with Moti. / No Error (D) (E)

~ That two and two I always made I four cannot I be (A) (B) (C)

doubted. I No Error (P) (E)

47. Nobody knows I when death I will knock at I his door. I (A) (B) (C) (D)

No Error (D) .

@l Dipu hopes to beco~e I an officer after I he will complete/ {A) . (B) (C)

his higher education. I No Error (D) (E)

49. Meenu along with her parents I is going to Mumbai (A) . (B)

tonight I because her eldest brother I is ill there./ No Error (C) (D) (E)

50. My friend I said to me, I "When have I you come here?" I (A) (B) (C) (D)

No Error (E)

51. He would not have I done all this I if he had not been I (A) (B) (C),

instigated by his wife. I No Error (D) (E)

expressions. T~is/that/it is the first/second/third/tourth/etc. This/that I it is the only . This I that I it 'Is the best I worst I finest I most interesting etc.

' Examples This is the first time that I've heard her sing.

-Michael Swan : BASIC ENGLISH USAGE (p. 191)

Past . Indefinite

10. (C) 'has died' ~ ~ ~ "died' qi!' WUlT mllT ~ Part (D)-q 'last week' cfiT ffl" l ~ 1lm -~ t fcr; ~ fi«rr ~ m cfiT cfiTlf Past -q :prr'_I NOTE·: 7:fTG .ffl fcr; ~ ~· ~- Past ~ ~ q1m Time Expression ~ Yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year 3TIR) cfiT m m m ~ qicpf <fit Past Indefinite if

--~ -iITTIT t; ~...:..... ; (i) He came here last month, (=I' fcr; has come) {ii) They went there the day before yesterday.

'·11. (D) 'arrived' ~ ~ has arrived 7:fT 'have arrived' cfiT m fl ~ 'yet' cfiT ~ ~ up to now (~

Past Indefinite (ii) I wish I were the President of India.

J,

Present Imperfect"

8. (C) 'had'~ ~ 'have'. cfiT m mrTT ~ 1iU ~ if ,:rrq PRESENT<fil' i(~-, (i) He seems to be happy becuase his father has sent him a suit (ii) You are happy because you have got a job.

9. (B) 'you are starting' ~ ~ 'you .started' cfiT Jl<IT1T mrTT ~ ~ ~ unfulfilled wish, condition, desire 3TIR ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ It is time, It is high time, I' wish, If, As jf ~ ~ m'if Past Indefinite Tense cfiT ~ ffiT t;' tt- . (i) It is time you reached . the station.

J, ' -

J, Present Indefinite

(ii) They often come to see me. . 7. (A) 'he teaches' ~ ~ 'he is teaching' cfiT ffl"

h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (temporary) 1:fiTlT ~ ft.rt; Present Imperfect Tense <fiT ffl' mIT t; ~- (i) These days Mohan is living in Delhi.

.!.

He returns before sunset. ' .. (i)

NOTE : . tt ,ft hate, adore, admire, depend, hope, believe, doubt, want, wish, care, desire, understand, cost, dare, need, contain, consist, comprise ~ cfiT wi'rtT Continuous Tense ii' ~ ~ l1· .

6. (C) 'he is getting up'~ ~ 'he gets up' cfiT '5lcrrTr mrrr <flnfcf; ~ c!>1" ~ (present habit) ofd'R' ~ ~ Present Indefinite Tense cfiT ~ R t; tt-

A Mi~or of Common Errors . 38 .. ; . ... .

('!cf;) ~ ~ if ~ m ~ m'if Present Perfect Tense cfiT ffl" ~ ~ t; -~- (i) Have the children gone to school yet ?

(ii) Has Thom left yet ? -A. S. Hornby : GUIDE TO PATTERNS AND

USAGE IN ENGLISH (p. 91) m, ~ 'None of'~~ Verbs Singular·7:fT Plural m ~ t; 3«1": None of them has arrived et None of them have arrived m ~ ti ~- After none of the verb may be singular or plural. None of my friends was I wt· re there.

, -A.s: Hornby: GUIDE TO:·p~.'fTERNS AND USAGE IN ENGLISH (p. 135)

12. (D) 'it will rain' ~ ~ 'it rains' <fiT ~ min- c¢lf.l:; ~ Future c!>1" ~ ~ 1:fiT ~ m , m Conditional Cl~u~e (-;srr in case, if, when,' before, after, as long as ~ ~ ~ ~ t) ii' Present Indefinite Tense cfiT ~ ffiT t; ~- (i) What will you do in case you .fail ?

J, Present Indefinite

13. (B) 'will get'~ ~ 'get' q;r ~ m1ITI NOTE : ~ o!l'T'&lT ~ ft:n:{ ~ ,zj- o 12 q,l" oim§!IT

~I 14. (A) 'I will be thirty'-~ ~ 'I am thirty' 1:fiT m m1TT

~ when ~) ~ ~ ~ Clause if Present Indefinite 'Tense qi!' ~ irar t ~r ~ Clasue -q., . Future Indefinite 1:fir; tt- (i) When I am twenty, r

Present Indefinite you will be twenty five,

l Future Indefinite

15. (C) 'I hear' ~ ~ 'I have heard' ~ m-· min- ~ ' this is the first time, it is the second time 3TIR ~ ~

~lltl-4d: Present Perfect Tense q;r ~ ~ t; ~- (i) It is the second time that you ~ave come here. ~ ~ it RJ.-.Jfe1f-&a ~ cit ~- L We use a present' perfect tense afer the following .,·

(i) If she had informed me, I would have helped her. ~- (ii) Had she informed me, I would have helped bee.

22. (E) 1.l'Tcpf ~ t I 23. (B) 'saw'$ ~ 'had seen' <t>r ~ ft ~ Past~

unfulfilled wish, condition, desire m ~ IB1t I wish I as if I if 3lTR ~ ~ Past Perfect Tense cfiT ~ ~ t;~ (i) i wish I bad died before be was born . (ii) I wish I had been born during the reign of Asboka, the Great.

24. (A) 'had not given' ~ ~ 'did not. give' cfiT 'Sl'm1T m1TT ~ ~ Past q;t ~ ~ <1ir ~ 'ffl' cit ;;it 'Qc-lT

· ~ ~ ~ ~ Past Perfect Tense <t>r ~ ~ ~ ilTG it ~ ffl ~ Past Indefinite Tense cfil' 'Sl1n'lT ~ ~ t1 JTr-1" if ~ ~ ~ it ~ ~ Past ~ t. ~decision~~~ case~~~ qi!' ~ plll a«r:, decision ~ Clause Past Indefinite if ~ ~. ~ case~ ~ qJBT

Clause Past Perfect if t 25. (A) 'lived'~ ~. 'have lived' q;r m n ~ since

lfiT ~ Preposition of Time~ ·~ it ~ ,1t PAST INDEFINITE 'lfT Past Imperfect Tense if :rtl' mar !1 'since' qi!' ~ Present Perfect Tense/present Perfect Continuous Tense I Past Perfect Tense a1TR ~ ~ttitmt,

26. (E) ~~it 27. (A) 'we had Mohan' ~ ~ 'we had had Mohan' cfiT

ffl' n ~ Past ~ unfulfilled wish, condition. desire cfil' o!f<fa' ~ ~ ffi1t Conditional Clause it Past Perfect Tense cfil' 'ffl ~ ti

28. (D) 'I expect' ~ ~ 'I had expected' <fiT 'Sl'm1T n ~ past of the past ~ ~ Past Perfect q;J" '5l<IT?T mffl t1 '9iR ~ fcfi Radha ~ 3lR <fiT q;rir Past it~ at{ ~ 3lR ~ ~ it expectation ~ ~ ~ 'lfre ~ ,yf ~I ~ ~ q;r alRT Past it ?f 'fil' expectation <fiT cfillf Past ~ Past if g3TI'I ~-

(i) She did not do as well as .i

Past we had expected

J, Past of the past

29. (A) 'was'~~ 'were' qi!' ~T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "Iflwereyou"cfil'~~tr ~- We often use if I were you to give advia!.

-Michael Swan & Catherine Water: ENGLISH WORKS u--~..,

Present Indefinite

@(A) 'would have done' ~ ~ 'had done' cfiT ffl n <P-l'lfcf; Past$ unfulfilled wish, condition, desire 3flfc! m $ ft;{v: Conditional Clause if If + Subject + had + V3 ~ Had + Subject + v3 q;r m ~ t; ~-

19. (E) ~~ti 20. (D) 'will fall' ~ ~ fu4; 'fall' cfiT ~ l;P'1T <Pir1%

~ before, if, when ~ ~ ~ ~ Clause if Future Tense cfiT m m f<f;l!T ~ t ~ Future ~ ~ ft:rct ~ Present Indefinite Tense q;r m ~ ~i;~- (i) Nobody will go out before the police come.

J,

Past Indefinite 17. (A) 'have been knowing' ~ ~ 'have known' cJ;T ~

~ ~ ~ know, mean, .suppose, understand 3lTR Verbs q;r ~ ~ Indefinite ~ Perfect ~nse~ Fat;~ (i) I have known you for years. (ii) I have not understood this man since I met him.

18. (A) 'He uses to study'~ ~ 'He studies' q;r ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ (present habit) ~ ~ rel( Present Indefinite Tense q;r ~ mm ti '9iR ~ fcf; 'used to' q;r m Past~ 31Ra ~ $ ~ fcfillT ~ t. ~ ~ 3tT'ITT: ~ ~uses to' q:;r m ~ present habit~ cfofllT ~ l1 ~- used always takes the to-infinitive and occurs only in the past tense. ~ =

-Quirk & Greenbaum : A UNIVERSITY GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH (p. 37)

Past Indefinite . the patient bad died.

J, · Past Perfect

(ii) The headmaster had come .i

Past Perfect before the bell rang .

J, i ...

16. {B) "had stopped' ~ ~ full; 'stopped' q;r 'Sfm1'T ~ ~ ~ Past <R" ~ ~ q;J" ~ m <IT ~l•il-4d: ~ Clause if Past Perfect Tense q;r ~ mm t ~ before, when ~ ~ Clause if Past Indefinite cf;T; ~-

(i) Before the doctor came, .i

Past Perfect

Past Indefinite

hours there.

(i) He got disappointed after he had made two futile attempts. (ii) I returned home after I had spent five

J, J,

42. (E) cflq<j ~ ti NOTE : ~ W fcf; unfulfilled hope; expectation ~ $ ~ hope, expect ~ $ ~ Past Perfect Tense cfiT m ~ ~ t1 .ara: Part (A) if I had hoped q;r ~- ~ ~ ti ~ ~ -q _f.l.:.if("(f@a clY2f ~ ~- The Past Perfect Tense is used with such· Verbs as hope, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose and want to indicate that a past hope, expectation, intention, desire, etc, was not realised. 1. We had hoped that you would be able to visit us. 2. I had meant I intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so. -A. S. Hornby : GUIDE TO PATTERNS AND

. USA_GE IN ENGLISH (p. 95)

43. (B) 'has'~~ 'had' c;;i- ~ n ~~Past ci>'t ~ ~ cfiT ~ -m m after qfffi Clause Past Perfect if R t 'd'2lT Main Clause, Past Indefinite ii'; ~-

Past Tense

There goes the bell ! -A. S. Homby : GUIDE TO PATTERNS AND

USAGE.IN ENGLISH {p. 83) 39. (E) ~~ti 40. (B) 'has had' ~ ~ 'will have' cfiT ~ WIT <i<lfl%

fff;zjt~ffl~~~~it~~~wrr Future Perfect Tense q;r ~ ft t°; ~- (i) By this time tomorrow he will have reached Lucknow.

@(B) 'you have taken' ~ ~ 'you 'took' cliT ~ WIT ~ ~ It is time, It is high time, It is about time ~

~ ~ ~ unfulfilled wish, condition, desire ~ ~ $ ft:rQ: Past Indefinite Tense cnr ~ mm t; ~-

The Simple Present Tense is also used in exclamatory sentences beginnings with here and there. Here he comes ! Here comes the bus ! There she goes !

(i) I admire her. ("=:r f<i; am admiring] (ii) I have admired her since I met her.

35. (E) ~ ~ .t1 36. (C) grew ~ ~ grwoing q;r ~ ~ ~

Imperfect Tense it is/are/am + V (ing) cnr >!<WT ~ ~-t~- (i) We are growing_ old day by day.

t J, are V(ing)

37. (A) 'told' ~ ~ 'tell' cliT 'lf<IT1T m,rr ~ universal truth ~ ~ Present Indefinite Tense cfiT ffl mm ti ~. ~ Subject 'newspapers' Plural t .mf: Verb ~ Plural m n, .mr: 'tell' cliT m n1

38. (A) 'is coming' $ ~ 'comes' cliT -sr<WT ~ ~ here, there ~ ~ ~ ~ if Present Indefinite TensecfiT m ~ t1 ~-

(i) He has been ill uptil now. (ii) I have stayed here uptil now.

34. (A) 'have been adoring' ~ ~ 'have adored' c;;i- 'lf<IT1T ~ ~ adore, admire, believe, rely, trust, hoee 3TIR Verbs <i'l" ffl Continuous °lfT Perfect Continuous Tense if ~ ·mm !t ~ Verbs cnr wrtTT ~: Indefinite Tense ~-Perfect Tense it mm t; ~-

(i) I want you to ( pick ... and keep ... ] j, J,

. v' yl

~Construction~~~~~- (ii) I want him to sjy here and~ me in my work.

v' vi· 31. (B) 'has'~ ~ 'bad' q;r 'lf<IT1T ~ ~ 'The victim

tried to tell us' Past Tense if i 3ITT ~ victim ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ¥.s31T ~ Past of the past if 3an1 Past of the past ~ ~ ~- ~ ~ ~ Past Perfect Tense c;;i- ~ ff t; ~- (i} He informed me about the accident .which had occured two days before.

32. (A) 'We got'~ ~ 'We had got' cliT Jf<rrTT ~ ~ ~ Pastci>'t ~ ~ q;r fsmn mm~~~ zjt ~ ~ Past Perfect am:.~ ~ ofR if zjt

~ ~ ft;ro: Past Indefinite q;r JicITlT mm ti ; \::;j' (A) 'was'. ~ ~ 'has been' cliT -sr<Wr mTTT cflTI't%

'uptil now' ~ ~ Present Perfect q;r ~ mm t; ~-

30. (D) 'kept' ~ ~ keep q;r ~ WITI. ~ ~ Infinitives 'and'~~ i1 ~ 'cllcf<r if Construction~~~ ~-


(i) It is time you took breakfast. t

40.;. .. -

41

***

The Present and Present Perfect Tenses may indicate future time in temporal or conditional clauses. I can't decide until I've discussed the matter with my wife. -A. S. Hornby: GUIDE TO PATTERNS AND

USAGE IN ENGLISH (p. 98) 49. (E) ~~t1 50. (C) 'have' ~ ~ did cf;T ·~ m,rr ~ Past time I

event ~ ~ ~ Interrogatjve Sentence :!_Past Indefinite Tense cf;T ~ ml' ~; 1m- (i) When did he go there?(-;; fcfi has he gone]

51. (E) cl"fq<f ~ ti 52. (D) 'rains' ~ ~ rained cf;!' >f<TI'lT mm ~ ~

Reporting Verb Past Tense ~ m m Reported Speech if ~ Past Tense cf;T ~ lrr mtIT 't ~- (i) He said that he would write to me. (ii) She thought she could do all this.

48. (C) will complete ~ ~ has completed q;r ~ 'ffl'TIT ~ Future 3N ~ ~ Present Indefinite Tense 'he hopes to become' cf;!' ~ t ~ ~ officer m ~ ~ 'higher education'~~~ W, a:rn: ~ ffl ~ ~ Present Perfect Tense cf;T mT Wll'I ~.:__

* When the subject is a proposition in arithmetic, the singular is rather more common, though the pluralis sometimes used. -Paul Roberts : UNDERSTANDING GRAMMAR

47. (E) cl"fq<f ~ t,

Past Past Tense Pefrect

46. (B) 'made' ~ ~ makes cf>f ~ m-rrr, ~· universal truth ~ ~ Present Indefinite Tense <iiT ~ mcrrt1 · NOTE : Arithmetic js ~ if Singular Verb~ ~ q;l" ~ 'tJl':ff '31TclT t. ~ qiRUT t fcfi Tw.o and two ~ ~ ~ ~o (46) ~ Part (B) if 'makes'~ '5fmlT cf;T

~ ~ 'lf<rr t 1 ~ ~ if f.li:tR?tforn ~ q;l" ~- l

44. (C) 'has called'~ ~ 'called' cR" '5fmlT zyrr ~ Part (A) if arrived cf;T Jl<rr1T ! ~ 'tl'aT ~ t fcfi ~ Past ~ ti ~ if ~ ~ c'flcF<I" if Past ~ m-::r ~ '*t' and t ~ ~ ti ~- (i) She [arrived ... + did ... +called ... ]

45. (B) has~ ~ had cf;T ~ m-rIT ~ Part (A) if Past ~ tie:rr t ~ Part (B) if Past of the past ~ ~ ~ Past Perfect Tense cf;!' ~ m !; ~- (i) I did not know when he had come

(ii) She introduced to the D.M. [~ l'Rif<f t'] ~ ~ # 'introduced' Verb~ ~ t, ~ ~

Transitive Verb t, 3«1': ~ il'1"G ~ Object ~ ~ l?RT ~ ~. ~ ~ w fcf;;:n' 'Tf<IT t ~ ~ 'q1cp:I' ~

t1 ~ Object cm ~ ~ -:m' t a«r: ~ a:JtR ~ ~ 'introduced' ~ oTTG v_q; Reflexive ~ ~ <IT q'[cpf ~ ~ ~

t,~~cf;T~~n- (iii) She introduced herself to the D.M.

(i) She introduced me to the D.M.

~ .l. J, ~/. . Verb Object

~.

Verb Reflexive Adverb of place ~~~wfcl;- hurt, cheat, prostrate, introduce, present, absent,

satisfy, lay * ~ ~ ~ ~ Object <IT ~ Reflexive Pronoun cfiT m mm t; -tit-

at the-party . 1

,J..

Object himself

.l.

Verb ~. He enjoyed

.l.

,. <•

<IT {ii) Each of the three boys. (B) Either, Neither~ m ~ ~ ~; ~ (i) Either of these two boys (ii) Neither of these two girls.

THAN & THE CASE (A) than~ ~ Nominative Case Pronoun~ m ~ l

"l!'R comparison et Nominatives js ~ ~; ~-

(i) You are better than I. ~ than~ ~ Objective Case Pronoun cfiT JlcITlT mT t

~ comparision ~ Objects~ ~ m; ~ (i) He respects you morethan me. (2) DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS : each, either, neither. (A)EachcfiTffl ~<IT~~~~~;~- (i) Each of the two boys

[L. D. S. B. 1990] [~ ~ ~ Part (A) 1)' T ~ ~ 'me'~ mT 'ffl'11f,

~ 'between'~ Preposition t ~ il'1"G ObjectiJ~ Case ~ Pronoun q;r ,rqtTf mm !1}

No Error. (E)

Classification : J (1) PERSONAL PRONOUNS : I, you, he, me, them ~I

Order: 231 [Second Person, Third Person, First Person] ~-You, he and I are going. ~. fcf;m -crri:r. m, ~ ~ ~ ~ m- - Order: 123, (i) I, you and he· have committed a sin.

puses of OBJECT!~ C~E PRON~UNS (A) Let~ qR; ~-

(i) Let you and me go. [=r fc1; you and I] (B) Prepositlonja il'l"G; ~- (i) He depends on me R fc1; on I] (ii) There is 'a conflict between you and me. [~ fc1;

you and T] ~~Problems~~ ;;mt t'; ~- (i) Between you and I I he probably I won't come at all/

(A) (B) (C) (D)

PRONOUNS: A word which is used instead of a noun or noun equivalent.

Chapter-6 PRONOUNS

(3) RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS: each other, .. one another. (A) Each other q;r '31cWT ~ ~ ~ ~; ~- (i) The two brothers hate ea.ch other. (B) One another~ Jl'tIT7T .~ ~ ~ ~ ·~; ~ (i) The.five brothers love one another.

·~ NOTE : ~ JJmlT ~ each other ~ one another ~ JJmlT -q" ~ ~ 3RR ~ l{RT -srraT. t, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Nesfield~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~q;flJRI

.(4) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS : this, that. these, those, such, somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, someone, no one, anyone, everyone, something, nothing, anything, everything, some, all, many, few, none, one ~I

(5) REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS : First Person am Second Person ~ Possessive ~ Third Person ~ Objective Case Pronouns ~ ~- self <IT selves ~ Reflexive ~ Emphatic Pronouns~ ~ l; ~-

myself I yourself I himself I themselves. ~-(i) He hurt himself. ~ ffl q;t ~ ~I )

<k' NOTE : rn,f; ~ 'E2l'R' ~ fc1; Transitive VERBS ~ ~ Objects~ Jl<rrlT ~ ti ~ Objects~ ~ '1fm t m ~ Reflexive Pronouns ~ Jl7.lTlT ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~-

(i) He enjoyed the ~ .i .l.

meeting. I No Error (E)

~ She hittes everybody I and everything who I reminds her I of (A) (B) (C)

her mistakes. I No Error (D) (E)

7. None I of these two Principals I has been looking I aftt.t ' (A) (B) (C)

his college well. I No Error (D) (E)

2. You and I I have done I my best in I the examination. I (A) (B) (C) fD)

· NoError 'c

"A.=. (E) . . ~~s efforts I will bring him I more success I than your. I

' (A) (B) (C) (D) No Error

CT;:) 4. Every teacher and I every student of this college I is

(A) (B) determined to do their best for I the glorious prospects of -

(C} . (0) the college. I No Error

(E)

5. The Vice-President of India and I the Vice-Chancellor of (A) (B)

this university I have given I his consent to join the· (C) (D)

allowances for I itself./ No Error (C) (D) (E)

PROBL~MS BASED ON PRONOUNS

Ram's brother. ~ ~ lf 'who' !f; ~ 'whom' qif 3!<WT m

Problem~ ~ lt . (8) INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS : Who (whom,

whose), which o'i!lT what.

(i) Who comes here ? (~ <fiT-f amrr t ?) f,-". (ii) Which of these gentlemen is John ? ~ ~ ~ if

~~t ?) .

(iii) What is the matter ? ~ c[Ja t ?) . -. NOTE : m ~ q;t ~ if ~ ~ "ll<IT1T <R ~ '

ct,T~·~t

(9) EXCLAMATORY PRONOUN : What.

was. came ~ Verb Sub. Sub.

here (ii) The doctor who l -r

brother. [~ q1cflIT if whom ~ ~ who qif m m problem

wrr <iffiir tJ

Sub. Obj. Sub. Verb

met today was Ram's T

(i) The dog which I have bought is black. [Defining use] (ii) I have bought a dog, which is black, [Non-Defining

use]

'f·'~ ~ ~ ~ if w~~ch ~ ~ -~hat q;r ~ fcti<IT ~ / ~ t. ~ ~ ~ lf ;;m, ~ ~ cfrcf<f if which q;r ~ lITT" ~ ~ [I have bought a dog. It is black] cir ~ qif cf;llf ~ t, ~ ,~, !f; ~ if~ fcfffl ~ ~ t, ~ v.m:, ~ ~ if ~ 'which I have bought' !f; ~ ~ q;r ~ ~ ;;m mm t Relative Pronoun 'which' q;r Defining use t, ~ ~ qJcflf if 'which is black'~ ffl \U qjq<f <l>r ~ t ~ m ~ !1 ~~~if Relative Pronoun 'which' q;r Non-defining use t, • * (E) Superlative . degree, only, none, all ~ 3W everything lrt) ~ ~ ~ that qif 'Sl"llPT ·mm t ~ fq; who/which q;f; ~-

(i) All that glitters is not gold. [:r fcF; which glitters]

(ii) This is the best thing that I can do.-[~ fcl; the best thing which J ~ 1 *' (F) Who/whom ~ ~ if -srTlr: problem R<lT <iffi'IT !1 ~ m fcF; 'who' Nominative Case if t ~ 'whom' Objective Case ift 3«\: who !f; ~ :g;q; Verb amrr t ~ whom !f; <JR ~; ~-

(i) The doctor whom I l .!, l

;

1.

(6) EMPHATIC PRONOUNS : ~ fcti Reflexive Pronouns ~ ~ ~ ~ t, Emphatic Pronouns \U Pronouns ~ ~ self <IT selves ~ m ornir 'GTra t, ~1,,

3W if 3Tirt lIToT !1 <lR Reflexive Pronoun <l>f ~ ! ·~ ~·,. '...' <IT ~ cir' m Emphatic Pronoun q;r 3l"l1f t 'ffl' <IT ~·, ~~-

(i) Soma befooled herself. [n ~ ~ <R ~ ~] (ii) Soma herself went there, [R ~ cm ~] (7) RELATIVE : who, which, that,'what, but o'i!lT as.

(A) Who q;r 'Sl<TI'lT llRcf (human beings)~~; ~ (i) The boy who stole my purse was a student. (ii) This is the man who slapped Ramesh.

(B) ,Which q;r ~ ~ ~ ft:!ts; ~- (i) The pen which is on the table is mine. (ii) This is the book which she presented me. * (C) That <l>f WTI"lT J.ll-!q,,lffa <if~ ~ ~. ~ who <IT

which~~ if~ '5IT ~ !; ~- . . Directions : Find out the error in each of the following (1) The boy that stole my purse was a student. ' sentences, if any. If there is no error, your answer is 'E' (ii) The pen that is on the table is mine. X'fl\\ · · · . . (D) Wh I hi ·h =,- ......:..._ D fi . '7ff" N -d fi . ~ ~ (}) The Board of Directors I want all possible facilities I and

. . o w re ...,, "'~''' e mmg ...,, .. on e ming,;;;,-,, (A) (B) a:im if mcIT t ~ That q;r m Defining if; ~-

criminals.r No Error (E)

not give. I No Error (D) - (E)

31. You and myself I will enjoy the party I to be arranged in (A) (B) . (Cf

honour of I the new Chief Justice. I No Error . .(D) ..... ... .. ...... (E)

32. "They who are in this room I should not move from the (A) . (B)

place I where they are standing", said the I leader of the (C) (D)

room is dexterous I in, paintings. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

30. He asked for I permission to go out I but his father did I w (B) ~

22. There is none I who ~an help you/ in this crucial moment/ (~ ~) ~

of your career. I No Error (D) (E)

23. Thi~ is the same -/-d~~"i°;hi~h-·b;;k~d I at.him but (A) (B) ,·

fortunately did not I bite him. I No Error (C) --·--{D) (E)

24_. Whomever I comes late will not be allowed I to mark his w (~- ~ presence I in the register. / No Error ---- --··CDf. .- ... (E)

25. The only book I which -you carry I in yourbag is iii I (A) (B) (C)

demand now-a-days. I No Error (D) (E)

26. She is such a I brilliant student I that I 7 expected. I (A) (B) (C) (D )

No Error (E)

27. Such a self-sacrificing I man as has come I wins our '.; (A) (B)

sympathy I and admiration. I No Error . (C) . (D) (E)

28. Any of the two I pictures which depict I the real pictures (A) (B) (C)

of the present I politicians is worthseeing. I No Error (D) (E)

29~ Every of the five children I standing in the comer I of the (A) (B)

of that party. I No Error (D) (E)

19. He introduced I to the Chairman as/ the General Secretary/ w (B) ~

18. As a student I of science I you are far better I than him. I (A) (B) (C) (D)

No Error (E)

17. The officer I as we 11 as the assistants I absented (A) (B)

themselves I from the office. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

15. the criminal I which was chained I grumbled at the Police (A) ~- (B) (CJ ,

Inspector I who was taking him to jail. I No Error (D) (E)

16. Everybody I who was working in that office gave I a day's ·(A) (B)

pay as their contributions I to the dependants of Dr. Sonu (C) . .

who had died on duty. I No Error (D) (E)

*10. The dog I I have bought / looks more ferocious I than you (A) (B) (C) (D) have. I No Error

(E) .

~~1Je was mu~h I more surprised than me I to see the ~ (A) (B) .

dancing girl I coming towards us. I No Error . · · (C) (D) (E)

12. The fivebrothers I are at daggers-drawn, I so they feel it (A) (B)

below their dignity I to talk to each other./ No Error (C) (D) (E)

13. One should I be true to his I word in &11 / circumstances, I .· ·. (A) (B) (C) (D) .

No Error (E)

14. If someone has I finished the work, /he may I go home. I (A) . (B) (C) (D)

No Error (E)

London after a year. I No Error (D) (p).

8. Each of I the four great tragedies I of Shakespeare I is @The players I whom we have selected Hor our team I are (A) (B) (C) . (A) (B) (C)

worthreading. / No Error young and ambitious. / No Error (D) (E) '\l'~ (D) (E) .

@ie prostrated before I his master I who had returned from/ ~The g~~;ts I whom we ;;e talking about I have c~~e ~re (A) (B) (C) ·

my I brothers-in-law. I No Error (D) (E)


~-!'

1. (D) itself~ ~ themselves <liT >"!<WT m11T. ~ ~ ~ Subject 'The Board of Directors' t, ~ ~ Collective Noun ~ ~ if cm ~ -;,m ti ~ ~ ~ <tir ~-T moT t, ai"'a': ~ Plural Number jt t ~ <filZoT Verb 'want' (':l" fcF wants) q;r "ll<ITTT ~ t alh: Reflexive Pronoun 'themselves' m,ITt ~ -ni fc!; family, crowd, government. committee, jury, audience, team, public, federation 3lTR <fil' w:rtrT ~ Collective Nouns ~ ~ ii' m (IT ~ ~ Pronouns-it, its, itself~ cfif >!<ITlT ~ ·t 1rn- (i) The team has shown its ability.

,!, J. J, Subject Verb Pronoun

(Sing.) (Sing.) (Sing.) ~. ~ Nouns 'B' <l'R ~ members cfif ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Nouns of Multitude~ ~if~

ANSWERS

1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (C) 5. (D)

6. (B) 7. (A) 8. (E) 9. (A) 10. (D) 11. (B) 12. (D) 13. (B) 14. (E) 15.(B) 16. (C) 17.(C) 18. (D) 19. (A) 20. (E) 21. (B) 22. (B) 23. (B) 24. (A}' 25. (B) 26. (C) 27. (E) 28. (A) 29. (A) 30. (D)

31; (A) 32. (A) 33. (E) 34. (B) 35. (D)

36. (D) 37. (D) 38. (C) 39. (D) 40. (B) l 41. (C) 42. (C) 43. (A) 44. (D) 45. (C),. 47. (D) 48. (E) 49. (E} 50. (E)' 46. (C)

EXPLANATIONS

SO. I don't appreciate I those who laugh I at others withottt (A) , (B) (Q), _.·

any I apparent reason. I No Error (D) (E)

.,

49. I ordered I some books on English Grammar I but none I (A) (B) (C)

has arrived yet I No Error (D) : (E)

47. Under no circumstances I have I harmed I him, and he I (A) (B) (C)

knows. I No Error (D) (E)

48. The beggar I whom we had suspected /to be guilty turned (A.) - (B) (C) out I to be innocent. I No Error

(D) (E)

46. There were I eight industrious workers I W1<l five lazy one/ (A) (B) (C)

in this factory. I No Error (D) (E)

44. You have never I spoken a word against I your master, I (A) (B) (C) .

that is a proof of your loyalty./ No Error (D) (E)

~He lent me some I money on the condition I that I should V (A) . . (B)

return the same I before November. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

43. Your are I the same I problems as I mine./ No Error (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

42. Toe candidate I being a graduate, I he is eligible for I the (A) (B) (C)

post of Probationary Officer: I No Error (D) (E)

41. She was more I garrulous than I either of her I three (A) (B) (C) .•

sisters. I No Error (D) (E)

that magazine. I No Error (D) (E)

38. He is one oi! those who would much rather I sacrifice (A) (B)

his life than turn I disloyal to the country. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

39. The Principal ordered I the peon to/ let the boys I and I (A) (B) (C)

go in. I No Error (D) (E)

40. He claims to have I read Shakespeare's all great tragedies/ (~ ~)

who is the greatest I playwright of English. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

36. The hotels I of Patna are (A) (B)

Muzaffarpur. / NoError (D) (E)

37. The articles I published in this magazine I are better than I (A) (B) (C)

more I luxurious than I (C)

33. They also help the poor I who really sympathise I with (A) (B)

them in the moments I of distress. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

(§)He sent I all the furniture to Patna that I he had bought I in w ~) ~ Chennai. / No Error

(D) (E)

35. You say I it's your problems I but I say it's I my also. I (A) (B) , (C) (D) No Error

(E)

Reflexive Pronoun

10. (D) than ~ ~ the one cfiT ~ m-Tr cFl1f.:f; Comparisos GT dogs~~ tr~ Comparison 'the dog I have ~ The dog you have' '4; aft.l lt a«r: ~ the dog cm the one~ replace fcf;;rr ~ !; ~- ~ (i) These new books are better than those old ones. ~ ones= books).

(ii) He enjoyed

the 1arty. Object

himself in the party. ~

(i) He enjoyed

each worker has ..I, J, ..I,

each Noun Verb (Sing.) (Sing.)

4. (C) Their ~ ~ his cf;T 1f<TI'7l' WTTI ~ ~ Singular Nouns 'And'~~ m oYIT ~,ffi Each <IT Every q;r ~ m m Subject cm Singular.ltRT ;;irnr ti ~ RYITTl' ~ Verb \ft Singular~ t am: Subject ~ ~ '3l<TI"lT ~ ~ ~ Pronouns <IT Possessive ~ Singular~ t; -tt- (i) Each member and

! ! J, Each Noun and

(Sing.) given his consent r

Possessive (Srng.)

5. (D) his ~ ~ _their q;r 'Sl<Wi ft ~ ~ cf;T

Subject "The Vice-President and The Vice-Chancellor" t' ;;n- Plural number # !1 3lo: Pronoun 'TI Plural m,n1

6. (B) who '4; ~ that q;r "lf?ltlf ~ ~ ~ 'llR ~ Antecedents ~ Noun 'l!T. Noun equivalent ~ ~ Relative Pronoun cf;T ~ W. l) 'and'~ ~ m am: ~ l% o!ffifi ~ ~ crerr ~ ~ '4; IBtl: ~ m ~ ~ Reiativ~ Pronoun that q;r m irar ti

7. (A) None ~ ~-Neither "!fiT ~ miiT ~ None Cf;i

~ ~ ~ ~. cllF<re.:n <IT ~ ~ ft;ro: mr t ~ Neither cf;T ~ ~ ~; ~-

(i) None of the three flowers is red. (ii) Neither of the two teachers is competent.

8. (E) ~ ~ t, Each cfiT 'lf1'.ITTr ~ <lT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ mrt;~- (i) Each of the two mirrors is broken. (ii) Each of the three mirrors is broken.

9. (A) prostrated ~ ifJG: Reflexive Pronoun 'himself' q;r ~ m;;r ~I ;m:: W fcf;- absent, present, enjoy, introduce, confine, devote, sacrifice~ Transitive Verbs ti ~ ~ <IT <IT ~ Object 3"iraT t <IT ~ Reflexive Pronoun tt-

their theirs etc. Column A ~ ~ Possessive Adjectives ~ ~ -q q;rif ~· t ~ Column B ~ Pronouns ~ ~ ~ Possessive Pronouns ~ ~ ~ q;pf ffltt

A B my mine our ours his his her hers

Possesive Pronoun (iii) This is your book but that is mine (my book). <rm my book Gm Possessive Adj. + Noun t) cm mine ~ Possessive Pronoun s) ~ replace~ R<U l'nfi' ti ~ Personal Possessive Pronouns :

~. (ii) This book is

Possessive Noun (Adjective)

You and I~ us, our, ourselves 1. You and he~ you, your, yourselves ~ He and I.~ us, our, ourselves 1- You, he and she=-s you, your, yourselves 3!1Rf

3. (D) your~ ~ yours mllT ~ your om yours~ tr Possessive Pronouns l ~ your q;r Ji<ITlT fu* Possessive Adjective ~ ~ ~ ~ t am ~ -~ ~ ~ Noun m t1 ~ yours q;r ~ ft:rq; Possessive Pronoun js ~ ~ ~ t am ~ oflG ~Noun~mt; ~- (i) This is your book.

t ..I,

Subject Verb Pronoun (Plural) (Plural) (Plural)

2. (C) my ~ ~ our <fil" Ji<ITlT Al ~ W fcli <JR GT <IT GT ~ ~ Pronouns~ ~ ~ Subject~ ~ ~ ~ m m ;;n- Pronoun a;cn: ~ ~ q;r mrrr '3'm qi("

....,------.- - . Plural ~ cf;T Objective, Possessive <IT Reflexive Pronoun q;r 1l<ITTT ~ ~ ti ~-<JR First Person ~ Second Person ~ Pronouns 'and' ~ rt t ~ ~ ~ Subject l m ~ Pronouns us, our, ourselves enfs Al ~ ~ ~-

were fighting among themselves. ..I, ..I,

(i) The team t

m ~~Pronouns-they, them, their, themselves ~ q;r Jf<ITlT ~ t; ~-

A Mirror of Common Errors - 46

young and ambitious. (ii) The fuests whom T T talking about

. si s2 v2 have come are my brothers-in-law. r T

v3 v' ~(SJ=~ Subject)~ CV1 = ~ ~erb)

(S2 = ~ Subject)~ CV2 = ~ Verb)

yl s2 v2 s1 l t

16. (C) their ~ ~ his cfif ~ ft cflil'fcf; ~ qi;i'

Subject Everybody t ~ ~ Possessive his ~ Reflexive himselfq;r Ji<IT1r ft ti N.B. <tt!' ,:ft- t:lfR W fcfi <lR ~ cfif Subjet:t Everyone, Someone, No one, Nobody, Somebody. Anyone, Anybody~ m m ~ ~ m Possessive his q!!ff Reflexive himselfq;r ffl m ~I

17. (C} themselves~~ himselfq;J' ~ m7rr cfllilq> ~ cfif ~ Subject 'The officer' i "1T Third Person Singular Number if t, -;r fcf; assistants ~ Third Person, Plural Number if ti N.B. fcfffi ~ ~ ~ Subject-Verb Agreement ~ 3'ffl ~ msqr 3 ~ o!froffl ~I

18. (D) him ~ ~ he cfiT ~ W'JTI o!froffl ~ ~ ~~11~1

19. (A) introduced ~ ~ Reflexive 'himself' q;r m WTTI ~~~~~o9~1

20. (E). ~~t1 . · . . @CB) whom ~ ~ who q;r 'lf<rrlT WTTI Relative Pronoun

'who' <fmf ~ if i, a:«r: <tt!' ~ ~- Verb iffiir t .. ~"'< ~ who q;r <fi'f ~ whom mm- t ~ ~ ~ ~ ir ~ Verb ~ mm- ti who cfiT Possessive

Case 'whose'~ !1 . ~ who 1iT whom ~ '!l<ftlr ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ ft;ro: ~ qJq<f if Verb ~ m§!IT ~ Subject ~~q;)'fiR~I . ~ 'Sfc'm ~ Verbs t (and~ ~ Verbs~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t, ~ He came and talked to me) m-· I Subjects \fl' m ~I ~ ~~ 20 if The players~ Subject t ~ Verb t are. we ~ Subject t ~ Verb t have selected. am:, ?J Subjects am ~ Verbs t'1 am:, ~ ~ t, ~ Jl'r-l'~~ 21 if The guests~ Subject t 3t'R ~ Verb t are;~ Subjects we! ~ Verb t were talking. ~ mm:r Verb 'have come' % ~ ~ Subject ~ ~ an 'tgT t'1 ~ Subject who WIT, ';j' fcf; whom~ whom Objective Case-qt ~ ~ ff q;r cfiTlt -:rt!" ~ ~ t, ~ ~ qfcfqj <R ~ 'Sfc'm ~- (i) The players whom we have selected are

l Tt .T

11. (B) me ~ -~ I cfiT ~ win1 Standard English ~ than ~ ~ Nominative Case ~ ~) cfif Pronoun ~ mcrr t. * wRT ?J cfim ~ ~ m; ~- <i) You are better than I (am).

T l q;ijf q;m

(:r fcf; You are better than me. cflTI'fcf; ~ ~ if 'you' q;m f am:. 'me' q;if1 a«r: <ml'T 3ffi: ~ ~ ¥Af t_ "1l .<l"ffif t I ]

~ ~ ir You~ I~ ti' Nominative Case ir t' m ~ t ~ ~ ~ ir 'You' Nominative Case ii' t ~ 'me' Objective Case ir, -m- '1"ffif t"1 m, <IR ~ q;if ~ ~ W m than ~ ~ Objective Case cfif m ~ mcIT ti ~- (i) She loves you more than me. = She loves you more than (she loves) me. ~ Nominative m 'She' t am Objective 'you' and 'me'~ ti' ti (ii)~. She lov~ -~ou ~~re th~·I ~ ·~ ffl !1 ~ Subject (Nominative Case) She~ I~ ti' t' am: Object m you !1 ~ ~ cfif 3¢ t She loves you more than I (love you).

12. (D) each other ~ ~ one another cfif ~ m,rn ~ Modem Grammarians ~-Thomson and Martinet) each other cfif >l<IT1T ~ <IT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .:tr-ra t, ~ Nesfield ~ each other cfif ~ ~ ?J ~ <IT ~ ~ ~ ~ one another cfif ~ ~ <lT ~ ~ ~ 6Zjf<R!41 <IT ~ ~ ~ ~ '3A'il ~ t'1 Ni{>i~l{>i ~ Nesfield ~ ll'r-«<!T <m ~ ~~'

13. (B) his ~ ~ one's cfif 1l<rr1T A ~ ~ Subject ~ ~ ir ~ one cfiT "5l<IT1T lT ~ ~ Anybody <IT People in general cfiT ~ -gt m one cfif Possessive one's q!!ff Reflexive oneselfmcrr t; ~- (i) One should respect one's seniors. <IT, (ii) One should keep one's promises.

~~cfif~t-

(i) Everybody should respect his seniors. (ii) Everybody should keep his promises.

14. (E) ~~t, 15. (B) which ~ ~ who cfiT "5l<IT1T <IT that cfif ~ ~

~~criminal~~ t 3ffi: ~-~ ~ Relative Pronoun 'who' cfiT wwr ~ t, 3ffi: which cfif "5l<ITlT ~ ~ -~ <IT lower animals ~ ~ fcf;m ~ t, f~. 'that' cfiT "5l<n'1T ~ ~ ~ fcf;m ~ ~i, NOTE : ~ cx:m:§!U ~ ~ Pronouns is 3tffl ~ lTQ; who/which/thatjs 'll<fllT <m ~; ~- (i) The man who I that is here is my brother. (ii) The dog which I that is here is mine.

(i) All that glitters is not gold. (ii) He is the best man that I have ever met. (iii) This is the same man that helped me. ~ The same~ ~ Relative Pronoun~ ~ it As chT 3f<lTlT m<IT ! ~ ~ ~ Verb ~ W fcfi<IT 1fllT m,~- (i) This is the same dog as mine. [mine~ ~ Verb -:m t1 . . .

23. (B) which ~ ~ that q;r >l<IT1i WIT! o!ffi9!IT "3'i'R-'tj"@IT 22-il'~~ ti

24. (A) Whomever ~ ~ Whoever q;r rim "ID'TJI Whomever Objective Case if t' ~ ~ Verb comes q;r ~ W ~n Verb q;r WITlT Nominative Case~ ft?i"t!: mm i ~ Whomever cfif Nominative Case Whoever WoT t"t

25. (B) which ~ ~ that <iii" w:inr m,TTI amsm ~ ~ "3m-~22~l

lf>@>(c) that~ <11~.?l a~~~ m,!TI such~ 4Js R=e

. Pronoun~ fl if as §I ro Fil t -;,- ~ whoL · h ~ lhat.<f;fl ~ qnf42i!lfd ~ ~ 3T'i'-f mm t ·~ ... ~· ~ such~ ~ that cf,T ,ft '!f<IT1T mm t ~ m~t ~fcf;'; ~- (i) His behaviour was such that everybody disliked him. <IT, (i) Such was his behaviour that everybody

. disliked him. m ~- ~ ~ w f<f:; such as to cfiT ~ ~ fcf;<IT ~mt,~- (i) His ailment is not such as to cause us anxiety.

27. (E). GT"<:P-f ~ t, such~ arre: Relative Pronoun 'as' cfiT ~mm%, 1 f<l; who I which~ that cf,TI

~:.. (A) Any % ~ Eit"l1er cnr ~ WTTl 6!!).'. q;r ~ . Any one q,T ~ ~ in ~ ~ iii ff&_mm i

f'5I Either q;r WWf mIT ID: §A :furQ; Nfil i.;~ (i) Any of these three girls can do it. (ii) Any one of these three girls can do it. (iii) Either of these two roads leads to the station.

29. (A) Every~ ~<IB Every one cfiT >f<rr1T "ITTTTT ~ Every ~ ~ ~ Adjective t, 1 ~ Pronoun t -mf:, Every ~ ~ ~ ~ Noun cf,T w:rriT itm'; tt-Every boy, Every book ~t ~: Every of cfit m ~ mGT t, ~ Every one cfif ~ ~ ~· ~ ~- if of ~ ~ mm l1 -mi: Every one of~~ m-rITI ~

~(ii)~ V3 t ~ S3 ~ t'1 3i<'f: whom~~ who cnf "Q<IT"fT ~ ~ S 3 q;r cfiTlT cfitllTI

22. (B) who~ ~ that <N 3f<TITf ~I ~ ~ qf(f.f..>'.lfu ii' who 7.fT which ~ ~ that qi[ "5f1WT mm t ~ ~ wf<f;....- AH I None I N9thing I only I Superl~tive degree ~ A.diective 1 ifie same (~ -arre: ~ Verb qi!' mT "IDI) ai-m; ~ <ii1G Relative Pronoun~ ~--q- it m 'that' q;r 'l!Wr mm. ti~- ,

Every~~ Each q;r ~~~~~~~;it -:mm t ~ Each cfif 3f<WT ~ c:ir -eJ" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~of~~ furr t; ~- · (i) There are two students here, and each. is intelligent. ... .

(ii) Each of these three boys is laborious. 30. (D) give~ <m:. it q;r ~ if.rr1 give~ Transitive Verb

t ~ ~ ~ Object ~ ~I q\'q<f ~ ~ ~ ~ permission js ft;fQ: give~ ~ it q;r ~ it,rr1 .

31. (A) myself~ ~ I q;r. ~ mtlfl ~ ·w ~ <f.'TI' ,ft ~ Reflexive Pronoun qfcp;r q;r Subject~ "ITT~ t; ~-Yourself will do it ii' Yourself~~ You cfiT ffl iflrr I N.B. : ~ q;l" ~ t mTf Myself/Yourself~ "*r Subject~ ~ "lf ~ ii' ~ t ~ ~ ,n;rn- !1 ~:-, (i) Myself is Ramesh ~ ~ I am Ramesh.

.(ii) Yourselr"is Sonu ~ ~ You are Sonu cfiT m ~~'-.

32. (A) They ~ ~ Those cfiT rim ~ ~ ~ BIJ.!l..tjil: They ~ Them "*r Relative Pronoun q;r Antecedent W ~~ti ~~Those q;r ~ fcFi<n' ~ t; ~- (i) Those who sing well will be awarded. [-::r ~ they who] (ii) I like those who behave politely. R fci; them who] ~' It + be + they ~ qfcp;r q;l" ~ ~ m They ,ft Relative Pronoun q;r Antecedent "ITTTTf; ~- (i) It is they who have come late. ~. They f.lctf<iif~~ WITT ~ qfcp;r it" Relative Pronoun cfiT Antecedent m- ~ t"1 (i) "They also serve who only stand and wait."

-Milton (ii) They are also· secured who have tickets.

33. (E) cflq<f -~ ti 34. (B) ~ Antecedent cfiT ~ ~ t'1 ~ ~ ~

~ Antecedent ~ Relative Pronoun ~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ cfiT ~ ~ ;;JRT ~I ~ ~ ft ctl~~q; Antecedent 'furniture' ti -mi:, ~ "ctt ~ m-;ft ~-He sent to Patna all the furniture that he had bought in Chennai. ~ if qfcp;r 'q,'l" ~ ~ t ~ ~ 3N ~ t ~ fl ~ -*r ~ -?f' ~, ·Gm 3T4m-::r t) I

35. (D) my~ ~ mine "A ~ ~ m1TT (my problem). ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~'tj"@IT 3~ ~ ~I

36. (D) Muzaffarpur ~ ~ those of cfiT ~ ~ ~. ~ ~ the hotels of Patna i'felT the hotels of Muzaffarpur ~ ~ ti

37. (D) that magazine ~ ~ those. published in that magazine cfif m m:rr ~. ~ ¥RT ~ ~ it ~ articles q;r ~ ~ if ~ articles t

A Mirror of-Common Errors 48

" ~,.:

i

~ *** .';! •••

Same or the same, in the sense the aforesaid thing(s) or person(s), as a substitute for a pronoun (it, him, her, them, they) is one of lhe usages whose effect is discussed in ILLJTERACliES. -H. W. Fowler: A DICTIONARY OF MODERN

ENGLISH.USAGE (P. 511) 46. (C) one ~ ~ ones cfil' '5l<TI1T m,rr cF.ilfcl; one cfiT ~

Singular Noun~-~ if 'ID'fil t ~ ones cfiT Plural Noun~ ~ itt ~ <N ~ % eight industrious workers and five lazy workers. ~, ~ Noun· ~ repetition ~ ffi '~ ~ Pronoun cfil' >l<TI'7l' ~ ~ t, ~: Five lazy workers ~ ~ Wf. Five lazy ones q;r m ~ ~I

47. (D) know& ~ ol'R: it cfiT '3l'<ITll" m'Tl'l ~ 'it' ~ ~ 4<?c, ~ ~ cITT.1T Clause (Under no circumstances have I harmed him)~ refer~ ~ ~ ~ WI .

48. (E) ~~t,.. ., 49. (E) q]cFf ~ t't SO. (E) q]cFf ~ t1 ;; ........... ..( ..... --

· Noun are: Prenoun ~ ~ it the same cfil' ~ 'cfiBT TR'!<f t, . ~-

Noun coat etci t

(ii) The same

(i) He has paid his debts, which is a .clear proof of his honesty. ·

~ ~ if which <fiT Jl<WT debts $ ~ m §3lT t' ~ "I! Clause ~ ~ s.aTI ti ~ ~ ~ cfiT ~ mrrr-m 3l!RT q;ef ~ ~ wrr- t, ;:;fl~

tr:':') $14He.t6 cfiT ~ ~ t1 ~ (C) the same~ ~ it cfil' ~ m,rrr The same cfiT m

~ Adjective $ -~ it 'ID'fil ·t .afR ~ <Sf1c: ~ -~ Noun cfiT -~ mm t ~..:__ (i) The same book

T

... The candidate, being a graduate.Is eligible ... ~3. (A) Your ~ ~ Yours <fir ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(Your problems) m7TI'I ~ ~ ~ ~ <fin:-~ 3 cm ~ ~I

44. (D) that ~ ~ which cfil' ~ Rt ~ that q;r' '3l'<ITll" who ?:l'T which ~ ~ 'ID'fil t, ~ fc!;m Clause cH refer q;f.'t cfiT cf;\1'f' Relative Pronoun ~ ~ it fut 'which' <R ~ t, who, that -mR fcfim Clause ~ refer;itr <R ~ t; ~-

~ ~ [who is= being] a«!':

The candidate, who is a graduate, is eligible ...

ti ~ <fir_ ~ ~- t fcfi q"fq<f cm ~ ~ 1fcfiR m-;ft ~- ' (i) The articles published in this magazine are better than (hose published in that magazine. [~~#those= the articles]

38. (C) his ~ ~. their <fir 1l<ITlT fl ~ Relative Pronoun 'who' <fir Antecedent 'those' t ~ Third Person~ Plural Number ir lt

39. (D) I ~ ~ me <fiT >1<TITf RI Let ~ olR" Pronouns ~ Objective Case it m lt 3-m ~ fcf;m Preposition (tt-betwt?en, except ~ ~) ofrG' 'ifr Pronouns sitstr Objective case it ~ m !1 ~- (i) Let you and me. (ii) Let you and him. (iii) Between-you and me. (iv) Between him and me. (v) Except Ram and me. ( vi) Except her, and me.

40. (B) all :gre:at tragedies of Shakespeare <fir WTI'1T ~ ~ orfcfi Antecedent (Shakespearej tret Relative Pronoun (who) <fir ~ {414"1(-4 ~ m $1 olIT&lT ~ ~ ~-~34~1 .

41. (C) either~ ~ any <fiT Jl<WT ~ ~ 'cflfl'fcf; either <fir ~ M m ~ ~ ~ any ?:l'T any one cnr '3l'<ITll" ~m~~~~mt, · N.B. : ~ ~- ~ ~ ~ ~o 28 ~ olIT&lT ~l

42. (C) he <fiT m- superfluous (3Hlcl~<lcfi) !1 qfcFlf cnr Subject 'The candidate' t't am:, ~ part ir he ~ ~'q;J'~~~t,. ~ ~ 'ifr ~ ~ fcfi fci;m Antecedent ~ ofrG' ~ Relative Pronoun mm t ~ Relative Pronoun ~ ofrG' Antecedent ~ ~ ~ Noun I Pronoun Subject ?:l'T Object~~# ~ mm ·t ~- . (i) This is the book which I lost it yesterday. ~ qfcf<l" it the book, ';511' Antecedent ! , ~ ~ Pronoun 'if <fir ~ fcf;?:l'T Tf<IT t ~ 7R=rn' ti ~ cffcPl

cf\T~~t- (i) This is the book which I lost yesterday. ~ ~ ~ -q' ~ ~ q"lcf<l" cf} ~- (i) The candidate, being a graduate, he is eligible ... [~ cflcf<l' it being a graduate= who is a graduate.] 3'ra: ~ ~ qfcFlf <fiT ~ t- The candidate, who is a graduate, he is eligible ... ~ ~ ~ -q;: 1rR ~ -at 3iTCf ~ fcfi 'The candidate' Relative Pronoun 'who' cfiT Antecedent t, a«r: ~ Antecedent ~ ~ 'who' ~ ofrG' Pronoun 'he' cfiT 'll<IT7T ~ m,rr1 ~ ~ ~ <fir ~ ~ t-

much milk, plenty of sugar.

students

rooms (ii)~ sinf1e

ind. Def.

(iii}M!"y ¥ Ind. Def.

(6) QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES : much, little, whole, a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, plenty of, some, enough etc;~-

rooms sinflc

Def.

(i) Miny

Ind.

~~-Certain radios (:r fcf; certain radio). · (5) NUMERAL ADJECTIVES : (a) DEFINITE : CARDINAL : one, two, three, four etc. ORDINAL : first, second, third, fourth etc. MULTIPLICATIVE : single, double, tripple etc.

V ORDER OF DEFINITE NUMERALS : <JR ~ qJcflf

if t:r ~ Adjectives q;r ffl' ~ m m ~ f-tt.tR!fmf ~ if~~t-

..., 0-rdin-.-al--+-C_a_rdinal_. __ +_M_u_l-ti-pli-. ca-tiY-.-....e ! ~- The ~ 9 siple ·. rooms.

Ord car mul NOTE:~ -ra' fcfi ~ W1T 'tR 3lJT:trfto Problems~

~t;'tt- (i) The five first chapters of this book. ~ 1'f1l'T expression Order of Definite Numerals ~ ~

cfil'~~~ t, am:~~ t-1 ~~ ~ 'A-

(ii) The first five chapters of this book. (b) INDEFINITE : Many, a great many, a good many,

many a, several, various, numerous, a lot of,_ lots of, plenty of, some, enough.

ORDER OF INDEFINITE NUMERALS & DEFINITE NUMERALS : Qji<l!l<lcf,dl m ~ !Indefinite + Definite Numerals I q;r ffl ~ silTclT t; ~-

~-Such a book 'tlT Such books ~ the same book <ii' the same books any book <ii' any books. (c) these I those I~ I other+ Plural

Countable Noun.

(b) such I the same I !le other I any + Singular Or Plural Countable Noun.

~-a certain boy (:r ftfi a certain boys)

4. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES: (a) Defmite: this I thar/ these I those I such I (the) same I the other.

(b) INDEFINITE: a, an, a certain, certain, another, other, some ~), any, any other aTIRI

gqr-r Tii

(a) a I an I a certain I another I this I that +

J

(i) There were three boys. Every_/ Each and every boy was intelligent. (c) Either'tJl'.·Neitherqif '5JcTI'1T rat~% fl:l"Q:1

--There are two novels on the· table. Neither novel is interesting.

(d) Each I Every I Each and every I Either I Neither$ ~ ~ Noun~ ~ Article q;r '5JcTI'1T -=tlft' iraT ti tt-

Each comb I every toy f-T rcti Each a comb 1'T every a toy] SQRTii Each/Every% ~ Article q;r ll1fl1T ~ Problem ~ ;;nm

Shakespeare Shakespearian (2) POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES : My, our, your, his,

their, her, its. (i) This is my house. (3) DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES : Each, Every,

Either, Neither, Each and every.

(a) Each~~ ~ 'tJT ~ t ~ ~ fflt{I (i) There were two I three I ten boys. Each boy was handsome. (b) Every /"Each ·and every-lfil' ~ ~ t ~ $

~'

Indian American Chinese

India America China .

Adjective J,

(1) PROPER ADJECTIVES : ~ Adjectives ~ Proper Nouns ~ q.ffi !; ~

NQwi J,

An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun or pronoun.

For examples: · . (i) She is a beautiful girl.

· (ii) They are good. ·

CLASSIEICATION

Chapter-Z

ADJECTIVES l

Infinitive Infinitive

(i) He prefers to sit rather than ,L

Noun to Noun ~. 'prefer' ~ 'oiTG 'rather than' cfiT ~ 1mlT t <lR

¥Rf <n Infinitives~ ~ 'ffl'; -tt-

[B.S.R.B. (Patnaj 92]

(i) He is senior to_ me. [-;i- fcFi senior than] , NOTE:~~~ 'than' <iiT m ~ Problems

~ ~ t, am: ~ ~ than <iiT 1l<l1'7T t .:ir to 'cfil" ~ ~ ~I

- m. ~ ~ more <IT most~ ~· mm !~1 ~- -.t •· ·'

(i) He is more senior to me~ Tfffif \1 ~ ~ (ii) He is senior to me~ ~I

(3) minor, major, ulterior, interior, exterior 3ilR Positive Degree js Adjectives ti am;, ~ m more/most <IT~

ofR: than <IT to cfiT 1PIT1l' ~ ~ ~.; ~- . (i) This is a minor problem. (ii) The interior decoration of the room is excellent. (4) Comparatively I Relatively i ~ Positive Degree cfiT

Adjective ll1fl1T ii' 3TiaT t, . (i) The weather is comparatively bot today. (-;r 1% hotter] NOTE : Comparatively/Relatively" ... ~ GfTG ~ ·.

Comparative Degree cf>l m ·~ Proolerh ~ .;jyffl t1 a..!E t:zfR' WI

(5) 'Enough'* ~ Positive Degree'q;t 113DJI J?tm i1 (i) He is intelligent enough to understand your tricks. NOTE : Enough ~· ~ ~ Comparative . .:ir

Superlative Degree ~ Adjective <fiT ~ ~ Problem · ~ "1"Rll lt ~-better enough, worse enough. am: enough ~ ffi ~ Adjective~ Degree~~ WI ~-

(i) He is smarter I enough to get I selected for this I (A) (B) · (C)

prestigious post. I No Error. (D) (E)

(~·~~'most' ~ 6GRT ~ .. ;,~·~ one of the; major operations~ ~I) , ·

(2) Senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior, posterior js ~· Preposition to q;r m ~ t. ~ 1% Conjunction than cliT,;· ~-

(i) This is one of the most major operations.

NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ii' Countable am: Uncountable Nouns qi1' ~ m m <S-llqli<lcfidlj:el< m::ir ~ ~ Adjectives oil ~ fq,"ll <lfRT ~; ~-

(i) Has he bought many oranges.and much milk? ~ ~ fcf; 'oranges' Plural Countable Noun t ~.

milk' Uncountable Noun t, am:, oranges ~ ~ Y@icifi:lcf> 'many'. <fiT WiTf s3U- ~ <lT 'milk' ~ ~ ill:Ml~cfi much q;r1

-NOTE : ~ W fcf; ~ qycf<f't ii' 'many oranges and milk' <IT 'much milk and oranges' <J;T, Jl<ITIT Problem ~ ~ ii' ~ ~ ti am:, 'many oranges and much milk' <IT 'much milk and many oranges'~ Expressions N'ITI

(7) QUALITATIVE ADJECTIVES : good, bad, intelligent, sharp, long, short, small, tall, beautiful, handsome, lovely~;~-

(i) He is a handsome man. (8) INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES : Which, What,

Whose anfi;t ~- (i) Which book is yours ? (ii) What book do you like most ?

· (iii) Whose book is this ? (9) EXCLAMATORY ADJECTIVE : What. *~-(i) What nonsense this is!

DEGREES OF COMPARISON (a) POSITIVE DEGREE : ~ ~ "llT ~ ~ ~

(Tlrr) cf,"t ~; ~ (i) He is good. (ii) She is beautiful . (b) COMPARATIVE DEGREE : ~ ~ <IT ~ai'f

~ :JUT ~) <fit ¥RT; ~- (i) He is better .than you. .· (ii) Soni is the better of the two girls. - (c) SUPERLATIVE DEGREE : ~ t ~ ~ <IT

~ ~ Tr (Tlrr) <R ~; tt- (i) Ram is the tallest boy in the class. (ii) Moti is the best of all the players. [~ ~ ~ PAIIT (A) if smarter ~ ~ smart q;r WlTlT ~ a.iic:i\llh6 ~- lll;rr11 (1) U_iµgye, e~nt, perfect, unmatched, unparalleled, . .,.. . .., (6) Prefer~ 'ofTG to cfiT WITl! mm t ~ ~ ~ Nouns <IT

major, extreme. universal, whole, complete, full, , round, Noun Equivalents ir "ID"; ~- . ~ circular, spherical. triangular, rectangular,_Q.arallel, golden, (.) Sh & ·ik t tea ~

.:.. . ~ f:r= ~-e .:.. 1 e pre1ers m1 o . milky, lunar ~ ~ '1 Positive Degree li ,....-.~. ~~ 61 T .J, T Superlative Degree;~-

(i) Her beauty is unmatched. [~ ~ ~ !] arcr: ~ ~ -:r m more~ Comparative -:r ~ most

~ Superlative 'aRT<!T -'ifRIT t, NOTE : ~· ~ ifi ffl' more· I most ~

PROBLEM~ -:srrm !1 aIB:, ~ ~ ~ ~ more/most js ~ 1R ~ -ra'; ~-

8. Can you tell me how / .many eggs and I milk he has (A) (B)_ . · - (C)

brought I home ? I No Error . (D) (E)

~ole the chapt~r I ~f the book is full of printing I errors . (A) (B) "

which are the outcome I of the proof reader's carelessness/ (C) (D)

No Error (E)

10. He did not / li~e to lend me I any book I or any money I (A) .•• (B) (C) (D)

No Error (E)

II. Her black long I hair adds I glamour to I her looks. I . (A) (B) (C) (D)

No Error (E)

No Error (E)

6. I feel I a certain problems I in the execution I of this plan. I W 00 ~ ~

No Error (E)

7. In spite of facing I much problems, he did not I desert the w (B) ~ path I of honesty./ No Error

(D) (E)

4. The ten captains I had each an I achievement of I his own./ (A) (B) . (C) (D)

No Error (E)

· @These sort of men I attain worldly success by hook or by (A) (B)

crook I so they deserve to I be looked down upon: I (C) (D)

2. He. wanted I certain boy I to make (A) ., (B)

Principal's chamber. I No Error . (D) (E)

3. There were only two I soldiers but each a~ery I soldier (A) . (B) . ,• -:.

was equal I to five policemen. I No Error . · (C) (0) (E)

entry into I the (C)

Directions : Fine out the error in each of the following sentences, if any. If there is no error, the answer is 'E'. (;lBut for your help,/ no boys would have I succeeded in !.!JI

(A). (B) · (C) . -e- All India competition like this. I No Error

(D) (E)

. (i) No city."~ India-is so/as good as London. (ii) No country in Asia is as rich as America.

(10) Positive Degree~ Comparative Degree~~ cfiT Synthesis.

(i) He is as good as you. (Positive Degree] (ii) He is not better than you. [Comparative Degree]

~· ~ ciTcf<l1' cR Synthesis cfif.t 'IR, (i) He is as good as if not better than you. 3l2ml_ Positive Degree~ ~ (So I as as) .cfiT J1<fl"fT

ma,- t ~ Comparative Degree~-~ (Comparative + than) cfiTI '~ Synthesis 1R ~ PROBLEMS ~ ifM' 'as' ~ ~ ~ t err ifM' than cfil' 1TI' m ~ Comparative Degree ~ ~ Superlative Degree qi!' ~ cg ~ \1 ~-'

(i) Anjali's performance in the I drama was best than I (A) (B)

Deepali's but not I as good as Vaishali's. l No Error (C) (D) (E)

[B.S.R.B. (Patna) 1993) (~ <rr«Fr ~ Part (B) if 'best' ~ ~ 'better' cfiT 'll<fllT

ffl'rrr] .

Rule: Nll + Noun (Singular) + •..•• so I as+ Positive .. , Degree Adjective + as .••.•

~ ~ ~-~- ~- (Group) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~cllf<m~~~~m.

Rule: No other +Noun (Singular)+ ..•. + so I as+ · ...... - Positiye'Degree Adjective+ as ..••

Positive: (i)-No other boy in the class is as good as he.

all other + Noun (Plural) Rule ; ••. Comp~ftv_~ '!" than.( . , . . .

any other+ Noun (Singular)

'IIT,

(ii) He isbe.trer"than ariy other boy in the class.

class.

INTER~CHANGES OF DEGREES : (~Superlativ~ ~ Comparative ~ Positive oRR ~ ~

~ ciTcf<l1' ~ ~- • Superlative : He is the best boy in the class. Comparative : (i) He is better than all other boys in the

(7) Preferable js ~ to cfiT '5l<fllT ~ ti (i) Winter is preferable to summer. (8) ~ Adjectives .:JR and~ ~ m m' ~ ~ ti" Degree

if tITT1 t; ~- . .. (i) good and wise [-ey;r( Positive} (ii) better and wiser [-ey::jY Comparative} · ·.

· (iiijbest and wisest [zyff Superlative] ··· ·

PROBLEMS BASED ON.ADJECTIVES

53 ·'

. - - ..... - -· . ·~. 35. It was no I other than Indira Gandhi I who evinced a:;1.

(A) (B) exceptional ability to lead I the country to fame. I

(C) (D) No Error

(E)

•. • •·• •u·• • 7•·~

. he has a remarkably I lovingly appearance I which (A) (B)

brings her honour I and admiration as well. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

25. A lots of books I on English Grammar are available I in (A) .. . (B)

the market but I this one is the best. I NoError (C) (D) (E)

26. He does not have I some money to buy a ne~ay I (A) (B)

plant. so he is f.:~nk)n anxiety. I No Error (C) (D) (E) .

. i1. Gold is the. most- precious I of all metals I that are used in w- ~ ~

ornaments, I as far as we all know. I No Error (D) (E)

28. He is the most I successful man I in the world I I have ever (A) (B) (C) (D)

known. I No Error (E)

;@. No less I than fifty audiences are sitt.i~g I in the hall and (A) (B)

waiting for their I beloved artiste's appearance on the (C) (D)

stage./ No Error (E)

30. Her father told her I that it would be all the more I better (A) . (B)

if she would find her I groom herself I No Error (C) (D) (E)

31. She had no other I hobby than that of I wearing a, dress, of/ . (A) . (B) (G;J the latest design. I No Error

(D) (E)

32. This young lady is I more beautiful I but not so cultured I (A) 4 (B) (C)

as her youngest sister. I No Error (D) (E) .

33. Much to his fortune, he I married a girl who was I more (A.) (B)

. tall and lovelier than I her elder sister. I No Error .. "," (C) (D) (E)

34. What pleases him I more I is a healthy criticism I of his I (A) (B) (C)

performance. I No Error (D) (E) (E) .

@he was curious to I know what it was that made I him (A) (B)

stronger I and braver than any man of this village. I (C) (D)

No Error (E)

. !

No Error

19. You can trust I this agency/ for the last news I of this (A) (B) . (C)

. week. I No Error (D) (E)

20. Seema is I senior to me I but you are I junior than me. I (A) (8) (C) . (D)

No Error (E)

21. Everybody knows I that Ragini I is the most unique I (A) (B) (C)

singer of this college. I No Error (D} (E)

22. Rita can sing I much than fifty songs at a I stretch and (A) (B)

she has developed I this ability by labouring hard. I . (C) (D)

of his time. I No Error (D) (E)

15. At the~ gate I was standing a guard I holding a gun (A) (B) (C)

in·/ his hand. I No Error (D) (E)

16. Delhi is I further from I Patna-than I Kolkata, I No Error (A) (B) (C) . (D) (E)

17. This book is I undoubtedly ~£rable than I that in many (A) (B)

respects and its printing I is also comparatively good. I (C) (D)

. o Error (E)

18. Of the two I players, he I is the luckiest, I be sure. I (A) (B) .'{q (D)

No Error (E)

12. I began to I tremble when I saw'/ a sharp long knife I in (A) (B) (C)

my enemy's hand. I No Error (D) (E)

1.:/13. I saw I an anxious pale girl I who when asked let me know I (A) (B) (C)

that she was suffering from consumption, I No Error . (D) (E)

14. It is a 0fact

that I Mahatma Gandhi was I the first politician/ w ~) ~


1. (E) <l1<f<I' ~ t-1 2. (B) certain ~ ~ a certain cfi'r ~ boy ~ ~ boys q;r)

~ ~ 1R <l1<f<I' ~ m si!rnl' t ~ certain ~ ·~ Noun Plural Number if ~ t ~ a certain js ~ Noun (Countable) Singular Number if ~ t; ~- (i) A certain book ~ certain books.

~ TI:i- A I An I A certain I Another I Each I Every I Either I Neither I Each and every I Many a (an) I Such a (an) aTIR ~~Noun (countable) Singul~~ !1 · ~. These I those I certain I other I many I A great many I A. good many I several I various I A number of~ 'ifi

0oi'TG Noun ml' Plural Number if ~ !1 Any I No I

The same aTIR Adjectives ~ oi'TG Noun Singular <IT . Plural Number if m' ~ t1

(i) N_o boy <IT N,o boys (ii) The same·m~ <IT The same men,

·3,(B) Each and .every~ ffi Each q:;r 'Sl<ITlT ~t

~ Tii-Each cfiT 'Sl<ITlT c!J' <IT c!J' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ every <IT Each and every <fiT 'Sl<ITlT ~ c!)'t~~~~t-1

EXPLANATIONS

·''

ANSWERS 1. (E) 2. (B) . ~· (B) 4. (E) 5. (A) 6. (B) 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (A) 10 •. (E)

11. (A) 12. (C) 13; (B) 14. (C) IS. (A) 16. (B) 17. (B) 18. (C) 19.(C) 20. (D) 21. (C) 22. (B) 23. (D) 24. (B) 25. (A) 26. (B) 27.(EL ... ~ . 28. (E) 29. (A) 30. (B) 31. (E) 32. (B) . 33. (C) 34. (B) 35. (E) 36. (C) 37. (E) 38. (B) 39. (E) 40. (B) 41. (C) 42. (B) 43. (D) 44. (B) 45. (C) 46. (C) 47. (E) 48. (A) 49. (A) SO. (D).

SO. The Principal has great power I of making some useful I . (A) (B)

plans but.the professors I have even greatest ability to foil (C) (D)

them. I No Error · ~ (E)

48. Ramesh is as good, I if not better than all the I members (A) (B)

of the club I which-is known as the Lions Club. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

countries I of the world. I No Error (D) (E)

- 41. None can' I believe that I Ramesh is happier I than grieved (A) -(B) (C) (D)

to know it. I No Error (E)

·. ,42. Delhi is far (petter than any other I metropolis I of (A) (B) (C)

Pakistan. / No Error (D) . (E) .

43. All your -·attempts /.are daring I but this one is certainly I , (A) (B) (C)

the more daring./ No Error ~ (D) . (E)

44. This is the I more difficult. sum, I I have ever solved I (A) (B) . (C) within five minutes. I No Error

(D) (E)

45. There is no one I whom I esteem I highly than I your (A) (B) (C)

mother and father. I No Error r- :: (D) , (E)

,. - 46. He· failed to find I out the, solution to al) · the problems I CN (~

', :. · despite his thoroughly I study of the book.? No Error (C) . . (D) (E)

·47. Science has given I us a lot, yet / life is becoming I more (A) (B) (C).

and more painful./ No Error (D) , (E)

:; ..

. 38. This photograph I was comparatively better I than that

(A) (B) which he had kept I in his purse. /No- Error

(C) (D). (E)

39. She was startfed I to see in·, her'diawing 'room I a most (A) .. (B) (C)

popular film producer. I No Error (D) (E)

• 40. India is I better than most others I .film producing (A) (B) (C)

' . 36. Now-a-days,'/ the weather I is getting cold' arid I colder. I

(A) . (B) (C) (D) No Error

(E)

37. He often tells I us that he 'does not I like anything more (A) (B) · (C)

than I sleeping peacefully. I No Error (D) (E)

.. ~\Mfr.ro,r 9f Common Errors

49'. He felt happily/ to learn that his I younger brother had got/ (A) (B) (C)

a prestigious job in the Bank. I No Error (D) (E)

t:

•

i@. (E) ffl ~ t, 11. (A) 'black long'.~ ~ 'long black' 'cfiJ' m ~ ~

~ fcf;tfl' Noun ~ ft.rQ: Adjective of. size ,3m Adjective of colour cfiT m m m ~. Adjective of size anm t ~ ~, ~ Adjective of colour; tt (i) A tall black man.

t t ,.,..--~ Adj. Adj. of of size colour

~ i)' Qualitative Adjectives <fiT m ~ Noun ~ ~ ~ ~ t m -~ *1,'l1:-4a: f.li:.if<-1f~a ffill" ~ ~ m ii' ~ ;.;Jffi t, (i) Adjective of size <tt-long, snort, big, small, large ·etc.) (ii) Adjective.of general description {tt-good, bad, fine, sharp, etc.) · (iii) Adjective of age ~~old, · young, ancient, modem etc.) (iv) Adje.ctive of shape ~-round, spherical, oblong, rectangular etc.) (v) Adjective of colour ~-red, blue, yellow etc.) (vi) Adjective of origin <tt-American, Indian etc.) (vii) Adjective of material ~-st~el, iron, plastic, etc.) ~ (viii) Adjective of purpose. ~-a waiting stick)

12. (C) A sharp long knife $ ~ A long sharp knife cfiT ~ 1P1TI ~ ~~ 11 if ~I.

13. (B). An anxious pale giri $ ~ A pale anxious gjrl cfiT 1Pn'1T 'A ~ Adjective of human emotion I personality 'cfij' m 'pale' 'dark'~ ~ ~ mm t,

14. (C) first $ ~ foremost cfiT m m1lT ~ Fore cfiT Comparative former m-m- t ~ Superlative first ~ foremost~~ mart, first~ order (if;tf) cfiT ~ t; tt-The rwst boy of the class. ~ foremost cfil' a1¥f -gm t most notable;~- (i) He is the foremost singer of our time,

15. (A) utmost ~ ~ outermost cfiT ~ ~I 'tflG' W fc!:; out 'cfiT Comparative outer q?.ff utter m t. ~ 'Superlative outermost 'd"tT utmost mm ti outer om outermost~ ~ t ~ utter Positive Degree if ~~,tam~~~ t 'complete', utmost cf>!' 3N ~ t greatest. -t«- (i) The outer gate ~ ~) (ii) Tl;le outermost gate ~ ~ cfiT ffl) -~. (i) He did it in utter(= complete) ignorance. (ii) He. is a man of the utmost (= ~ recognition.

' (ii) There were ten students in. the class room and each I every I each and every student had a red pen. ~ qfq<f if .each, every ~ each and every) if t fct;m 'q;f mm~ t. ~~~~if ·~ ~· q;r f.mf; ti

4._ (E) cfl<Pf ~ t I N.B. : Part (D) 'if 'his' $ ~ 'their' cfiT ~ ~

~~I 5. (A) sort $ ~ sorts q;r 'Sl<ITlT m1lT ~ ~ ~

~ Adjective these t" ~ °dl1G Noun Plural Number if ·mm t1 tt these $ ~ 'this' ~ men ~ ~ man q;r 'Sl<ITlT ~ t 1fr Part (A) ~ lTI' ~ t°. ~ Part (B} ii' Verb 'attain' Plural Number if t ~ Subject '* ,fl- Plural oRRT ~I

6. (B) a certain $ ~ ·certain·~ problems ~ ~ problem ·q;r ffl' m1ll'I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~4ra!IT 2 cR' ~ ~I

7. (B) much ~· ~ many cfiT m m1lT ~ much~ ~ ~ Quantitative Adjective ('11:llcffiilcfi ~ t, ~ ~ ~ Uncountable Noun cfiT m ~ t; tt- much milk I much money. ~ '31"1n.R, little I a little I the little * '11:lli:ll'iilcfi ~ ~ mer ~ Uncountable Noun cfiT m mm t1 -qw ,ft- ~ ~ il&-All I Some I Enough I Part of I A lot of I Lots of I A great dealof I One third of~ $ ~ Nouns Countable q?.ff Uncountable ~ ~ ~ ~ t't ~ Countable Nouns int· t m ~ ~ Plural Number ii' ~ ti ~-Enough boys. ~ enough sugar. ~. Some cfiT m ~ Indefinite Demonstrative Adjective ~ ~ if ~ t ffl ~ ~ ~· mm t q?.ff ~ mer Noun- (countable) 1fr Singular mm t, ~- Some boy has taken my pen. = ~ ~) ~ ~ it-u ~ "6" m to

8. (C) milk ~ m how much cfiT m ~ ~ Uncountable Noun cir ~ -araf.t $ ft.rQ: ~ 41:licffqcfi ~ cfiT "©° ffl' ~ ~ t, ~ ~ ~ '* analyse ~ tR ~ -qrn t ~ how many eggs and milk = how many eggs and (how many) . milk,~ ungrammatical t"t Slo:, milk$ ~ how much~ tR m qfq<f ~ mm t,

9; (A) whole the~ ~ the whole~ m WlTI whole~ Quantitative Adjective t ~ ~ the <fiT ffl mm' t, -;i- fc!:; ~ if1 ~. All ~ Numeral Adjective t ~ Quantitative \°ft) ~ ~ olTG the ~ t; tt_:__All the boys. <IT, All the news.

(i) There were .two boys and each boy had a red pen. ~ qfq<f if each ~ ~ lR' every ~ each and every) q;r '5fmlT ~ m1lT I ~ :lfcliR,


,

(ii) I do not have any book. (Negative). Interrogative sentence if Some ~ Any ctiT ~ lITTfT t,tt- Have you SQme money? <lT Bave_you any money? NOTE : ~ Subject ~ Pan if any cfiT ~ ~ soine q;r m Affinnative om Negative~ t ~ ~~-ql?f~.t,tt- (i) Any graduate can apply for thi~. post.

(Affirmative)

only Pronoun 25. (A) A lots of 'cf>!' ~- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A lot of

<lT Lots of, ;sn- idiomatic t ctiT m- mtITI ~ ~-A dozen of I A hundred of I A.thousand of ~ cfiT 'Sl<ITlT ~ ~ !; tt- A dozen of books~ !1 ~ ~ A do~n books ctiT ~ wrr.1 ~ A lac of I A pair of 3TIR cfiT ~ ~t, .

26. (B) some~ ~ any ctiT w:n'lT m1 ··1:l'l'G ~ fcfi some <lT any cfiT ~ ~ qJ"q<f ~ Predicate·if lrr (fl" Assertive sentence it aj141.:.ia<11 some cfiT ffl' Affirmative sentence if om any cfiT ~ Negative sentence if 'ffilT 't ~- (i) I have some books. (Affirmative). ·

can manage it.

was there. (i) Only Mira -i T

only No.un (ii) Only she.

.J.. r

<lT,

(iii) He is bett.et than all other boys in.tlie class. 24. (B) lovingly ~ ~ loving 'cfiT -m ft ~ lovingly

~- Adverb t' ~ app~arance (~ Noun) cf;I' qualify -;,m' ~. ~ ti Noun .'!'fil qualify ~ ctiT -..;ii:r

Adjective ~ t, -:i- ~ Adverb, N.B. : ~ Only I At leas.~ t Eve.n I Almost aTifG ~ Adverbs t ;sn- fcl;m- Noul_l <lT Pronoun q;j- ~ 'Ill'

-~ttt-

<lT,

(ii) He is better than anybody else in the class.

(i) He is better than any other boy in the class.

(i) He is senior to me. (ii) This is prior. to that.

18. (C) luckiest ~ ~- luckier cfiT · wrr-rT ~ cfllTI% comparison fu1:f; ~ ~ ~ ~ ti Superlative Degree js Adjective cfiT ~ q;i::f-~-q;i; cfR' ~ <lT ~ ~ ~ qij" 11W ~·~ m-q: pt; ~ (i) He is the best boy in ·th~ class. ~ qfcpf ~ ~ ~ ~ t f<f; q.f if ~ qij" msqr

. q;.f-~-q;lf cfR' ti ~ ~ ~ ,t m1 19, (C) lasi -~ ~-1-atest cfiT ~ WTTI ~ W fcfi late cfiT

Comparative later I latter ~ Superlative latest I last ~ ti later ~ 'hte~t ~ ~ · ~ ~ t' ~ latter o~ last si'ii::r ~; ,~-

(i). Who is the list man to join the team ? (affir.r -~)

~, (ii) What is the latest report ?. (cfF51T) :· .... 20. (D) than~ ~ to cfiT ~ "ITTlJTI -~ ~ ~ ~

3m:-~ 18 .ti°-~ ~l 21. (C) unique ~ ~ the most cfiT Jl<rrTT ~ WTT ~ ~

ffi a cfif ~ mrITI ~ m'" ~ ~ ~ Adjectives t' '111 Positive degree # ~ ma- l, ~

.Superlauve Degree q:;r ~ ~ t'1 ~- Adjectives t unique, excellent, major, minor, maximum, minimum, perfect, complete, whole, full, universal, impossible. · Geometric~! shape "lcii~ql(-\ Adjectives ~ Parallel, spherical, round, triangular, rectangular) cfif ,ft Comparative <lT Superlative~ ~~ti am:, more parallel m more triangular ~ ~ mTTT, cfllTI% Parallel cfif ~ ~ t '*Pil1H1<' (fl"~ ~ MHHI<' cfif ,cflrr 3N ~ ? ~ affelq:; ~ cfiT <Plr~~? . NOTE : full, perfect ~ complete cfif Comparative & Superlative formation ,t -~ if ti

16. (B)- further$_~ farthe; cfiT."!f<lT.11 m,rr cfllTI% further ~ -- 22. (B) much ~ ~ more _q;r ~ WTT •cpnf<J; much ~ ~ cfiT ·.m:T mm..t ~ ~ "ffl' ~:- in Positive Degree ~ Quantative Adjectiv~ t ~ addition to/besides ~ 3llif # ~ <il1m 't ~ Comparative 'more' ~ ti. ~ mariy Positive. farther cfiT ~ ~- ~ it; ~~ Degree q;r Numeral Adjective t ~ ~ ~ (i) I have given you a lot. I don'i want to give you Comparative Degree 'more' m lITTll' t-1 am: ~ .iQ: anything further. ~ if 'more than fifty songs'~~ m1 ~ 23. (D) any man ~ ~ any otherjman ,'lIT anybody else cfiT

' ffl'~~;~- / (ii) His house is farther-than mine(= my house is) from Gandhi Maidan.

17. (B) than ~ ~ to cfiT ~ WTTI ~ ~ f<i; preferable/prefer 3TIR ~ -rlG 'to' Preposition cfiT ffl' ~ -;;rrm t, -::i- fcn than Conjunction q:;r1 ~ ~ ~ ~ Latin Adjectives t -:;n- ~ am -r1G 'to' Preposition cfiT ~ mt ti ~ Latin Adjectives t : Senior I Junior I Superior I Inferior I Prior I Anterior I Posterior; ~- .

~6 ~ Mirror of Common Errors

~-

(i) All the boys are good but you are the· best. (ii) All the books are interesting but this one is the most interesting.

44. (B) more ~ ~ 'most' q;i- w:rriT mlTT ~ "I have ever solved" ~ ~ ~ t fcfi ~ 'q;t ~ solve fcfi<lT t m ~ (most difficult)~ t,.

45. (C) highly~~ 'higher' cfiT ~ ml1T ~ 'than'~ ~ -qm ~ t fcf; cflcfll Comparative Degree cfiT !1

46. (C) 'thoroughly' ~ ~ 'thorough' cfiT ~ mTJT ~ thoroughly ~ Adverb t, ~ thorough ~

I

l ·I

.. ..

36. (C) cold ~ -~ colder q;i- -51~!-: m1 fy;m ~ ~ gradual development <R ~ ~ ~ Comparative Degree ~ Adjective cfiT ~ fc:f;;n' ~. t, -;, 1% Positive Degree js Adjective cfiT; ~- (i) The weather is becoming hotter and hotter.

. (ii) She is becoming more and more depressed. 37. (E) cfTcFr ~ t I 38. (B) better ~ ~ 'good' ~ ~ comparatively,

relatively ~ il1G Positive Degree ~ Adjective cfiT

~~t~- (i) relatively good [:r t% better] (ii) comparatively fine [-:t' fiJ; finer]

39. (E) ~~t1 40. (B) others ~ ~. other cfiT '5l<ITl'T WITI Any other I all

other I most other if other ~ cf>'fl' \ft Plural -;,tf 'aRl<IT '51TclT -t I

41. (C) 'happier' ~ ~ 'more happy' cfiT ~ fl cflITfct; -;jfcif ~ Adjectives ct!' ¥RT Comparative Degree ir m m ~ syllable ~ Adjective ~ ~ more cfiT '5l<IT7T wmt;~- (i) more wise than intelligent [-:r fcf; wiser] (ii) more smart than handsome.

42. (B) other q;r '5l<rr1T ~ m7TT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ 1:JT ~ ~ · ~ Comparative· Degree if ~ ,3B:f group ~ ~. ~ <IT ~ ~ m m

I' Any + Singular Noun' I cfiT ~ mar t; ~- (i) Rajan of this orchestra is better than any artiste of that orchestra. [~ Rajan ~ ~ ~ orchestra'~ it>~lcfil-0 ~ ~ t] I ~ ~ * ~ ~ ~ ~ orchestra js cfil'ilcfil-0 ~ ~- m ~ ~ q;m 'Cfi«fT i aT lany other + Singular Noun! cfiT '5l<rrlT m7TT; -tir- (i) Rajan is better than any other artiste of this · orchestra.

43. (D) more ~ ~ most cfiT ~ mTJT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~<IT~~~~~<IT~ <til" ~ W aT ~ Superlative Degree~ Adjective cfiT '5l<rr1T ffl t; ~ :-

(i) wise wiser wisest (ii) tall taller tallest~! N.B. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '!Jun' <til" ~ ~ aT ~ syllable~ Adjective~ ffi '1t more m ~ ~ t;~- (i) He is more wise than intelligent .. (ii) She is more tall than fat, ~I

34. (B) more ~ ~ most q;i- m ml1T cflilfcfi more ~ ~ than cfil' m qlq<f if ~ ti 3TIT:, ~ qf-0-{-ilftt if What pleases him most = The ·thing which pleases him most~~~~ writ~~ ffl" °t) q;rm~,

~, What pleases him more than you is writing cfiT

~ m'llTI ~ ~ ml'll- The thing which pleases him more than (the thing which pleases) you is writing.

35. (E) ~~ti

Comparative .!.

Superlative .!.

Positive· .!.

(ii) Any boy of your age can be allow~d to come in. (iii) Some boys have not come yet. (Negative) (iv) Some boys below ten will not be allowed.

(Negative) 27. (E) ~~t1 28. (E) ~~t1 29. (A) 'No less' ~ ~ 'No. f~t!r' ~ 1flITTT \Wlfl 'less'

quantity~ t ~ 'fewer' number~ ti N.B. : zj@lfc:ffi::lci, Plural Noun ~ ~ m No Less q;i- . , -~ mar t1 ~ ~ qf~f,(t.lfit if m No Less ~ ~ -~ Quantity t; ~- · (i) No less than forty students failed. Gmm:r ~ cfi+f

~~~~I) 30. (B) more q;r ~ ~ WIT ~ more better ~ double

comparative -r-r ~ t, ~ ~ Standard English if ~ ti ~ Jl"cm:, double superlative q;i

WTI"11' \fr. Standard English if~ t; ~- (i) the most brightest. ~ ~ ft:lif; the brightest q;i- m m'l'JTI

31. (E) cfrci<r ~ t1 32. (B) more beautiful ~ <lllG than q;r ~ WIT ~ q[cf<I'

if Comparative om Positive Degree q;r ~ !1 ~ qlq<f q;r 3-1?.f t- (i) This young lady is better than (her youngest sister) but (this young lady is) not so cultured as her youngest sister = This young lady is better than but noi so cultured as her youngest sister.

33. (C) more tall ~ ~ taller q;r ~ mTJT cflilfcfi ~: ~ syllable ~ Adjective q;r Comparative-r/er om Superlative-st/est~ iRTllT ~ t. -;,-fcf; more <IT m~t~;~- .

57 .) .. .A Mirror of Common Errors

---·---------- -- -- -- .....,...

·-=·--=---·=--~_=.:___,---~~;;;;;,;,.iiiiiiiii,iiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiii _

***

so/as· Positive. as Degree.·

49. (A) happily ~ ~ 'happy' q\1' ~ · ~ ~ feel, taste. seem, appear, remain, look; 311R: Copula Verbs ! .m- 3TtR" 4l1"G Adjectives cfiT ffl' ~ t, -::r ~ Adverbs cf;f; ~-

(a) He looks handsome. ("=f f.F handsomely] (b) The table feels hard. [':f' fcn hardly] ( c) He remained silent. [':f' fcfi silence m silently]

SO. (D) 'greatest'~ ~ 'greater' q\1' 'l!'mlT· ~ ~ ~ 'Principal' (!'eJT 'Professors'<-zt 1!cf;R ~ ~ ~ ~

i, am: -ey o!if~41· m ~ cf>1 ~ ~ ~ Comparative Degree ii' ~ t fil Comparative Degree~ Adjective cfiT ffl' ~ 75ITTl'T ti ·

influential as Shyam. . (i) Ram is not so/as J,

synthesis ti '9:l'R' -~ f<fi ~ ~ m ~an ~ ~ Positive degree ii' "So/as + Positive degree + as " q\1' -~ ~ ~

~t~-

,._. •·

(:

Adverb Adj. Noun p; fcn complete]

47. (E) ~~tt 48. (A) 'as good'~ 4l1"G 'as' q;r ffl' ~ ~ ~ ll'r-f

q;r ~ Positive Degree ~ Comparative Degree q\1'

Adjective, am: ~ No~n ~ Qualify. m q;r qiftf

Adjective ~ «IT l; ~ :- (i) a thorough knowledge [':f fcl:; thoroughly]

J,. J, Adjective Noun

(ii) a comElete book [':f' fcl:; completely] J, , J,

Adjective Noun ~. (iii) a thoroughll'. exhausted source.

J, J, J, Adverb Adj. Noun

r=r fcn thorough] (iv) a comeletel~ destro;ied shoe.

I J, J, 'oV

) A Mirror of Common Errors 58

Modal Modal v1 ,

(b) ought~ used <it ~ ~ \ft Modal ffl G!R 'to' :rgl' mil' ti ~ Modal ~ G!R Infinitive Particle to cf>T ~ -=m' mm t ~ 'to' cf>T ~ ~ Problem~~ t°; ~

(i) He will I to finish I the I work. I No Error. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

[Part (C) it 'to' qif '5l<fl"IT ~ WTTI]

(c) ~ Modal Auxiliaries cf>T 'ffl' ~ ~ ~ moT t1 (i) He I should must I do I it. I No Error.

(A) (B) (C} (D) (E) [Part (B) ir should am must q;r 'Sl<fll'T ~ ~ fcfi'lJT Tf'lIT t

':50' lTffif ti] ~ ~ ~ <iT <IT ~ should 'q;1' ffl' ~ <iT m fu,f;

must q,J' <iT should and must q;r1

(c) ~ Modal Auxiliaries q;r 'Sl<fll'T ~ Conjunction ~ ·~~;;yr~t;~-·

(i) He should and must go now. J, J, J,

Modal Conj. Modal (d) Modal Auxiliaries, Subject~ Number am Person~

~j~IIRid ~ ~ t1 ~ Subject, Singular m <iT Plural Modal Auxiliariesjs ~ ii' ~ ~ ~ moT t1 * Note-Need ~ Dare, Modal Auxiliaries t ~ Main Verbs ,f\-1 3«!':, ~ ~ ir '=!' m ~ Singular needs not/dares not m ~ t, '=!' -gi, ~ ~ 'to' cf>T 1f<lT1T W 8cr.ot ti ~ ~ Medals ~ ~ it' ffl ~ t; ~-

(i) They can win the race. J, J,

Modal yl

(ii) Meera can and will help me. J, J, J,

Do cf;f hear q;i:

Past~ v21v3

L~ qlq<f ir heard~ ~ hear q;r 'Sl<fll'T WTTI ) (D) Modal Auxiliaries : ~ ~ ii' f4qfo1f~a ri <it

~"ra'- (a) ~ G!R ~ V1 cf>T 'Sl<fll'T mm t; ~-

I Di-

'Ql'R -ra fcf; ~ R<RT cf>T ~ cR ~ ,i-q: ~ fsf;"lrrarr ~ ~ ~ Verbs~ ~ ~ cf;f ,ft ~ ~ Problem ~<mflt~~~~'=tm°t; ~- .•

(i) Did they I not heard I this I story. J. J,

(i) She does not write tome.

(ii) They do not make any mistake. (iii) He did not come here.

"T -r Do~ v•

~~

Have~ V3

fclN=r ~ ( C) Do~ fcfim "it ~ ~ ~ V1 cf>T 'Sl<fll'T mm t; ~-

the conclusion. it. beore you rang me up.

reached done come -y-

(i) Geeta has (ii) You have (iii) She had -r

(i) Many books were stolen yesterday. ~-r be V3

Note : Being cf>T 'Sl<fll'T ~ Passive Voice ii' mr t1 (B) Have~ ~ ~ ~ ~ V3 cf>T 'Sl<fll'T mm t am ~

~ ffl ~ ~ ~ cf>T ~ ~ t; ~-

1. AUXILIARY VERBS : Primary Auxilieries (A) Be-is/are/am/was/were (be, been, being) (B) Have-have/has/had (C) Do-do/does/did 2. MODAL VERBS can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must,

need, dare, used (to), ought (to)

l!llr-r m'" : (A) Be ~ G!R v' ~ (V + ing) cf>T ~ ~

ttt- (i) He f ~ to part with us.

to be V4

~ Passive Voice ii' Be ~ ~ V3 cfiT 'Sl<fll'T mar t; tt-

I Mono-

I Modal

.I Primary I

Transitive I

I lntranstive

Main Verbs I

Auxiliary Verbs I

Verbs

Verbs <it ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ Diagram <it ~I

Chapter-8 VERBS

(x) raise~~. '3o'RT, raised raised ~ !It q;f' '3oRT)

(B) FJ ~ Verbs 't F5R$ ~ Past Participle ~ t·· -am ~ ~ lllftlT if ~ t1 F ~ ~ Problems ,ft ~ 73i"Rr t;tt-

(i) The lead has melted.~ ~ The lead has molten. (ii) The ship has sunk.~ ~ The shif has sunken.

He was born in 1980] (ii) find (tJRT) found found (ii\) found c:ft'q' ~. founded founded

~~) (iv) hang ('(-jc!q,J-11) hung hung (v)hang~~ hanged hanged

· (vi)lie ~) lay lain (vii)lay~. ~) laid laid (viii) lie ($io ~ lied lied (ix) rise (31'TRT, ~) rose risen

MAIN VERBS I PRINCIPAL VERBS Main Verbs% ffl' ~ ~ cnf '!f<.fiR ~ W:f ~ ~

t~- (A) ~ ~ Verb ~ ~ ~ ~ Verb cfiT "SJ<IT'T

~ qJcfll' meaningful -::ml' W 'q'Jfil tr ~- (i) He raised a problem. ~ ~ He rose a problem.

(ii) Who discovered radium ? ~ ~ Who invented radium ? ~~Verbs~~~~~~

Problems ~ ~ t, a.«r:, Verbs ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~~' FJ Main Verbs 'd'IIT ~ ~ ri 'q;)' ~ ~ ~ ~ Problems ~UJli..cjd: wt ~ t] vi vz v' ~ T T. (i)Bear~~. n, ~) Bore borne

born [Note-Born q;r m- ~ Passive if ~:al t; tt-

li!lr-r ~ f.i; ·~ 1(ct;R ~ ~ ir Singular Subject ltT Plural Subject~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Verb 'q;)' ~ Problems ~~t;~-

(i) Two were I intelligent I but I one dull. I No Error (A) . (B) (C) (D) (E) .

[Part (D) if one~ ~ 'was' 'i#;r 'lPWT ~ ~I] (ii) One was I beautiful I but I two ugly. I No Error.

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) [Part (D) if 'two'~ ~ 'were' cfiT m ~ ~ No~ ~ 'ltJtrT if w:r if ~ 1Tl1: cfTlP.rr 'q;)' ~

Tl'RT "Im t ~ Fclt11v.if1101 ~ ~ 1:iFfl . .

Subject Aux . (Singular) Verb

· · (Singular)_ .

Subject Aux. (Plural) Verb

(Plural)

~ killed and one .. was . injured. ,!. J. J.

(i) Three ,!. .·

Primary V3 Modal · V1

~ ~ it' has ~ will $r ~ !, ~ ~ t fct. have I has I had + v3 cfiT m- h t <l1fT shalVwilVc$/could.

etc. + V1 cfiT ffl' m t, a.«!':, has ~ ~ 'do' <lir y3 ~

'done'~ will ~ ft;rQ: do cfiT V1 ~ ~do__. cfiT ~ ~ ~ ti am:~~ ti~.~~~~~~~ Verb~~~~~~mProbl~m~sil'raTt; , ~-

(i) Meera I has and I will work I hard. I No Error. (A) (B) (C) (D)' (E)

[Part (B) it' has ~ ~ Verb 'work' ~ v3 ~ ~ m ~ mfl ~ 'has worked and will work'~ ~ 'ffl1TTI ]

(F) <5ja1' ~ Subjects N=l'-fir-r Numbers ~ lR' 'd'IIT m mef ~- To be (is, are, am, was, were), Have (have, has)~ ~ ~ cfiT ffl mm~ Subjects~~~~• ~q;rm~~~;~-- . .

l ! . ;

done and will do a lot of work." -- . ,!. . J. ,!.

(i) He has J.

(i) They need some money. (ii) They do not need any money. (iii) Do they need some money? (E) ~ W fci; '51'.o!' ~ Primary Auxiliary Wtrr ~ Modal

Auxiliary cfiT m- 'and' ~ ~ f.t;ilf ;;imr t <l1fT m ~ ~ ~ ~ Verb cfiT "ll<n'lT f.t;ilf "3ITTII". t <IT 3414.ltlci¥dl3tlt< ~ Auxiliariesjs ft.rQ:· ~ Verb~ -~ (forms) w ~ ~ ~ ~;~-

' I I t I

·! .. i

(i) Dare he ~ a car ? (ii) Need he ~ now ?

J, J,

Modal V1 *· (c) ~ Dare~ Need cfiT ffl' ~ Verbs~-~ if W m ~ Verbs qlj' ~ ~ ffl' ~ t; tt-

Modal v1

(b) ~ Need ~ Dare cfiT m- ~ h ~ ~ if Interrogative~ it' ~; tt-

meet you. J,

it. do (ii) You need not (iii) She dare not

J, .

A Miri'or of Common Errors

ii. c=r ~ needs not] (i) He need ·nor do

., . 60 ..... ~

I ,; ...

(ii) 1 T T r· want to V1

/ ; permit qif to VI y2

(C) Like, want,, wish, promise, ~ * ~ qf~,ject + To + v1·• ~ To+ V1 cfil" Jlcff1T ~ ~ t; ~-/,

(i) I. want ev7one to listen to this notice. T J" ~

want Object to v1

compel <tiT Object to V 1

y2 *' ~. l:m' Jt1n1T ~ Passiv.e Voice -q' m <IT~ ~~ :;~ To+V1<tifmT~t; ~- .

(i) She was permitted to ~ with him. ,!. .j, ,!.

(i) He advised me . to do it at once. .!. .!.. * -1-

advise cfil" Object to yl

y2 (ii) She compelled xou to leave the place.

J,' I .,!, J, . "'

cause ~~lffi~)

~ ~ 1ff 1fiRl1r ~ ~ lffi ~ (B) Ask, advice, allow, command,· force, forbid,

' ~ . ' invite, . encourage, compel, beg, order, imagine,

1 instruct,

permit, ·persuade, tell, require, remind, teach ~ ~ . ~ Object+ To+ V1 .1'1 rittr 'ffl'<l'T t; tt- '

purpose

~~*~ (ii) He started weeping to see his son dead.

. ,!.

(~)cf>if ~~it; tt (i) N(> one wants to die.

J, Object

(c) fif;l:rr (Verb)* Complement* ~ it; ~ (i) He is to go.

,!. Complement

(4) ~ {purpose) "lfT ~ (cause) ffi ~ ~; ~ (i) He sold bis watch to buy books.

J.

Infinitive 'non-finite verb' q;r qW ~ "t- .-au· 'To'~~~ 'To'~f<Rr~~t;~-

(i) I want to go. [Infinitive with to] (ii) Let him go. [Infinitive without to]

(A) Infinitive if; ~ ( : -

(a) ff ~ ~ it; ~- (i) To swim is a good exercise.

,!. Subject

INF1NITIVES

Adjective Noun : .,,·:· .. , a«r:, ~ qJcflf (i) it 'sunk' W ~-'.'sµpke~· 1ff ~

~41 ~ <IT TJmf mm, ~ "3(cfiR: ~ (ii) ii' . .-drunk. ifil' ;ifq

'drunken',~ (iii)it 'sunken·~~ 'su~k;~ cffiPr (iv) if ·drunken'~~ 'drunk' q;r ~ 1Rttf ~I

(i) A ship has sunk . T y3

(ii) He has drunk much. ~ y3

~ v3 ~ ~ (B) it ~ -iro: Past _Particll?le ""1 ~ectjy_e <fir ~ ffl t; ~-

(iii) A sunken shJP· 1

Adjective Noun (iv) A much drunken man.

J, -1-

(x) seethe seethed scathed sodden (xi) shear sheared sheared shorn .

Note-V3 ~ m (A) it ~ ~ Past Participle ~ V3 (~ ~ Verb~ cftm ~) q;r q'ifif ~ l; ~-

~ ~ Verbs cm- ~-

® _vl y2 y3 ·'·"'

J, J, 1 l A B

(!) bind bound bound bounden (ii) drink drank drunk drunken (iii) get got got gotten (iv) shrink shrank shrunk shrunken (v) sink sank sunk ' sunken (vi) strike struck struck stricken (vii) cleave (¥10 cleft/clove cleft cloven (viii) grave graved graved groven (ix) melt melted melted molten

Bare Infinitive Modal

(ii) You need not work hard. r -r

Modal Bare Infinitive

to the station. (i) I shall -r

make <f;f To-Infinitive y2

(B) Modal Auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, dare not, need not)~ ~ Infinitive ciir "5£<ftTr f.RT To% mar !1 ~ Modal Auxiliaries [used om ought ~ ~] if; ~ Bare Infinitive <fii' ~ mm t; ~-

to laugh. .J,

(i) She was made .J,

I I I

I

(ii) We watched him .&£. and return. l J, -r-

watch qi!' Bare Bate V2 Infinitive Infinitive

(iii) I made her laugh. J, .J, .

make qif Bare

V2 Infinitive ~ Passive Tl '3tJU'ffi qfom Verbs % ~ To-Infinitive ~~mcirt;tt. - -· -·-

~ him sl?£ak on several subjects.

hear <iiT Bare V2 Infinitive

Infinitive ~. Let him go. rm go~ Bare Infinitive·! ~

~ to q;r ~ in:ra miJT] ;f< . llrr-f ~ fq;

(A) let, bid, watch, behold, see, feel, make ~ olR: Infinitive~ '5l<n'lT ~ 'To' if; tnm t; ~- ~--

(i) I

how Infinitive

(ii) They k.uow where I why I when to start the work. -r Infinitive

to wTite a paragraph. l

(i) I know how T

stop q;r y2

(E) know~~ 3M~<l"-dlj~I< how/where/when/why ciiT 'Sl<n1T <R Infinitive ciiT ~~-;;rm t°;. tt_.:.-

Gerund

stop q;r Infinitive y2

(iv) He stopped smoking. [fl~ ,:ft;rr ~ cfx: ~/~~I]

-!. j,

[~w~tafR:~~~$tJ (ii) I will remember posting the letter [~ post efit" 11"{

~~lr~$1]. (iii) He stopped to smoke. (ri ftf1lt2" ~ ~ ~

~ I om:TI]

infinitive remember

to post- · the letter, J,

(i) I will remember J,

, . • f

fail <l>T to V,1

y2 -* 'c2fR W 1% ~ .cflcPif 'q' ~ To + VI ciiT ~ ~ ~

~ ~liti-<wll that <f;f ~ ~ Problem~ ~ t; ~- (i) He forgot I that he should I bring a I pen. I No Error,

(A) . (B) . . (C) (D) (E) [Part B ir 'that he should' ~ ~ 'to' <iiT "!l<lT1T ~ ~ .

am ~ 1l<fiR qlcflj" ciir ~ ~ i-He forgot to bring a pen.]

NOTE-remember, forget, like, stop ~ ~ ~ verbs

t ~~Infinitive [to+ V1] om ·G~rund fV (ing)] ~ ~ ~ ~ 'q' 3RR 3iraT ti ~-

J, J, j,

refuse ciiT to yl

y2 (ii) He failed to pass the examination.

j, -1, -!.

(D) ~ ~ Verbs ! fJt';fc;; ~ mm Infinitive <iiT >1'lITlT mar t. appear. seem, attempt, try, endeavour, begin, decide, desire, remember, forget, stop, fail, happen, hurry, refuse, promise, prove~; ~-

(i) They refused to work for you.

A Mirror of Common Errors 62 t:2iR' -ra Fcf; know ~ -arR: mm Infiqitive cfiT 'ffl' ~

Problem fu:clT -;;rm t; ~- (i) He informed I me that be I knew to play I on the

(A) (B) . (C) harmonium. I No Error. (D) (E)

[Part (C) -q- 'knew'~ ~ 'how' qiT '5fcIT1T mlJT] OMISSION OF 'TO'

~ Infinitive efiT" ~ ~ 'To' t ~ ~ ~ if ~ ~ ~ l1 ~ Infinitives~ ~ To qiT '5fcIT1T ~ t 'Bare Infinitives'~ t; ~-

(i) Allow him to go. J,

(i) Walking in the field, a snake bit him. ~ ~ ~ 'Walking' Participle t ~ ~ Subject of

Reference 'a snake' t -ii' lfffif ti ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f.lcf;ffiii t ~'q'~~*~~~ft;r?:rr·~~~ ~ t f ·~~ ~ 'q' ~ w ~. ~ m ~ ~ ~

He took the gun. He shot the tiger. ~ ~ ~ i aw:r ~ f<f; Subject common t ~

~ ~ ~ ~ t 31YITTI' He (took the gun + shot the tiger). ~q(.p.n'~~~~~~~~t~

Participle~~~~ ti ~:, A (i) Having taken the gun, he shot the tiger. ~! ~wf<fi~~~~.~if.t~GJTG~~

~ t m Participle 'Having' cfiT 'Sf<TI'lT ffiT t mrT construction !'Having + v3·j (Active voice) ~!Having + been + v3j <IT

!Being+ v3! (Passive voice) ~ ti . (2) ~ Participle ~ ~ ~ Subject of Reference war t; ~- Having taken the gun, he shot the tiger if 'Having'

Present Participle t ~ · ~ Subject of Reference ~ ~ ~ ~ cfiT Subject 'he' ti

~ W fcf; Participle ~· Jl<TTTT -q- ~= Participle ~ ~ ~ Subject cf>T ~ ';f' ~Problem~ ~ ti ~-

TYPES OF PARTICIPLES Participles -ey Jl'itiR ~ ~ !-Present Participles cll'.fT Past

Participles. (A) Present Participle ~ qiT" ~ ~ t' f-;roil' '- ing'

~ mm t, ~-running, walking, swimming etc. (B) PMi Participle.~ cfiT ~ ~ t ~ ~: (i) '-ed' ~ ~ t; ~- tired, amazed, surprised, worked etc. (ii) '-t; ~ ~ t; ~- sent! bent etc. (iii) '--en'~ ffiT 't ~ eaten, beaten etc .. (iv) '-ne' ~ ~ 't: tt done, gone etc. Participle ~ 'SflTilT ~ ~klf~d Problems AA ~ t'1 ~ .

~ ~i:i~fula. A <fil' ~- (1) Participle <fir -m: ~ 1fT ~ ~ ~ ~ <R ~

~~mr~t;tt-

~ (i) 'if 'running' ~ Present Participle t ~ ~ ~ ~ q;Jlf cg ffl t, ~ ~ (ii) ii' ~ Present Participle ~q;. Adjective cfiT <fi'Pr ~ W ti ~ Jl'itiR, ~ (iii) if 'tired'~ - Past Participle t ~· ~· ~ q;r cfim ~ ffl t ~ (iv) -ij' ~ Past Participle~ Adjective cf>T 1:f;Jlt' ~ ~ ti

Adj. Noun

me. tired T Verb

(iv) A tired man is sitting in the shade of a tree. TT

Noun (~plr~

is my younger brother. (ii) The running :r Adjective

(iii) The work has

Participle ftfi;n" (Verb) cfiT ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ if mrr ~ ~ (Adjective)~ ~ 'q' <l>l'ir cfi'@ l: ~-

(i) He is runninz in the field. [~ '® t] -r- Verb

PARTICIPLES

Bare Infinitive

but

wander. -r- Bare

Infinitive (ii) She does nothing but· lalgh at others. . T

(i) He did nothing but T but

Infinitive * (E) ~ But ~ -m Preposition ~ ~ if m ~ ~ ~ 'do' Verb cfiT ~ ~ ~ ~ m But~ ~ Bare Infinitive ('Infinitive' without 'To') cf>T -m ~ i: ~-

Bare than

than write. T -r- (i) He had betterread

Bare Infinitive (ii) She had as soon run as walk. T -r

Bare Bare ~ Infinitive Infinitive

~ £Zl'R ~ r<f> had sooner, bad better ~ ~ ~ v3 qiT"

Jl<TTTT cg Problems~ -;;rra ·t ~-- (i) I had I better gone I than stay I here. I No Error

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) [Part (B) if 'gone'~ ~ 'go' qiT" Jl<TTTT A ~ had

better+ V1 qiT" ~ ~ i) (D) Conjunction 'Than'~ ~ m 'To' ci)- ~ ~ ~ t

mrT V1 q:;r W1T ~ ;;rrm !1 ~ Bare Infinitive qiT" Jl<TTTT mm:t; ~-

T now. (i) He had better

(C) Had better, had rather, had sooner, had as soon ... as ... ~ ~ Bare Infi2,itive (Tnfinitive' without 'To') qiT" Jl<TTTT maT t;~-.

63. A Mirror of Common Errors

being V3

NOTE-having been killed:;:: being killed.

~ ~ (ii) am (iii) cfiT 3¢ t- (i) After the leader had been killed, the followers rar

away.

killed, the followers ran away. ,j,

(iii) The leader being j,

having been V3

followers ran away. m,··

(i) Having taken breakfast, he went out. ,j, ,j,

\~ V Having V3

~ ~ cfiT' ~ t- ..... J (After he had taken breakfast, he went out)

(ii) Toe leader· having been killed, the ,i ,i t

No Error. (E) ~ (i) if. 'Being' Unrelated Participle t ~ ~

Subject of Reference 'we' ~ ti ~ we q;J° ~ Subject of: Reference -i:iFIT ~ m we being a fine day (= we were a fine

·day)~ t;;.m- ~ 'iTI' ~~ti~.~. Day,.time.: weather, sight 3iTR ~ ~ Introductory Subject 'It' '1'>f *IB~ fcf;m" ~ t .am: Being ~ ~ It q;r ~ ~ ~ qfl:J<T ~

wt ~ t1 ~ ~. It being a fine day(= It was a_ fine q_~~ ~ ~ m:r.1Tl·-3«f:, ~ oq; ~ (i) ~ Part (A) if 'Being'' ~ 'It' cfiT ffl' ~ ffl ! '6of oq; Part (A)~ ti I

~. ~ (ii) if 'Being'~ ~ ~ Subject of Reforerr~ ~ti~.~~-~~~ Subject~~ ·if 'lt'l_ ... m !1 ~ 'It'~ 'Being'~ ~ m ~ 'It being' ftR.Tm": ~ 3T<if It being a beautiful sight(==_ It was_~ be_a1,1tifuJ~ig ~ ~ t. ~~~ti a«r:_. ~ (n) ·if .'Be~ng\, Subject of Reference 'It' ti ~:. Participle~ R-m: SulljecHi Reference!!~-~.~ (ii)~ ti . .

"fo: ·(3) Active Voice if fci;m action ~ ~ ffl ~ ~ having + v3 cm- ~ fcf;crr· ~ t ~ Passive voice·:

having+ been+ V3 m being~ v3 cf;T; ~-

.....

No Error. (E) (ii) Being I a beautiful sight, I it charmed I all of us. I

(A) (B) (C) (D) .l

~ Part (A) if 'While she was coming' cR -m ~ ~I. -- . --~·---

~~~~~- (i) Being I a fine day, I he went out I for ·a walk. I

(A) (B) (C) (D)

No Error. (E) ~ qf<Pf if ·Participle 'Walking' ti ~ ~ ~ Subject

~ ti qf<f.ll' ~ ~ A cfiT Subject 'he' ti ~ 'he' q;!' ;walking'-~ ~ m ~ 'he walking' (while he was walking) fiR;rm ti ~ ~ ~ if Participl~ 'walking' '!fit' Subject of Reference 'he' ti am:, ~ 1!m Participle cfiT >l<l11T ~ti ~.

(ii) Coming towards I her husband, I the glass slipped I (~ @) ~

from her hand. No Error (D) (E) ~ qf<Pf ir Participle 'coming' t ~ ~ ~ Subject

~ ti qf<Pf ~ ~ ~ q;r Subject 'the glass' ti ~ 'the glass'~ 'coming'~ ~ ~ ~ 'the glass coming towards her husband' (:;:: while the glass was coming towards her husband. ~ ~ ~ a:!<f.t -qft:r ~ 3m 3iT -m ~) ~ t, ~ meaningless !1 ~ Participle 'coming' cfiT Subject of Reference 'the glass'~ t ~~amt~~~ ti am: Part (A)~ ti

ftR, Part (D) ir 'her' cfit ~ ~ ·i::im ~ t fm ~ ~ ~ t fcr; ~ ~ attf.r -qft:r ~ ~ 3iT ~ m, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7T<IT' ~ ~ a:r.f ~ ~ cl>f.t ~ ~ -~ f.F·1f("1(trn ~ cfiT WTm ~ ~-

(i). While site· was coming towards I her husband, I the (A) (B)

glass slipped I from her hand. No Error (C) (D) (E)

~·, ~ 1!m, (i). if R<IT ~ ~ '?rt-rn' t, ~ ,rq;n: ~ Problem q;t Unrelated'Participle cfiT Problem qzj' ~ t't ~ ~ ~ cfiT ~ ~ t-:-

(i) While he was walking in the field, a snake bit him. ~: ~ q(<Pf ir·~ ~ ~ q;t ~ ~ i·~·~

Subjects t atR ~ 3ffi'll'~ ffl ffl ti ~ ~ qf<Pf t (i) He was walking in the field. (ii) A snake bit him. m, ~ 'ifl' 'afR' w 'fcr; ~ ~ Subject~ cfi'llT··~ -m

ert nm ~ Subject ~ ;;fi.;r if ~ q;rij' fct;<IT ~ ~ Subjectcfi'I' while~~~~ ti~ fcr; ~ ~ ~ ~ i::im ~ t,

NOTE--:;ror m Participle cflm ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ Clause ~ Subject cITT +Fr-m-lf.T Participle ~ ~ ~ ~i <1R ~ Subject~ ~ Participle~ 3¢ ~ t 'ffi' ~ ~ t fcr; Participle cfiT ~ ~ ~ ti <!R ~ Subject ~~Participle~ 3¢ ~ ~ t m ~,~ t ~ Participle cfiT ~ ~ t; ~-

(i) Walking I in the field,- I he saw a I dead tiger I (A) (B) (C) (D)

.f A Mirror of Common Errors 64

[S.B.J., P.O. Exam.

10. We were still talking I about what we should do I when we (A) .. (B) (C)

heard I the children shouting. I No Error , (D) (E)

[B.S.RB. (Bhopal) 19"~

+. ll, Being very often ill I and frequently absent, I he had no . (A) (B)

opportunity to· finish his work I or do much of it in fact./ . (C) ~ (D)

No Error (E)

* 9. Rajan abided by I all the rules which I were explained to (A) . (B) (C)

him I before the programme. I No Error (D) (E)

[S.B.l., P.O. Exam. 1989]

ti)rhe unreasonable behaviour I of his daughter I (A) (B)

thoroughly I upset Mr. Gupta. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

[:S.S.R.B. (Patna) 1988]

@le.is very I drunk, so I he cannot tell I you even hr, (A) . (B) (C) tD)

name. I No Error (E)

3. The problems that our I country has and will face I are the (i\) (B)

outcome of the selfishness I of our so called saviours. I (C) (D)

NoErrot (E)

@Never before i the students of India have so much been (A) . (B)

frustrarted I as today when the problems I of unemploy (C)

ment are dominant, I No Error (D) . ,. ·. (E)

5. It being a stormy night, I you must thought of postponing I (A) (B)

all your programmes I till tomorrow morning. I No Error (C). {D) (E)

6. Do you doubted about I the success of this boy,./ who is (A) (B)

used to working I hard in all circumstances. I No Error (C) (D) (E).

7. We would also like to help you/ if you intend to execute/ (A) (B).

such lofty plans for the welfare I of the society. I No Error. . (C) ' (D) (E)

Directions z Find out the error in each of the 'following sentences, if any. If there is no error, the answer is 'E'.

1. You must I not held in high esteem I those who are I w ~ ~ dangers to our society. ! No Error

(D) (E)

PROBLEMS BASED ON VERBS

No Error. (E) ~ ~ $ Part (B) # 'bee~·~ ~ 1T<.-fcf !, ~ To

Be (is, are, em, was, were, be, being, been) + V3 cfil" ~Tll Passive it mm t 3TR rise~. iafTlRT, 3o-lT) ~ Intranstive Verb t ~Passive~ moT !1 am:,~~~-:-

(i) The sun having risen, the fog disappeared. · (= After the sun had risen, the fog disappeared.) ~.~- (ii) Having deserted I by her husband, I she committed/

(A) (B) (C) suicide.z No Error.

(D) (E) ~ ~ if 'having' $ 'allG 'been' cfil" 'SfcIT1T ~ ~.

c:t'·fi1<f> ~ if 'having' Participle q;r Subject of Reference 'she' t-1 .am:, Participle~~ 'she' <Fr m "G"<: 'she having deserted by her husband'~ t, -;m meaningless ti --m, Parr (B) if. ~ 'by her husband' ~ _'ITI" '1"m ~ t f.fi Participle q;i- ~ Passive it ~ ~I am: Having been deserted by her husband = After she had been deserted by her husband (= 't!ftr $ IDU qfu.llcR{ .. ir-1" $ 'allG) I ~ m, ~ c!Tq<f."<f>T ~ ~ iWTI-.

(i) Having been deserted by her husband, sh~ committed suicide. (= 'lfti ~ mu qft~cRi m- ~ ~ oflG m ~ ~ "ffil)

NOTE-fqgjj~ljOj ~ mt ~an- ~ ~ ~ ~ Participle ffl .'qlcp.IT <Fr ~ m ~ ~ ~ o-t' ~ ~ fcf; ~ TJ<iT <iR<f ~ t <IT. ~ I

( 4) ~ ~ ~ t -m- Subject of Reference ~ ~ ffl i,~~i-

considering, judging; referring, concerning, regarding." viewing, broadly speaking;~-

(i) Considering the case, I took that decision. (ii) Considering the case, that decision was taken.

~ 'e'2iR' ffl fci; ~ qT<FlT it-~ having + v3 qif WTI'lT m:rr ~ c!'m having + been + v3 <if being + v3 qif ~ qi<'. Problem k;.41 -::i!rnT t. 3m ~ having+ been+ v3 <if being+ v3 cf.I' ffl m:IT ~ <m having+ V3 cti1' ~ ~; ~-

. · (i) The sun I having been risen I the fog I disappeared I (A) (B) (C) . . (D)

29. The radio broadcasted / last night that I the temperature in (A) (B) (C)

Kashmir I would go below -1o·c. I No Error (D) (E)

30. The workers f~ll I no fewer than two hundred trees I (A) (B)

within six hours and thereby I showed their efficiency. I (C) (D)

31. Most of the rivers I in Bihar have overflown I their (A) (B) .._,...

banks and plunged I a large number of villages. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

@we advised him I to marry his daughter I because she had/ w ·oo ~

come to marriageable age. I No Error (0) {E)

33. The criminal I will certainly be hung I because the charges (A) (l3) (C)

brought upon I him are very serious. I No Error (D) (E)

28. He does nothing I but 'to find I faults in others and laugh I (A) (B) - (C) .

at them. I No Error (D) (E)

27. The boy was trembling I with anger when she drowned I (A) (B)

· all his books I and articles. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

23. During the course of investigation I the police learnt that (A) (B)

not only I the house was looted but I also the things taken . ~ ~-

away. I No Error (E)'

24. I know I '&)l be I compelled to leave this house I this (A) (B)

week, which will be I very disadvantageous for me. I (C) (D)

No Error (E) .

@once, we were dwelt I by the seaside I but now we have I . W 00 ~-

settled ourselves in Mumbai./ No Error · (D) (E)

26. I am really I very sorry to learn I that a reasonable man (A) (B) (C)

like you I has lain to me. I No Error (D) (E)

•

the chest I No Error (E)

i 21. Going towards them I with ~e cups of I tea in the tray, . . (A) (B)

somebody knocked I at the door. I No Error (C) (D) (E} .

· terrorism/ No Error (E)

18. Taking tea I he went to the office I and disposed I of a lot (A) (B) (C)

of work. I No Error . (D) (E)

f9. Only one dispute I has been settled I and others left to ·(A) (B)

both the parties / to settle. I No Error (C) . (D) (E)

~ Without taking proper care, I the doctors could not have (A) (B)

been saved I this patient, who received I a bullet injury in (C) (D) -·

No Error (E)

, TBSRB P.O. Exam. (Bhopal) 1989]

~~he .P.M. said that his party would I not repeat the ~~- (~ (B)

mistakes I done by the I previous government. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

17. l hope the country's condition/ may go from bad to (A) (B)

worse/ unless all necessary steps l are taken to suppress (C) {D)

·@Being a rainy day, I Vijay decided to stay I at home and (A) (B) (C)

· _ . work I further on the problem. I No Error (D) (E)

[S.B.I., P.O's. Exam. 1989]

13. School offers many opportunities of meeting I helpful (A)

people, reading useful books I and 'obtain information (B) (C)

about I a variety of public careers. I No Error (I)) (E)

[S.B.I., P.O's. Exam. 1989]

14. They did not came out victorious, I yet they were not v\)

disappointed I rather satisfied because I they had played (B) (C) (D) well./ No Error

(E) 15. He complained to the police/ that his briefcase had been

(A) (B) stolen I and that he was lifted I without any money. I

(C) (I))


22. Shail you like I to accompany us I in the picnic which I we - · , (A) (B) . (C) .

are going to arrange today./ No Error (D) (E}

meet some of hercommon-z friend's in the evening. I (C) (D)

No Error (E)

ANSWERS I. (B) . 2. (E) 3. (B) 4. (B) . 5.(B)

. 6. (A) 7. (E) 8. (C) 9. (E) 10, {E)

lL (D) 12. (A) 13. (C) 14. (A) 15, (C}

16. (C) 17. (A) 18. (A) 19. (C). 20.(B) 21. (A) 22. (A) 23. (D) ·24. (A)· 25. (Ai

26. (0) 27. (E) 28. (B) 29. (A) 30,(A)

31. (B) 32. (B) 33. (B) 34. (A) 35, (C)

36. (C) 37. (B) 38. (C) 39 .. (B) 40.(Al

41. (C) 42. (A) 43. (B) '"44, (B) 4~(BI I

46. (C) 47.(B) 48. (A)- 49:(D) 50.(E}

51. (E)

No Error {E)

51. Not only will she go I to the pictures but she will I also (A) (B) ·

. ' 48. Judge everything in the light of what 1-tpe pleaders of-both

,· (A) . the parties had said, I the Judge came to the conclusion I (B), (C) that the case was false. I No Error ·

(D) (E) 49. When she entered t. th• room, 'she found the I child

(A) {B) sleeping peacefully and I the fan move slowly; I No Error

(C) .(D) (E)

·so. "Work hard, lest you I should fail", said the father to his ·. (B) .

son I who was taking his I M. A. examination that year. i (C) . (D)

careers. / No Error (E) '

Error (E)

@when he.came out/ ·of the ci~ema hall, I he noticed' _(A) (B)

somebody I had stolen his. pu~e. l No Error (C) (D) . . (E) .

@He will propose to his friends I that they will join this (A) . {B)

. company, I which may provide them I with promising (C) (D)_ : ,

44. He works hard I thai he should please I his Manager <M (B) '

to 'promote him I to the post of Sales Executive. I No Error (C) (D) (E)

No Error (E) .

l@)rhe audience still flock I to his-concerts to hear him to (A) .. (B)

sing I as they perceive a sense of purity and piquancy in . . (C)

his music that is hard I to come by today. I No Error . _(D}. (E)

40. Having had reached I the station, you I may buy your (A) • {B)

ticket and wait for the train for New Delhi. I No Error (C) (E)

.._ 41. She stole something I from my room and hid it I in her (A) (B)

recently got sari, so I can't tell you anything about I the ___..- (C)

stolen thing unless or until I check the room . l No Error ~ (D) (E) \_5)Walking in the field / late at night, a snake bit me I and \ w ~

that was the reason I why' I was in a hurry. I No Error (C) (D) . (E)

43. It is better to stay at home I than to walk in 'the street I . (A) ~ (B)

when there erupts I a communal riot in the town. I (C) (D)

No Error (E)

35. Owing to his I ill health, he will / not be able to give this (A) (B)

examination, which means./ he will have to lose one year./ (C) (D)

No Error (E}

36. Our leaders should I not let the criminal I activities (A) (B)

to grow I in our country, I No Error (Cf (0) .. (E)

. 37. The eminent journalist I expressed· his helplessness in . (A) · (B) .

making I the seminar to be held I in the university _(C)

premises./ No Error (D) (E)

38. Since they were not aware I of the consequences, they I (A) . (B)

might has asked you to I transgress this social decorum. I (C) . (D)

AMiroor·of eon'iiji~~rs 67~,. ~ . . . ,, .. :~.;.:.~:~.· .• ,•·····."'~ ...... ,,,wt . ·.,." .. .... . - }l4. He seated in this examination I thrice but he always failed/ 45. If you apologise for ·'ltavfng / fail in ,lceeping yo·l'M'.:

(A) . (B) . (A) . , · (B) - because he never I took it seriously, I No Error promises, I your friendl'Witi-'forgive I you, be sure. /-No

(C) (D) (E) - (C) . . (0)

ANSWERS 1. (B} 2. (E) 3. (B) 4. (B) 5. (B)

. 6. (A)· 7. (E) 8: (C) 9.'(E) 10. (E)

11. (D) 12. (A) 13. (C) . 14. (A) 15.(C)

16. (C) 17. (A) 18. (A) 19. (C) 20. (8) I 21. (A) 22. (A) 23. (D) · 24. (A) 25. (A't 26. (D) 27. (E) · 28. (B) 29. (A) 30,(A)

31. (B) 32. (B) .33. '(B) 3.4. (A) 35. (Cl ·I 36. (C) 37. (B) 38. (C) 39. (B) 40.(A}

41. (C) 42. (A) 43. (B) 44. (B) 45.(B) I 46. (C) 47. (B) 48. (A)" 49.'(D) 50. (E}

51. (E) •

No Error (E)

51. Not only will she go I to the pictures but she will I also (A) (B) ·

meet some of hercommonz friends in the evening. I (C) (D)

No Error (E)

careers. / No Error (E)

48. Judge everything in the light of what 1-tpe pleaders of-both ," (A) .

the parties had said, I the Judge came to the conclusion I (B), (C}. that the case was false./ No Error ·

(D) (E)

49. When she entered /, th(f room, 'she found the I child (A) (B) .

sleeping peacefully and I the fan move slowly; I No Error (C) _(D) (E)

50. "Work hard, lest you I should fail" ,'said the father to his ·. (B) .

son I who was taking his I M. A. examination that year. i (C} (D)

Error (E)

@When he.came out / 'of the cinema hall, I. he noticed' (A) . (B)

somebody I had stolen his purse. i Ne> Error (C) (D) . . (E)

@He will propose to his friends I that they will join this (A) (B)

company, I which may provide .them I with promising (C) (D). : ,

44. He works hard I that he should please I his Manager (A) (B)

topromote him I to the post of Sales Executive: I No Error (C) (D) (E)

No Error (E)

'@Ine audience still flock I to his-concerts to hear him to (A) . (B)

sing I as they perceive a sense of purity and piquancy in (C)

his music that is hard I to come by today. I No Error . (D). (E)

40. Having had reached I the station, you I may buy your (A) • (B)

ticket and wait for the train for New Delhi./ No Error (C) (E)

41. She stole something I from my room and hid it I in her (A) (B)

recently got sari, so I can't tell you anything about I the - (C}

stolen thing unless or until I check the room . ./ No Error ~I (D) -(E)

? ~Walking in the field I late at night, a snake bit me I and ~ (A) (B)

that was the reason I why I was in a hurry. I No Error (C) (D) , (E)

43. It is better to stay at home I than to walk ill the street I (A) ~ (B)

when there erupts I a communal riot in the town. I (C) (D)

No Error (EL

35. Owing to his I ill health, he will / not be able to give this (A) (B)

examination, which means./ he will have to lose one year.I (C) (D)

No Error (E)

36. Our leaders should I not 1et the criminal I activities (A) (B)

to grow I in our country. I No Error (C). (0) .. (E)

. 37. The eminent journalist I expressed· his helplessness in (A) · (B) .

making I the seminar to be held I in the university (C)

premises./ No Error (D) (E)

38. Since 'they were not aware I of the consequences, they I (A} . . (B)

might has asked you to I transgress this social decorum. I (C) . (D)

.... led/ · 45. if ·;~~,-·;poiogi; fot)1,avi'ng I fail in keepmg yoo_r:- . He seated in ~ examination I thrice but he· al;r fai . ..~ . (A) . . . ·. . . ·· . (B)

because he never I took it seriously. I No Error promises, I your friendl:w.iJf fo'tpve 1 you,' be sure. / -No ~ ~ ~ . ~-. ~

· .-· ·· !Con'lfflo.ttEttors-· A.M.umro "'·''"···'· .. .. . .. : . •

(i) leave ~) left left (ii) lift ~) · lifted lifted

16. (C) 'done'* ~ 'made' m1TT cf<n'1% 'make a mistake' idiomatic~ ti are-: ~ ~ ,~ Passive Voice ~ n m ~ ~ ~ ~ 'a mistake made'. Pict~f&d Phrases cit- ~- (i) make a mistake.

Past Participle J,

Past J,

Present J,

=,

Modal Aux. V1 2. (E) ~~tt.

0) (B) 'has' ~ GflG 'faced' cfiT '!l<WT "tf1TT ~ ~ <n ~ Auxiliary Verbs cfiT ll"<IT1T ~ Conjunction t ~ ~ ~ '3ft ·31'1R ofR 'Verb'~ 3IB11"~ fo~s mt m mrr ~ Aux. Verbs ~ ~ ~-~ Main Verb cf;T.

~ ~ m m ~ Aux. Verbs ~ -~ Main Verb ~ forms~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~~.'Have' cfiT ~ ,ft ~ - tt-Have, Has, Had· am ~ v3 [Past Participle form of tM Verb]~ t; ~- (i) They have done it in no time.

TT have V3

m if ~ ~ cflcPf f.:tqf~Rsd ~ lfi Synthesis ~~i-- (i) He has written a lot of answers.

(ii) Hewill ~rit~ a lot of answers. ~ $rr ~ if He 'd1?IT a lot of answers cfiT Common ~ -qt

He [has written+ will write]a lot of answers. ~ { +] ~ ~ 'tR 'and' m ~

. He has written and will write a lot of answers. ~(B) the students ~ ~ 'have' cfiT ~ ft ~

'Neverbefore't ~~~if~ fti;<rr cfiT 'll<WT Subject~ 'q"ffl mm t afR ~ 'Subject' 'the students'!, atcr:, Verb 'have'~I ~- Never before have I seen such a beautiful girl.

5. (B) 'thought' ~ ~ 'think' cfiT ~ m11T ~ 'must' ~ Modal Auxiliary.! ':3IT ati:r:t ofR V1 cfiT -~ ffirr t, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~ (1) ~ ~ ~I

6. (A) 'doubted'~ ~ 'doubt' cfiT ~ WIT ~ ~ ~ 'Do' cf.I' ~ ~ · form ~ ofR v1 ffiIT !1 ~ ~ 'Do' ~ aR forms 'does' 'dm 'did' !1 ~- (i) Does he write ?

T --r- Does V1

· 1. (B) 'held' ~ ~ 'hold' cfiT -~ n ~ 'held', 'hold' cf;r 'Past form t ~- Modal Auxiliary Verbs [can, could, may,. might, shall, should, will, would, must, dare not, need not~] ~ ~ Verb~ ati:r:t First Form [i.es, V1] it ~ !: ~- (!) He will/ can I should I must do it

J. ' J.

• EXPLANATIONS ·. :, l A Mirror·of;;Cotnmon:Errors

(ii) They do not work hard. J. J.

do V1

(iii) She did not . ~- J, J;

did V1

7.(E) ~~!1 8. (C) 'was' cfiT '31'<it1T ~ ~. ~ cm superfluous

(3,j::jjcij~ <lcfi) tJ 9'. (E) ffl<Pi ~ ti

10. (E) ~~t1· 11. (D) 'do'~ ~ infinitive 'to' cfiT '!l<WT m1TTI . 1-2. (A).Being_~ ~ 'It' 'cfil' m mrTT, ~~Participle

~ ~ ~ Subject of Referenc ~ ~ ~ 'if Being ~ ~ Subject of Reference ~ t, ~ ~ ~ 'cfil' aN. ft [we being a rainy day= we were a rainy day,] '3ft ~ ~. &if41,EXIG · ti ""2fFi ~ f<f; 'weather', 'season', 'time' ~ 'afa'R' ~ ~ ~ Introductory Subject 'It' cfii 'Jl"<IT1T ffl :t tt- (i) It was a fine morning. (ii) It was four o'clock. afR ~ 'It' Participie <fir Subject of Reference ~ t;tt-. (i) It was a_ fine morning. We. went out · ~ ~ q']q<IT q;I" Participle ~ ~ ~ R&.lf('!f<sfd . qfcp.f~-

It being a fine morning, we went out. 13. (C) 'obtain'~ ~ 'obtaining' ft ~ 1* ,m: ~

# it Verb 'cfil' sequence t : of meeting reading and obtaining.

14. (A) 'came' ~ ~ 'come' ~ <Rl'fcf; Do, Does, Did

~ ~. GflG V1 cfiT 'lf<ll1T ~ t I He ·does l did not ~. there.

J. vi

15. (C) 'lifted'~ ~ 'left' cfiT m- m1TT ~ 'l.ift' <iiT a1¥f . ~ t ~· ~ 'leave' cfiT wt mm t ~·i

Leave~ Lift~ ~ q;t" ~-

68

flown fled flowed

flew fled flowed

Past (V2) Past Participle (V3> ! j,

Present (V1)

! (i)fly ~) (ii) flee (\WT 7ilRT)

(iii) flow ~)

(iii) feel ~ ~) · felt felt 31. (B) 'overflown'~ ~ 'bverflowed' cf;! 'li<TI'lT ~ cf41f~

overflow cf;T Past ~ overflowed (!'P.l'T Past Participle ~ overflowed mm t, Rt.ffo1f~a Verbs~ ~ ~qi)~--:--

yl v2 y3

J, ! J, (i)fall ~) fell fallen (ii) f~ll ~ fTRAT) felled felled

..

(i) lie ~ ~) lied lied (ii) lie ~). lay lain (iii) lay ~ · laid · laid

27. (E) ~~t, 28. (B) 'to' cfil' 6GRT ~. ~ 'Do'~ fci;m- fonn ~ .:rn;

~ nothing but (!'P.l'T Verb l;t m ~ Verb f.RT' [to] q;r ~ i'raT' t, tt-He does nothing but sleep in the day time.~ 'sleep'~ ~ 'to' q;i- "Sl<iPT lJffii HI

29. (A) 'broadcasted'- ~ ~ 'broadcast' cfi1" ~ n ~ 'broadcast' q;r Present, Past om Past Participle ~

. ll<6 ~ ~ ti ~ ~ cast, recast q;r m-:rr ~ ~ mart, 30. (A) 'fell'~ ~ 'felled' cJ;T" "ll'1WT ~ ~ 'fell' cfif

~ l!'lm t ~ ftm;rr'' ~~

(ii) make a noise. (iii) score a goal. {iv) <.>mm.it a sin I crime. .

'17. (A) 'hope' ~ ~ 'fear' cf;'f m WIT ~ 'hope' cf;!'

3[1.tf1'T pleasurable things (an=i<<l4l ff) ~ ~ ~ · t; ~-(i) I hope he will succeed in the I.A.S. Examination. (ii) I hope the country will progress by leaps and

· bounds. '

~ 'fear' cfiJ" m- unpleasurable things ~ ~ .C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n t ~ 5:~ ~. ~~ <f;{.\cliffi ffl') ~~~t;~- •.

(i) I fear the dacoits will kill Dr. Sinha. 18. (A) 'taking' q;r ~ ~ "ID1TT ~ 'taking' ~ "ll'1WT ~

AA im: ~ q;i- ~ ~ t fcf; ·~ -AA ~ ~ ~ ~ Tfl!T" ~ ~ iil~l~e: ti ~ Part cf;'f

~ ~ m-After Taking tea, <1T After he had taken tea. <1T Having taken tea <1T When he, had taken tea.

19; (C) 'left'~ ~ 'have been' cf;'f WWT ~ ~ ';;J'if'

qJcflf if~ Subjects fi:R"-f,r-r Numbers·~ mm~ ~ Verb~ form cfil' ~ ~ ~ ~; ~- (i) One was killed and five were injured.

T T ·-r- T . Subject Verb Subject Verb

(Singular) (Singular) (Plural) (Plural) "3m "31cm:, (ii) Five · have been sent to jail and one has TT~ · TT Sub. Verb Sub. Verb (Pl.) (Pl.) . (Sing.) (Sing.)

· been released. _ ~ ~ Subjects cfi1" Number ~ ~ it m ll<6 -gt Verb~ cfiT1f ~ ~ t; ~..,__ (i) Two were killed and five injured.

~ ~ if 'five'~ ilR 'were' understood jr ~ ti 20. (B) 'been' q;'r ~ ~ my- ~ To be [~ ~

~ is I are I am (was I were I be I being I been] + v3 q;r 1!<TI'1T Passive Voice if moT t, anr: AA lfl1: ~ cm ~ ~ t fcf; 'doctors~ ~ -~ <il'T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t fcf; 'doctors' patient cfil' ~ ~ ~ ?ITI [~ ~ ft.;flrr] I

21. (A) 'Going' cm ~ 'Participle' ~ ~ if ?f t ~ ~ Subject of Reference~ ~ ti anr: ~ ~ ~ fcf. 'While I I she I he was going •

22. (A) 'shall'~ ~ 'will' q;r 1l<IT7T WIT ~ ~~-,ii~1-4~a4-, 'shall' q;r m Second ~ Third Person ~ m-er Interrogative Sentence if~ mm t; ~-

. (i) Shall you go ? (ii) Shall they go ?

~ cfrcPIT if 'Will' q;r ffl ~ ~t

A Mirror of Common Errors • .. •' .,< .,.!. • ; - •

.. 23. (D) 'taken' ~ ~ 'wer~· <fir ~ n ~ . house' Singular Subject t, 3Tcf.: ~ ~ 'was•'ciiJ

WWT s3lf t; ~ 'the things' Plural Subject t ·aw: ~ ~ 'were' q;r WWT ~ Wt!TI ara:·, qJcf<f <R" ~~n, . (i) Not only the house was looted but also the th~ were taken away.

24. (A) will~~ 'shall' q;r ~~~First Person ~ m-er ~ 'shall' cfi1" 'lflITlT ~ t ~ ~ efR 'be obliged' I 'be grateful', 'be forced', 'be compelled', 'under the necessity of' anR q;r JflITlT m; tt- (i) I shall be obliged to you. [':f fcf; I will be obliged to you.] ·

25. (A) 'were'~~ m, ~ qJcflf Active Voice if t, 26. (D) 'Iain' ~ ~ 'lied' cf;! ~ ~ ~ 'lain' lie

[~ q;i- Past Participle ~ t ~ 'lied' 'lie ~ ~ ifift At.ff<::tf~d Verbs.~ ~-

·····-·-· ---- . --..,,_:_ ... ~~_ ......... ......_ -',ij

Adjective Noun ~. ~ ~ Verbs lITTI' ·i ~ Past Participle if~ ~ [Two forms] lITTI' !1 ~ ~ ~ Verb~ ~ if ~ ira1' t ~ ~ Adjective ~ ~- if1 ~ ~ Verbs 'fl Main Verbs I Principal Verbs_~ (A) it ~

?\ 'Q.cf ~ ~I , . . @.A) 'walking' ~ ~ 'While I was walking' q;r ~

~ n ~ 'walking in the field, a snake bit me' if 'walking' 1'11' m Participle ~ ~ if t m<fif, Subject 'A snake' ti ~ ~ t f.i; ·~ ~ ~ i:t ~ ~ tn't anr:, Participle cf>I' Subject of Reference M'iffi~~~mr~;~- \ (i) Sitting in my room, Ram came to see me. ~ 1f?t <flcFlr q;r ~ t- Ram was sitting in my room. Ram came to see me. ~ ~ ~- ~ t fcf; I was 'sitting in my room. Ram came ·to see me. ~ ~ ~ W ~ ~ -~ Conjunction 'While' W ffl ~ imf ~ ... ~ ~ .mriT fcfi While I was sining in.µiy. room, Ram came to see me. ~ ~ ~ P~ciple ctre qTcp:I" if am ~ ~ ~ Subject~ Participle~ m ~ ~ m ti ~ ~ Sut,ject <'!'IT Participle cf;l'.. on-r-irn itcfi J m ~ ~ t ~ Participle cfiT m ~ ti ~ Subject cPIT Participle~ ~~ m '-llft' t <IT ~ aN t fcfi Pa.'ticiple ffl ,wr if Error t, ~ ~--"l'f'Q; qTcp:I" W ~- (i) Sleeping in the train, a thief removed all my luggage. ·· ~~if~ flF;7.ir removed 9it.S.ubject 'a thief' l1 ~ Subject ~ Participle ~ ~ ~ 'tR ~ tfra t fci; 'A thief sleeping in the train'. ~ • A theif was sleeping in the train.' ~ ~ ~ ~ t fcfi Subject <'!'IT Participle 'cfiT on-r-im" ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~

horse. -1-

(ii) I saw a running r

(Present Participle)

Having . V3 t.o the library.

41. (C) 'got'.~~ 'gotten' q;r 1l<fl'1T m"ITI ~ -ra fcf; Past Participle ~ Present Participle cf;T ~ Verb <1v.rT

·Adjective~ ~ if ~ t°; ~- (i}He is running. ~ ~ t-11

J,

(i) Having read the book, you should return it J. J.

(i) I heard him sir- -r- T hear object v' lfif

v2

yl

larb. (";r ~ to laugh] (i) I made . him -r- T Make Obj.

~ v2 (ii) I heard him say so. f-f frf; to say so]

37. (B) 'making' ~ ~ 'joining' 'llT 'participating in' cfil' 'Sf'lfl'lT n. ~ seminar 'q' ·~rair~a· !311' ~ t 'llT

· ;_~;~ ',wr' ~ ~ t, 'Make a seminar' 1'11' -~ ~ t1 m 'seminar' 'arrange'1ft ~ ~ !L

: 38. (C) .'has'* -~ 'have' lfif ~ m-'1T ~ 'might' 'Q;cfi'

·· Modal Auxiliary t ~ ~ ~ ffl1T V1 ~ t1 ~ ~ ~ ~ offl:-msqr I~ oZJl1§!fT ~I

39. (B) 'to' <iii' m ~ m-'1T ~ 'bear+ Object+ V1' 1'11' m irar t: -tt- ·

. Let Subject ~ 'll"ffl \lJR ~ fct; Sul>jed + watch l behold I see I make I hear + Object+ V1 lfi1' ~ iraf t, -;r fcl; To + V1 1'11'; tt-·

~ v' them r (i) Let

T

(i) hang ({1c!<fiHI) hung hung (ii) hang ~ ~) hanged hanged.

34. (A) 'seated' ~ ~ 'sat', 'appeared' 1ff' ~ 'took the examination' 'qif ~ n1 ~~ · (i) Students/ examinees appear at I in an examination. .. · .. ,•,.;.- (ii) Students I examinees'~e an examination. (iii) Teachers I invisilators give an examination.

35. (C) 'give'~~ 'take' cfiT ~ ~ cfiRUr offl:-~ 34 . ~~~h1T11Tt1 36. (C) 'to' w ~ ~ A ~ 'Let+ Subject+ V1' w

~*mt:~-

Past Participle P35t Present

. 32. ('B) 'to marry his dau'g~~~ -~ 'to' get his daughtef 40. (A) 'had' cfiT m superfluous [31-!lc:llt <lcfi] t1 ~ W fcfi married <fir WT .t<Zif·qfi'n ~ 'we advised him 'Having+ y3, cfiT ~ ~ t; ~-

, to marry his daughter' .cfil' a1'f t '"gif,r ~- 3N-fl' tt it ~ ~ ift/~ <6''· ~ -gir ~ :~ t f.t; m a-t ~ ~ * m ~ ~ * ~ c!\''1 f.l*-lf{-IRsd cflcPf ~ ~- ·.

. (i) m ~ m: ~-He got a house built 33. (B) 'hung' ~ ~ 'hanged' cfiT ~ Ml 'hang'-~ use w~- .

. A Mirroilrroon\mon Etrdrs ... , •. ·. , ·. • • . "' .. " .., ·;:, .•. 1. • . •. 70

***

gave his decision. (ii) Considering all the points, the decision was

.i Subject

given. . . 49. (D) 'move' ~ ~ 'moving' m ~ m Verbs ~

'and'~ ~ t 'ffl ~ 'form' v:,.t; -gt ~ t; ~ (i) running and walking [-;r ~- walks I walk I walked} (ii) run ~d walk [";f fcfi walks I walking I walk]

50. (E) ~~ti 51. (E) ~~t,

46. (C) 'noticed'~ ~ 'found' <$T lPrr!T ittrr ~ 'notice• <ff ~ t observe, see ("21R' ~. ~) ~ 'fiodi~ ~ ~ t get back after a secU"ch ~ ~ ~ llRl)J ~- (i) I found him lying in bed. (ii) I found my purse missing.

~. (i) I noticed how he was quarelling with his tools. (ii) I noticed he was becoming more and more agressive.

47. (B) 'will'~ ~ 'should' cfiT JPU1T mlfT ~ Suggest I propose + to + somebody + that + Subject+ should+ V1 'ifiT ~ ~ t; ~- I suggest to Raju that he should go. , ~ ~ 4 shall I will I can I co~ld I may I might

. ~ ~ 'Sl1ff1T ~ ~> ~ t, a«r:- (i) I suggest that he will do it.

. (ii) I propose that he can stay with me. ·. t=1' qr,pff ~ will I can ~ li1n1r ~ ti ~ ~ should 'ifiT JPU1T A ~I

48. (A) 'Judge'* ~ 'Judging' <W ~ A U4R ~ ~

Imperative Sentence (V1) ~ ~ ~ t ~ Participle ~ ~ Judging, considering I viewing I referring /regarding~~~~*~~ "'1<IT t1 ii' mt vrse:· -iTI' Participle J«fto m t 'Subject'~~ (Free)~ t. ~ ~ ~ ~i'rart;~- (i) Considering all the points, the judge

,1, Subject

having

v3 gone. pr 1'$ went] .i v3

taken breakfast, he went out. .i V3 r-r 1'$ took]

have (b) He has

.i has

(c) Having J,

t ~ ·~ ~ ~ if n ~. ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ -g'.21" ~ ~-1JT'lflif ~ ~,·· ~ aw ~ ~ -m~~~~~- While I was sleeping in the train, a thief removed all my luggage.

43. (B) 'than' ~ GflG ,e1q1..J.1<1: Infinitive Particle 'to' cfiT

-m ~ ~ t ~ ~ v' cfiT ~ irar t ~- (i) You had betterto dosome work than wander.

.J, .J,

than V1 44. (B) 'should' ~ ~ 'may' cfiT ~ mlfT ~

f-:iAf('1f&d Verb sequence cfiT lflrr7T ~ t- (i) He will work hard, so that he may pass. (ii) He works hard in order that he may pass. (iii) He worked hard I so that I in order that he might pass. fcf;tjt cfi1cf cfiT ~ dldi-lqil-1 qfCflff ii' ~ Clause ~ Future Tense ~ Present Tense if ~ ffl Dependent Clause ~ that ~ so that 1lT in order . that~~~ t ~ 'may' cfiT ~ ~ ..m,r t. am: ~ ~ Clause Past Tense if it <IT Dependent Clause if 'might' cfiTI ~ ~ ~ ~ cfl'<flif ~ 'may' 1lT 'might'~ ~ shall, will, should, would cfiT~~m;~- (i) He labours hard so that he will do well in the

· examination. [ll1 ~ ~ ·,_wil!' cfiT lf1nlT ~ ti ~~ 'may'cfiT·~~ (ii) · He labourd hard in order that he should compete with others. [W ~ if 'should' <fil' ~ ~ti~~ 'might'cfiT~~-~I]

45. (B) 'fail' ~ ~ 'failed' cfiT ~ 'ffllTT ~ have, had,

has, having alTfu ~ ~ V3 [Verb cfif Past Participle. Form J 'lf"lTI1T if 31Tm t; -;tq_

. (a) They have come. [;r ~ came} J,. .J,

(ii) Only they can save you. ~ ~ 'ffilT ~ of'qT

~-ti) . CJ:,ASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS ·

Adverbs ~ ~ *'mt't't (A) Simple Adverbs

.. (B) Interrogative Adverbs al!IT

(C) Relative adverbs

(A) SIMPLE ADVERBS f.lizif<.1f-clq '3f<m: ~ ~ t :- .. (i) Adverbs of Time-today, yesterday; last month, last

year, ago, at present, presently, shortly, directly, late, lately, recently, etc.

Adverbs of Time -~ Interrogative al!IT Relative Adverbs when, how long, whence~ ti

(ii) Adverbs of Place-here, there, in, out, away, indoors, outdoors, far, near, etc.

Adverbs of Place ~·Interrogative ~ Relative Adverbs where, from where~ !1

(iii) Adverbs of Number-once, twice, thrice

& Adverbs of Frequency-seldom, never, always, scarcely,

rarely etc. Adverbs of Number/Frequency ~ · Interrogative ~

Relative Adverb, how many times ti (iv) Adverbs of Quantity, Range .or Extent-too, very,

much, quite, enough, sufficiently, completely, wholly, partially, fairly, rather, far, etc.

Adverbs of Quantity. cfif· Interrogative al!IT Relative Adverbs how much, how far, to what extent~ t'1

(v) Adverbs of Manner, Quality or Stat~-thus, so, badly, carefully, fluently, beautifully, fast, etc.

(vii).~: Noun m Pronoun~ ~ ~ cf;!" cfillf Adjectives~ t. ~ ~ itit: Adverbs t ~ <ffl o<fi fcfim Noun m Pronoun <ti' ~ m .rem ti-~ Adverbs t-Only, even, at least, almost; ~- .. .

(i) Only Hari has passed. (~ ~ ~ s3TI' t') .J, .j,

Adv. Noun. i .. ·- t -

Sentence

Fortunate! y, .j,

Adv. i___.... .I

he did not receive any injury . J;

(v) fcf;m Conjunction~ fcml.fclT ~ t; ~- (i) He killed her sim[1y ~ she had refused to marry him.

Adv. Conj.

t_i

(iv) fcfim Preposition~ ~ ~ t; ~ (i) The bird flew eyctly T his head.

Adv. Prep.

i i

I I I '

(i) She writes vLy carefully. . J,

Adv. Adv.

i r (ii) You can run vtry fast.

T Adv. Adv.

r r ..

(iii) f~- rai<IT-~ (Adverb) ~ ~ ~ t; ~-

(ii) She is ave( gof girl. . "'

Adv. Adj.

t r

~ fcl; -~ * f.mr-r ~ ~ '11<rr t· ~'.-(i) if 'fast' ~ Adverb t ~ ~ 'runs' * ~ ~ t al!IT qjcp.f (ii) ii 'clearly'~ Adverb t ~ fif;iir 'speaks'··~ ~ ~ ti

(ii) fcl;m f<mlfUT (Adjective) q;t ~ ~ ·t ~-, (i) You are absolutely right. .. l -r- .

Adverb "Adjective i i

(ii) She spcjks clejly.

Verb Adv.

r r

(i) He r.uns fast. T T Verb Adv.

1' r j

Adverb~ ~ t ~--,-- (i) fcf;m fif;m * ~ iffifm -%;. ~-

I Chapter-S I ·- L A_D_VE __ R_B_S _..

(vi)~~(Sentence)~~~t;~- ·

..

~. (b) much· the best boy. --r- TT

much + the + Sup. (C) Very cfil' 'l!<ITlT P.resent Participle ~ ffl war t;

-ttl"-very int~ing, very daring, very perplexing, very challenging, very entertaining.

~ much ~ Past Participle ~ ~; tt-much amazed, much ~ved, much surprised, much admired, etc.

very Unpleasant Adj. /.. (8) Very (l'el'f Much~ Jl<tl'lT ~ ~ ~ ~ :- (A) Very q:;r 'SPTI'1T Positive. degree ~ ~- b'lcIT t;

tt-very good, very wise, very lucky, very lion~t · ~ much~ Comparative Degree~ m;· ~ much better, much wiser, much luckier, much more . .... ~. - honestett.. . . .

NOTE : very much + Comparative Degree ~ '3t<ITIT mm t;tt-

very much .better, very much wiser, very much luckier etc.

(B) very 1ff much cfil' m ·stiperlative Degree ~ ~ moT ti ~ The + very + sup. ~ Much + the+ Sup;~-:- (a) the ~ best boy. · r J.. T .

the + very + Sup.

(i) She is vef beautiful. r very Pleasant Adj.

(ii) Sita is T ~-

.(a) I am only "too glad to rec~fve your letter: = I am very glad to receive yourietter. . . .

(b) -.-.Your performance is· only too bad. = Your performance is.very bad.. .

(7) Very~ Jl<tl'lr_ Pleasant <IT.· Unpleasant A~j_ectives ~ ~mrt tt- · · · · ·· ·

none too Unpleasant Adj._

~~~!U':fffl'll) (= This essay is not very bad.) .

(6) Only too= very ~ ~ pleasant ~ unpleas~nt Adjectives ~: ~ ~

(= This essay is not very good.) (b) This essay is none too bad.

J, J,

go,r: Pleasant Adj.

(a) This essay is none too :r:

none too

h.9w,J.n. what way, ~~- ( vi) Adverbs of Affirmation or Negation-yes, no, surely,

certainly, not, etc. 3i<i -~ ~ ADVERBS cfil" ~ ~ ~ Problems

~~~t, (I) Too-more than required (3ll4:tl!cfidl ~ .amlq;) ~ ~ Unpleasant Adjectives ~ ~ moT t1

~-too bad, too naughty, too wicked, too fat, too dull, etc. a«r: "too glad, to happy, to pleased, too healthy-~~

TJ'ffif t, (i) I am too glad to meet you lfil' ~ t ~ ~ ~

~ 1F"f { f.5rcRr ':fffl' ~ ~·, ~ ~ q;r ~- ~ ~- .. (ii) I am very glad to meet you.

(2) · Too ··-··· to "tR ~ qycprr if Too ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-PleasantAdjectivelfil' ffl ,fl" m ~ t; "tt-

(i) .He is too intelligent to be cheated. (= He is so intelligent that he cannot be cheated.)

NOTE : (i) if ~ lT1?: ~ (i) cfil" so ... that if ~ ~ 7ol'T ~t ~c:l'W.Too+glad':fffi'"ffl"~tl)

(3) Much too+ UnpteasantAdiectives ~-much too painful, much too careless, much too

wicked. (4) Too Much + Noun; ~- Too much pain, too much- carelessness, too much

insincerity. ~ much too ~ el'R Nouri clYfT too much ~

Acfective cfiT ~ Problem ~ ~ • too much q;r m ~ cm much too ~ -;;m much too q;r ~ m:rr ~ <ffli' too much cfiT m ~ problem R'llT ;;irnr t, ~- .

(i) His failure I is too much I painful I for me. J No Error. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

[~ <Wf<l' ~ Part (B) if too much ~ ~ much too cfiT . ~ R ~ ~ Part (C) if painful~ Adjective !1]

(b) His wife's I rude behaviour I gives· him/ much too (A) (B) (C) (D)

pain. I No Error. (E)

[~ qlq<f if Part (D) if much too~ ~ 'too much' cfiT ~ R ~ ~ 'pain' -q:cfi Noun !1]

t (5) None too= not very. ~~-Pleasant~ Unpleasant Adjectives~~ 'ffl'm

I

Adverbs of Manner~ Interrogative clYfT Relative Adverbs . ~ ~ i@f" ~ ~ to A Mirror of Common Errors 73

..

Adj. Noun (B) Fairly 'cfiT Jl"lIT1T Positive Degree ~ ~ ~ !1

tt-fairly wise, fairly good.etc. ~. Rather q;r 'Si<IT7T Positive cm Comparative Degreejs

~; ~-rather bad, rather difficult, rather worse, rather hotter, etc.

(C)_ F.3~rly~ ~Qo;:.~-~ ~ ~ t ~ Rather ~ olTG too '4't' mm t; ~'---- -

(i) fairly too good~ ~ tr ~. rather too good~ ~- ~ !1 (D) Fairly--~ <illG Pleasant. Adjectives cfil' 'Si<IT7T ~ t;'

tt-fairly wise, fairly beautiful, etc. · Rather ~ <illG unpleasant adjectives q;r; ~-rather

wicked, rather difficult, rather troublesome, rather dull etc. ~. rather amusing, rather good, rather clever, rather

!

pretty, rather beautiful qi!' Jl"lIT1T mm t, / (11) Enough .

. (A) Enough "q;T m ~ Adverb of Quantity ~ ~ if mart m ~m- ~ ~ ~ .. ~ ~ ~-~ t ~ ~~~t~-

(i)· He is intelligent enolgh to unde~~tand it.

Adjective enough (ii) She runs¥ enlugh to win the r~ce.

Adverb enough l'2!R' ~ fcl:i Adjective m Adverb js m enough cf;!' ffl'

cfR: Problem~ -:srrnr t'; ~- . (i) He is I enough lucky I to get I a job. I No Error.

(A) (B) (C) (D) . . (E) [Part (B) ii' 'enough lucky' %i ~ lucky enough ~

WTTI] . . ' (B) Enough~ m ffllT Positive Degree~ Adjective m

Adverb "q;T ffl' mm t-1 ~-be;mtiful enough, car;ful enough, tall enough.

~ ~ ffi. Comparative err Superlative Degree q:;r m ~ '4't' Problem~~ t; ~-

. (i) He is I greater enough/ to pardon I you. I No Error. (A) (B) (C) (P) (E) Noun Adj.-

He is all right~ WTTI (D) Quite q;t fcrn,rnr Gf'd'R 'q;T q:;yir ~ ~ Adverb :rnl'

ctR:~t; ~- (i) He is absolutely ,quite right~ ~ !1 ~~. (ii) He is absolutely right. m, (iii) He is quite. right~ ~I (10) Fairly 'dtlf Rather

(A) I a+ fairly+ Adj.+ N l'q;T m ~ i, ~....:...a fair~y good , book.

J. J.

(ii) I. was much pleased with her letter. [Here glad or happy cannot be substituted for pleased.]

.. =-Nestleld : ENGLISH GRAMMAR, COMPOSmON AND USAGE

(9) Quite q;r ar4 t 'perfectly, completely' ~. -cr0 ..... , ,l<K-.:.q-01) 3m ~ '3f<lT1T 'very' q;t ~ -::rtt' mar ti ara:,

(i) She is quite lovely. (ii) You are quite handsome.~ ~ ~ ti B q]'q<IT q;r ~ ~ t- (i) She is very lovely. (ii) You are very handsome.

~ (A) ~ very ~ ar4 ~ quite 'q;T ffl' f.:il-!f~f@d Past Participles js ~ ~ ~ t- .

Quite delighted C.= very delighted) Quite tired(= very tired) Quite finished(= completely finished) (B) ~ Rl-!foif@d Positive Degree ~ ~ ~ quite "q;T

'Si<IT7T mar t- f . <:'

quite chilly, quite cool, quite warm, quite rift, quite wrong, quite alone, quite well.

. ~ (C) Quite o"1T all q;r 1flnTl' ~ m -:rt!' ~ ti. am:, He.

. is quite all right~ ~ ti ~~He is quite.right.

(i) I was J1e,:y pleased to hear this. (Here pleased= glad, happy]

j I' ~ _ NOTE : Very q;r m- Past Participle js m· -::rtt' ~ t &fl' ~. · ·:,

. ~ f.:p .. Jfclf~d Past Participles js ~ Very~ ~ t, . I a + rather+ Adj. + N I qi!' w:mr mm t, very . tired, very dejected, very contented, very

d. ed · · ~-a rather difficult problem iscontent , very pleased, very drunk, very limited, very · delighted. · ,!. · J. ·

~ ~ 'pleased ~ ~ 'very' q;r m- mm t 'lJR · Adj. Noun 'pleased' q;r 3N glad, happy m1 ~- 'pleased' ~ ~ . ~. · 'much' q;r 'Si<IT7T mm t ~. 'pleased' q;r .3l?,f 'satisfied' m1 I rather+ a/an+ Adj. 7 NI q;r oq\' ffl' mm t, ~- . . *-rather a difficult problem.

:r :r

".I am busy just now." _ -A. S. Hornby : OXFORD ADVANCED

_LEARNER'S DICTIONARY (B) Just now cnr m- 'a short time ago' ~ ~ ~)

<IT 'a moment ago'~ ~·-q·~1=1f~ .. ~ if i'rai- !1 ~ ~ if ~ ~ Past Indefinite Tense if m'ffl t; ~-

. (i) He arrived early in the meeting. ~ ~, -q' ~ ~ ffi'. aw;rrl)

~' soon est W7T ~· ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ $ ~~;;rmt; ~--

(i) He came to see me soon after he arrived. (ii) The -judge pressed. the bell and the peon soon

appeared. (17) Just (1?:11' Just now Just cfiT ~ 'a moment ago' (t% a;l111'-~) ~-~ if

Adverb of Time js ~ if PresentPerfectTenseif mm-t; ~ (i) He has just gone out. (ii) I've just had dinner. ~. (A) Just now~ ~ 'at this moment' W ~· ~ ·

-~ if mm- t: ~-

. Adjective Noun ~ ~ ~ ~ ¥'"~ Gf!G)

(ii) Roses blossomed early this spring. (B) Early cfiT ~ 'f¥ra ~ ~ ~· ~ 3lv.f if ,ft ~

(i) He came in the early j,

NOTE :· Present Perfect <if Past Perfect~ ~ ago q;r ~ ~ Problem fsnr ~ t-1 tt-

{i) He I has come I a month I ago. I No Error, (A) (B) . , (C) (D) (E)

. (ii) I I had seen I him a I month ago. I No Error. (A) (B) (C) (D) . (E)

[~ (i) ~ Part (B) if 'has come' $ ~ 'came' (1?:11'

~ (ii)~ Part (B) if 'had seen'~ ~ 'saw' cnT·wrT ~I] "(15) At Present/Presently/Shortly At Present cfiT -~ t (~, ~ ~) am: ~ ~

· Present Tense if mat :t ~- (i) At present he is in the room. (ii) At present We don't need any more · f.f;.:g, Presently I Shortly q;r ~ future Action % ffi'Q'.

Future Indefinite if m t. ~...:., (i) He will come presently. (ii) They will go shortly. (16) Early (1?:11' Soon (A) Early cnr ~ Adjective ~ Adverb -ey;:ff ~ ~ if

nt,~~t 'f<f;m~q;)"~~~-~·;·~~

Verb Adverb ~. Hardly cnr ~ t ·~~ ;:i- ~ ~· ~ ~

m Adverb~ ~ if ~ mm- !; ~- (i) She hardly comes to me.

J, j,

Adverb Verb 1(' (13) Late~ Lately .

Late cnT ~ t ~· (after the right, fixed or usual time) am: ~ ~ Adjective (1?:11' Adverb~ ~ if ~ t; tt

(I) You are late. --r- Adjective

(ii) In the late, su.mmer, _ .: .. T l

Adj ', , Noun (iii) He came late last night 0T f.fi lately) -r- r

Verb Adverb Jq,-g Lately ~ Adverb t ~ aw t ~ lrr if'

(recently)~-

(i) Has he come lately? [~ ~ ~ m if ~ t?] (ii) Did he came late? [<FlT ~ ~ t aw;rr?J fc:1t11~1,101 ~ ~ f.f; ~ Adverbs ~ ~ if ~

Problems~~ t; ~- (i) He was I fined for I coming I lately . I No Error.

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) [~ ~ ~ Part (D) if 'lately'~ ~.'late'~ "5l<TilT

WTT <Fil% ~ t ~ ~ <f.ROT fine~ "GIT ~ t' BfcR ~ m if 3lR ~ crn:ur fine~ ~ ~ ~ t'i]

(14) Ago cnr -m- ~ Past Tense if ~ t-1 am:, ~ 'TI' time expression ~ ~ <l'R ag? cnr ~ ! ~ ~ t f.fi ~ Past Tense it'. 'ffl'lTT; ~-

(i) He came« week ago.

.... I

(ii) He

hard ~- . J, j,

Adj. Noun works hard. .i I ..,

No Error. (E)

~ (i) ~ Part (B) if greater~~ great~~ (ii) ~ Part (A) if luckiest ~ ~ lucky cnr ~ WTT <Fil% Positive Degree + enough q;t ~ ~ t, ·

1t,:' (12) Hard~ Hardly Hard cnr ~ t ·~· ~~~Adjective~

Adverb~ il, ~if~!; tt- (i) It is a

(ii) She is luckiest f enough to be/ selected for/this post. I (A) (B) (C ) . (D)

~- ( i) The students went home gtckly. -r -r

go q;r Adv. · Adv. v2 of of

Place Manner (E) Adverbs of Quantity <fir WWT ~: ~ ~ ~

mmmt~~il",~t~"""'.'"" too bad, very difficult, quite right 3-lTRI Exception : Enough. uir:r ~ Positive degree~

· Adjective I Adverb + Enough q;r ffl mm t;. ~-kind enough, clever enough,· bold enough,

intelligent enough, lucky enough, faithful enough etc. (F) Infinitive cm ~ Adverb cm >l<ITlT -:ml' ~ ~

~ ~- Split Infinitive cm ~ a:mtr t; ~~ (i) He asked me to ·carefully do it.

t .!, t to Adv. V1

~ ~ if carefully q;r ffl" Infinitive 'To do' cm ~ ~ 11<lT t. -it~ tr~ cfT<flr cm~~ t-

(ii) He asked me to do it carefully. NOTE : ~ ~ if ~ _.,.-fl_(."f_..-.i,-(."f if Infinitive ci'I'

~ ~ Adverb ~ ~ ~ Adverb ~). cf;!' m-· ~ "!RT ~ t, ~ fq·ml!!1i101 ~ ~ ~ lR'{q l:l'Rt. ~ ~ 'e2tR w 1% Split Infinitive ssr Problem~~~ !1

· . (G) Hardly, . Rarely, Scarcely, Always, Seldom, Never, . Often~ <fir ~-Tobe~ ~ ~ ~ Verb~~ ~ t~-

(i) You ¥ allays right. · .

to be always (ii) He never listens to the radio. -r -r-

n ever main verb

Come I Go I Arrive + Adv. of Place + Adv. of Manner.

NoError. · (E) . .

[~ qJ<i<f ~ Part (C) if 'well' cm.~ ~ tr w~H .<R' ffl" in the town hall~ m ~ ~I]

NOTE : Come/Go/ Arrive 3TIR Verbs of Movement !1 · ~ ~ m Adverb of Place (destination) fiR Adverb of Manner q;r 'ffl' mm t1 ~ .

·Adverbs~-~ order if ~ ~ ,fl" problem~~ t; 'tt-

(i) She sang I in the town hall I welli/ last night. ( (A) (B) (C) (D )

(i) She sang well in. the town hall . lcJ$t night. J, i J..

Adv. of Adv. of Adv. of Manner Place· Time

Adv. of Time (D) fctajl- -~ qfcf<f if Adverb of (Manner+ Place+ Time)

q;r m-· mm t; ~- ·

yesterday. t

(ii) She came

(i) He went · there. . t

. Adv. of Place

Se careful with the expression just now. This can mean a moment ago, but it is used with a past tense. ·

Sarah range up just now. I felt a sudden pain just now.'.' . ~ Michael Swan : PRACTICAL ENGLISH

USAGE (p, 353) POSITION OF ADVERBS· · .

~ ·if Adverbs <f.iT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ related problems ,ft ~ ~ t; ~-. ·

(i) He came I always. late·/ last I month. I No Error, · ·(A) (B) .(C) (D) (E)

(~ qJ<i<f ~ Part (B) .if 'always' q;r ~ ffl' t, ~ · always; seldom, never· a:rrR <fir ~ ~ Verb ~ · w: mm to . . .

Positiono~Adverbs·~~~~~cm~t. · (A) Subject+ Y_ (int.) + Adv. of Manner

(i) He speaks fluently. [=r 1% fluently speaks] (B) Subject+ V (fr.)+ Object+ Adv. of Manner

(i) They wrote it carefully. . NOTE: mitr-lr ~ it Adverb of Manner cm Object~

~ 1'm ~ ~ t ~·Object~ ~ ~- who/which/that Clause W 7l'T ~ ~ ~ ~ Object~ fcl,E,qfRe! ~ -~ ~ t m Adverb of Manner q;r >l<ITlT Object ~ ~ '41" mar t; ~___:_

(i) He rewarded liberally all those who had worked for him. · ..

(C) Adverb of Place I Time ~ q;r ~ ~ *11'11-<ld: cl'm: ~ 3Rf if mm t; ~- · ·

Past indefinite just now. Just~ Just now ~ 3l<ITlT -~ ~ if ""f-l~A""f("l'""n::..,&=q f.l.rin' .

cm~- When just means a moment ago, the present perfect tense

· isnormally used in British English. · I have just had a phone call from Sarah.

just now. t

left t

(i) They


· home

_76

get success.

~ ~ 1R ~Problem~- (i) Only by I taking a risk I he saved I her life. I No Error.

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) [Part (C) -q 'he saved'~ ~ 'did he save' cf,f ~ tWtt1

~ Inversion q;r ffl W'JTI]

(i) Only by working hard did he ,l.. J, J, J,

only - Adverbial Aux.Sub. Expression

(3) Only % ~- * cfil{ ·Adverb-~ <IT Adverbial" Bxpression jt ~ ~ ~ ~ Wm ~ ~ ~ Inv.ersion q:;r "ll<lTlT m t ~-.

Aux. Sub .. M. V. her husband than she burst into tears.

(ii) No sooner did she see the dead body of j. j. ,l.

. Aux. Sub. M.V. her husband than she burst into tears.

she seen the dead body of ,l. j.

. ·. (i) No sooner had J,

(2) No sooner t ~ ~ ~ ~ -q \ft In~ersion <!'i, 11<WT·~ t; ~-

(i) He is never wrong. rr -r- To be never

(ii) She never comes· here. . -r-· ~ never M.V.

~. (i) Never does she come here. -r. -r r

never Aux. Sub. · v.

cfliYfcf; Neveri ~~~ti

M. V.. Subject (ii) Just outside the gate was standing ~-

. T :r J- Aux. V M.V. · Subject

USES OF INVERSION (1) Seldom, never, hardly, rarely, scarcely ~ ~ ~

~ cfTcf<1T ~ Inversion q;r m mm t ~-

comes John! -r- T {i) Here

I

i

l

(i) No sooner the plane landed I at the airport than I a (A) (B)

group of armed I commandos surrounded it. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

(B.S.R.B., Patna; Clerk Grade Exam., 1992) [~ ~ % Part (A) if Inversion q:;r ~ ff, ~ <IT

m 'No sooner did the plane land' <IT No sooner had the plane landed cfil" ~ m,IT; ~ No sooner i ~ ~ <Ira ~ if Inversion q;y: ~ mm t1]

Inversion~ ~ t ~ 1l<m % t (A) Partial Inversion (B) Complete Inversion (A) Partial Inversion it' Auxiliary Verb cf;T 1l<IT1T Subject%

~ mm· t 3lR ~ VERB (M.V.) q;r Subject%~; ~- (i) Hardly does he come to me.

T J" -y- Aux. Sub. M.V.

· (B) Complete Inversion·~-~ Verb <IT Auxiliary + Main Verb q;r 'S!<IT1T Subject% ~ .mm t; ~-

r

(i) Hardly had he gone out, when his father arrived. ~~if 'had'~~) fs!;crr- t, ~ Subject 'he'%

~ awrr ti W J!cm:, ~ ~ if Inversion q;r ~ t-1 Questions if ~ ~ ~ ~ t' ~ Inversion q;r

"5JmTT tmrr ti Inversion "IR ~ Proble~s ~ Rit ~ l1 ~-

Verb <ITT Subject ~ ~ ~ ~ q,v,T Inversion ~-t1

"Inversion means putting the verb before the subject." -Michael Swan

•.

l INVERSION

(H) fc:1~1~1101 ~ ~ fcf; Adverb % ~ Preposition q;i

WUTT ~= :itT .fcf.<rr ;;rrar t, ~ Problems Preposition js ~~~-t~-

(i) He listened I to me I with I carefully./ NoError, (A) · (B) (C) (D) . (E)

[Part (C) if . 'with' cfil" WWI" ireo t, ~ carefully ~ Ad~erb of Manner t, -m- am ~ Preposition :itT -~ t1J

. . A Mirror of Common Errors ·

(i) Seldom have I seen such a beautiful. · l_ Tl T seldom Aux. Sub. M. V. ·

v. sight. [Seldom I have seen~ iR:ra ti] (ii) Harf y ¥ ~ _ f to college.

. . . hardly Aux. _ Sub. M.V.

NOTE : Position of Adverbs if -.raf<!T i:nrr t fcf; Hardly, · · · seldom ... 3TIR q;r ~ To be % "ciiR crerr ~ Verb % lfre

mm.t; ~-:-

Manner everybody was off ended.

(ii) So well did he stg that .T"T TT

So Adv. Aux. Sub. M.V. of

manner everyone started liking him;

behave that l

M.v.· Aux. Sub. So Adv. of

Sub. Verb (Pronoun)

(ii) There she T Sub.

(Pronoun) (8) So + Adverb of Manner ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Tl' \fr

Inversion cf.T 1f<rrtT ~ l; ~ (i) So ru?ely · did she r ~ TT

went. T""

he r (i) Away

M.V. Sub. (ii) There gzes 11,acy !

M.V. Sub. ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <fR Subject ~ ~ if ~

Pronoun jr it Verb 3'lf Subject~ ofR a:rRIT l; tt-

went ~

Sita. :r (i) Away

Aux. Sub. _rewarded. [~ Had I= Ifl bad.] . (7) Here/There/ Away/Out/Up/Indoors/Outdoor$ a:ufG · t

~ ~ qffi qJcf<lf il' Inversion ~ Wt t. a.~ Mairi Verb ~ (Aux. + Main Verb) cf;!' w:rfTT Subject~ ~ ~ t; ~-

I done well, I wouldhave been

J.

~. (ii) Had

,!.

~ q'fcpf it' 'If' q;r m t am: 'I were (Subject + Verb) q;r -~ i, ~ * ~ cITcf<I" ~ 'If' qi!" ~ ~ ~ 'ITT

(i) Were ! a bird, I would fly.~ ~I : "

-1. -1.

· If Sub. Aux.

were a bird, I would fly. J..

(i) If I J. J.

-1, J, Verb Sub.

what was happening. (5) ~ ~ cf><-li:11~ Adverbial Expressions ~ ~

~ ~ -q- '41" Inversion cnT ~ ~ 't ~- On a hill, In the valley, Round the corner, Under the

table, Outside the gate, Along the nortberu/southem frontier. ·

mwm:. Ten miles beyond the school/under a tree/on the bed,/

Nowhere else. ~ ~ * come, walk, lie, stand, go 3iTR Verbs '!fiT wwr m- ilt ~ Verb, Subject ~ ll"re amrr ti ~ ~ if do/does/did 3iTR cf>T 'Sl<fl'lT -:,m' ~ t; ~-

(i) Round the comer went John. J, i

M.V. Sub .. [Round the comer did John go~ ~ l1]

mwm:. (ii) Under a tree was lying a tired old man.

J, i -1. Aux. M.V. Sub.

(6) Unfulfilled .wish, condition, desire ffl ~ ~ ~ ffi ~ ~ 'If' 'cfiT m ~ ~ m ~ ~ ii' Inversion '!fiT

· >fmlT mm t ~-

. . Aux.sub. M.V:

the P.M. aware of (ii) At no time was

(i) Only yesterday did he die. J. ,!.

Aux. Sub. . (4) .. ,No ... ~ -af.!- expression 'cfiT Wfl'lT cITcf<I" ~ ~ if emphasis ~ ~ ~ '5l'rnT ti ~ ~ if ~ ~ Inversion 'c!>I' ~ ~ t; ~-

At no time, Under no circumstances, In no way, On no account, On no condition.

· ~ Expressions 1R ~ ~ ~-

(i) Under no circumstances will ! do it. J. i J.

Only yesterday, only the day before yesterday, only.last month, only after a year, only in a few countries, only in this way, only then 3iTR ~ ~ ~ ~ if Inversion 'cfiT

·wwr~t;~-

_78 A Mirror of Common Brrors

Aux. Sub. [~ were I = If I were.] mwm:, (i) If ! had done well, I would have

,!. ,!. .L if Sub. Aux.

been rewarded.

Directions : Find out the error in each of the following sentences, if any. If there is no error, your answer is 'E'

1, Although he is my bosom freiend, I I cannot ask him for I . (A) . (B) money without any I vividly reason. I No Error.

(C) (D) (E) 2. Prabha was exorbitantly paid/for how skilful she received/

(A) (B) the visitors and entertained I them./ No Error.

(C) (D) (E) 3. The captain came I presently butI I can't say where he

(A) (B) (C) has I slipped out unnoticed. I No Error.

(D) . (E) 4. They were exceptional -good/ orators, so all of us/ listened

(A) ,(B). to them I very attentively.Z No Error. ·

(C) (D) (E) S. He has been trying I to lure her for months {:but owing to

(A) (B) , his misfortune he has I not still succeeeed.r No Error.

(C) (D) (E) 6. The amount which the company I has paid to the depen

(A) dents of the dead worker I was fairly ·unjustified. I

(B) (C) (D) No Error.

(E) 7. He is almost quite competent I for the postof Manager, I

(A) (B) so when given a chance, he can lead the company to its

(C) (D) goal. I No Error.

(E) 8. The imported articles I which you sell are I enough costly

(A) (B) to allow the pocket I of an ordinary man to buy them. I

(C) (D) No Error.

(E) 9. The students requested their Principal f to be enough

. (A) (B) kind to grant I them five thousand rupees for I the recons-

(C) truction of the tennis court. I No Error.

(D) (E)

PROBLEMS BASED ON ADVERBS

Aux. Sub. He did not go there. Nor ¥ J:

Aux. Sub .. (~ (ii)~ Neither did I = Nor did I= I did not go either

= ~ \ft" ~ 1'fllT I]

did I. T r (ii) He did not go there. Neither

said. T Verb

(Pronoun) (ii) "I will do nothing here', 1T

Sub. (Pronoun)

(12) Conversational English it Neither, Nor ~ So ~ ~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ f<r;<rr -;;rrm t. ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ GiRr qf<F~ra cfiT m ~ fcf;.iT 11<rr t ~ qfo-~rn \ft" m ~ ~ t1 Neither, Nor, So~ t ~- ~ ~ ~ 'cl'J"cR'.IT" it' Inversion cfiT wrrrr ~ t; ~-

(i) He went there. So , did I. T i. Aux. Sub.

[<m So did I = I went there too = -4' \ft" 'iffl 'l'fllTI]

Sub. Verb

said. T

she T

(i) "Please, help me,"

Verb Sub. (Noun)

~ Reporting Verb cfiT Subject ~ ~ Pronoun W m Inversion cfiT m ~ mm- ti ~ 'Subject (pronoun) + Verb' cfiT >l<lTTT mfil t; tt-

(ii) "Do it at once", Mohan. -r said T

Sub. (Noun)

Verb

(9) 'To sucht·.' ~-to such an extent I to such lengths I to such 'a point I to such a degree ~) t ~ ~ ~if~ Inversion tst m ml" t; tt-

(i) To such an extent has he analysed TT l Aux. Sub. M.V.

me poem that no problem is left.

~ ffl' ~ ~ Problem~- (i) To such a degree I he made a noise I that people I

(~ ~) ~) rebuked him./ No Error.

(D) (E) [~ q'fcFlT ~ Part (B) ir 'he made a noise'~ ~ 'did he

make a noise' ~ '5lcTI'lT ~ WIT' ~ ~ 'To such a degree't ~ J3,T ti]

(10) Not only ~ but also ~ * ~ Verbs qi!' ~ ~ ~ Not only t * qfq=lT . ~ W m Not only ~ ~ Inversion tsr m mcIT t ~-

(i) Not only did she read but she also wrote. . ·.,. TT T Aux. Sub. M.V.

(11) Direct Narration it Reported Speech ~ 'all'G: ~ Reporting Verb cfiT 'Sl<n1T W ~ ~ Subject~ Noun W m Reporting Verb it Inversion ·cfil' ffl ~ t'; ~-

(i) "Let us go to the pictures", said Mohari. .. T" :i:

No Error. (E)

30. Not only drinking I but also smoking I is very injurious I (A) (B) (C)

to health. I No Error. (D) (E)

31. If you ask me, I Shyama is quite all right I but I can't tell (A) (B) . (C)

you I much about Radha. I No Error. (D) (E).

·32, My friend said I that he was only too glad I to .. hear the CN (B) ~

result I of his wife. I No Error. _ (D) (E)

33. "Nobody should try I to disturb me I without any (A) (B) (Q

urgency," I the Doctor said to his assistants. I No Error. (D) (E)

. 22. I liked that opportune moment I where the workers proved . (N (B) -

their. might I to take .on the company. I and came out . (C) (D)

victorious.Z No Error. (E)

23. He was very I tired of work, I so he said that he was I (A) (B) (C)

sorry to accompany us. I No Error. (D) (E)

24. He is a linguist I and always tries to I make his students I (A) (B) (C)

pronounce a word correctly./ No Error. . (D) (E)

25. Being much contented with the sincerity I of the . . (A)

members of the· staff, I the C. M .. said that the state I (B) (C)

needed sincere men like them. I No Error. · (D) (E)

· 26. When the prince saw the princess I he cried out that he had I . (A) (B)

never seen such I a beautiful lady before. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

27. When asked, he I took tea I and said that it I tasted (A) ~) (C)

sweetly, /.No.Error .. (D) (E)

28. The old man is blindly, I so don't call him a liar when I he . (A) (B)

· says that he I can't read. I No Error. (C) (D) . (E) .

29. Such obstacles will I not stop him; nothing never I did; (A) . (B)

this is why he is progressing I by leaps and bounds. I (C) (D)

11. His essay was unmatched, I so he was awarded the best (A) . (B)

prize I in the form of a shield made of silver and ename- . (C)

lled I with some precious stones. I No Error. (D), (E)

12: The leaders of the striking I teachers cal.led on the Chief . (A) .. , .... ' (B) .

Minister/ for negotiation and/ returned happily. I No Error. · . ~·- ~ . 00

13. India played very careful t·right from the. begining of the (A)·

match- I held. at Sharjah in order to I win the match. I . ©. . ~ No Error.

(E)

· . J4. Although be only earns I -siX: hundred, rupees a month I he (A) . . . . .. . . . (B) . .

manages to support I his family./ No Error. · (Q (D) . ·. (E)

15. Only by .talking to I the officers .concemed / they will . (A) =, (B) · · .

make out the hidden / implications of the agreement. I No · (C) . (D) .

Error. : (E).

_16. All of them will execute I the plan so skilfully I that their (A) (B) (C).

officer J will feel surprised . I No Error. (D)· . (E)

17. I came across I her in Delhi last month I and invited.her I · . (A) (C)

to come to Patna. I No Error. (D) (E).

18.. Hardly he likes t . to hear my name I after the rift which (A) (B) . (C)

occurred I between him and me. I No Error. (D} .CE)

_19.This room is very I beautiful but too much I small to (A) (B)

accomodatez all of you. I No.Error. (C) (D) (E)

20. He was fortunately I not present on I the rostrum when I . (A) (B) (C)

the bomb exploded. I No Error. (D) (E)

21. My brotherdoes I not know to make I friends, so he leads/ (A) (B) · (C)

a lonely life: I No Error. (D) (E)

IO. 1· met Neetu about / .tw o years ago and have I (A) (B)

remembered her I ever for. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)


of his jourriey.

presented description . J, Adj.

journey. (ii) Thisis a vividly

J, : Adv.

Noun Adj.

I. (D) 'vividly' ~ ~ 'vivid' q;r JflU1T m <Ff'lfcf; vividly ~ Adverb l <il1' Noun .tr fc:rittraT -:,m' ~ ~ !; ~ vivid ~ Adjective t ~ Noun .tT fcriti:rai ~ !1 irr ~ t fcf; 'reason'~ Noun t ~ ~ m q;r cliTli ~ Adjective cRlTTI Vivia°~ vividly zyrr ~ JflU1T ii' ~ ~- (i) He presented a vivid description of his

J, J,

EXPLANATIONS

somewhere else./ No Error. (D) (E)

51. I don't like/ such nasty I thingsJNorhe does. /No Error. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

ANSWERS 1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (A} 5. (D) 6. (D) 7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (D)

11. (E} 12. (E) 13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (A) 16. (E) 17. (E) 18. (A) 19. (B} 20. (A) 21. (B) 22. (B) 23. (E) 24. (B) ?5. (A) 26. (E) 27. (D) 28. (A) 29.(B) 30. (E) 31. (B) 32. (E) 33. (E) 34. (C) 35. (C) 36. (B) 37. (A) 38. (B) 39. (E) 40. (A) 41. (E) 42. (A) 43.. (E) 44. (A) 45. (E) . 46. (D) 47. (A) 48. (A) 49. (B) 50. (E) 51. (D)

. . 48. Not only we lost I what we: had on our disposal, I but we

. (A) (B) . (C) also / lost our patience. I No Error.

(D) (E)

49. "Under no circumstances I we can help I you in this (A) (B) (C)

· illegal I work"; said the Manager.Z No Error. (D) (E)

. SO. Under a tree I was sitting the saint I whom we had seen I (A) . (B) (C)

· No Error. (E)

47. The eastwards wind. helped I the boat going from 7 tb!!~ _ · (A) (B)

western bank to the eastern I bank of the river'. I (C). (D}

No Error. {E)

43. I know that eventually I he will succumb to me I and (A) (E)

confess that he I has committed a crime. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

44. "Where else I did you go besides I the office T" she asked (A) (B) (C)

her husband. / No Error. (D) (E)

45. He said that the examination was bad I and added that he (A) (B)

could not answer/ questions enough I to pass-it. I No Error. CC) (D) (E)

46. Every member I of the family ls I addicted to drinking I (A) (B) {C)

and so Tom is. I No Error. (D) (E)

34. Who will believe I that she was not I hardly-hit by her I w (B) (C) husband's death ? I No Error.

(D) (E)

li Somebody reported to I the contractor that his partner I (A) (B)

bad only died I a week before./ No Error. (C) . (D) (E)

36. He asked me to I completely forget her, I but only I know I . (A) . (B) (C)

how easy it is to say so./ No Error. (D) (E)

37. When carefully examined, I it will give us I a clue to the . (A) . (B)

mystery of/ the case. I No Error. · (C) (D) (E)

38. She looked I at him lovely/ but he did not/ respond to her./ (A) (B) (C) (D)

No Error. . (E)

39. He never liked I to treat his brothers friendly, I that's (A) (B}

why he could not I win their love and favour. I No Error. (C) . (D) . (E)

40. They are very senior I to me; so I dare not play a joke I on (A) (B.) (C)

them. I No Error. (D) (E)

41. I hardly ever I sec him because I in my opinion he is not I (A) (B) (C)

a man to be admired. I No Error. (D) (E)

42. Before the game she felt surely I of winning, but after five (A) . (B) .

minutes/ she realized that it was not I going to be so easy./ (C) (D)


-.

(i) enoyi;:1 brs

Adj. Noun (ii) enoygh mrey

Adj. NOU!! ... - - N. B. : ~. Adjective ~ ~ if Enough cfiT ~

Noun~ ~ ,it" ii' ~ ti ~- As an adjective enough occurs in the pattern enough+ Noun or Noun+ enough

-A.S. Hornby : OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER'S DICTIONARY.

enjgh

Adv. enol!Bh -i.

Adv.

intelligent l

Adj. (ii) kind

T Adj.

(iii) he~ful

Adj. (iv) ¥ enolgh etc.

Adj. Adv. ~ Adjecti-» ~ ~ if ~ ~ ~: ~ Noun~ ffi ~ t ~ ~ ~ mRiTcIT t; ~-

en:Cgh

Adv.

(i) almost quite right. (iij-very quite right. ~ phrases ii' 'almost' /'very' cfif >flIT'lT 'quite' if; m~t,

8. (C) 'enough' cfi1' 1l<U1l' 'costly'~ 'ai'TG' mrIT ~ Adverb of Quantity~ ~ ii'·~~ ~ 'enough'~~ ~ ~ GflG 3lTffl t ~ ~ ~ ~ t, tt (i)

(iv) He trew a stone exactlv at the gate. ~r Adv. Prep.

(v) Fortunat~. they are safe. r :r: Adv. Sentence

5. (D) 'still' cf;T >flIT'lT ~ mm ~ ~ ~ 'yet' cfiT ~ mm am: ~ ,i\" 'succeeded'~ Gf!G; ~-

'not succeeded yet'. ~ "1r=r m' 1% 'still' cfiT ~ ~: Affirmative Sentence -q ~ t ·~ 'yet' qif Negative Sentence lll~-

(ii) He slips

Verb (iii) He is vly

Adv.

Adv.

got .. - Adj.

peacefully. l

Adv. much wiser than you. -r Adv.

(i) Heis T

2. (B) 'skilful' ~ ~ 'skilfully' cfiT m- win ~ 'l('g'

verb 'received' <ti' ~ <fffi<'IT t: tt- · (i) He works carefu)ly. [Assertive] -r l

Verb Adverb (ii) How carefully doeslie work? r [Interrogative]

Adj. (iii) I don't know how carefully he works.

l -r Adv, Verb

3. (B) 'persently' cfiT WTI'1l' m WlT ~ 'presently', 'shortly' cfi1" ~ Adverbs of Time$ ~ ii' 'without · delay'~ al?f if Future Tense)r .. mm t: ~- . (i) He will return presently I s~ortly. ~ it re:il" ~ qf$f if 'The Captain came' Past Tense if t1 ara:, 'presently'-~· ffl ~ t1 ~~just now cfiT m ~ ~; ~-

. (i) He~ it . p~~rntly I stiolly .. Fu.ti.ire presently I shortly Tense (cffi ~ ffi ct,~I)

(ii) He did it just now. T" r ·

Past just now, ~ ~ ~f.f;m')

4. (A) 'exceptional'js ~ exceptionally mm ~ 'good' ~ Adjective t ~ 'exceptional' ,it" ~ Adjective ti ~ Adjective ~ Adjective <ti' ~ ~ ~ !1 Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Sentence ~ '*I' ~ ~ cfiT cf;Ti:r Adverb cfi«fT t:~-

A Mirror of Common Errors .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 82

(i) He is still in bed. [Affirmative] (ii) He has not come yet. [Negative] NOTE: 'yet' cfiT m ~ zyrr i:f ~:~if; 3Mf if mar t ~ rci; qrcp:r (ii) if fcF·lT 1TlIT t,

6. (D) 'fairly' ~ ~ 'quite' "llT 'rather' cfiT ffl' mm ~ fairly ~ .i\TG ~ ·~· ~ if ~ ~ ~ Adjective cfiT JPTI'1T ~ l; tt-- fairly good I honest I clever a.~1

~ quite~ rather if; GflG ·~· ~ 'F' ri if ~ ~ Adjectives~ ffl' m mm t: tt (i) She is quite right. (ii) You are quite wrong. (iii) The film is rather amusing. (iv) The film is rather: boring.

7. (A) 'almost' cfiT ~ :rtl' WIT ~ 'quite'~ ~ ~ Adverb~~~ :rtl' ~ l: tt-

(i) It gives me too Tuch par: · too much Noun

(ii) It is much too pailful. · r . much too Adj.

20. (A) 'Fortunately' q;r ~ qf<t<f ~ ~ -q lrr1TI" ~ ~ qf<t<f <fil ~ ~ ~ 'Adverb' _<R ~ ~: q1q<f ~ w- i\' ~ t; ~- (i) Frankly speaking, you are dull. ., (ii) Unfortunately, he was wounded in the head.

21. (B) 'know' ~ 'to' ~ ~ i\' 'how' cJir "!flnTT ~ _mrrTI ~- W fcl'i know ~ ~ how I when I where I what ~ oi"R Infinitive (To+ V 1) q;r ~ m-aT 't ~-

(i) I know how to swim. (ii) I know when to start some new business.

(iii) I know what to do with a rascal. 22. (B) 'where' ~ ~ '~hen' cf;T JlcU7T ~ m-rr ~

Relative Adverb js ~ if 'where' ~ (Place) ~ ~ ~ mr t ~ 'when'-~ (time)~ ~; ~- (i) I don't know (the place) where he usually sits. (ii) I don't know (the time) when he comes. ~ (i) if 'the place'~ ~ 'when'~ 1IWT" 'ITmf R ~ qJcfll' (ii) if· 'the time'~ ~ 'where' <ifirl 'the place'~ 'the time' q;r- mit brackets~~~ t ~ aT2f t 'the place I the time' q;r Ji<TI'Tf ~ >fcliR ~ qyq:qr if %"lIT ,ft si!T ~ t ~ ~ 'ift-1 3lvm(_ ~ tt ~ if q]cfq"~ wt1

23. (E) ~~t1 · NOTE : ~ Past Participle ~ Adjective ~ ~

much q;r ~ iraT l; ~-much surprised I much shocked 3lTR, ~ ~ tired, dejected. COnlented, drunk 3TI'R ~ ~ very q;r "5llITlT ~ t; ~- (i) I found him ~ dejected .

.j, l very Past

Participle . ~. very pleased~ much pleased~ m m ~ ti ~ ftzj'a- if ~ ~ ~ 3RR 3lT ~ t,

-~-- (i) I am very pleased_(= glad, happy) to see you.

· (ii) I am much pleased (= satisfied) with· yoc performance.

.(ii) Hafily had he reached the station, T r :r

' 3 Hardly Aux. Sub. "V when the train started.

19. (B) 'too much' ~ ffl 'much too' ciiT "S("lIT1T q;(';IT ~

~ 'too much'~ .iR Noun qiJ' "!flnTT ~ t ~ 'much too' ii>~ Adjective ciif; ~-

Present Perfect 11. (E) cfl<J<r ~ t, 12. (E) cfl<J<r ~ t, 13. (A) 'careful'~ ~ 'carefully' q;r wrriT ~ ~ Verb

'played' <it ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Adverb <it ~ti~ W fcf; careful~ Adjective t. ~ carefully~ Adverb.

14. (A) 'only' ciiT ~ ~ !1 ~ ~ 'six hundred rupees' ~ m ~ ~I %'.llR W fcf; 'only', 'almost', 'even' 3flR cf1l' ~ <EtlitF4d41 C3tq; ~ ~~~Ht~ mnrar it~ !1 ~ ....... (i) Only he went there. [~. air ~ ~ I (3l=ll" ~~)) (ii) He only went there. [<ff qgY -~ TT1ff I (alR · ~ ~ fc!;"lrr) J (iii) He went only there. [~ ~ ~ ~ I (~ ~~~)}.

15. (A) only q:;r 'Sf<IT1T 'to' ~ ~ RI ~ 'By talking only to the officers concerned: , ~ <Etklf..%ffl. ~l*.filR.lil ~ 'olrn ~) ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~~~14~~~1

16. (E) <if<Ff ~ tr 17. (E) ~~tr · 18. (A) Hardly~ oi"R 'does' q;r "li<n7T R ~ 'likes'~~

'like' q,(-11 ~. ~ hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom~t~~~if~~q;r 1f<lTlT Subject ~ ffi mm t "d'l!IT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Subject~ cfR Verb mar t; ~- (i) Seldom does he ~ me.

-t. T""J J, Seldom . Aux. Subject v1

(i) I saw him two years ago and :r Past Indefinite

have remembered him ever since.

It used to be common to put enough after a noun; this is not very frequent in Modern English. Have I got time enough to go to the bank ? (or, ..... enough time ..... ?)

-Michael Swan : PRACTICAL ENGLISH USAGE (p. 203)

9. (B) ~ 'enough' q;r ~ kind (Adjective) ~ .iR m-rrr ~~~~3'ffi:-~8~1 · .

10. (D) 'for'~~ 'since' q:;r >IWr n ~ Adverb js ~ if since q:;r >l<ITlT ever js ~ mm t am: ~ q1q<f

~ -a:Rf if ~ ti m. ~ m ~ w fci; ever since ~ Clause: Present' Perfect if ~ t" ~ ~ Clause, Past Indefinite if; ~-

83 - A Mirror of Common Errors

Verb Obj. Adv. of Manner 38. (B) 'lovely' ~ ~ 'lovingly' <t'il' ~ 'ffl'lTT ~

'lovely' ~ Adjective t ~ lovingly ~ Adverb of manner t; tt- (i) She is a lorly ¥·

Adj. Noun (ii) She smiled at him lovingly . ---r-- "I -r- l

· Verb· · Prep. 'Obj, Adv. of Manner 39. (E) cl'l<Pf ~ tr 40. (A) 'very'~ ~ 'much' q;r lflIT1T WIT ~ 'very' cf;!'

ffl Positive Degree ~ ~ ~ t ~ 'much' cf.T Comparative Degree~ ~; ~-

31. (B) quite tl!lT all cf>I" ~ ~ ~ ;m'· ~ !1 ~ it ii . ~ ~ <fir ll<fl1T ~ ~ ~ ~ t; tt

(i) Shyama is quite right. 111', (ii) Shyama is all right.

32. (E) ~~tr 33. (E) ~~tr 34. (C) 'hardly' % ~ 'hard' cf;T "!l<IT1T ~ ~ 'hardly'

<fir 3N mt~~·. ~%~·;~'hard• cfrr · 3N ~ t ~·1 ~ 'hard-hit' cfrr aN W1J ~~t~~~·;tt-. (i) He was hardly hurt. ~ ~ 'tl' I -::i- % ~ ~~)

(ii) He was hard-hit, ~ imr atTiITTf ~) 35. (C} 'only' cfrr '5flIT1T 'a week ago'~ 'q"ffl ~ ~ ~

R ~ ~ 'q"ffl ~ m'r 'only died' q;r ~ t ~ iro', ~ ~ mft 3N ~ ~ t; tt- (i) He only died yesterday. ~ ~ t"] (ii) He died only yesterday. ~ ~ t] ~ qJcpf cfrr 3N t ~ ~ ~ 'fil lfU' I

36. (B) 'completely' W lflIT1T 'her' % om:: A ~ 'to + , completely + forget' if 'Split Infinitive' cfrr ~ '31T ~,,

37. (A) 'carefully' q;r ~ 'examined' ~ ~ ~ ~ Adverbs of Manner [~ carefully, critically, beautifully, lovingly, peacefully] cnT JlcTilT ~: Verb~4"G~t; ~-- · (i) He sljps peacefully.'

l Verb . Adv. of Manner

(ii) They run fast. T "T

or, (v) She looks at him suspiciously.

l Adverb

~~. -;;J1I' 'Look'q;r~ ~·~m~am~ Adjective 'ffilT t ~ 1% ~ (iii}~ ~ ~ ~ t: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~· ~ m ~ 3N=I' ~ 'Adverb'~ t ~ fcfi q'lq<f (iv)~ (v) if~ 'q;I' ~,, .

28. (A) blindly ~ ~ 'blind' q;r m A ~ 'blindly' ~ Adverb ! ~ 'blind' ~ Adjective; am Verb 'To be'~~ 'Adjective'<fir m 'ffl<TT t 111' 'Adverb + Adjective' <fir; tt- (i) He is handsome.

.J, J, (Vero) Adj. (To be)

(ii) He is ~ handsome. .L J,

Adverb . Adj. 29. (B) 'never' ~ ~ 'ever' q;r m n ~ 'Nothing

+ never' cjiT m ~ moT ti ~ 'Nothing + ever' cnTm'?rartr

30. (E) ~~!1

24. (B) 'and always tries'~ ~ 'so he always tries' 111' 'this is the reason why' qif ~ ~ n ~ 'Linguist' . ~ ~ 'mft ~ ~· ~ cfirolT-im:um:f q;r ~ (cause-effect relationship) !1 f.:i AR-!Rgd qfcf1.!1' q;I' ~-=- ( a) He is intelligent, so he understands it.

. (b) He was late, so he was fined. 25. (A) 'much' ~- ~ v~ry q;r ~ j\,m cfiroJT ~-m§!IT

23~~~i, 26. (E) ~-~t1 . 27 •. (D) 'sweetly' ~ ~ 'sweet' lfi1' m' A ~ taste,

feel, seem, appear, look, smell, remain ~ 'Copula Verbs' t' ;;ii' 3lti:I' ~ Adjective~ t, ~ f.l; Adverb tt- . (i) Sugar tastes sweet. (:r f<f; sweetly) -:r- .

Adj. (ii) A rose smells sweet. (:r 1% sweetly) -r

Adj. (iii) She looks beautiful. (=r 1% beautifuly)

J, Adj.

~ (iv) She Iooks suspiciously at him. ' l Adverb


Verb Adv. of Manner examined it critically.

:i: , r :r: (iii} She

84

***

(i) I can do it under no circumstances. ~. Under no circumstances can I do it.

SO. (E) ~~tt 51. (D) 'he does'$ ffl 'does he'~ ~I ~ ~

~~~-~46~~~1

but also not only Verb stared here.

Verb 49. (B) 'can' ~ we ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'Under no

circumstances' t ~ ~ qfcf1lT ir \lt Aux. Verb, Subject~ ~ 3lraT ti ~-

Adj. Noun 48. (A) Not only~ ~ 'did'~ fif;m 'cfiT' 'Sl<TI'1T ~ ~

3ITT 'lost' cR 'lose' ir ~ i:rtrn', ~ 'not only ..... blot also' ~ ~ Verbs ~ ~ cfii ~ fcf;crr '?f<lT t, ~ Ptct~l'&a ~ ~ <iR'(qe <fiT- (i) He not only came but also stayed here.

J, J, .!. J, not only Verb but also Verb

or (ii) Not only did he come but he also

l "T -r T

(i) He went eastwards. T l· Verb Adverb

~. (ii)the eastward wind. J, J..

or, (ii) She did not go there. Nor did I. (iii) She went there. So did I. NOTE : ~ ~ Hardly I Scarcely I Rarely I Never Before, So + Adverb of manner tt So beautifully, So tactfully * t ~ ~ 'ctT<f<l1' if ~ ~

· (Auxiliary Verb) Subject~~ amrr t; ~ (i) He hardly comes to me. ~ (ii) Harj1y does he come to me. TT

Hardly Aux. Sub. 47. (A) 'eastwards' ~ ~ 'eastward' cfiT ~ mm ~

'eastwards' 'Q;qi Adverb ! ~· 'eastward' ~ .Adjective; 3'ITT: Noun ~ ~ ffl q;r q;p:r ~= Adjective ~ t; tt-

Verb Sub. (Aux.)

Adj. Noun NOTE:~~~~~ ~o 8 'l:f>°t ~ ·~,

46. (D) 'so Tom is' ~ ~ 'so is Tom' c!fil' ~ ~ ft ~ arH.1'i:ll<:'i <fit ~ (Colloquial English) 'rf f.li:.tf<1f,@d ~ ~ 'cl'lcf<lT -q ~ ~ cfiT ~·

Subject~~~~

enough money J. J,

Adj. Noun (ii) There were enough boys in the class.

.!. .J..

to buy a car. (i) He has

(b) He is much better than you. -r- --r- A d v. Adj. (Comp. Degree)

~. Comparative Degree js Adjective~~ 'far" cfiT~~~t; ~ ..

(i) He is far better than you. T --r- far Adj. (Comp. Degree)

NOTE : Superlative Degree ~ ~ 'very' <fVfT 'much' ~ cfiT J1<it7T ~ t. ~ ~ ~ 'rf f.li:.tf("!f&a 3RR t, The + Very + Superlative Degree + Noun ~- (i) The very best boy. ~. Much+ The+ Superlative Degree+ Noun. ~- (ii) Much the best boy.

41. (E) qT<Ff ~ ti 'E2lr-i -ra f<f; 'hardly ever' cfiT wrr ~ t. am~ 3li mrr t 'very seldom'.~~)

42. (A) 'surely'~ ~ 'sure' cfiT ~ mm~ 'felt, feel' cfiT Past ~ t am feel ~ Copula Verb t ~ ~ Adjective cfiT '5f<UlT" moT t, -;i- fcf; Adverb cfiTI N. B.: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.~ 27~ crm§llT

~I 43. (E) ~ ~ ti 'eventually' W 3TP.f t 'ultimately'

(afffir:)I 44. (A) 'else' cfiT ~ superfluous (~Hlct~_qq;) ti

<tit everywhere else, anywhere else; somewhere else * cf;T >PWT mm t, 45. (E) qT<Ff ~ ti ~ 'enough' cfiT 'lf'lTI'1T ~ Adjective~

~'rf m 'fil~: ~~ Noun~ffl~lmT t ~ TT ~ ara-mm t; ~-

Adv. Adj. (Positive Degree)

go1d.


(a) He is (i) She did not go there. Neither did I. J, J,

(b) 'has'~ 'he'~ ffi W ~I ~ Ji"cm,

Not only ~ ..... but... .. also opeyd ~ \ft ~

Verb Verb ~m-;mmt,. NOTE : fc1a11!ifi101 Not only ..... but also ~ ~ qfurn° ·

fcrN::::r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~, ~ Not only ..... but also~ -m t ~ ~ Problem's~ -;;ira t ~ ~ varieties ,m~t,

(2) 'Although' 1iT 'Though, ~ <iTIG 'yet' mqT t <i!ilfcs Problems ffllT but, or, else, and <f;T '5iirriT ~ fu:ll -;;rra t; tt-

(i) Although he is rich but I and he is dishonest. ~ qTcf<I'

if but/and~ ~ yet q;r Jl<ITlT ~I NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'yet'~ ~ 'Tl' fu:<IT ~ t

am: ~ ~ ~ ~ Comma~ ~ ';51TdT t; tt- (i) Although he is rich, he is dishonest. (3) 'Both' ~ <i11G ~ 'and' war t ~ Problems 'as

well as', or, else~~~~~ t'; tt- (i) Both Ram I as well as I Shyam may I come today. I


(E) [Part (B) i\' 'as well as'~~ 'and' cfiT Jl<ITlT m7ITI]

........

No Error. (E)

(iii) He will not only~ but also L.:l there. .!. J,

Verb Verb ~ m, Either ..... or, Neither ..... nor q;r 'Tl' -m m1TTI

~ W fcf;' Either <IT Neither~ <illG but/else 3llR <f;T ffl' ~ Problem~ ~ t; ~-

(i) He will/either do the work/else return/the money. I (A) (B) (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

~ ~ if ~: Part (C) if 'else'~ ~ 'or' <f;T -m w-IT~I

m Not only ..... but also ~ ~ problems unrelated o"2ZIT ~ ~ fu:ll ~ t; tt-

(i) Not only he/goes to my house/but also/stays there./ (A) (B) (C) (D)

- Object Object

(ii) I like not only Deepak but also Moti. J, J,

Subject Subject

Conjunction ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ! ~ ~ <if ~ ~ 3l'Ncfi ~ (Words), ~ ~ (Phrases), •Ucf<liltti (Clauses) 'aV{T q'[cflIT (Sentences)~~ t: -tit-·

(i) A good and intelligent girl. (ii) A new coat as well as art old coat.

(iii) You sing but she dances. ~ qfcf<f (i) i\'. and m ~ (good ~ intelligent) ~

~ t qTcf<I' (ii) if as well as~ ~ ~ (A new coat Q2fT

· an old coat)~ ~ t. ~ ~ (iii) if but~ ~ (You =, sing Q2fT She dances)~ ~ t, am:, and, as well as Q2fT

but Conjunctions t, SOME IMPORTANT CONJUNCTIONS & THEIR USES

~ sifd<nflHU ~ if ~ ~ Conjunctions ~ JTm7T ~ ~ problems ~ ~ ~ t, ~ Conjunctions -~~~~~~~- .

(1) Not only ~ <iTIG but also Either~ <illG or, ~ Neither~ <iTIG nor q;r -m war ti ~ Conjunctions esl

Co-relative Conjunctions <IT. Co-relatives ~ ~ ti ~ ~ t .f<fi if ~ Subjects~ ~ Objects et ~ Verbs 3llR ~ ~t;~--

(i) Not only Deepak but also Moti can do it. .!. J,

I ~hapter-10

·~------~~--~-------C_O_N_JU_N_C_T_I_O_N_S ~--~--~-----J ~ qTcf<I' if ~ Verbs goes ~ stays q;l° ~ ti .a«r:,

No: only <f;T ~ goes~ ~ ~ ~I ~ Jl"cfiR,

..... not only goes ..... but also stays ..... ~ <f;T ~ ~

WITI ~ Part (A) if Not only <f;T use ~ t 3lR' ~ WITT Part (A) 1Tffif t1

(ii) He is going/not only to open a hospital/but also an (A) (B) (C)

inn.lNo Error. (D)

~ t fcf; ~ cfrcPf it Balance "not only a hospital but also an inn"~~ ~i .a«r:, Part (B) if not only q;r ~ 'to open'~~ ';f" ~~if~ ~I

(iii) Not only he has I opened a hotel I but he has also opened I a hospital. .

~ qTcf<I' if f~ia,~•101 ~ ~ ~ ~ confused ft m t *~~~+IR' ~ ~ l. ~ ~ Not only he ..... but he~ construction balanced~ ~I~.~ 31N ~ ~ m ~ fcf; also opened (Verb) <f;T -mt, ~ not only~~ ,fl" Verb°\ft ~~I'~~~~ t-

(a) not only q;l° has~ <illG -ra'1 ~ Ji"cm, He has not only opened but ..... also opened~ ~ ~ '?!" ~ t,

<if,

87

such as . (B) m such% ~ as q,,1' ll<l'rrr mot' t "¢ ~ ~ ~

Infinitive qi\" ~ !1 (i) Her ailment was not such as to cause us anxiety.

l Infinitive

the field. ~ Ascfirffl'oifW: t~Verb~~m; ~ (i) This is the same dog as mine. (as~~ verbcfil' m- ~ ~ ~ -:W !). NOTE : ~ m- if As cfiT m Verb~ m 'tR: \ll'

mT ti~ (10) ~ R'lt ~ ~ Nesfield ~ ~ t ~ ~~~~~'iffil

ffllelf1101 ~ ~ ~ the same~ <l're: who/which • cfiT ·

m <R Problem~ ~ t; ~- (i) He is/the same man/who helped/me./No Error.

(A) (B) (C) (D) . (E)

[Part (C) if who~ ~ that cfiT ~ ffl (A) Such~ ~ as cfiT ml' mot t; tt- (i) He is not such a good singer as I expected.

,1. J.

never or· . l:'.Zl'R' W f% Not/Never ~ GfR nor qi\" ~tr <R Problem

~-~t;~- (i) I have never/seen him/nor heard/about him./No Error.

(A) (B) (C) (D) . (E)

[Part (C) if nor~ ~ or cfiT m n1J (9) Conjunction Lest ~ ~ Auxiliary Verb should q;r

~ wrm t ~ ~ ifTG may/will~ q;J' ~ ~

Problem~ ;mrrJ; ~__:. :K.

(i) Work hard, I lest you-I-may I faiU No Error. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

[Part (C) if may ~ ~ should q;J" :.;~ m1TTI] (10) The same ~ GfR Relative Pronouns that m as cfiT

m-~t1 . The same ~ <illG that q;r m- ~ t ;;rar ~ ~ Verb

~lrrl~- . (i) This is the same book tha~ I wanted. (ii) This is the same cow tlUlt was grazing in

. T Verb

not or (ii) I have never spoken to him or written to him. -r- ~

(I) Not/Never~ ~ or qi\" m- ~ t; ~ (i) I have not met him or invited him. "T "'1 .

(i) Hardly had/he gone (A) (B)

telephcne/bell rang./No Error. (D) (E)

[Part (D) if that~ ~ when <IT before n1] • (7) .feldom if ever <IT Seldom or ·never E Jrm'1T lITTIT ti seldom am ever ~ .fR 'or', seldom am never ~ ~ 'if' ~Problem~~ t'; ~-

{i) Seldom if never have I hurt you. ~ cfrcflf if 'if'~ ~ 'or' rfiT 'Sl<ITlT n1 ~ 'lfffl,

seldom or ever js ~ seldom if ever 'ifil' ml' ~ m1TTI (8) Rather om other ~ ~ than qi\" m- ~ t, ~

~ ~ ~ but <IT f<f;m 3T-<f conjunction qi\" m <R Problem ~ ~. -;;rrar t; ~-

(i) I have no/other object/but to/get ajob./No Error. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

[Part (C) if 'but'~ ~ 'than' q;r ~ n•J (ii) I would rather I have the bat I not the I ball. I No Error.

(A) (B) (C) (D) 'S) [Part (C) if 'not'~ ~ 'than' qi\" ffl W'lT_I]

out of/the office that the (q

As is always correct, whether used with positive or negative statements, so is more usual with negative ones.

He is not so/as old as he looxs. -F. T. Wood : CURRE.~T ENGLISH USAGE (p. 29)

(i) Birds do not fly as fast as the aeroplane. -Nesfield : ENGLISH GRAMMAR, COMPOSITION &

USAGE (p. 254) ( 6) Hardly I Scarcely ~ al'?'G when q;r ~ ~ \ (W'~

~d ~ ~ ot1G before~ ~ q;'t ,it ~ ll'FTT to ~ W f% Hardly/Scarcely ~ ~ than/then/that ~ q;r

ffl' <R P1 '1-,em ~ ~ t; ~-

(4) 'Whether'~ <illG ~ '·or' 3lffiT" ti~ use~ R. if whether js ~ ~ 'that' <IT 'if' q;r ffl' ~ Problem ~ .;i-rar t, ~ ~ ~ 'l1FT if 'or'~~ q;'t ~ m ~am~ fcf; qlq<I' balanced t <IT~;~- -

(i) I don't know, ,hath~ I will come I or not. I No Error. (A) (B) (C) <D) (E)

[Part (B) +t 'that' ~ ffl 'whether' c;;r m- lrr1TT cflitfcf; Part (D) if or i.ot q;r ffl' l1]

,k' (5) So ..... as I As •.••• as qi\" ~ Positive Degree Tf ~ . ~<IT~~~~~Ffi1:IT-~t1 ~w

<A> So ..... as q;r >llnTT Negativ~ ~ if i'rar ·t ~ (i) Ram is not so good as y~u. (Negative) ~ As ..... as q;r ffl' Affu]MtiY.e ~ Negative~~ 'ti'

~ ~ qfcp:rr 'q' f.f;1:rr ~ t; ~- (i) Ram is as good as you. (Affirmative) (ii) Ram .s not as good as you. (Negative) ~-

_ ..

-J

l I I

i

. l - I

FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS. (p. 108) r-: m ~-Because he did not work hard, therefore he

failed. (Omit therefore) -Nesfield : ENGLISH GRAMMAR COMPOSITION

& USAGE. (p. 212)

(i) Because he came late, he failed to see me. NOTE : ~ ~ if ~ 11<IT t fcii because ~ ~

therefore cf;!' m- -:r ~ 'so' q;r ~ ~ -:srrnT t. ~ -~ ~ !1 ~-"Because he transgressed the law, he was punished."

But not. because he transgressed the law, so he was punished.

-F. T. Wood: A REMEDIAL ENGLISH.GRAMMAR •j·.,,

No Error. (E)

''''(i'i) i want hs~ay/here unless/she 'goes/back/No Error. ' .·~"~" : (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

·,,\cii<i<r (i) ~ Part (C) if until ~ ~ unless am ~ (ii) ~ Part (B) if unless~ ~ until qiT 'Sl<ft'1T ~I) (§> (13)_ Because, Since, As~ ~ therefore, so,_~-~ q;J" ~ m fq;.rr ~ t fcr,31 ~ m- ~ Pro.bk.mE!lL~ t; tt-

(i) Because he came late, therefore/so he failed to see me. · ~ qfq<f if therefore/so 3TIR q;y m- ~ ti ~ ~

~~__:_

Infinitive 'l:7Wf ~~ fcfi ~ ~ it such ~ ~ that qi!' '!:!<WT ~

Pr~ble~ ~ Wfil iJ· . . . (11) (A)Such ~~'that q;J" ~ ,ft lITT!rt ~ ~

q,qt -~ such qffil "Clause it cfiRUT (cause) ~ that qffil

Clause it -m:aw:r (effect/~esult) m; ~- There Was SUCh a noise .that W(!, could not hear ourselves.· -F. T. Wood : CURRENT.ENGLISH USAGE (p, 255)

'>•• (B) Such ~ ~ ~ Verb ~ m such ~ ~ that R t; tt-

. ·• '. · (i) Such was his behaviour that everybody disliked him. ~ . (U)· Until oifT Unless \.:::/ UUSil @I~ t ~ 3:ft) ~ snl:fil_l_ ~ Unless

~ ~ t ~ -=rm' if.:.not) m s:m:m t': ~- - (i) Wait until I come back.

~~~~~~{I) (ii) You wi~l not succeed unless you work hard __

Glf ~ -=rm' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -=rm' ~I)

~ -ra fcf; unless * ~ until am until ~ ~ unless q;r ~ ~ Problem ~ -:sirnr t°; ~-

(i) You can not/do well/until you/prepare yourself./ (A) (B) (C) (D)

'

L l t

(ii) I am not such a fool as to believe that. J,


(14) Relative Pronoun~~ 'And' Conjunction qi!'~

-=rm' lITT!l" t ~ ~ mr ~Problem~~ t; tt- (i) He is a I good boy, I and who I is my friend./ No Error.

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

[Part (C) if 'who' ~ Relative Pronoun t ~ ~ 'and' qi!' mT ~ !1] .

(15) When I where I why I how I how much I how far I how long aTIR_ Interrogative <Im Relative Adverbs t'1 ~ ~ that/as to 3TIR qi!' ffl' -=rm' lITTll" t; ~- ;,,

(i) When will he come ? ~ <R ~ ?) ~ ~ if when. qi!' _'!:!<WT Interrogative Adverb of Time

~~if~t, . ~. (ii) I don't know the time whenhe will come. ~~if 'when' Relative Adverb of Time t, ~ 'the

time'~~~ mtrr ~ t'- (i) I don't know when he will come.

~ ~ "5fq;R ~ ~ ~ ~ -4 t, v.JR -ra fcf; (15) if qf'imr Adverbs js ~ That/As to cf>!'

ffl" ~ Problem~~ t; ~-- . (i) She does/notknow/that where/Mohan lives./No Error.

·(A) (B) (C) (D) . (E) . [Part (C) if where~ ~ 'that' qi!' ffl' ~ t1J (16) Who/whom/which/whose/what/ a:nR Interrogative

words~~ 'TI' That/As to q;y ffl' ~ !; ~- . (i) He asked/me that/who he/was./No Error.

· (A) (B) (C} (D) (E) [Part (B) if that <Iii' 'Sl<ft'1T -=rm' Al]

(17) Unless/until/lest ~ ~ not qi!' 'Sl<ft'1T · -=rm' lITTll" t. ~ ~ 'not'q;y ~ mtTI' ti ~ ~~-'not' q;J" 'Sl<ft'1T ~ Problem~ ;:;rm t; tt-

. (i) Until he/docs not solve/the problem,/I will stay with (A) .. (B) . (C) . -~(D)

him./ No Error. (E)

[Part (B)) if 'does not solve' ~ ~ 'solves' q;J" 'Sl<ft'1T m-rr1]

(18) Else~~ butq;f mT ~ ti Else is followed by than not but nothing but and

nothing else than are the alternatives.

I insist that you tell me nothing but the truth. He wanted nothing else than to go to sleep but he had to

finish his essay. Nothing else but is incorrect. -F. T. Wood : CURRENT ENGLISH USAGE. (p. 93)

-88

16. Many of the founding fathers I of our constitution are l so (A) (B)

reverend as Ambedkar I if not more. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

17. This is not such I major problem I which cannot be (A) (B).. (C)

solved I with a little effort. I No Error. (D) (E)

18. This is perhaps I the same dog which I bit her while she (A) (B) (C)

was returning I from market. I No Error. (D) (E)

19. He asked me I that why I was I not preparing for the I <N ~) (C)

Civil Service Examinations. I No Error.· · (D) • (E)

20. Both Hari I as well as his wife I are determined to bring I CN ~)· ~ (C) about some changes in the plan. I No Error.

(DL (E)

21. As he is I a perfectionist, I so he always insists I on (A) (B) :· · (C)

regular practice. I No Error. (D) (E)

15. I don't know I if any of the members I of the party is (A) (B) f (C).

conspiring I against the President or not. I No Error. (D) (E)

14. Scarcely had he bought I the ticket when the guard I (A) (B)

showed the flag and I the train started. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

13. Hardly had he I come out of the bus I then the bomb - (A) (B) (C) .

exploded I and shattered the bus into pieces. I No Error. . '(D) (E)

No Error. (E)

· 12. He not only comes I here for 'shopping but also for I . (A) . (B)

having a glimpse of I the extremely beautiful sales girl. I (C) (D)

11. As soon as. the peon I rings the first bell.. then all I the (A) . (B)

students assemble I on the ground for prayer. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

10. You must either I inform the police I else be prepared I to (A) (B) '(C)

suffer any loss. I No Error. (D) (E).

No Error. (E)

6. Seldom or I ever have I turned I a beggar away without I (A) (B) (C)

giving him some alms. I No Error. . (D) (E)

7. The officer was doubtful I if some of the clerks I of his (A) (B)

· office were I involved in bribery./ No Error. (C) (D) ~)

8. Neither the doctor I nor his assistants I were asleep when I (A) (B) (C)

the phone rang up. I No Error. (D) (E)

9. Because he has I been ill for a month I so he does not I (A) (B) (C)

come to the office. I No Error. (D) (E)

Directions : Find out the error in each of the following sentences, if any. if there is no error; your answer is 'E'.

1. He was not I so well versed in I English that we I had . . CN ~) (C) expected. I No Error.

(D) . . (E)

2. Mrs. Varun I not only stopped coming I here but also w ~} . going to any place f which is related to her past tragedy./

(C) (D) No Error.

(E)

3. Nobody else but I you might be declared I responsible for (A} (B) (C)

' the/ loss of those articles. I No Error. (D). (E)

4. The teacher said I to the students, "Go through the I · (A) (B)

notes as many times as possible I lest you would fail." I (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

5. Seldom or I ever· have I tried my I best to defend my (A) (B) (C)

friends, who are after I all guilty to some- extent. I (D)

PROBLEMS BASED ON CONJUNCTIONS I

~ Nesfield ~ ~. "Else should always be· followec:rof-but, and never by

than" · It is nothing else but (not than) vanity. -Nesfield : ENGLISH GRAMMAR, COMPOSITION

AND USAGE (p.173) ~· 'Slq;R, else~-~ 'than'~ 'but'~ ffl' it l«ffm: !t

' ~. ~ 'else but' cit' ~ correct use ll'RI

89 A Mirror of Common Errors.

than one day. I No Error. (D) (f)

36. Becuase he is intelligent, I therefore he gets good I marks (A) (B)

in all the I examinations he takes. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

37. Both the rich along with I the poor are responsible for a I (A) (B)

great many vices with which our society I as well as ((,j

country is inflicted. I No Error. (D) (E)

38. His offence was such I as he was bound · to suffer I and (A) (B)

ultimately I meet his doom. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

39. She was too .beautiful I to be rejected by any I youngman (A) (B)

who whished I to make her his wife. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

40. Since Diwali is Lst approaching, I my teenager son has (A) ,.,

bought many fireworks I as rockets, creackers, etc. I all of (b) (C)

which cost much. I No Error. (D) (EL_

41. Scarcely had he gone I than a policeman knocked I at the (A) (B)

door to enquire I about his whereabouts. I No Error. (C) (E)

42. No sooner had the train I arrived then the crowd rushed I (A) (B)

towards the compartment to greet the leader I who was (C)

travelling by that train./ No Error. (D) (E)

43. Hardly had the wheels touched I the ground than the ;)ilot (A) (B)

indicated I with his fingers how many I injured people he (C) (D)

was carrying. I No Error. (5)

No Error. (E)

32. Hardly had the speaker I finished speaking, then I the (A) (13)

lights went out and I where was an uproar in the hall. I (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

31. Mrs. Sen told me that though I .ier son had worked hard (A) . (B)

but I he failed to make I any mark in the last examination . .' (C) (D)

30. Scarcely bad I I walked out of my house I when I saw W 00 ~

my I friend coming towards me. I No Error. (D) (E)

22. Although these rooms I are in need of repair, I but the (A) (B)

owner does not take I any notice of their condition. I (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

23. The teach er asked I the· students to go to I market and buy (A) (B)

some fruit I as appels, oranges, guavas, etc. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

24. He suggested to me I that I should I do all the work as I (A) (B) (C)

quickly like him. I No Error. (D) (E)

25. He was so clever I that everybody's attempt I to misguide (A) (C)

him I proved to be futile. I No Error. (D) (E)

26. No soo-ier did I he find out any solution I tothe problem (A) (B) (Q

when I another problem appeared. I No Error. (D) (E)

27. Not only has he built I a hospital for the poor I but he has (A) (B)

also built an I orphanage for orphans. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

28. The robt crs had I hardly put the ornaments I in his bag CN C~ ~)

than I the housewife woke up. I No Error. (D) (E)

29. Scarcely had he I gone a few steps I that he was told by (A) .. (B) ,, (C)

someone I that his mother was no more. I No Error. (D) (E)

I· !' !.

.... -. A Mirror of Common Errors

33. Dr. Sinha was not only I sympathetic to the rich I patients (A) (B)

but also I to the poor ones. I No Error: (C) (D) (E)

34. He has lots I of money and I he dare. not start I a factory./ (A) (B) (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

35. The newsman was doubtful I that the man who had been (A) (B)

run over I by some vehicles had lain I there for more (C)

: 90

,

[~ q;ra;r ~ <Rm t fflf.5 cfli ~ 1l ~ -?!" ~I]

2. (B) not only cfiT ~ comlng js ~ m-rIT ~ but also <!'>I' ~ going~ ~ ti ~ -ra fcn' Not only ... but also I Either .... or I Neither ... nor ~ ~ Subjects I Objects I Verbs I Gerunds 3lTFc:: q;t- ~ -;;rror t ~- (i) Not only Ram but also Shyarn is dancing. (ii) I have invited not onJy Ram but also Shyam. (iii) He is not only good but also intelligent. (iv) He not only reads but also writes (v) He sits not only here but also there. (vi) She likes not only dancing but also singing.

3. (E) q"fq<f ~ ti 4. (D) 'would'~ ffl 'should' q;r ffl' WJT ~ 'lest'~

<ITG 'should' q;r ~ ~ t; ~- T (i) Work hard, lest you should fail.

S. (A) or~ ~ if <!'>I' JfllPT mTTT ~ 'seldom if ever' a:rR ' 'seldom or never' q;r JfllPT ~ ti ~ 'seldom or q;t

'E2ir-r ~ ~ 'ever' q;t- 'never' 1l ~ q;r ffe ~ m ~ t. ~ ~ ~ _'llJq ~ 11c!T ~ t f<f; 'ever' <f>T 'never'#~~ ~tq,t<lcfidl ~ t. ~ 'or'ci} if~~~ ~lq,t<l&idl ti

6. (B) 'ever' q;'I" 'never' ~ ~ <fiT 31fq,t<l&idl t ~ ~ q;r ~ t 1% ~ fci;'m ~ q;)' f.r:rr ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ q;,n ~ ~ W<IT ti}

7. (E) cflcf<I" ~ it doubtful nt doubt~ <ITT:: whether nt if q;r ~ -?far t "<l'R cflcf<I" Assertive Affirmative -?f I ~ doubt ~ doubtful ~ ~ that cf;!' ~ -?far t ~ ~ Assertive (Negative) m ~ Interrogative -?!"; ~:- I am not doubtful that he will come today.

Do you doubt that he will come today ? 8. (E) cflcf<I" ~ ti 'Neither ... nor' '&,J" 1l<fPT ffi'\' t, 9. (C) 'so' q;r ffl' ~ ft q:zjl'fcf; because, as, since a,yfu:

Conjunctions of Reason l1 ~ ~ so/therefore 3lTR <iii' ffl' ~ "ffi'ciT t; ~-

examination.

(i) He is so weak that he cannot walk. [~ ~ ~ t fc6 ~) ~ ~ ~ tlJ (ii) He works hard so that he may succeed in the

(i) He is not so smart as we expected.

~ so/as as' q;r ~ t (3(f.lT ... ~). ~. 'so that' ~ so that (mfci;) cfiT 'ITI'. "ll<ITlT mm ti f.l.:.:ifaf&a cfTcPi\" q;t- ~-

1. (C) 'that'~ ~ 'as' 'cfiT 1l'mlT m cflil'fcn ciTci<I' 'so ... as' lR .3TI'1:llftcr t; ~-

EXPLANATIONS

worked hard./ No Error. (D) (E)

51. I cannot all ow you to I go out of the class I unless the (A) (B)

teacher comes I and gives me some instructions. I (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

ANSWERS

1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (E) 4. (D) 5. (A) 6. (B) 7. (E) 8. (E) 9. (C) 10. (C)

11. (B) 12. (A) 13. (C) 14. (E) 15.(B) 16.(C) 17. (C) 18. (B) 19.(B) 20. (B) 21. (C) 22. (C) 23. (D) 24. (D) 25. (E) 26. (C) 27. (E) 28. (C) 29. (C) 30. {E) 31. (B) 32. (B) 33. (A) 34. (B) 35. (B) 36. (B) 37. (A) 38. (B) 39: (E) 40. (C) 41. (B) 42. (B) 43. (B) 44. (C) 45. (B) 46. (B) 47.(B) 48. (C) 49. (B) 50. (C) 51. (C)

the goods. No Error. (D) (E)

46. Ten years have passed I that I returnetl from I London and W 00 ~

settled I in this part of the country./ No Error. (D) (E)

47. It was almost I ten years ago since he wrote I a letter to (A) (B) (C)

rr- to I remind me of my lapses. I No Error. (D) (E)

48. The patient would not I have died/ when the doctor had I (A) (B) (C)

come in time. !No Error. (D) (E)

. 49. The programme was I almost fixed and· it was I my (A) (B)

friend's insincerity that upset the whole I thing and dis- (C) . (D)

appointed us. No Error. (E)

50. He did i.ot I succeed in the examination, I yet he had I (A) (B) (C)

44. No sooner was the agitation I in Darjeeling silenced, I the· (A) (B)

Bodo Land activity I in Assam erupted . I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

45. I cannot confirm I you if he .. has paid /the bill or returned/ (A) (B) (C)

i . l l I

(i) This is the same book that was missing. J.

Verb (~)

such as (b) such that (ttm fc!;) (i) His behaviour was such that everybody felt hurt. (C) such+ as + infinitive (i) His ailment is not such as to cause. us anxiety.

18. (B) 'which'-~ ~ that cfiT 1flU1T ffll1T ~ 'the same' 1f; ~ 'that' cJiT ffl' mm t * Verb~ ~; tt-

so/as as (ii) Ram is as wise as Mohan. [Affirmative]

17. (C) 'which' 1f; ~ 'as' q;r ~-· A <Pilfcf; '$Uch' ~ ~ 'as' cfiT w:rm- ·mcrT t, ':f" fci:; which, that $1'1 ~ -ra- (~) such+ noun+ as[~ ..... ~~ (i) He is not such a man as I expected.

.1. .1.

(i) As he is ill, he will not come out. [-;r fcf; so/therefore he will not come out.]

ie, (C) 'else'·~ ~ 'or' <fiT ~ WIT ~ Part (A) if either cfiT ~ t afR 'either' ~ ~ 'or' amfT" t, ':!" fc!; else/not ~I

. 11. (B) 'than' cJiT ~ -=rnl' h ~ As soon. as, As long as, So long as % <JR than/then q;r m ':f°iff fcfitn" -;;mrr t tt- (i) As soon ashe came, the. peon opened the door. [-;i- fcf; than/then the peon opened the door]

12. (A) not only .q;r ~ 'for shopping' % ~ m;rr ~ ~ but also q;r ~ 'for having'~ ~ !1 NOTE:~~~~~~o (2)*smszrf ~I

13. (C) then~ ~ 'when' "llT 'before' q;r ~ WlJ ~ Hardly, Scarcely % ~ 'when' "llT 'before' 'conjunction cfiT m mcrr t; tt- (i) Hardly I Scarcely had he come when/before it started raining.

14. (E). ~ ~ lt 'scarcely .•• when' cfiT w:rm- ~ t, IS. (B) 'if' ~ ~ 'whether' cJiT m ~ ~ Part (D) if

~ 'or' ~ 'qoT ~ t fcl; Construction 'whether ... or' ~ ~ "tt

16. (C) 'so'~ ~ 'as' cfiT m ~ ~ 'so ... as' q;r w:rm Negative··~ ir ~- t ~ 'as ... as' <fir

Affirmative "llT Negative~ ir; tt-. (i) Ram is not so I as good as Mohan. [Negative]

.1. .1.


~. the same~ ~ 'as'~ "Sl<rr1T mm t <1R Verb ~~;tt- (i) This is the same book as mine. [is]

[Verb~] 19. (B) 'that' cfiT "Sl<rr1T ~ n ~ Indirect Narration if

Wh-question ~ ~ ~ Conjunction cfiT 'Sl<IT11' ~ mmt;~- (i) He asked me why I was late. G fci:; that why] .. : ..

20. (B) 'as well as'~~ 'and' cfiT m miTT ~ 'Both' ' ~ ~ 'and' Conjunction cfiT m mot' ·t ~- (i) Both Sita and Geeta. (ii) Both You and I.

21. <C) so w m- ~ n1 NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~o (9) <fiT ·olffi9!IT

~I - .. 22. (C) but ~ ~ yet cfiT ~ ~ ~ Although I

Though ~ ~ 'yet' cfiT ~ 'ffla1' ! ; ~- (i) Although he is rich yet he is dishonest. (ii) Although he is rich, he is dishonest. [Although~ Clause~ ~ Comma jt ~ ~ yet cit ~~~~':51T~t1J •

23. (D) 'as' ~ ~ 'like' cfiT ~ m1TT ~ 'as' cfiT m Nominative js -mer mm t ~ 'like' cfiT Objective . ~-mer;~- . (i) He helps a man like me. [-:r fc!; as me J ~ ift ~ ~ q,'t lJGG cfi«IT i I)

~ (ii) He helps a man as I do. [help] ~ ~ ~ q;l" ~ ~ <fi«IT t ~ fcl:i ~I)

24. (D) 'like him'~ ~ 'as he' cfiT m ~ W1TT ~ as ... as cfiT ffl' traT t am: Comparison 'he' ~ 'I' ~ Nominatives it t; ~- (i) He runs as fast as L [-::r fc!; like me]

25. (E) qrcpf ~ ti 26. (C) 'when' ~ ~ 'than' cfiT ffl' h ~ 'No

Sooner ••• than' q;r Jl<IT1T ~ t ~ Hardly I scarcey ... whenlbefore q;r; tt- (i) No sooner did he leave for Mumbai than his father died. (ii) Hardly I Scarcely had he left for Mumbai when his father died.

27. (E) ~~t1 28. (C) 'than'~ ~ when cfiT m At

NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~o (26) q;l"

smszrT ~I 29. (C) 'that' ~ ~ 'when' cfiT ffl" WlT ~ 'Scarcely/

Hardly'~~ 'when'~ before cfiT ~ WITT ti 30. (E) ciTcPi ~ t,

*** Time

Condition (ii) I will not go out until he comes.

.J,

Present Perfect Simple' Past 47. (B) 'since'~~ 'that' _cfif ffl' A~ 'ago'~~

'that' Conjunction cfiT ll<fl'lT' ma,- t, -;; fcf;. since cfiT; -tt- (i) It was ten years ago that his father died.

48. (C) \when' ~ ~ · 'if' 'EfiT ~ mm- ~ past ~ unfulfilled wish I condition I desire ~ arcRf ~ ~

~ If + Subject +· had + V~ 'llT Had + Subject + v3 'EfiT ~ Conditional Clause if 'ffl<ff t; tt- {i) lfhe had come on time, he would have seen you. ~, Had he come on time, he would have seen you, . ~ Clause cit m cl"lT Conditional Clause ~ 'liJIG if ~~,5(T~t; -tit- (i) He.would have seen you ifhe had come on time.

49. (B) 'and' ~ ~ 'but' cfiT 'lf<WT ~ ~ ~ fclirtra qfmt4fd4'f <ffi. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'but' cfiT wwr~~t1 (i) You are right, but he is wrong.

SO. (C) 'yet' ~ ~ 'although' 'llT 'though' cfiT ~ ~ ~. ~ 'although/though' condition ~ t · ~yet~I (i) Although he worked hard yet he did not succeed.

si. (C) 'unless' ~ ~ 'until' cfiT ~ n ~ luntil' ~ -:rt\') ~ time (W,lf) cfiT ~ mm t ~· ·. unless ~ ~) i condition Cffif) cf;T; ~- (i) You will not succeed u.nless you work hard.

. .!.

'or' q;r ll<fl'lT' t. 3To: (B) if if~~ 'whether' mlfrl' ~- (i) I am not sure whether he will come or not. (ii) 1 do not know whether he will help you or not.

46. (B) 'that'~ ~ 'since' cfiT ffl' 'ffl11T ~ since cfiT · ~ Conjunction of Time ~ ~ ti' ~ i· ~ ~ if ·

m<YT t ~ -~ ~ ~ Present Perfect + Since + Simiple Past.~ t; ~ :-. Two months have passed since he came here. .·

l . .J,

31. (B) 'but'~ ~ 'yet' cfiT JlcWT it'rrrt NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~o (22) ~ o!ffi9lIT ~I

32. (B) 'then'~~ 'when'cf;T ffl' ~n 33. (A) 'not only' cfiT m 'to the rich patients' ~ ~ ~

~ but also cfiT ~ 'to the poor ones'~ m ti NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ft;ro: ~ 'tj'~ (2) <fl o!lra!rr ~I

34. (B) 'and'~ ~ 'but' .cf,T 1f<TI'lT WIT ~ <n contrastive . . qualities cf>1 eraR ~ ~ 'but'~ ~ cf>1 ~ ~ ~t~-

. (i) He is poor but honest. (ii) She is beautiful but proud.

35. (B) 'that'~ ~ 'whether' cfiT ffl' Rt 36. (B) 'therefore' cfiT ffl' -::rm ~I

NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'tj°o (9) <fl '6!ITTs!lT ~I

37. (A) 'along with'~ ~ 'and' cfiT ffl' itrrr ~ 'Both' ~ ofTG 'and' 3lrnT t, .. -;; fcfi or, as well as, with, along with, together with.

38. (B) 'as'~~ 'that'cfiT m WTTI NOTE:~~~-~~ ~.o (17) ~ ~~I

39. (E) q'!cf<f ~ i1 40. (C) 'as' ~ ~ 'like' cfiT ~ n ~ as q;r

'SlmlT ~: Nominative Case (<mlf cf;Rq;) ~ mYi n t ~ like cfiT Objective Case ~ qiR<f;) ~ ~I

(i) I do not love a girl like her, (-;;. fcf; as her] [~~~~ium:~~{1] ~, (ii) I am no orator as Brutus is. (;r ~ like Brutus is]

41. (B) 'than' ~ -~ 'when' <fr 'before' cfiT ~ 'ffl'1lT ~ 'Scarcely/ Hardly' ~ ~ -arre: '.when' ~ 'before' cfiT ffl' m ti

42. (B) 'then'~~ 'than'cfil' ffl' WIT~ 'No sooner' ~ ~ 'than'cfiT ffl' ~~ti

43. (B) 'than'~~ 'when'cf;T '5l<WT ~I 44. (C) 'the'~ ~ than cfiT 1f<TI'lT ml1T ~ No sooner js

~ 'than'cf;T~~~t1 45. (B) 'if' ~ ~ . 'whether' cfiT . ffl' m1TT ~

'whether ... or' cfiT ~ mm t ~ ~ Pan (C) if

Active: Meena has bolght a car. -r-- T. T s has y3 0

Passive: A car has· been bolght ~ ~- -!, TT

st has been y3 by Agent

~ "SfcfiR, Active : They are playig cricket. Passive: Cricket is being played by them.

3. PRESENT PERFECT Active.: IS+ has/have+ v3 + ol Passive = I S1 + has/have + been+ v3 + (by + Agent) 1 · ~- .

Active: Mohini is sin~ng a syng. -i- .r

s is V(ing) o. Passive : A solg is bfng slng ¥ Mohini, r l

SI is being sung by, Agent.

~wm, Active: John loves Mary. Passive : Mary is loved by John.

2. PRESENT L\1PERFECT

Active : I S + is/are/am+ V(ing) + oj Passive: I s1 +is/are/am+ being+ v3 +·(by+ Agent)! -ft-

I I

~-· Active : She calls r.· T -r-

s VS 0 ;.

Passive : You are called ¥ her. T T ~ ''T

SI are v3 by Agent.

KINDS OF VOICES Voice~ ~ ~ 'cit "SfcfiR ~ t- 1. ACTIVE VOICE 2. PASSIVE VOICE (A) Active Voice-Verb q;r ~ ~ ~ cmJT (Subject)

~~~;tt-- (i) She helped me.

(ii) They did all the work. · (B) Passive Voice-Verb q;r ~ ~ mit cm (Object)

~ Passive q;r Subject t") cfi1. ~ ~;· tt (i) The letter was posted.

(ii) The thief was arrested. · . NOTE-Voice q;r ~am~ t f;jra MID-VOICE~

QUASI-PASSIVE q;m ~ ti ~ Voice cf;t ~ ~ t ~ ~ °q' ~ Active~ ~ ~ Passive mTT t; tt-

(i) Sugar tastes sweet. (= Sugar, is sweet when it is tasted.)

(ii) Wood feels hard. (= Wood is hard when it is felt.) . ··

Active~ Passive~ a; ~ General Rules ; (i) Active~ Object~ Passive <fiT Subject_~ ~ !1 (ii) Active~ Subject~ Passive cm Object~ ~ t"1

(iii) Passive lf ~ Subject ~ ~ ~- fifi<rr cfiT ffl" ~ ~ ti <lR ~ ~ ~ To be ::;tr m m ~ ~ R" ~ ~ To be er ~ ~ ffl" if~~ !1

(iv) To be~ ~ v3 q;r m- fcf;cir ~ ti (v) Passive -q oR" Object~ ~ Preposition 'by' cfiT m

~ ~ !1 ~ (by + Object) ~ (by + Agent) ~ ;nlf ~ 'TI ~ ~ t, ~ ~ ~ t ~ (optional) ti

~~qifffl"~- (i) Sita invited Mira. [Active]

Mira was invited by Sita. {Passive] (ii) Mohan has beaten Radha. [Active]

Radha has been beaten by Mohan,

Verb q;r cffl ~ ~ tjm' ~ t fcfi q;m ~ q;ri:r cfi«IT ! ~ ~ 1R tt ~~mt t Voice~ !1

tt-(i) John writes a letter. (~ ~ "ff 'tfclT ~ t ~ qi'ijT (Subject) 'John'~

q;ri:r ~ ti] f'q:;{, (ii) A letter is written by Iohn. [~ cllcFI" "ff 'tfm ~ t ~ q;m (Subject) 'A letter' 1R tt

~ q;r-q- ~ t11

... --------~----------~~~----~C-h_a_p_re_r--1-1----~----------------------------~' VOICES _ A. TENSE & VOICE

Active Voice if Tense ~ 12 ~ ! ~ Passive Voice if irr:r atra ~ t,

Note : [~ ,fl- Perfect.Continuous ~ FlIDJJ~ l!!!I)erf~ct Tense q;r Passive~ mm !1J

1. PRESENT INDEFINITE

Active : Is+ v1N5 + oj Passive : I s1 + Ware/am + V3 + (by+ Agent) j

[~ s1 = Passive q;r Subject cll!fT (by+ Agent) optional t°I]

ar7g.

Direct Object

Indirect Object

Active : I must do it. Passive : It must be done by me. NOTE-can, could, may, might, shall, should, will,

would, must, ought to, used to, need not, dare not Modal Auxiliary Verbs !1

C. ~ OBJECTS~ VERBS c5T PASSIVE ~ ~ Verbs l '1fl" ~ Objects~ ~ !; ~ (i) He gave me some money. , (ii) You presented her a ring.

~ cfrcPn ~ ~-~ Objects ti ~- gave me some money presented her

.T

Passive : This yroblem T ~ ~ ~ T. S 1 can be V3 by Agent

modal

this 1oblem. 0

solve -r yl s

Active : Soni will have finished the work. Passive : The work will have been finished.by Soni.

(B) ACTIVE & PASSIVE OF MODAL VERBS

Active : IS+ mod~I + V1 + O

Passive : I S1· + modal + be + v3 ·+ (by+ Agent) I ~-- Active: You can r T

NOTE-Future Impcrfect=-No Passive. 8. FUTURE PERFECT

Active: Is+ shall/will+ have+ v3 + ol Passive:ls1 +sball/will+have+been+ v3 +(by+Agent)! ~- Active : ~ ~ ¥ bo?ht a yar.

S will have V3 O

Passive:¥ 11 ¥ ~~¥ r· S1 will have been V3 by Agent.

'J ~ Wffi,

!p'.._ him. ,.. T

by Agent.

~- Active : · He will do it.

TT r 1 S will V1 0

Passive : It will be done 1 T J" T s1 will be v3

~Wffi. Active : The C,M. will address the meeting. Passive : The meeting will be addressed by the C.M.

7. FUTURJ"INDEFINITE

Active: f S +shall/will+ V1 + ol Passive: js1 +shall/~+ be+ v3 +(by+ Agent.))

Active : I S + had + v3 + 0 j Passive : I s1 + had_+ been+ v3 + (by+ Agent) I ~- ;

Active : He had phoned her. TT l T S had v3 0

Passive:~ ¥ ~ phied p: tu;· SI had been V3 by Agent. ~~.

Active : Dinesh had kilkd a snake. Passive': _A snake had been killed by Dinesh. NOTE-Past Perfect Continuous-No Passive.

6. PAST PERFECT

Agent.

was V (ing) T being talght ~

was being v3 by

Active : Ho£ey

s Passive : Jloti

SI ~ ;rem, Active : Moni was making a doll. Passive : A doll was being made by Moni,

teaching :r:

was r

~ ;rem, Active He sold the house. Passive : The house was sold by him.

5. PAST IMPERFECT "'.-ctive : ~I S_+_w_· _as/_w_e_re_+_V.,_. (_in_g_) _+_O-!

Passive: is1 +was/were+ being+ v3 +(by+ Agent)! ~-

¥~ by Agent.

was won rT was v3

Passive ; The match l SI

the match. :r: 0

won r y2

Active : India r s

~;rem, Active : You have cheated Sohan. Passive : Sohan has been cheated by you. NOTE-Present Perfect Continuous-No ~ve.

4. PAST INDEFINITE Active : I S + v2 + 0 I Passive : I s1 +was/were+ v3 + (by+ Agent) I ~-


ls S1 V3. by Agent (b) Did~--~ .it~~.~- Questions·?.liT··Active"it Passive:

Active : I Di<!- + S + v1 + 0 ? I I · I 3 .,j Passive : Was/Were + S. + V + (by + Agent) J

£i'. him? J. T

Passive : Is some money needed T l -r

somemonev ? l <

0-

Active : Does "' he need --!.- TT Does S V1

(i) Question : Where are you going ? Answer : I am going to Delhi.

~ !Pa.s&veofYes/NoQuestionsl~ ~ ~ cf>1 ~ (a) Do/does "it ~ ~ Questions iliT Active "it

Passive:

Active : I Do/Does + S + V1 + 0 ? ! Passive : I Is/ Are/ Am + S1 + V3 + (by + Agent)?! tt- .

·Question: Are you ready? Answer: Yes.(= Yes Larn.)

<IT No. (::: I am not.)

(b) Wh-Question--srr ~ Interrogative Wordf.·(why,: who, what, how, when, where ~) t ~ m t, ~ m cfir ~~(Yes) <IT -;rr (No) ir' W re.7ff ~ ~JI'~ 'l!v-n' q;r ~ ~ clTcFf (Sentence)q;r ~ ~ ~ ~ !; ~-

. . '

. (D) PASSIVE OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES Questions~: ~ 'Sl<m: ~ !-

. . (a) Yes/No Questions-~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ m t, (tt-does, do, did, has, have, is, are, am, can, could, may, might~) ~ ~ ~ (answer) 'm" (Yes) <IT ';fr' (No) if ~~t:tt~

(ii) He told r a stp. [~m Told~- Di-Trt]

Obj. object (indirect) (direct)

(d) tell, give, fetch, promise, offer, present, lend, get, .p~y,. sell, bring, take, teach, promise ~ ~ ~ Verbs t ~ Mono~ Di-Transitive~~ ii' CfiTir ~ m ti

object·

.Answer : Me. . 1

~ wm:; 'Whom'.~ question~ ~ ~- 'Me' Prnm it· ~ 'Me' Indirect Object ti .

(c) ~ ~ Verbs t; ~·Mono~ Di-Transitive~~ if q;m. ~ t; ~~ . . .

(i) He told ~_styn:·_ (~told~ Mono-Tr. tJ

Question: Whom did he give a chance?

. . 'A chance'

Verb Object Object (Di-Tr.) . (Indirect). (Direct)

'QfR' ~ f<fi ';.'i(of fcf;m Verb 'ctil' w:rr1T Di-Transitive tfi ~ if ~ 'ffi" ~ -~ Objects mt t ~ fcf; a"$ ~ if ~ ~ !1 ~ Objects ·ii' ·~ ~- t·· <IT ~ ~ What ~ question q;f.t ~ ~ t ~ Direct Object t ~ -m- ~ t· <IT ~ ~- 'Whom' ~ question ffl lR P1ffi!T t ~ Indirect Object it ~ ~-

(i) He gave me a chance. Question: What did he give ine? Answer : A chance. ~ ~. 'What' ~ question ~ 'IR ~

fiRi'm ti ~ 'a chance' Direct Object ti ·: · · , m, .

(i) You 12resented me · a golden watch. . r T l Verb Object Object

· (Di-Tr.) (Indirect) (Direct) .(iitl offered him· a!b. ·-r- T , .

Verb Object [Mono-Tr.] . . . ·· . ·.

(b) ~ Verbs ~ Objects ~. t; -~ Di-Tra~sitive Verbs ~t;~- .

Object Verb . . . . [Mono-Tr.]

(ii) Dipu · admires l

Object m t. ~ Mono- .. · NOTE--(a) ~ Verbs ~ Transitive Verbs~ l; ~:---

. (i) They betrf e~ . T. ·


~ ~ ~ fcf; ~ ~ ~ it Objects t lliT Passive:

(i) Indirect Object~. Subject~ ~ ~ t; -~ Active : .He lent me .some.money..._ .... : .. Passive : I was lent some money by him.

(ii) Direct Object cf>1 Subject~; ~- Active : He lent me some money; Passive: Some money was lent (to) me by him.

,/ · [NOTE-~ Objects ~ ~- 'ctil' Passive ~ ~ ~ :Sl+li··•rn: Indirect Object cf>1 Subject of.!'RT ~ ~ ~ ~ t. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ Direct object cf>1

· Subject <iR'RT ~ ti ~ ~ ~ -4 Passive ~ Subject cfir -~ ~ "Ira ~ ·,ft ~ cfi«IT t ~ ~ S11"4ftli$,(ij !<t>~ ~ ~ t,1

.. :,

w. 'SfqiR, Active : Bring a glass of water. Passive : Let a glass of water be brought. (b) Suggestion/ Advice~~ cfiT Passive:

Active : I V1 + 0 ]

Passive :I S1 + sho.uld +be+ V3.!

shut. i y3

Active : Shut the door. j, I

"' vi 0 Passive : Let the door be

,1. ,1. ,1. Let st be

(E) PASSIVE OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCES Imperative Sentences ~ order, request, suggestion 3lTR cfiT

-mitim\1 ~~ fV1]~ ~·~t; ~- . (i) Do it at once.

(ii) Save my life, please. "llT

(iii) Please save my life. (a) Order~ ~ ~ Passive : ./

Active: I V1 + ol Passive : I Let + S1 + be + V3~ ~-

m. Active: Whom have you invited?

~ ~ Passive: Who.has been invited by you ? . ~[~ Bl+ll-4<1: Active Wbocf>T Passive Whom~ i'lm

Active Whom cf>T Passive Who ~j

Passive : Who was the Ramayana written by ? [Whom was the Ramayana written by ? ~ ~ ti]

\. ~ : " .. :if the preposition comes ~~...J;Ln_cLof the sentence orclause, then use ~" ·

Who is that letter from ? [not whom] Who did you give it to ? [not whom)

-F.T. Woo!f: A REMEDIAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS (p, 156)

{ Active : Who wrote the Ramayana ? Passive: By whom was the Ramayana written? ·~

<IT

~ Rule-Why, How, When, Where, What 31TR ~ ~ ~ m t'1 ~. Who ~ Whom ~ ~ ~ ~ Questions~ Passive~ ~-

Interrogative · Word

~ Interrogative Words + Yes/No Questions = Interrogative Questions.

Yes/No.Question

(e) Passive of Wh-Questions: Yes/No Questions cfiT Passive ~ ~ ~

Interrogative Words~ ~ ~ Wh-Questions ~ ~ i1 ~-

\ Active: Have you broken the mirror? l Passive: Has the mirror been broken by you?

31-r ~ Yes/No Questions ~ ~ Interrogative Word ~~-

Active : Why have you broken the mirror? Passive: wry has the mirror been broken by you? . l

him? T

Agent.

51 y3 be

this situation be controlled r :r: Passive : Can

T Modal

this situation ? l 0

Active : Can he control rr· -r- Moda1 S V1

Has S 1 been V3 by Agent ? (d) Modal Auxiliary Verbs ~ ~ (l-%cti~ Questions

cr.T Active~ Passive:

Active :j Modal + S + V1 + 0 ?j Passive.: !Modal + s1 + be + V3 + (by + Agent). j ~-

Passive : Has a book T-r

s 0 y3 Has

Active: Has T

were S1 V1 by Agent. (c) Have/Has/Had~ ~ ifl.\Qi~ Questions <ST Active

~ Passive

Active : I Have/has/bad + S + V3 + 0 ?I Passive :I Have/has/had+ S1 +been+ V3 +(by+ Agent)?j ~- . .

John written a book ? T ~ ----r

;.

~- Active: Did he entertain yr? T 'r r

Did SI yl 0 Passive: Were T entertained

~ ·him?

T :r T

0

some money. :r have to borrow T '"! ,_- v 1

(ii) Active: .Th;.;are six books to write . Passive : There are six books to be written.

am:, There+ to be% ~ Infinitive cfil' ~ Active·m Passive voice -q mm ti

{G) PASSIVE OF 'HAVFJHASIHAD +TO+ v1

Active : I S + have/has/had + to + V1 + 0 I Passive :(~1-+ havdbaslhad + to+ be+ V3 (by+ Agent~

tt (i) Active : I

l S have to

Passive: There is -r- T

~:, (1) I have two shirts to wash. 8 fcfi to be washed)

(ii) I have a letter to write. 8 fcfi to be written)

(e) ~ Subject ~ ~ m Noun + Infinitive m -~ ~ m ~ affeRI' ~ 'ffl" cffl' Infinitive Passive if_'mm ti

· tt-(i) Mahatma Gandhi was a man to be admired. ~! Mahatma Gandhi was a man to admire ~ · ·

~t, . [NOTE-~ "CR~ Problems~~ ti}

(d) ~ 1fcfiR 'lfR ~ cfif Subject~ ~ Noun 'llT Pronoun "ffl' ~ cfil1f ':m' ~ t ~ ~ lR cfil1f it -at' ~ Nouns ~ Pronouns $ G11G Passive Infinitive 'ti' ~ mm t. ~ fcfi Active Infinitive; tt- (i) These sheets are to be washed. 8 fcfi to wash)

(ii) The letter is to be posted. t-r fcfi to post)

(e) il~e + To be+ Noun + Infinitive j <fiT Passive~- ti

(i) Active : There is work to do. -i-r--rTT There To be Noun · to V 1

(Infinitive) work to be done. -r rr T-

There to be Noun to be V3.

(i) Please help that old woman. (ii)' Post this letter, please.

(iii) Kindly vacate the house. (iv) Doit for me, kindly. ~ c:flcF.ff <ST Passive : You are requested + to + V1 + 0 $ ~ sr:rTllT ~ t;

~- (i) You are requested to help that old man.

(ii) You are requested to postthis letter. (iii) You are requested to vacate the house. (iv) You are requested to do it for me.

, ./ NOTE-You are kindly requested cfif ~ ~ ~ !1 nr "CR ~ Problems~ ;,;yra t't

(F) PASSIVE OF INFINITIVE (To+ V1)

I Active: To +_V1 I I Passive : To+ be·+ V3• 1 .,., (a) (i) I am to do it.

(ii) You are to serve him. (iii) They are to buy a car. (iv) She was to sell the watch. ~~if Infinitive (To+ V1) <fit'~ t't ~ ffl fcfi

~ '"'s_+_11_o_be_+_lnfini,,....,.,....,...'ti"'"'v_e_+_o~=.....-;s::-+--:-is/-:a-re/:-:-a-m/-:w~asl-:w~.ere-:-

. + to· + V1 + 0 tr 'ffl" ~ Passive : S1 + is/are/am/was/

were+ to+ be+ v3 !~ ~ iA'aT t; tt- (i) It is to be done by me. (ii) He is to be served by you. (iii) A car is to be bought by them. (iv) The watch was to be sold by her.

.(b) ~. ~ Subject% G11G <Rf. Noun "gt om~ Noun~ 8 sr,c: ~ Infinitive-. ~ Subject~ ~ 1fim tlr it ~

fofinitive 1f.i passive~ 'iRTm ~ t; tt- (i) I have gOl a novel to read. r -r ~

Subject Noun Infinitive

Active: Hate the sevendeadly sins. Passive : The seven dead_ly_~Jns should be bated. (c) Request 1!!l1'M ~ i5I' Passive:

· Request~ (Active Voice~) cflci<il' if ,fi [V1 + 0] cfif tt" ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~_please~ kindly q;r ~ mar t, ~ ~ ~ 'll'R'T if ~ 3Rf if ~ ~ t; ~- .

~ 1fcm, Active. : Love the poor. Passive : The poor should be loved.

should be hep,ed. ~ T should be y3

... ,.., ..... ,.'

Active : Hep' the needy people. l

v' O Passive: The needlpeople

s1

A Mirror ofCommon Errors 98 W ~ if 'I' Subject t. 'novel'~ Noun t ~ 'to

read' W Noun$ G11G ~ Infinitive t, ~. cfim (I) ~ ~ (read) !1 ara:, W Infinitive cfif Passive -:m' ~ ~ t,

NO~ ~ if ~ mircr R:<7T 'l'Jcrr t fcfi ~ ~ q;r passive 'to read' ~ 'to be read' ~ fcf;?;(1' ;;irnr t, ~ ~ ~~~':ff!' ti~-

J "If the subject of the sentence is the person who has to do the action, the active infinitive is used."

I have work to do. (Not: I have work to be done) ; .. -Michael Swan : PRACTICAL ENGLISH USAGE

(p. 326)

99

Directions : Find out the error in each of the following sentences, if any. If there is no error; your answer is 'E'.

1. Any step that the centre I takes to establish I peace and (A) (B)

harmony in the country I will be appreciate./ No Error. (C) (D) (E)

2. The policemen I who were on duty in this area I were (A) (B)

discovered I two drug addicts. I No Error. (C) (D) . (E)

"@ ~the first President I of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad I was (A) (B)

known by all types/of people in the world./No Error. (C) (D) (E)

4. The P. M. assured I the people that his government I (A) (B)

would do its best I to suppress couununalism. / No Error. (C) (D) (E)

5. The teacher asked I the students whether they could I tell (A) (B)

the name of the man I who had been discovered (C) (D)

America. I No Error. (E)

PROBLEMS BASED ON VOICES

Orr the police.) . [by +Agent~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r- l by Agent

' ~. Passive if ~ JJcfiR ~ ~ ~ Verb ~ ~ ~ Preposition q;\" ~ Problem~ '1fTm t; ~-:-

(i) He was / laughed by I most of I bis friends. I No Error (A) (B) (q (D) (E)

[Part (B) :q 'laughed'~~ 'at'~ ffl" ~. ~ laugh at(=~ ~ somebody cnr m- ~ ·t; ~-

(i) Active : ~ laulhed T T. S V Prep. 0

Passive : I was laigbed at ~ him. r T ·J t T S1 To be V3 Prep. by Agent

~ ~ Verbs q;\" ~, m ~ Preposition ~ ~ Objectm ti

look at look after look down upon + Object look into laugh at smile at deride at mock at fire at

a«f:, Passive if ~ Verbs ~ 7ilTG Preposition ~ -ra'T '1("raT t,

(i) Active: The 1_rice enguired into the case. l T l

s v Prep. 0 Passive : The case was enguired into

l T l r SI To be v3 Prep.

Passive: I was surprised at the news. ~ ~ Verbs Qiff ~ ~ ~ -q- ~ Prepositions

cm~- known to, surprised at, amazed at, astonished at, startled

at, vexed at, annoyed with somebody, annoyed at something, contained in, embodied in, included in, crammed with, decorated with, filled with, ornamented with, thronged with, tired of.

~- (i) Active: You annoyed me.

Passive : I was annoyed with you. 0 fcf; by you) (ii) Active: Your behaviour annoyed me.

Passive : I was annoyed at your behaviour. 0 fcfi by your behaviour)

fqE111!)'!',101 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Prepositions est ~ WI~ WWT ~~Problems~~ !1

(I) PASSIVE OF VERB + PREPOSmON + OBJECT ~ ~ Verbs t m ~ ~ ~ Preposition ~ ooT

Object 'ffit ti ~ Active : IS + Verb + Preposition + Object. I ~ construction ~ ~ ~ q;r Passive iRrn" ~

~ Verb~ m"l!f Preposition est ~ ~ ~ -ra'T si1'raT l1 ~Passive:

I S1 + to be + V3 + Preposition + (by + Agent), I ~-

I know him. He is known to me. The news surprised me.

(i) Active: Passive:

(ii) Active :

~ ~ Verbs -;;n- action -::r ~ 'state of mind <fT feeling ~ t ~~by q;r ffl"-::\" ~~(appropriate) Prepositions~ t'; ~-

(H) PASSIVE OF STATVE VERBS, etc.

~ 31cf«,

(ii) Active: You have to choose a bride. Passive : A bride has to be chosen by you.

Agent

me. T ¥

by

has to be borrowed · T J" T J, has to be V3

Passive : Some money l SI

'delivered. I No Error. (E)

15. The ·headman advised I the members of the family to I (A) (B)

inform the police I of the occurence. / No Error. (C) (D) (E)

16. By whom I was he helped I when he seriously wounded I (A) (B) , (C)

by a terrorist ? I No Error. (D) (E) .

17. The conclusion will be arrived I but what we need I most (A) . (B)

is to keep I patience and I to wait. I No Error: (C) (D) (E)

18. We were extremely I surprised by the poor results I of that (A) (B) . (C)

scholar's son and daughter."! No Error. (D) (E)

6. The case was I enquired a month ago I but no report I has (A) . (B) (C)

come yet. I No Error. (D) (E)

7. She held something I at her side which I was totally W 00 ~

hiding I by the folds of her sari./ No Error. (D) (E)

8. I was surprising I at not having seen I her even though she (A) (~) (C)

was standing I just beside my, wife. I No Error. (D) . (E)

9. In case you apologise I for having broken your /. promises (A) (B)

you will / certainly be forgave. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

10. After every student had I gone away, I the peon locked (A) (B) (C) ·

up I the classroom./ No Error. (D) (E)

11. Had the police not I reached here I on time, I would I have (A) . (B) (C)

killed by the robbers. I No Error. (D) (E)

12; The teacher said, "Years I ago, it believed I that the earth I. w ~) ~ was fla.t." I No Error.

(D) (E) 13. We have not been I informed about the I death of our

(A) (B) (C) beloved I leader and torchbearer. No Error.

(D) (E) 14. They were kindly requested I to attend the seminar in

(A) (B) which I lectures on the evils of communalism were I to be

(C) (D)

A Marer of Common Errors

19. They were pleased I by the news I which they had (A) (B) (C)

received I a day before. I No Error. (D) (E)

20. A Police Inspector sent I to my house I and all the rooms I (A) (B) (C)

were checked. I No Error. (D) (E)

21. The dacoits looted I the house and before I the police (A) . {B)

arrived I the things were taken away./ No Error .. (C) (D) (E)

22. When the leader I was shot dead, I the followers I were run (A) (B) . (C) (D)

away. I No Error. (E)

23. He was said I to have been won I the prize because of I (A) (B) (C)

the partiality of the judges. I No Error. (D) (E)

24. The burgalars were broken I into the house and I took (A) (B)

away some cash land many precious things. I No Error, (C) (D) (E)

25. She advised by I us to meet the Chairman I and. appraise (A) (B)

him of her I subordinate's misconduct. I No Error. . (C) (D) (E)

26. The needy man I was approched to the money lender I and (A) (B)

requested him to I lend him some money. I No Error. (C) . (D) (E)

27. When the damage has been I done and the future of the I (A) . (B)

people has darkened, I nothing will be of any help. I (C) ·---· (D)

No Error. (E)

28. It was suggested I by the doctor I that the patient I should (A) (B) (C)

be taken care. I No Error. (D) (E)

29. The bed has been arranged I for the newly married I (A) (B)

couple but it has I not been slept. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

30. The Chief Minister laid I the foundation of a bridge I and (A) . (B)

was hoped that it would be I completed by January. I (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

JOO

51. The lonely traveller puzzled I when he discovered I the (A) (B) .

foot prints I on the sand. I No Error. (C)' (D) (E)

ANSWERS l. (D) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (E) 5. (D) 6. (B) 7. (C) 8. (A) 9. (D) 10. (E)

11. (D) 12. (B) 13 •. (E) 14. (A) 15. (E) 16. (C) 17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (B) 20. (A) 21. (D) 22. (D) 23. (B) 24. (A) 25. (A) 26. (B) 27. (C) 28. (0) 29. (D) 30. (C) 31. (D) 32. (E) 33. (C) 34.-(E) 35. (E) 36. (B) 37. (C) 38. (A) 39. (B) 40. (E) 41. (E) 42. (A) 43. (D) 44. (B) 45. (C)

. 46. (E) 47. (C) 48. (B) 49. (B) 50. (A) 51. (A)

[BSRB (Jaipur), Clerical. Exam., 1990] 49. No other leader of India I is hold in so high esteem I as

. (A) (B) Mahatma Gandhi, who is I called the Father of the

(q (D) Nation. I No Error.

(E) 50. The names record I in this register deserve I much

(A) (B) attention I of the police officers. I No Error.

(C) (D) {E)

43. The report says that I a lot of things I including some drugs (A) (B) (C)

are I to sell in the shop to be opened shortly. I No Error. (D) (E)

44. An unprecedented I riot was broken out I in this part of (A) (B) (C)

the I state this month. I No Error. (D) (E)

45. Mr. Gupta disowned I his son only because I he was (A) (B)

married I a schedule caste girl. I No Error. · (C) (D) (E)

46. Accepting I all sorts of challenges I that life offers is I a (A) (B) (C)

pleasure to the brave. I No Error. (D) (E)

47. Looking into the situation I that prevailed a few years I (A) {B)

ago, he was taken I that decision. I No Error. (C) (D) .(E) [Alwar Bharatpur Rural Dev, Bank Exam. '88]

48. Dogs soon know I the person whom I they are I kindly (A) (B) . (C)

treated I No Error. (D) (E)

42. Having found I guilty of murder I they were sentenced I w (B) ~) to life imprisonment. I No Error.

(D) (E)

41. Some Hindu and some Muslim leaders I are bent on (A)

strengthening I cornmunalism to achieve their I political (B) (C) (D)

goals. / No Error. (E)

40. Pt. Nehru was I a man to be I admired and I so was Mrs. (A) (B) (C)

Indira Gandhi. I No Error. (D) (E)

39. A five star hotel I is to build I in the centre I of the town. I (A) (B) (C) (0)

No Error. (E)

38. Five persons killed I and a baby was I badly injured in (A) (B) (C)

the I bus accident which took place last night. I No Error. (D) (E)

37. Many of the tourists I did not reach the place I because the (A) (B)

bus was to detain I by some ruffians. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

31. Drawing the attention I of the public, I the leader said I w (~ ~

that he should be listened. I No Error. (D) (E)

32. Tile reporter said I that the eminent/ scholar had been run/ (A) (C)

over by a car. I No Error. (D) (E)

33. My father suggested I to me that I should I be written I to (A) (B) (C)

him al least two letters every month./ No Error. (D) (E)

34. By whom I was Mr. Awdhesh Singh worshipped I as the (A) (B) (C)

Gandhi I of our time./ No Error. (D) (E)

35. A new programme I is soon to be I telecast from the (A) CS) (C)

Delhi I Doordarshan. I No Error. (D) (E)

36.She was extremely I annoyed by I her lover's (A) (B) (C)

unreasonable I behaviour./ No Error. (D) (E)


(i) I am b1ng tauF.ht by Mr. Sinha. T .... Aux. Be v3

q;r v4

(ii) I have been blamed by my friend. -i-T l have be v3

q;r

v3

9. (D) 'forgave' ~ ~ 'forgiven' q;r 'Sl<TI'lT ~ ~ 'forgave' forgive rf;f ~ ~ [Past Form] t, ~ forgiven~ ~ [Past Participle Form].

m, ~ ~ Verb (forgave)~ m 'be' [::m- To Be cfiT ~ ~ !J cfiT ffl t, arcr: 'be' ~ ~ v3 (forgiven) cfiT ffl' m11fl - 10. (E) ~~t, 11. (D) 'have' ~- ~ 'been' q;r >l'lIT7l' m,rt * Passive

Voice ii' v3~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -:r ~ To Be ~ t-1 ToBeq;r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m qffi ~ ~ ~ f.!,ti: ~ t; ~-

Verb (iii) The police

prep. by + Agent enquired into the case.

.J, TT Verb Prep. obj.

[Active] (iv) The case was en9rired ~ ? the Ji:°lice).

Verb. prep. by (Agent) (Passive]

7. (C) 'hiding'~~ 'hidden' q;r m mTiT ~ Passive Voice ir To Be + v3 q;r >f<lTT!' mm- ~I f.:p • .,fof,:ga ~~~- (i) He T comTetely ¥-

To Be Adverb v3 (ii) They were · fu}1y convinced. -r- l

To Be · Adverb v3

8. (A) 'surprising'~ ~ 'surprised' q;r >f<lTT!' mTfft N. B. : ~ ~ ~ ft;rQ: ~ ~ (2) ~ (7) ~~~I

Prep. Obj. T (bytm). [Passive] Verb

(ii) I was lau5hed ....

3lcf:, ~ ~ fcii who had been discovered America ~'ITffif!I

(ii) The police were discovered. T l

To Be v3 ~ q;r 'Q"ffi' ~ '1l<ITJ

a«i:, ~ 117.1' qlcfll' it The police discovered cf;1' ~

~, -::f' fcf; The police. were discovered cf;l'I 3. (C) 'by'~-~ 'to' q;r m- m,rtt

~ ~ fcl; ~ ~ Verbs ~ ! <ill' State of mind 'lfT State of feeling ~ ~ !. ':!' fcl; f.f;m action ~) <irrl ~ Verbs ~ ciflG Passive Voice if ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (Appropriate) Preposition q;r ffl' ~ '5ITTrr t ';{' fcl; 'by' if;f; ~-

(i) I know him. [Active] (ii) He is known to me. [Passive] [':f fcl; by meJ (iii) The news surprised me. [Active] (iv) I was surprised at the news. [Passive] [':i fcl; by the news]

, . ~ (i) ~ Passive ir known~ ~ to~ (ii)~ Passive if ·'. surprised ~ ~ at cf;1' ffl" ~ 1'fllT t ';5fl' ~ !1 'to' 'lfT 'at' . ~ ~ 'by' q;r ffl' 1ffi'(f itcrr1

4; (E) ql.pf ~ ti 5. (D) 'discovered' ~. 'Cfrn 'been' q;r 'S!"<rr1T ~ ~I

f.lC!fctf~o ~ ~ ~- (i) Who had discovered America? [Active] (~~~~qi)-l'ft ?)

~. Who had been discovered? [Passive] ~ fflq;j' 1Tf ~ ?)

(iii) It is btng ¥ by Mohan

To Be v3 2. (C) 'discovered'~~ 'were'<R >f<lTT!' ~ ft; tt

(i) The police discovered it. ~ ~ ·~ 1«IT ~I J ~.

(i) This book was bol.ght byme. T To Be v3

' (ii) It should be done by you. J"" -r

To Be y3

I. (D) 'appreciate' ~ ~ 'appreciated' q;r ffl' WTTI Passive Voice ii' ~ 'To Be [is/are/am/was/were/be/being/been} + v3 [Veth q;r Past Participle~] q;r wttTr '\mlT' t; tt-

102 !-- Mirror of Common Errors

. EXPLANATIONS 6. (b) 'enquired' ~ ~ 'into' q;r· >f<lTT!' Al <rrG: ~ f.f; Active Voice 1l' ~ f.f;m ~ Verb q:;r ffl" m ~ ciflG ~ Preposition 3Tiffi' t ~ ~ Preposition ~ ciflG Object, 'ffi" Passive Voice il' ~ Preposition ~ ~~~t;~- (i) He laughed at me. [Active]

l 1. ""T

19. (B) by~ ~ 'with' q;r ~ ~ ~ 'Pleased with something'~ 'Pleased to do something' q;r ~ mm ti f.:ti:tfcHf'9a clTcFllT CR ~- . (i) The news has pleased me. [Active] (ii) I have been pleased with.the news. [Passive]

(iii) I am pleased to see you. 20. (A) 'sent' ~ ~ was cf;T m- W11T <Fitfcl; A Police

Inspector sent <iiT 8¢ t ~ 3ffem ~ ~ ~· ~ 'A Police Inspector was sent' <ti!' 3N ! ~ ~ ~~qcR.< w ~ wm·

21. (D) 'the things were taken away'~~ 'they took away the things' q;r m Al ~~ ~~~~&JU~ it~ fflcfR ~ ~ m T-f ~ <tit Active Voice -q ~ ~ ~ t; "tt- (i) He took a pen and wrote a letter. ~ clPPf ii' He~ ~ q;p:r ~ -~ ~ ~ (fflT

~ ~ ~I ~ ~ it ~ Simple cf!cFllT q;r Synthesis ti ~ ~ !- He took a pen. He wrote a letter. ~ He [took a pen+ wrote a letter]. am:. ~ (i) <tit ~ f.:ii:tf('ffurn ~ ~ ~ ~- He took a pen and a letter was written m ~ 1R-ffl "I ~ TIQ; ~ ~ Simple ~ <tit ~ Passive ~ Synthesise fcf;1:n" ,;JT ~ t; tt- A pen was taken, A letter was written <ti!' Synthesis- A pen was taken and a letter was written. ~ ~ JITT it ~ T('Q; 'q'Jcfil' cfiT ~ ~ ~

The dacoits looted the house ..... The dacoits took away the things. ~ The dacoits [looted the house + took away the things]. ~ Ilq;I"{ looted wtr took~ Active Voice it i1

22. (D) 'were run' ~ ~ 'ran' <ti!' WWT ~I· 'run' ~ 'Intransitive Verb'! • Intransitive Verb q;r Passive :ml' ~ ti 3«1'; 'They were run away <IT He was sat down.~~~ t, ~ ~ ~ t-They ran away tfttT He sat dawn.

23. (B) 'been'q;rm~n1 ~- (i) He was said to have been won.

TT . To Be v3 (Passive] ['He' <tit ~ ~ ft.rllT 71'<l'T] ~ ~ ~ ~ t fcf; 'He~ ~ 41Rffi~cti (firu prize) ~ ~1· a«\":, ~ ~ Activ~ Voice <5i:

mm•~~- 18. (B) 'by'~~ 'at'~mn1

Note : mvr ~ ~ ~ ~ m§!TT (3) 'lit arr8'T ~I

[Passive]

12. (B) 'it' ~ ~ 'was' q:;r ~ WTTI f:lt.1f<HRlid cl'fcFllT <tit ~- (i) He believes in God. [Active]

~~ 'tf mcrm-~tl) (ii) It is believed that God is omnipotent. [Passive]

~ ~ ~ _;rnrr t ~ ~ ~4:ltf<Mili"f ti) 13. (E) ~ ~ ti f.lt:j~R§d ~ <tit ~-

(i) We have not informed him. [Active] ~~~~~ti)

(ii) We have not been informed. [Passive) ~~~~"l'fmtl)

14. (A) 'kindly' q:;r ~ ~ n ~ Active ~ ~ Kindly, Please ~ m.:rlr ~ Passive ir 'you are requested' q:;r ffl" ~ t-1 f.:ti:tf{1Rsld ~ <tit ~- (i) Shut the door. [Active] (~ ~ !) ~-aiG'cfit~)

(ii) Let the door be shut. [Passive] ~ -afG <fit R7.lT ~ (iii) Please/Kindly shut the door. [Active] (~~t)

~~-aiG'cfit~I)

(iv) You are requested to shut the door. [Passive] ~ -afG ~ ~ ~ an,:m ~ f.f;1'f ~ t 1'T ~ a,m fcf;1:n" ~ t r.t; 3TT'Cf ~ -afG ~ t,)

15. (E) ~~ti 16. (C) 'he' ~ ~ 'was' q;r m- n ~ ~ ~ 11W

am Passive ii' t1 ~- (i) He wounded me seriously. ·· [Active] (3Wr ~ "tNR~~ ~ <fit R?.tfl)

(ii) He was seriously wounded by a terrorist. [Passive] ~~~&JU ffl ~~~<fit~ 1'1ffl)

17. (A) 'arrived' ~ ~ 'at' <ti!' 'Sl<IT1T ittJT ~ Active Voice if 'arrive at a conclusion' q;r 'Sl<IT1T ~ ti PASSIVE it arrive~-~ ~ at <tit ~- ft:rltT ;.;rnrr t1 31(1':, (i) 'They will arrive at a conclusion. [Active] -r "J

arrive Prep. (ii) A conclusion will be arrived at (by them).

l "l arrive Prep. q;r v3

annoyed at something 37. (C) 'was to detain' % ~ 'had been detained' q;y Jf?WT

"WITI 'the bus was to detain' cfiT ~ t ~ <}q:;~cUffi 'It' ~ 'the bus had been detained' cfiT 3N t ~ "Uq; "eft lJcft" ~ I '

38. (A) 'killed' $ ~ 'were' cfiT 1lmlT" WIT. ~ Five persons were killed (t1Ff arm; 1:IR ~ Passive if t,

39. (B) 'to build'$~ to be built cfiT ~ mrrt', ~ Passive Voice q;I' ~ ti

40. (E) q(cflf ~ l1 41. (E) q(cflf ~ !t 42. (A) 'found'% ~ 'been' cf;T JilTilT mrrTI Active 'Having

found guilty of murder' cfiT ~ t ·~ cfiT ~ i:fl"cR' ~ Passive 'Having been found guilty of murder' qif ~ t ~ cfiT ~ ~ '5fR" ~,· ~- (i) Having found him guilty of murder, the judge sentenced him to death. ~ qJq<f R.:.ff(,,lfoad. ~ ~ cfil' Synthesis t (i) The judge found him guilty of murder. (ii) The judge sentenced him to death. lfR cR fci; ~ ~ qJcflf Active Voice if t ~ ~ Participle cfiT Jnn'lT ~ Synthesis "cfif.t ~ Having found him guilty of murder ... ~ ~- (i) Having been found guilty of murder, he was sentenced to life imprisonment ~ ~ f.ls:tref~a ~ ~ cfil' Synthesis t (i) He was found guilty of murder. (ii) He was sentenced to life imprisonment.

lfr< cfi't fci; ~ ~ ~ Passive it t, 3:fR ~ Participle cfiT Jf?WT ~ Synthesis ffi lf<-

Having been found guilty of murder .... 43. (D) 'to sell'~~ 'to be sold' q;y "Sf<UTT n1 ~

(i) He is to sell a book. [Active) ~ l!:cfi ~ ffl cl'R-IT to

(i) She was annoyed with her husband. J, J, J,

annoyed with somebody (ii) I was annoyed at his sarcastic remarks.

J, J, J,

i.

(i) He was said to have won the first prize. -rT have V3 [Active]

24. (A) 'were broken' $ ~ 'broke' cfiT m ~I ~ ~ ~$~~~- The burgalars [broke into the house and took away ..... J

25. (A) 'advised' $ ~ 'was' cfiT m A ~ advised $ 1i!R 'by us' cfiT Jt<lTlT t ~ 'QaT ~ t fcfi ~ Passive Voice if ti

¥· (B) 'approached'$ ~ 'was' cfiT ~ ~ mrTTI ~ ~ if ,ft~ m ff (The needy man)~ cfillT cfi«l1" t'-"approached ..... requested ..... "~ \it,t<\<<i4<!. o1IfcRr ~ $ ~ ~ am: ~ ~ "3"f.TR * if; ~~-amiw~'i

27. (C) 'has'lf; 1i!R 'been'cfiT "5l<IT1T miITI 28. (D) 'care' if; 1i!R 'of' Preposition cfiT ~ n,

R.:.f~f&a ~ <R ~- (i) They took care of the patient. [Active]

(ii) The patient was taken care of. [Passive] 29. (D) 'slept' if; GfT<!. 'on' cfiT ~ "ffl11T. ~ Subject +

Verb + Preposition + Object% Passive if Verb if; -mer Preposition ~ ffl ~ ~ !; ~- (i) Nobody has slrt T this bed . [Active]

V Prep. (ii) This bed has not been sler on. :r T

SUB. V. Prep. [Passive)

3Q. (C) 'was' cfiT Jt<lTlT -:rm m1ITI hoped nq'i Active Voice$~ ~ cfiT Synthesis ti ~ ~ m<P-n' % ~ t (i) The Chief Minister laid ..... _.

(ii) (the Chief Minister) hoped ..... -.

~ (iii) The Chief Minister laid ..... and hoped •.....

31. (D) 'listened' $ 1i1R 'to' Preposition q;r- m Al ~ Active Voice it Wl"m listen % ~ 'to'~ Object cfiT m ffl ·t ~- Ci) They listened to me. [Active]

l r T listened Prep. Obj.

am:. Passive Voice if listen $ ~ to ~ ffl ft.9<rr ;;mrr !1 3ilR ~ ~ ~ cfiT Passive Voice f.l.:.ffo1f,&a ~ cf;T ffl1TT- (i) I was listened to by them.

3.2. {E) q(cflf ~ t1 33. (C) 'be written' $ ~ 'write' cfiT "5l<WT m1ITI 'be

. written' Passive t, ~ cffcflf if Active Voice cfiJ" ~t, (i) I should write to him. (~ ~ ~ ~I]

A Mirror of Conunon Errors

~. (ii) I should be written to. ~ ~ ~ ~I]

34. (E) qT<R ~ t, 35. (E) ~~!1 36. (B) 'by' $ ~ 'at' cfiT ~ m,n1 ~ annoyed with

somebody ~ annoyed at something cfiT m cfrn'r t;~-

104

***

<IT (ii) I know the man who helped him. {Active]

49. (B) 'hold' ~ ai~ 'held' cfiT 3l'<TI"IT m,n-1 hold Present Tense, Plural Number ii' t ~ v1 t ~ Passive if to be (is/are/am/was/were, be, being, been] + .v-' cf;!"

m-~t-1 'Hold' q;r Past ~ 'held' ~ Past Participle ~ ·~ 'held'm~WI

50. (A) 'record'js ~ 'recorded' qiJ' 1l<fi1i ~t 'The names recoreded' = The names which are I were recorded.

51. (A) 'puzzled'~ ~ 'was' cfiT ro m1ITI ~ (i) He was puzzled. [Passive) (ii) They were disturbed. [Passive]

(iii) She was tired. (Passive] ~. (i) He puzzled me. [Active]

(ii) They disturbed us. [Active] (iii) The work tired her. [Active]

(ii) A book is to be sold by him. [Passive] ~ ID"U ~ ~ ~ ~ cm:ft ti)

44. (B) 'was broken out' ~ ~ 'broke out' cfiT ffl" mrrr1 break out cfi1' ~ t" '~' I ~-

(i) Cholera broke out in this village. ITT!' lJ'i'q- if ~ ~ lJ<ITI)

45. (C) 'was' q;r m ~ w.rr, ~ 'had' cfiT ~ ~I ~- (i) Ram married a poor girl. [Active]

(~;)'~~~~ffl"~I) (ii) You told me that Ram had married a poor girl.

46. (E) ~~t-1 47. (C) 'was taken' ~ ~ 'took' q;r WWT n ~ qf<Ff

Active Voice ii' !1 48. (B) 'whom'js ~ 'by' q;r ~ n1 ~-

(i) I know the man by whom he was helped. [Passive]

Indirect:

Nita said, 'I am willing to do it' :i: l

Past Present Tense Imperfect

Nita said that she was willing to do it. T l Past Past

Tense Imperfect

Direct:

Indefinite Indefinite (b) Present Imperfect cm- Past Imperfect if~~~

t:~-

never went there. --r Past

Tense You said that you

T Past

Indirect:

'I never Sf there'.

Present Indefinite

You said, -!,

Past

Direct:

Tense Tense Indirect : Mira will]ay that Mohan is always right. "!

· Future Present Tense Tense

(3) ~ Reporting Verb Past Tense if ~ m Reported Speech ll:; Verb ll:; Tense it f.11:1f"1f&c1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~t-

(a) Present Indefinite ~ Past Indefinite if ~ ~ '5ll1'IT t:~-

Present Future

Mira will say, 'Mohan is always right.' :i: . l"

(ii) Direct :

Rita comes late.' -r- Present

Tense

She sFs that

Present Tense

Indirect:

Present Tense

Present Tense

She says, 'Rita comes late.' l -r (i) Direct:

Indirect : He says that he is ready. :r (' ')~~~~i,

(2) ~ Reporting Verb Present Tense ~ Future Tense if ~ m Reported Speech ll:; Verb ~ Tense ii' ~ ~ ~ mmt tt- ·

(1) Direct Narration it ~ Inverted Commas (' ') ~ Indirect Narration if ~ ~ ~ t; ~-

(1) Direct: He says, 'I am ready'

'cll'q<f ~ ~ it (iii) "Jane Austen", said Mala, "was a great novelist." 1 . I

q')q<j ~:;.fr~ it DIRECT NARRATION INTO INDIRECT NARRATION

Direct Narration t Indirect Narration ffl * ~ ~ ~ Rules t ~ ~ ~ * ~ (Sentences) 1R ~ ~ ti ~ Rules ~ General Rules q;m "'1m ti 'it General Rules ~

'·t, ~ f*ll{:,f&a t- ·

(i) The teacher said, "The school is closed for a month." q1"q<f ~~if

(ii} "Let's go for a walk", she said to. her friends.

Reporting Speech/Reporting Reported Speech/ Clause Reported Clause/

~ -::iri:r t '5l"AT Reported Statement ~ ti ~ ';{Ti:f t ~ ~ ti

(b) Reporting Speech cfiT 'Sf<TI"7l' ~ ll:; ~ ii'~ ~ 3R'f if~ ll:; ~ it m ~ t; ~-

(i) Mira said, "I am late". ~· ~ if .fRT ~ am ~· 1'J"llT Statement "I am late" ti

3ffi:, R<!T ~ q1"q<f Direct Narration -4 ti 2. Indirect Narration : ~ ~ 'o!l'fcRr ll:; mu ~ ~

Statements tst ~ m ~ if ~ m t', ~ ~ q;m ~ ~ ~ ~ ll:; am ~ ~ Statements~ 'Wf, ~. ~ ~ m ~ if ~ m ti tt-(i) Mira said that she was late. ~ q1"q<f it 1ITTT ~ am ~ '11t ~ ~ ~ m ~ it ~~~ti

NARRATION~ ~ ~ !itJ allcl¥4ib \ii1-tl:6tfo,1l : (a) Mohan said to his friends, "We are lucky".

:i:

Narration tst ~ t ·~·1 ~ Narrate t 'af':IT J31T ~ t , ~ ~ t 'cffiRT' I Narration ~ 3R" Synonyms Statement, Assertion, Declaration amf; ~ ~ t ~ Narration~ 'Sf<TI"7l' Grammar~~ term~~ if~ <ilTfil ! ~381"~~~1

KINDS OF NARRATION Narration~ ~ ~ ~ t- 1. Direct Narration : ~ ~ ~ ~ mu ~ ~

Statements~. ~) ~ ~-cfil'-~ ~ ~ '5ll1'IT ti ~ Statements cm- ~ Inverted Commas (' ') ~ (" ") ~ 3nT"ra mt,

·~-

Chapter-12 NARRATION

Direct : They said, 'We cannot live without air.' Indirect : They said that we cannot live without air. [~ ~ °q' 'we'~ -;rm~ "1J<l'f t, ~ ~ ~

Universal Truth ~ ftw: ~ !1)

Indirect: Tense Tense

My father said that the earth is round. T r Past Present

Tense Tense (4) Reported Speech~ Pronouns jt \:ft'~ m tr it

~ f.lC!fctf{gd ~ 'q"{ ~ ~ i, '£~

(A) llIIIIJ ~ First Person Subject ~ ~.

Second Person Object ~ ~ ~ Third Person No Cbange;~-

(i) Direct: She said to me, 'I am right but you are wrong. Indirect : She told me that she was right but I was wrong. ['I' First Person t ;.m- Subject 'She' ~ ~ ~

'she' W lfclT t. ~ 'you' Second Person t. ~ Object 'me'~ ~~ 'l'm'lfclTtl]

(ii) Direct: You said to me, "He is handsome". Indirect : You told me that he was handsome.

['He' Third Person t, a«i:; ~ ~ change~ fcfi<fr 7l<IT !1]

(b) <l'R Universal Truth ~ ftw: 'we' <fiT '5l<ITTr m m ~ 'we' Ji- Indirect Narration it ~ ~ ~ t'; ~-

Present Past

round the sun. (ii) Direct : My father said, 'The earth is round' ..

T . r-

Present Tense

Past Tense

round the sun.' Indirect : The teacher said that the earth moves

T =r:

Present Tense

Past Tense·

to the Principal. (g) ~ ~. can-could ii' shall-should ii' will-would

if, may-might if~~ ti NOTE (A) : Past Perfect err Past Perfect Continuous

~-ifi-~mt, NOTE (B) : ~ Reported Speech ii' ~ Universal Truth

err Habitual Truth m cit Reported Speech ~ Tense if ~ ~ ;rtt' ~ ~ t; ~-

(i) Direct : The teacher said . 'The earth moves T -:r·

Continuous Tense

Indirect : Jyoti said that they had been talking T :r Past · Past Perfect

Past Tense Past Imperfect

[L.D.S.B. 1990] [Indirect Narration ~ ~ ~ ~ Part (C) i\' 'I am' ~

~ 'he was' cfiT ~ ~. ~ Reporting Verb 'told' Past Tense if ti

(t) Past Imperfect ~ Past Perfect Continuous ir ~ ~ -;;J"loft;~-

Direct : Jyoti said, 'They were talking to the Principal'. J, J,

No Error. (D)

(ii) Pressed by his students/the Principal suddenly said I (A) (B)

that I am in no way responsible for the quarrel. I (C)

[S.S.C. Clerk Grade 1986] [Indirect Narration ~ ~ ~ ~ Part (C) ii' 'is' ~ ~

'was' cfiT ~ m:m. ~ Reporting Verb 'told' Past Tense i\' ti

Tense Perfect NOTE: (C) Fcltitllffi!OI ~ ffl Fcf; ~ ~ 'Q'{ ~

~Problems~ ~ !1 ~- (i) He told his servant I that his work I is not satisfactory I

(A) (B) (C) No Error.

(D)

Past Past

Tense Indefinite Indirect : You said that she bad written a letter.

T :t:

Past Past

Past Past Tense Perfect

(d) Present Perfect Continuous ~ Past Perfect Continuous if ~ ~ ~ t; ~-

Direct: Mohan said to me, 'I have been living here for a month'.

Indirect : Mohan told to me that he had been living there for a month.

(e) Past Indefinite~ Past Perfect if ~ ~ ~ t; ~- .

Direct: You said, 'She wrote a letter' T

Tense Dipu said that

T Indirect:

'I have bought a red pen.' J:

Present Perfect

he had bought a red pen. .!-

Dipu said, T. Past

Direct:

(c) Present Perfect~ Past Perfect if ~ ~ -;;J"loT t; ~-

107· A Mirror of Common Errors

~- (i) He said to me, 'Are you going there ?' (ii) She said to me, 'Do you know his name ?' (iii) You said to me, 'What are you doing ?' (iv) Mahesh said to Gauri, 'Why were you late?'

No Error, (E)

[~ qJ'q<f i:l:; Part (A) if 'said' ~ ~ 'to' cnf ~ ~ ~I ~ 'said me' ~. ~ 'said to me' q;r ~ mTTT <IT 'said'~ ~ 'told'~ ~ q;;:.rr ~!]

(b) Inverted Commas est W2T ~ ~ t' -3fl"{ Reported ' - ... Speech~~ 3ili:l~4cfidlj,~.m. 'that' q;f '3fciTIT ~ ci1ciT ~,

. {c) Reported Speech ~ Verb ~ Tense 11' 3ilct¥4'**11j*lk ~~~t,

(d) a.Rf if Full Stop (.) q;r wn-rr ~ ~ ti ~ ~ cfiT -qn;,., ffl "tR ~ Sentences ~ Indirect

Narrations f.t.:.ifc1forn m'Tt- . (i) Mira said that she was responsible for it. (ii) Deepak said to Meena that she was punctual.

-qr

(iii) Deepak told Meena that she was punctual.

2. INDIRECT NARRATION OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

(a) He told I that he I was I hungry./ No Error. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

~ ~ -~ Part (A) if 'told' <fir Jl<TilT "1ffia- !; ~ ~ ~ object·~ t, 'told'~-~ ~ 'said' cfiT WITlT ~ ~!]

NOTE (B} : m 'said' ~ cW::" ~ 'to' ~ Object cfiT >f<TI"Tr ;im 1%clT '5TffiT t; ~ said i:l:; 1ifl'e: ~ Object q;r ~ ~ '4't" Problem ~ '5iT ~ l; ~-

(4) She said me I that she I liked that I young man. I (A) (B) (C) (D)

...

These ~ those Here ~ there (~ fflTT ~) Tonight ~ that

night il' ~ !1 Hence ~ thence Tomorrow :-"7 the next

day I on the morrow · Thus ~ so Next day ~ the following day

Last night -e the previous night, Ago --1before

NOTE : This I here I now I today I come 31TR <fir ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ I ~ I 3llre: ~ ~ m ~ Speaker js

~ ~ ~ m ~%~~mm m ~ #i 'ffiIT ti 1. INDIRECT NARRATION OF ASSERTIVE

SENTENCES ~ ~ ~(f PROBLEM~- . (i) The lady said that I she should be away I from home

(A) (B) tomorrow as Malti 's I friend would come to visit

(C) (D) Mumbai./ No Error.

(E) [B.S.R.B., P.O. Examination (Kolkata), 1991]

(ii) Direct : She said, ''You are all guilty." Indirect : She said that tliey were all guilty.

(iii) Direct: He said, "You are guilty." Indirect : He said that l was guilty.

(iv) Direct: He said, "You are all guilty." Indirect : He said that we were all guilty,

(S) Indirect Narration i\' ~ Reported Speech ii' Present Tense ~ Past Tense if ~ ~ t 'ITT f-1AR.1ftrn ~ if 'TI' ~~tt

Now'~ then~~ t Come=-s go it~ t ~~~)

This~ that Today ~ that day if ~ ti (~~-:,fr)

{i) Direct: She said, "You are guilty." Indirect : She said that he was guilty.

(c) ~ ~ Magazine, Newspaper etrfs ~ ~ we, [~ ~ ~ Part(C)# tomorrow'~~ on the morrow our, us ~ cfiT ~ cRclT m m Indirect Narration if ~ <IT the next day cfiT ~ WIT, <Ffrfci; tomorrow ~ on the .;:.; = "" ~ morrow <!T the next dav if ~ ~ ~ t1] ~: it, its~ it 'i0 ~ !C..'il ~ ~; "I<:!- J

Direct: The Times of India says, 'We are trying our best m, ~- to keep you well informed,' (i) Mira said, 'I am responsible for it.'

Indirect : The Times of India says that it is trying its best (ii) Deepak said to Meena, 'You are punctual.' to keep us well informed. RULES :

[<l'm 'we' om 'our'~: 'it' elm 'its' if~~ TTir ~] (a) said_ said~ ~mt <lT observed, remarked, pointed .. (d) 'tlR Reporting Verb 'if Object cfiT ~ ~ 'ITT om out, asserted, declared, proclaimed enfa if~~ ti

Reported Speech if 'you' ciiT ,1f<rrlr W m ~ you ~ said to_ said to~ ~ t <lT told/informed/reported to 3ll<H4<r>(\lj~lF( Third Person <IT First Person if ~ ~ t .;,, == ~ t, ~- 'i '"""'

NOTE (A) : otm: Object cfiT told cfiT ~ ~ mm t ~ 'tell' 'Q;<fi Transitive Verb t, lR ~ WTm ~ Object cfiT ~ ~ Problem feur mm t; mt-

RULES REGARDING ORDER I REQUEST (a) Say I said cii\" ~'ef ~ ~ order I ordered; request /

requested; advise I advised; ask I asked; beg I begged; tell I told~ -q ~~ti

(b)Inverted Commas(' ') q;t" ~~Verb~~ 'to' q;fffl~il

(i) Ragini said to her servant, 'Bring a glass of water.' (ii) Ramu said to his father, 'Please bring me a pen.'

(iii) My friend said to me, 'Join my company.' (iv) She said to her children, 'Don't walk in the sun'.

(i) Indirect Narration it Sentence Assertive mm t, a:m: 'do I want' q;r Assertive 'I want' Wllfl

(ii)~ Reporting Verb 'asked' Past Tense it' i, am: Indirect Narration if 'TI' Past Tense q;r >T<WT W'lTI ~ ~ ! 1% 'I want'$~ 'I wanted' m-rn-1

(iii) 'who' $ ~ whom 'q;J" "S!<TI"ll ~ ~ 'who' 'ef>'dfifiF(q,' 'q;J" 'G"ID wrnrr t ~ 'whom' ifi%t«t> "ififl

~ m.fl' ~ cii\" 'tZfR ~ 00 ~ ~ 'who do I want' ~ ~ 'whom I wanted' q;r ~~~I

(f)qfq<f $ ~ ~ Sign of Interrogation (?) ~ ~ Full Stop (.) 'q;J" ~ ~ ~ t; ~- Direct : Ramesh said to you, 'Whom have you invited ?' Indirect : Ramesh asked you whom you had invited. {~ t fcf; Direct Narration ~ qJq<f ~ ~ ~ Sign of Interrogation (?) t ~ Indirect Narration ~ qfcFf ~

~~Full Stop(.) ti 3r.f ~ ~ q;r ~~~~Topic~~ if~

TTtl: "1RT ~ ~ Indirect Narration cii\" ~- (i) He asked me if I whether I was going there. <IT, He wanted to know if I was going there. (ii) She asked me if I whether I knew his name. (iii) You asked me I wanted to know what I was doing.

[":f fol, that what was I doing] · (iv) Mahesh asked Gauri why she had been late. [-;, 1% that why had she been late] [~ ~ fcf; ~ Reporting Verb Past Tense -q' m ~

Reported Speech lf was I were 'q;J" Jf<ITlT m m ~ 'was I were' 'had been' if ~ -;;irar ti)

3. INDffiECT NARRATION OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

(a) Imperative Sentence ~ Order (~), Request (~), Advice ~), Negative Command (~cf>I-Otttcf> 3-lffl) anR lITT!T t,

{b) ~ ~ Verb~ ~ war !; ~-Go, Bring, Make (c) Negative Command 'Do not <IT Don't~~ mor %; ~-

[S.S.C. CLERK GRADE 1987] [~~~Part (B) ~ 'who do I want'~~ 'whom I wanted' 'q;J" ~ mm1J

(i)The receptionist asked me I who do I want I to meet (A) (B)

in the office I No Error. (q (D)

do that day.

NOTE : ~ mxr "tR ~ Problems ~1 ~ ~ ~ !1~~-

T do today ?"

Sub. Indirect : Roma asked me what I would

l -r- Sub. Verb

[B.S.R.B. (Patna), 1990] [~ qfq<f ~ Part (8) if 'that how I got' ~ ~ 'how I

got' 'q;J" >PWr ~ ~ Interrogative Word 'how'~ ~ 'that' Conjunction q;J" ~ '?fRo ti]

(e) Reported Speech~ Assertive~ R<IT '1fIBT t ~ Verb + Subject ~ Subject + Verb ~ Order if mt ~ ti ~-

(i) Direct : Roma said to me, "What will -:r.· Verb

poems. (D)

(i) He asked me I that how I got I time to write I all these (A) (8) (C)

Direct: She said to Mohan, 'Can you help me' ?

Indirect; She asked Mohan if I whether he could help her. (d) ~ ~ Reported Speech jt Wh-Question (-;m who I

what I how I where I when I why 31TR ~ ~ m t") m if)" Reported Speech ~ ~ ~ Interrogative word ~ ffi" ~ Conjunction 'q;J" Jf<ITlT ~ ~ ~ t; ~-

Direct You said to your wife, 'What are you doing ?' Indirect : You asked your wife what she was doing. NOTE : ~ m' fcf; ~ ~ lR ~ ~ Problem

Interrogative Words ~ ~ 'that' 'llT 'as to' ~ ~ -sira t';~-

RULES:

(a) Say~ ask, enquire (of), want to know (of) ~ if cl c:.e1 R<fT <ilT'ITT t I

(b) Inverted Commas C ') ~ ~ fe:<rr ~ !1 {c) <l'R Reported Speech ~ Yes I No Question m m

Reported Speech ~ m if I whether 'q;J" WTI1T ~ ~ !· ~- .

', 109 A Mirror of Common Errors

NOTE (B) : propose I suggest+ to + V1 'cfif ffl ~ mmt1

am:, He proposed to me to go home~ 1"R,(f ti~ ~ He proposed to me that we should go home WTr I

(i) You proposed I suggested to your friends that you should have a walk in the morning.

(c) Sub. + propose I suggest+ V(ing) + ...•...• (i) You proposed I suggested going for a walk in the

morning.

(a) Sub: + propose I suggest + to + Object + that + Sub. + should + V1 + .

Direct: She said, 'Let's go for a walk'. Indirect : She suggested going for a walk.

l ,!. suggested v4

Indirect

. (ii) Direct

Indirect He proposed to his friends that they should go to the movies. I said to the villagers, 'Let's help the injured men.' I suggested to the villagers that we sheuld help the injured men.

NOTE (A) : Suggest w.TT Propose ~ ~ ~ Object ~ m m ~ ~ n v4 (V + ing) qiJ" ~ ,ft mm ·t ~-

proposed to object (c)Inverted Commas (' ') cm- ~ Reported Speech ~

~ that 'cfif m ~ ~ t, (d)Reportcd Speech~ Subject~ 1if1G slwuki~ m v1

· ~m~~t;tt- ··. · (i) Direct He said to his friends, 'Let's go to

the movies'.

to object to them J, J,

suggested (ii) proposed

J,

RULES: (a) say I said cm- propose I proposed; suggest I suggested Tl'

~ ~ ":5frnT t, (b)~ Reporting Verb ir Object m m proposed I suggested·

~~'to'~ Object'cfif m ~ ~ t; ~- (i) suggested to me

.i J, J,

(A) Let <:iiT atti ,ff1f ·~ ~,' '"Srtfflcf ~· m ~ Indirect Narration iRR' ~ ~- ''

prohibited I prevented .your son from ·working.

t J, J, Object form V4

arar, ~ f.:r<l7lT 'cfif im-r-r ~ ~ ~ Topic ~ '5lrt'1' it' ~ ,rq: Indirect Narration js ~ ~ ~-

(i) Ragini ordered her servantro bring a glass of water. (ii) Ramu requested his father to bring him a pen. (iii) My friendasked.metojoin his company. (iv) She asked her children not to walk in the sun. '<lT, She forbade her children to walk in the sun.*'

4. LET~ ~ ~ ~ ctil' INDIRECT NARRATION . 'Let' (i) 'cfif m '~~ ~· (to suggest), ·~ ~·

(to propose)~~ ir mm ti 'Let' (ii) 'cfif ~ ·~ ~· (to allow)~ ~ "ti' ~ t"1 ·

Direct : You said to your son, 'Stop working'. Indirect : You prohibited I prevented

J, J,

[B.S.R.B. (Patna), 1992)

[~~~Part (B) if 'to do not go'~~ 'not to go' 'cfif m wrr,1

(c) ~. forbid I forbade+ object + to + V1 'cfif m mm t;~- .... Direct : He said to me, 'Don't go out'. Indirect : He forbade me to 8£ out.

.i r r .i forbade obj. to + V1

. m, prohibit I prohibited, prevent I prevented + object +from+ V(ing) 'cfif m mm t; ~- .

(i)l advised him I to do not go I abroad for I further studies.Z (A) (B) (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

(crReported Speechjs Pronouns Tl' 3.lli:li\'<l<#i:llj*II< ~ ffi t:1

(d) Kindly, Please~ 311<!.("{i::lcfi ~ cm- ~ ~ t't RULES REGARDING NEGATIVE COMMAND

(a)Say I said cm- ask I asked, tell / told, remind I reminded . * 'it ~l!ql(<lcfii:llj*II< ~ R"<lT ~ t, (b) Inverted Commas ~ ~ not + to + v1 'cfif m ~

-;,rm ti ~ 'Do not go'~ 'not to go'~ ~ ti ~ · "51'"cfiR, Do not make arar 'not to make'~ ":5frnT t"1

\

NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ Problems m- ~ ~ !; -~--

A Mirror of Common-Errors 110

(i) He said 'We must love our country'. (ii) She said, 'One must do one's dufy~. ~ msutt ~ (morality), fq~qajJqi,ficil (universality) ~ qi!" ~ m m must it ~ ~ ~ mm ti am:,

7. MUST 'avlT INDIRECT NARRATION

RULES: (a) said cir ~/'qlcf $ -~ exclaimed I exclaimed with joy I

exclaimed with sorrow I exclaimed with grief I confessed with regret I shouted with applause I cried out I eagerly wished~ if ~ R<ll' ~ ti

(b)Inverted cornmas C' ')~~Reported Speech~~ 'that' qi!" m ~ ':iiJ'rnT ti

(c)aM~<lcf>cllj€1< Verb~ Tense it ~ ~ ':5frnT ti (d)~ ~ ~ it Sign of Exclamation(!) ~ ~ Full

Stop(.) cfiT m ~ ~ t1 ~ ~ f.l"lllTI' q;i- 'tfTffi ~ ~ ~ Topic ~ ~ it ~ tro: 'cl'fcP.IT cfiT Indirect Narration~- (i) Raman exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sight. (ii) You shouted with applause that your friends had done well. (iii) She eagerly wished that she were extremely beautiful. (iv) The old woman exclaimed with sorrow that she was ruined.

~- (i) Raman said, 'What a beautiful sight !'

(ii) You said, 'Well done ! my friends'. (iii) She said, 'O that I were extremely beautiful !' (iv) The old woman said, 'Ah! I am ruined.'

(a) Exclamatory~ t ~ I ~ <iir ~- mm t1 ~ ~: What I How I Alas I Ah I Oh /Hurrah~ cfiT WWI' ~ti

(b)~ Assertive (Subject+ Verb)~ ti (c)~ Sign of Exclamation Cl) cfiT ~ ~ t"t

6. INDIRECT NARRATION OF EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

,1

~~~~~~~Topic~~ it ITT~ ~cir~-

(i) Mary prayed that God might bless me. (ii) He wished I prayed that I might succeed in the

examination. (iii) They wished I prayed that the Indo-Russian

friendship might live.long. (iv/ We wished I prayed that the P.M. might live long.

5. INDIRECT NARRATION OF OPTATIVE #} SENTENCES

~- (i) Mary said, 'May God bless you l' (ii) He said, 'May you succeed in the examination !' (iii) They said, 'Long live the Indo-Russian friendship !' (iv) We said, 'God save the P.M. ! • Optative Sentence if wish, curse ~ ~ ti ~ cfiT?RT, ~ m i, RULES: (a) said cir prayed I wished cursed~ it ~ ~ ~

!1 (b) Inverted Commas(' ') ~ ~ Reported Speech$

~ rha1q;f m ~~ti (c) Reported Speech cir ~ Verb + Subject t)

(Subject + Verb) ~ ~ it ~ ~ t, ~ Assertive~ R<IT ~ t"1

(d) aJlq~4cf>clljJi!R might~ q;r >r<WT ~ ~ t ~ ~~v!q;rm~~t1

(e) cwf4" ~ am it Sign of Exclamation (!) ~ ~ ~ ~ Full Stop(.) cfiT >l<rr1T ~ ~ ti .

Indirect

Direct Hari said to Seema, 'Let the children go to play'. Hari ordered Seema to let the children go to play.

~ Hari told Seema that the children might be allowed to go to play.

Indirect:

(ii) Direct :

Indirect: .

Ranjan requested his boss to allow him to go home. The officer said to the peon, "Let the man go in". The officer ordered the peon to allow the man to come in.

_NOTE : 'let' cir Indirect Speech it to let cfiT m.- ~ ~it~~~~!;~.,-- .

home.' Ranjan said to his boss, 'Let me go (i) Direct:

RULES: (a) say to I said to~ order I ordered, request I requested~

it~$ ~ ~ R-lT ~ ti (b) Reported Speed}~ to allow t ~ ~ ':iiJ'rnT ti (c)~ Verb$ m 'to' <fiT m ~ ':5frnT t1

(B) LETw ~ ~-,~ ~· (to allow)i5 a1Vf -qt '81' 'it ~ INDIRECT NARRATION

8. My friend being ill sent I to his boss an application I (A) · (B)

explaining why could he I not go to the office. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

9. When Meena said I that he was coming to see I me the (A) (B)

next day, I wondered I what problems she witi bring. I (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

10. I often visited her I and found myself quite I puzzled to (A) (B)

see the dreadful pictures I which she had hung on the (C) (D)

wall. I No Error. (E)

11. I suggested that Ragini should I stay here at night if she I (A) (B)

got late but she does I not pay any attention to my (C) . (D)

suggestion . I No Error. (E) .

12. He asked me I why had I gone to the cinema/ late at night (A) (B)

in spite of I his clear instructions. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

13. He informed me I that our college would I remain closed (A) (B) (C)

tomorrow I on account of Rakshabandhan. I No Error. (D) (E)

14. On reaching the station I he found that I he let§ the papers I (A) (B) (C)

in the drawing room./ No Error. (D) (E)

15. He requested the teacher I to allow him to go home I as (A) (B)

he got I a severe headache. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

16. Jyoti asked me I what could she do I for me in that I (A) (B) (C)

critical situation. I No Error. {D) (E).

17. The Director knowing of my I interest in Environmental (A) (B)

Science I asked me that I would I like to attend the (C) (D)

National Seminar. I No Error. (E)

18. The Government warned the shopkeepers that if I they (A)

persist in I charging high prices, their/ licences would be (B) (C) . (D)

cancelled. I No Error. (E)

Directions : Find out the error in each of the following sentences, if any. lf there is no erre:1; your answer is 'E'

1. He exclaimed with sorrow I that his brother died I just (A) (B)

two I months before. I No-Error. {C) (D) (E)

2. The visitor told me that he had I come from Kolkata I to (A) (B)

discuss some of the I important issues with me. I (C) (D)

No Error, (E)

3. Soma ordered her servant I to bring her some I hot water (A) ·· _ (B)

as she has/ to take some medicine. I No Error. (C) (D) . (E)

4. The father said to his son I that if he wanted to I achieve (A) (B)

his goal, I he must work hard. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

5. They proposed to me I to join the party I and work for the (A) (B) (C)

welfare I of the downtrodden. I No Error. (D) (E)

6. Instead of going to London I he went to America I and (A) (B)

stays I there for a month. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

7. The prisoners walked slowly I for they knew that as I (A) (B)

soon as they cross the gate, I the jailor would ask them to (C) . (D)

jog./ No Error. (E)

to Delhi the following week. NOTE:~ ~ ~ ~ t Narration t ~

Problems~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ q;'I- lft m:ft'-mfti ~I

r PROBLEMS BASED ON NARRATION

Indirect

She said, 'I must go to Delhi next . week.' She said that she would have to go

(ii) Direct

Indirect Narration ~ ~ efiT ~ ~ ~ ~ qJ'cf<IT ~ Indirect Narration f.:is:.if~f<sct mit- (i) He said that we must love our country. (ii) She said that one must do one's duty. NOTE : ~Gf must <f>T ~ Present <IT Future ~ ~ ft m

m ~ W<;i ~ ~ have to I has to I had to, will have to I would have to 3flR ~ ~ -;;nm i; ~-

(i) Direct Rana said, 'l must go there at once.' Indirect Rana said that he had to go there

at once.

A Mirror of Common Errors l l 2

113

36. The sum and substance I of the speech of the leader was I (A) (B)

that the country's I future was bleak.} No Error. (C) (D) (E)

37. The minister readily I gave assurance that/ the matter will (A) (B)

be looked into I as soon as possible. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

38. The guide told us I that where the island I was and went (A) (B) (C)

on I narrating its history. I No Error. (D) (E)

39. Shyama said apologetically I that "I am not feeling I well (A) (B)

and so I cannot I go with you today". I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

40. The Duke expressed I his wish to see his I native land (A) (B)

again but there I appears no scope. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

41. Shamim exclaimed I with delight that I they have won the (A) (B) (C)

match I by six wickets. I No Error. (D) (E)

42. The hermit prayed I that God might I help me in I my W 00 ~

mission . I No Error. (D) (E)

35. In one of his famous sonnets, I Milton says that I "They (A) (B)

also serve I who only stand and wait" I No Error. . (C) (D) (E)

34. The teacher said to the students I that a vegetarian I is a (A) (B)

person who I never eats meat. I No Error. (C) (E)

33. When the mother saw la bull coming towards the (A) (B)

children I she cried out I and ask them to run away. I . (C) (D} .

No Error. (E)

31. Our teacher said to us I that we should not live I beyond (A) (B)

our means I if we don't want to invite misery./ No Error. (C) (D) . (E)

32. The father forbade his son I to walk in the sun I and play (A) (B) (C)

with I his friends on the road./ No Error. (E)

No Error. (E)

25. He was determined to I participate in the car race I even (A) (B)

though he knew I that he will not succeed. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

26. The traveller asked me I if I could teJI him I the way to (A) (B) (C)

the I nearest railway station./ No Error. (D) (E)

27. Mohan said that he was going to I the library and wanted (A) (B)

to I know that I could I accompany him. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

28. The youngest princess took I her father's hand in hers I (A) (B)

and simply said that I she loves her more than salt. I (C). (D)

No Error. (E)

29. The teacher being very angry I with the pupils asked (A) (B)

them I why they had made I a noise like this. I No Error. (C) (D) . (E)

30. She requested her companions I to wait for her I until she I {A) (B) (C)

comes back. I No Error. (D) (E)

19. I was surprised I to know why had lie turned I down such (A) (B)· (C)

a good offer I of marriage. I No Error. (0) (E)

20. My instructor told me I that if I I do the lessons regularly, I (A) (B) (C)

would I certainly obtain good marks./ No Error. (D) (E)

21. They did not I know why the two I brothers were fighting I . w ~ ~ with each other. I No Error.

(D) (E) 22. My father wanted to know I that I had done I all the work I

(A) (B) (C) . assigned to me. I No Error .

. (D) (E)

23. She says, "My cousin studied I hard in order that he I (A) (B)

may get a good I position in the test" I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

24. The news reporter asked I me that where the accident had (A) (B)

taken I place and how many I persons were injured. I (C) (D)

.A Mirror of Common Errors

. Direct : He said, "Let us go to the pictures". Indirect : He proposed that they should go to the pictures. R ~ He proposed to go to the pictures]

6. (C) 'stays" ~ ~ 'stayed' ifiT ~ W1T ~ 'He went to America' t -qm- ~ t. f<fi ~ Past Tense -qi t,

Direct : He said, "Oh ! my brother died two months . ~go". Indirect : He exclaimed with sorrow that his brother had died two months before. NOTE: .TIME & TENSE~ ~ 1R ,fl- ~ ~ cfil" ~ qi\- ~ qi\- ";5l'T ~ !1 ~- ~He exclaimed' Past Tense ii' t ~ brother$_ m ofiT ififlf Past ~ ~ s31T, ~ Past of the Past it' ~I ~ ,f$ past ofthe past $ ~ Past P~rfect Tense cfiT ~ iraT t. are': 'his brother had died'~ m ~I

2d~) ~ -u;c: ti . . 3. (C) 'has'~ ~ 'had' ofiT ~ m"l'fT ~ ';S'!1ii Reporting

Speech Past Tense ii' m <It Reported Speech it ,f\- Past Tense cfiT ffl' ~~ti . .

. 4. (D) 'must'~ ~ 'had to' cfiT m n ~ ;;i1ii must ofiT m ~ (moral) ~ ~ ~ m m Indirect Narration ii' must cfi'I' ~ ~ ~ t, ~ ~ must W ffl' suggestion <l'T compulsion ~) -aref.t $ ~ it <It 'must' q;t have to I has to I shall have to I will have to I had to ii' :o:tlcllMcf\dlj~R ~

-~~t;~.:_ Direct : He said, "Everybody must be loyal to his country". Indirect : He said that everybody must be loyal to his country. ~ should cfi'I' has to it ~ ~ 'l1<lT t ~ Direct Narration $ ~ ii' 'must' cfiT ~ ~ ffl' ~ ~~1Tl!Ttl

~. Direct: He said, "I must go now" . Indirect : He said that he had to go then. ['iffl 'should' q;t 'had to' ii' ~ ~ ~ t cl<ITI% Direct Narration~-~ ii' must ofiT ffl ~ . ffl $ ~ ~ 1TlfT t,1

5. (B) 'to join' ~ ~ 'that I should join' .j;r m WIT . cPi'l'f.l; proposed/suggestei:l ~ ~ 'that + Subject +

1 · 1 should+ V 'cfil' ~ ~ ~ t,. ';!" fcti to+ V qil; tt-'

Indirect narration it Reported Speech cfi'I' Past Perfect Tense it~~~ !1 ~-~ qfcflf cfiT .Direct Narration~ Indirect Narration ~- . .

EXPLANATIONS _____ __,

i. (B) 'died' • ~ 'bald' W ~ C'1f ~ Direct Narration 4 Reporting Verb ~ Past 'f ense if 11' tlllT Reported Speech Past Indefinite Tet)se ~ ~ <it

2. (E) 7. (C)

12. (B) 17. (C)

· 22. (B) 27.(C) 32. (E) 37. (C) 42. (E) 47. (E)

1. (B) 6. (C)

11. (C) 16. (B) 21. (E) 26. (E) 31. (E)'

,. ~.(E)

-~1. (C) 46. (B)

. 5.'(B) 10. (E) 15. (C)

_20~ (C) 25. (D) 3.0. (D) 35. (B) 40. (D) 45. (D) so. (E)

4. (D) 9. (D)

14,,(C) 1?. (B)

.24. (B) · 29. (D) 34. (E) 39. (B)

.. 44. (D)

49.(B)

ANSWERS 3. (C) 8,(C)

13. (C) 18. (B) . 23. (C). 28. (D)_ 33. (D) 38. (B) 43. (C) 48.'(D)

43. They exclaimed with delight that it I was a very beautiful (A) . . (B)

picture I and said that they have never seen I such a . (C)

beautiful picture before. I No Error. (D) (E)

44. The commander thought I that the gates should I (A) · . (B)

be locked I as it is eight o'clock.z No Error. (C) . (D) (E)

45. She said that i she would not 'tell/ anything until she I has (A) (B) · · (C)

heard the facts./ No Error. (D) (E)

46. He reminded I me that he. has often I told me not to play I (A) . - (B) .

with fire. I No Error. (D) (E)

47. It was seven o'clock I in the evening I when the train . (A) . (B) (C}

steamed i into the station. /No Error .. (D) (E)

48. The issues were complex l and especially the members I . (A) . . . (B) .

of the committee I have made them obscure. I No Error. (C) (D) (E) ·

49. The report said J that the Judge acquitted /-them of .all I (A) (B) (G

the charges. I No Error, (D) (E)

$0. I thought that he I would come and give I me the latest (A) (B) (q

information I about the patient./ No Error -. (D) (E)

I

18. (B) "persist' ~ ~ 'persist~d'_<fif ~-mm ~ ~ · q:;r Reporting Speech 'The government warned' Past .

. Tense if t ~ Reporting -Speech. ~ Past Tense ir ~ ~ Reported Speech if \ft Past Tense ~ ffl nt, · ·

19. (B) 'why bad he' ~ ~ 'why he had" cfil'. ffl' 'ffl'1JT ~ Indirect Narration if Reported· Speech • Assertive~ t"t . . · ,. , ..

20. (C) 'do' $ ~ 'did' cf;!' 'Sl<ipt ~. ~ q'J1fcf q;r Reporting Speech 'The instructor told me' Past Tense if _t; ~ ~ Reported Speech ~ Pasi 'Tense if ffl1111 .

21 • (E) cncp:r V-S: t1 22. (B) "that' ~ --~ 'if' 'llT 'whether' cf;!' ffl' ~ -.p:nfcf;

~ Direct N~rration if Reported Speech if.· Yes/No-Question m m Indirect Narration tr .Reported Speech ~ ~ ·'if' <IT 'whether' q;r m ~ ~

· t_ -=I' nii' 'that' cf;l'I

23 •. (C) 'may' ~ ~ 'might' '$T m- -~ ~ ~ · Reporting Verb Past Tense if ~ m Reported Speech if purpoSeffl ~:~ 'might'cfil' ffl ~ U t. -=!' fcfi 'may' ~I

24. (B) 'that' q;r m- ~ m1lT -~ Indirect Narration if. where/how/when/what if; ~ ~ Conjunction 'l:fiT

·m-~~t;~- (i) 'He wanted to know where I was go1ng. Gr f.f; that , where I was going) {ii) She asked me when I would go.·t-r ~--th'at when I would go)

25. (D) 'will' ~ ~ 'wo~lcJ' q;r m ~ ~ thougli, ~-~ ~ Clause if. 'he knew'. Past Tense ff t, ~ ~ that-clause ir 'TI',.Past Tel)se q;r m

"' 26.(E) ~~tr . ·. 27,' (C) 'that' ~ -~ 'if' <IT 'whether' ~ ffl' ~ ~

ffl -q ~~1'p:IT 'qflR f.:t.:,f0fti{i:_~ 'lfiT Indirect Narration t : .

. :'Mohan ~d __ to me, '.'I am going \o ·the library. Can · you accompany me ?''

· ~ t ~ "Can . you accompany me?" 'Yes/No-Question' t ~ m Indirect Narration if 'if' 'llT 'whether' <iiF 'ffl' ~ ti . .

2s. cri),-·'.ioves' ~ ~ ·1oved' ~ m- n ~ ~ Reporting Speech Past Tense if m m- Reported : Speech 'q' ,fl' Past Tense ciiT m- ~ ~ t1 ~ .. ·

29. (D) 'this' ~ ~, 'that' cf;T -srlffiT ~ ~ Indirect · Narration if 'this'~ 'that'~. ~ ~) if ~ ;

.-.~~t;-tt~ . Direct : He said to me, '!This book is yours." Indirect : He told me that that book w~ mine."

115 ·

7. (C) 'cross' ~ ~ 'crossed' cf;!' ~ m1TT ~ 'they knew' Past Tense if 't am: Reported Speech \ft Past Tense if WTTI

8. (C) 'why c~uld he'~ ~ 'why he could' q;r m- m1TT · ~ Indirect Narration if Interrogative Sentence~ Assertive <Fri: ~ ;.;rrm !; ~_.: Direct : He said to me. "Where are you going ?" Indirect : He asked me where I was going.

9.·(D) 'will' ~ ~ 'would' cf;T ~ ~ ~ 'I wondered' Past Tense 'ti' t am: Reported Speech ,ft

"' Past. Tense if min-1 · 10. (E) ~ ~ t-1 11. (C) 'does' ~ ~ 'did' q;r m- ~ ~ Reporting ·

Speech 'I suggested' Past Tense 'ti' ti am: Reported Speech 'lt Past Tense ii' W,'TITI

12, (B) 'why had I' ~ ~- 'why I had' q;r 1l'1Ulr ~ ~ Interrogative. Sentence ~ Indirect Narration · if Reported speech Assertive (~ Subject + Verb) ~ti . .·

13. (C) 'tomorrow'~ ~ 'on the morrow' <IT 'the next day' q;r m " ~ Indirect Narration it 'tomorrow' ~ 'on the tomorrow' <IT 'the next day' if ~ ~ ~t,

t4. (C) 'he left', ~ ~ 'he had left' _q;r >flITlT wrr ~ · 'he found' Past" Tense if t -~ papers ~ cf;!' q:;rir

Past~ Past if :sa-ITI ~ Past~ Past ~ Past Perfect if express ~ ~ t. am: 'he had left' ~ m ~I

15. (C) 'he got' ~ ~ 'he had got' cf;!' m- ~ ~ 'He requested' Past Tense if ! ant 'headache' m q;r

· ~ ~ ~ :sa-IT, ~ Past of the Past if ~ ~ ~ Past Perfect q;r m ~ ~ t1 . ~ ~ Narration ~ ~ ~ ,fl' -~~ c'.fT'!flr ~ ~ ~ m ~ Direct Narration afR Indirect Narration R'-l~l't!n, ~-

. · Direct : He said to the teacher, "Please allow me to · go home as I have got a headache." .

Indirect: He requested the teacher to allow him to go · home as he had got a headache.

.16. (B) 'what could she'~ ~ 'what she could' q;r m mirr. ~- Indirect Narration if Reported Speech .Assertive~ ti

17. (C) 'that'~~ 'if' 'llT "whether' cf;!' .mm~ Direct Narration if ~ Reported Speech if Yes/No-Question [':3lt ~ -~ fif;ln' i ~ m t1 q;r m ~ m Indirect narration if Reported

·Speech~ ffl 'If' 'llT 'whether' q';l' ·ffl' ~ ~ t;tt- Direct': He said to me, "Will you do it for me ?" Indirect : He asked me if/whether I would do it for him.

***

Direct: They said, "We have won the match." Indirect : They said that they had won the match.

42. (E) ~~l1 4.3. (C) 'have'~~ 'had' q;r ffl' m11T ~ 'said' Past

Tense if ti 44. (D) 'is' ~ ~ 'was' cfil' ffl' ftl The commander

thought' Past Tense if t, ~ i:rnr ~ t f.f; 'Elc-IT Past q,1 ti

45. (D) 'has' ~ ~ 'had' q:;r 'ffl WIT, ~ Reporting Clause 'she said' Past Tense i:t t'r ~ Reporting Clause Past Tense if m Reported Clause i:t \TI Past Tense q;r ~- ~ "3ITm !1

46. (B) 'has' ~ ~ 'had' cf;f 'ffl ft ~ Reporting Clause 'he reminded' Past Tense if !1

47. (E) ~~t, 48. (D) 'have' ~ ~ 'had' cfil' 'ffl WlTT ~ 'The issues

were complex'~ -qm ~ t f.f; ~ Past ctr l1 49. (B) 'acquitted' ~ ~ 'had' <t>l' 'ffl m1TT ~ 'the

report said' Past Tense if t a.w: judge t acquit ~ q;r qi!"tl' ~ "'Icl <iR' m ~ (~ Past ~ Past i:t ~~~I)

SO. (E) qTcPf ~ !1

40. (D) 'appears' ~ ~ 'appeared' <t>l' ~ m,IT, ~ tra=rr Past q,1 t I .

NOTE : ~ ~ if ~ ~ >l'v:T it' ~ ~ ~ q;r "SflITlT <fit' m ~ ~ llRT ~ fcn Duke~ ~ qij ~ PASTi:t t1 ~.*~if '4t ~ scope ':m' m m ~ ~ ~ ~ t 'there appears 'no scope'.

41. (C) 'have' ~ ~ 'had' cfil' 'ffl m1TT cflITfcf; ~ q:;r Reporting Clause 'Shamim exclaimed' Past Tense if ti ~ Reporting Clause Past Tense it m m Indirect Narration if 'have' cfi1" 'had' if ~ ~ ~ t; tt-

NOTE : ~ this lR ~ '&ft' ~ ..iT ~ t * Direct Narration $ statement lR m ~ 11'1' ~ ~ ~ 11'1' ~ R:r 'Sl"lltTT i:t ~ ~; ~- . Direct: He said, "I want to take this book". [~ Indirect· Narration il ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~am:~~* ~ffli:tm11'!'~ ~ m m 'this' cfi1" ~ 'that' i:f ~ ~I] 'Indirect : He said that he wanted to take this book.

30. (D) 'comes' ~ ~ 'came' ,<t>T .'Sl"lltTT. m1Tl' ~ 'she requested her companions' ~ 'lfflT ~ t fcfi ~ Past .tr ti

31, (E) qfcflf Voit ti \1.l'R W t'$ Part (D) "4 Present Indefinite Tense cJiT ~ t ~~Voit t ~ ~ ~ i:t Un1v~ral Trutht1 .

32. (E) ~ Voit ti . 33. (D) 'ask' ~ ~ 'asked' q;r ~ min cf2l1fcf; she cried ·

out 'Past' if ti are-.:· •. 'cried out and asked .them' q;r ~m1T!'I

34. (E) q'['lfll' ~ ti • A vegetarian .is a person who never eats . .. meat' ~ Uni~ersal Truth t. ~ Verb ~ Tense i:t

Indirect Narration i:t '4t' ~ ~ ~ -;;rrnr t; tt- Direct : She said, "Honesty is .the best policy". Indirect: She said that honesty is the best policy.

JS., (B) 'that' q;r '5l<n1T ~ m1T1' ~ Direct Narration i:t Reported Speech ~ ffl 'that' q;r 'Sl"lltTT ~ ~ ':5!m t,

36. (E) qlcl<I' ~ ti : 37. (C) 'will' ~ ~ 'would' cF,T 'Sl"lltTT m1TT ~ 'The

· · . minister readily gave. assurance' Past Tense ~ t ~ -i:rnr ~ t fcn ~ ~ Past .tr ti '

38. (B) 'that' q;r ~ ~ m1Tl'. cf2l1fcf; Indirect Narration i:t when/where/how -~ ~ ffl 'that' q;r '3fl!tTr ~ ~':ilmil .

39. (B) 'that' q;r m- ~ m1TT ~ Direct Narration i:t . · Reported Speech ~- ffl 'that' q;r 1Jm1T ~ ~

":3ITTIT t,

I I I j

I

I

(ii) We live in India.

(i) He lives at Samastipur. · . {ii) They are at home:

. )B)In ~ qif m ~ ~ * :mff % ffl; tt (i) You live in Kolkata.

2. PREPOSffiONS OF PLACF.JPOSmON at, in, on, above, below, ove~,. wider, between, -~~.

amongst, amid, amidst, before, behind. (A)At~ ~ m ~~~~~ml; tt-

(a) ~ "qR (on the opposite side of) (i) My best friend lives across the ri~er.

(b) ~ W t ~ 'llR ~ (from one side to another) (i) A bridge is laid across the river.

(c) ~ ~ (both sides) (i) He threw the luggage across his shoulders.

Across$ p ~ 'J1tim. (d) go across ~ ~ ~) .

(i) Rita and Ravi were going across the field. (e) come across.<~~~)

(i) When I was going to market, I came · across Mohan.

NOTE:~~ fcf;.come-across'CR: ~ Jl<fITT: ~ ~l+ti"4tl: Problems fen silra t-

(i) I suddenly came across him. (ii) I came across with him. ~ (i) 1l suddenly jsr ~ ~ t ~ cl'JcP.l" ·(ii) 'it

'with' qiff

~ t2iR ~ fcti come across ~ ffl -~ ,:ft" suddenly 'l!T with cf;T ~ ~ mm t, . (G)Up~)

· (i) He climbed up the tree. (H)Down ~)

(i) Mani climbed down the tree. (I) Into cJ;T ll'lTI1T ~ ·~ ~ -~ 'l'rftf ~ ~ (motion·

towards inside)~ ~ ~ ~ t; ~- (i) A dog fell into the well. (ii) She went into the room: : .

(c) ~~(in contravention of) (i! One must not go against the laws of the country.

. ~ct,1"~~~~~~~~1) (F) Across q;r m ,fl° ~ ~ if ~ t'-:-

Preposition ~ ~ m ~ ~ t ~ ~ Noun m Pronoun ~ ~ ~ m ~ Noun m Pronoun ctil' aR" ~~~~~t;tt-

(i) There is a box under the table. (ii) There is a table in the comer of the room. tzrr-r ~ ~ ~ (i) ~ under ~' Preposition t. <lTI'

Definite Noun 'table'~ ~ ~ ~ 'table'~ 'box' cfil'

~ ~ ti ~ -srcm:, ~ (ii) if 'in' 'Zcf> Preposition t, <lTI' Defirute Noun 'comer'~ ffi ~ ~ 'corner'~ 'table' cfiT ~ ~ t, ~ ~ if 'of' m 'Zcf> Preposition t- <lTI' Definite Noun 'room'~ ~ ~ ~ 'room'~ 'corner' cfiT ~-rarart-1

NOTE : ~ Definition ~ ~ Preposition q;r ~ fcfim Noun m. Pronoun ~ ~ ~ ti ~. q;m-'cf>"fi Preposition ctil' m Noun 'll'T Pronoun js ~ ~ \ft ~ ~ t~-

(i) Who was he talking to ? (ii) This is the person whom I gave some money to.

(iii) This is the house I live in.

I CLASSIFICATION OF PREPOSITIONS I 1. PREPOSITIONS OF DIRECTION

to, towards, for, along, against, across, up, down, into. USES--

(A) TO cfiT m ~ (destination) ~ ~ ~ -:;nm t; ~- (i) He is going to the station.

(B) Towards cfiT 3N t ~ 3iR' (in the direction of);~ ~ alaTm t. -:t" ~ ~; -tt- . (i) He is going towards the station.

(C) For q;r m \ft Preposition of Direction ~ ~ if ~ (destination)~~~ t; tt- (i) He is leaving for Delhi tonight.

(D)Aiong~ ~ (i) He walks along the road. (:r ~ on the road)

(ii) She walks along the bank of the river. (E) Against cfiT m ~ ~ ~ t-

(a) ~ (opposite) (i) It is difficult to sail against current

emu ~ mmr ~ w-rr cfifo;; ti) (b) t ~ (pressing on} (i) There is a ladder agafnst the wall.

(ii) He is leaning against the tree.

Chapter-13 PREPOSITIONS

<l'T,: (ii) Amongst the boys. · ~. * 'the' q;r JiCl11T -~ ~ 'ITT ~: · 'among' cfiT

'Sl<IT'tT Consonant Sound t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a'P.!T · amongst q;r JiCl11T Vowel Sound ~ ~ ~ ~ ?;; ~ . mart;·~-

(i) .among them (~' q;r ~ sound '<!' ~ Consonant ti)

(ii) among you ('1i_' q;r ~ s?und "lf' ~ Consonant to (iii) among his friends ('fu;sf' <iiT ~ sound '~' ~ ' ' Consonant to (iv) among your brothe~s (~' q;r ~ sound '<f' l!:'cfi

. consonant ti) m,. (i) amongst us ('aR=r' q:;r ~ s~und ·~· ~ Vowel ti) (ii) amongst our friends<'*' q;r ~ sound 'au' ~

Vowel to .

m~- .. ....... between can be usedfor more than two things or

persons to denote some reciprocal action or relation. -Nesfield : ERRORS IN ENGLIS~ COMPOSITION

(G) Among q;r JiCl11T ~ -ey -~ ~ ~ <IT ~ ~ ~fttl

· (i) The Chief Minister distributed the blankets among · thepoor.

(ii) The headmasterdistributed the books among the poor students. · .

(H) Amongst q;r '5l'miT among?;; a:{if· ~ ~ 't-1 ~ ~ JiCl11T . ?;;~~~-

(a) I Among I Amongst+ the+ Noun (Plural) I o

tt- . (i) ·Among the boys.

(i) Between the boys. · (iijBetween the girls.

·. (iii) Between these t~~ ~~YS: (iv) Between these two girls. (v) Between them. (vi) Between us. . .

( e) Between if;_ ~ ~ ,ft each, every .anf?;. <fir 'Sl<IT'tT ~ nt;tt- (i) Between each boy.

(ii) Between every girl. ~~ (i) Between the boys. (<l'T between each boy and the next)

p

. - .·,

(i) There is a fan over your head. (ii) A cat is sitting under the table.

· (F) Betweenjs ffl'?;; ~ 'q' Rktf~f~a· oe:zrr q;t- ~I

(a) Between q;r JiCl11T m icilfq,ij41. <l'T ~ ~ ~ ~ t;tt- (i) Sunita is sitting between Moti andMeera,

(ii) Distribute the sweets between the two children. (b) Between ~ oITG -~ Objective· Case q;r '51<i11J. ~

t; tt-. (i) Between you and me (=f 1% you and I) (ii) Between Sita and him (=f f.Ji Sita and he)

NOTE : ~ JiCl11T 1R ~ Problems~~~ t, (c) Between ~ ~ ~ 'and' Conjunction q:;r JiCl11T

~ -;;rrnr t; ~- (i) · Between Meera and Madhuri .

(ii) Between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m .. 8 ~ to 4 p.m.) (iii) Between :2000 and 40()0. C:f ~ ro 4000)

NOTE : ~ 'Sl<IT'tT lR ~ Problems~ ~ ~ ti (d) Between~ -aflG: Noun~ .Pronoun~ Plurat'~ t;

tt-·

r .: · {vi) You are belo.w twenty.

--CE) Over a'P.!T Under ~ ~- vertical position .ref.I' ~ ft:ro: ~!;~-

(i) The aeroplane is flying above the clouds. (ii) This work is below my dignity.

;, -; (iii) His expenditure is above his income .. {iv) The matter is above suspicion. (v) He is above thirty.

(ii) There is a cap on his head.

(D) Above av.rr Below q;r ~ i~;el ~ ~ ·ft:rtt ~ t; ~-

(C) on ~) q;r m ~ ?;; ft:ro:i tt- .. (i) The books are lying on the table.'

A Mirror ofCommon Errors us (ii) Between the girls. (7:IT between each girl and the next) * q;r ffl m,JTI

(f) Between q;r '5l<IT1T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '!TI ~ t m 1% ~ q1«4flq; ~ (Reciprocal relationship) m; tt- (i) There is a treaty b~tween these four countries. ·

(ii) There is an alliance between these three -. . companies.

~ ~ ~ ~ ?;; ~ f.lqf~f<!ila ~ <R ~- (i) There does not seem much difference between

the three of them. (ii) The three children saved over a hundred pounds

between them. -F.T. Wood ! CURRENT ENGLISH USAGE

(p. 40)

(i) Manisha is reading for an hour. (ii) You are sleeping for five hours.

· t:r ~ 1* Present Perfect "fl' Present Perfect Continuous if ur-JT "ft,rrt

(D) Since W ~ Point of Tune~ ln'f· Im t; tt (i) He has been absent since May.

(ii) He has been living in America since 1990. NOTE : Since W m Preposition of Tune~ ~ if ~

~nt Perfect I Present Perfect Continuous I Pa§t eerrect I Put Perfect Continuous if R t, (E) After <f'n' Before : Prepositions * ~ if After if>!" m

Pa,st Tense if Period of Tune "fl' Point of Tune~ mer mT t;tt- (i) He married Sangita after Vasant Panchami.

(ii) You left London after your result. F ~ ~ 'Vasani Panchami' ~ ··Your result' Points of nmet1 . ~~- (i) Jayant returned this book to me after a·montb. ~. After ~ .Before .w lf'b1r· future Tense if ~ Point of 1ime ~ ln'f im t; tt.-· . (i) I will complete this work betore October.

(ii) I will start some new business after Monday.

NOTE : (i) He will do it after a week. (ii) They will join our company betore a month. . F ~ 1fPflll :i4' after "fl' before ifii: ,r,ntr 1jm' t ~ ~ m a week ~ a month • ~ 1'R: ~ 1f'lf1' t. ,it

Periods of Tune t, (F) In cllff within : Preposition of lime ~ ~ ~ Future

Tense if After~ 3llf ff In cllff' Before • 31lf if Within lfiT ~ Period of Tune~ m ifflr t: -tt_, (i) She will inform you in a montli.

(ii) We will manage everything within a year. (G) TUI I until lfiT ~ Point of1ime ~ ~ ~ t; tt

(i) You are to stay in bed until°/ till n~xt Monday~ (ii) They will wait for you until I till next Monday.

(H) By 1'ir ~ Preposition of Ttme ~ '{r,'q' if Point of Time ~ W'f 1l'ffl t; tt-· . (i) By Sunday I had been exhausted.

(ii) John will have reached America by next Tuesday.

. (I) During 1lif m ~ (duration) m -~ ft:l"Q'. ~ ~ t;tt-.· (i) 'Duiin1 the war, many people suffered hardship.

(ii), What will you do durin1 the summer vacation ?

. ~ ~- "Ori is used before morning, afternoon, evening, and night when. these periods are identified by the day of which they. are a part : On Monday evening, On the following evening."

-Geoffrey Leech· & Jan Svartvik : A COMMUNICA· TIVE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH (P. 77)

(C) For cfiT -~ Period of Time~ mer irnT t; -tt- . (i) He has. lived here for a month. . (ii) They have been working in this office for two years. NOTE : For <m ~ Preposition of Time ~ ~ Imperfect (Continuous) Tense if~ lITTIT t; tt-.

(i) You shouldcome here on Monday. (ii) He will open the shop on 22nd October. NOTE : On <fiT "Sl<WT ~:. morning/evening - ~

-~ ~ ~ t, ~ morning/evening js mer ~ · dateiday .,.;r w:lT1T m. err~ ffi \fl' 'on' <fit'~~ t; tt....:...

(i) in the morning (ii) in the evening.

~. (i) "on the evening pf May the first,"

-A.S. Homby: OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER'S DICTIONARY OF CURRENT ENGLISH USAGE . .

at, on, for, since, before, after, within, in, till, by, during, from.

(A) At cfiT ."Sl<Wr ~· (hour) m- ~ ~ ~ mtf; ~- . "(i) He came here at ·s o'clock. (ii) She was reading !l novel at 9 a.m .. · .

m. at dawn. at day break, at sunrise, at noon, at sunset, at

night, at midnight etc .

. (B) On cfiT ~ ~-(day)~ ~- ~ ftlf¥f (date)~-~; ~~

(i) She was running behind her brother.

(ii) She hid herselfbehind the curtain.

. 3.-PREPOSITIONS OFTIME

(i) Kalpana is sitting before you ..

(ii) He appeared before the judge.

(M) Behind {'m})

(I) Amid ~ Amidst <fiT w:lT1T ,ft ~ ~ am:1q; ~ ft1rQ: ·inn t1 ~ w:lT1T ~ ~ 3RR t ~ among crerr amongst~ lf1rt1T ~t~~- (i) Raghu is sitting amid his friends.

(ii) Ranjan is sitting amidst us.

(L) Before (mlR, auit)

119 A Mirror of CoDlil.lon Errors .

Pr V4 ep. (D) today, tomorrow, yesterday, the following day, the next

day 3lTR ~ m on, at, in ~ Prepositions q;r W1TlT ~ ~ ,ffilT t; ~- . (i) He will go there tomorrow. [-::r fcf; on tomorrow]

(E) yesterday evening, yesterday afternoon, last night, this morning, this afternoon, tonight, tomorrow morning, tomorrow evening ~ ~ ffi ,it on, at, in 3lTR Prepositions cfiT ~ ~ mm- t; ~- (i) They arrived here yesterday evening.

R ~ in yesterday evening)

~ ~ lf Pli-!f8Rsd R<Pf q;'!' ~- We almost always leave out the preposition; before

phrases beginning last, next; this, that; also before today, yesterday, tomorrow; Did you go to the meeting last Thursday ? rn mention it next time I see him. Plums are more plentiful this year. (The phrases at this I that time, on this I that occasion are however normal)

-Geoffery Leech & Jan Svartvik : A COMMUNICA TIVE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH (P. 77)

(F) Home~ if; m ~ Preposition q;r W1TlT ~ mm t ~ ~ ffi RJ..lf("\f~a ~ ~ fcfim m Verb q;r "Sl<rr'T

.~m- ~-Bring, go, get, arrive, reach. (i) Bring somebody or something home.

[';f fcl> at home ;;ir to home l

being late. J,

(iv) They were fined for

Pr V4 ep. working hard.

.!, V'

(iii) I take delight in J,

Prep.

doing it. .!,

(ii)You prevented me from .!,

(i) She is conscious of and engaged in her work.

(ii) He was surprised at as well as pleased with her performance.

on me. TT Prep. Objective

Case

(B) ~ ~ ~ ~ q;'I' ~ Conjunction (and, or) 3lTR t ~ m ~ ~ 1'l=r-1'R" Prepositions~ t m ~~if; ~ ~ ~ Prepositions~~ ~~~;~-

(ii) She relies

(A) Preposition ~ ~ ~l'lHHI: Objective Case cfiT W1TlT nt;~- (i) I do not depend on him.

T T Prep. Objective

Case

I PREPOSITIONS~ m if. !iif a:uct:tQc:fi ~

(A) About (a) ~ am if

(i) He was talking about you. · (ii) They are always careless about their duties.

(b) about+ Infinitive ~ ~ ~ cf;T 'lfq)

(i) I am about to go. (ii) She is about to sing.

(B) Off~ fcR.rlTlq (separation) cfiT ~ ~ t; ~ (i) He is off duty.

(ii) A button has come off. (C) Ofq;r ~~~if mart

(a) ma (origin) (i) Miss Priyanka comes of a rich family.

(b) q;roir (cause) (i) He died of cholera.

(c) ~ (relation) (i) The plays of Shakespeare.

about, off, of

4. SOME OTHER PREPOSITIONS

(J) From cfiT ~~ Point of Time ~ m<f Past Tense lfr Future Tense jl ~"?.T ti (i) My friends Jived with me from September to

November. (ii) He will start coming here from next month.


NOTE:~ 'tR ~ Problems~ ft::tt ~ !; ~ (i) She is conscious I and engaged I in her I work. I


(E) [Part (A) -q' conscious if; ~ ofcfif ~ ~ ~I]

(C) about, after, at, before, for, from, in, on, to 3lTR Prepositions~~ ~ ~ Verb (Main Verb) cfT ;rmiT m m cm ~ ~ ~ (~ing) ~ if ~ Present

Participle cv4) ~ it ~ !; ~- (i) All his brothers are addicted to drinking.

.!, .!, Prep. V'

120

I: - L

~

12. Affinity (~) between two things. 13. Alliance (ir:rr, ~) with a person or state. 14. Allusion ~. mu) to something. 15. Alternative ~) to a method I something. 16. Analogy (~) of one thing with another. 17. Analogy (~) between things. 18. Animosity ~) against somebody. 19. Antidote (sifdq;1@) against infection. 20. Antidote ~) to some poison. . 21. Apprehension (~. ~) of danger. 22. Approach ~) to (step towards) anything. 23. Arrival (~) iii a country. 24. Arrival (awllR) at a place. , 25. Assault (3rm, Wfffi) on a person or thing. 26. Attack (vt) (~ ~) + somebody. 27. Attack (n/c) ~) on a country. 28. Attraction (~) to or towards a thing. 29. Authority. (~~) over a person.: ' 30. Authority ~ ~ '<f>f ~ ~) on a subject. 31. Aversion (fcl5'@di) to a person .or thing. 32. Candidate (3Ui1c:;_q(<, ~) for a post. 33. Care ~) for somebody's safety. 34. Care ~. ~) for his health. 35. Charge (~. ~) of murder, 36. Charge (a;m,:r, ~) with theft. 37. Claim (GTqr) on or against somebody. 38. Claim (zyrr) to property. 39. Compact ~) with a person. 40. Comment (ratl:!Uft). ~n something. 41. Comparison ~) of somebody with somebody, 42. By/in comparison with. ~ ~ ii') 43. Compassion (G<rr, ~) for somebody. 44. Competition (llfd.!ilflidl) with somebody. 45. Competition (!i!Rl~fiH11) for something. 46. Complicity. (tjf<:'NHII) in a crime. 47. Compliance (~) with a request. 48. Condemnation ~ to death. 49. Confidence~) in somebody. 50. Conformity (~) with anyone's views. 51. Conformity (~) to rule. 52. Compensation (~) fol'. a-loss. 53. Connection ~) with a person or thing. 54. Connivance N\.Jljfc?ldi) at anyone's fault. 55. Consciousness ~) of guilt. 56. Consideration ~) for somebody. 57. Contact ~) with somebody f.scmething." 58. Contempt <fa<~I<) for a person or thing. 59. A contrast ~) between two things.

SOME NOUNS & APPROPRIATE PREPOSITIONS .I L Abstinence ~. ~) from wine. 2. Ability ('lrrl<rdT, ~) for or in some work. 3. Abundance~. ~)ofwealth. 4. Accession (<13<.11-0~1. "q°G ~) to the throne. 5. Access ~. ~) to a person or place. 6. Accomplice (~~, ~~ with a person in a

crime. 7. Accusation (~. <Jqi-041) of forgery. 8. In accordance with ~. ~) some rule. 9. Adherence (f.!444-ilcl, ~) to a rule.

10. Affection ~. m) for somebody. l l. Affinity (Wlrq, ~) with something.

(i) He did not reply to me. (ii) You never write to me.

(i) You suggested to him that he should leave the place. (ii) She said to me that she would help me.

(I) speak, reply, explain, complain, talk, listen, write • ~ ~ ~ ~ 'to' Preposition q;r ~ mm t * ~ ~ Object~~ ;i;f ~ o2JfcRr '<f>f ~ m; tt--

in this poem. I No Error. (D) (E)

(~ ~ ~ Part (B) # 'about' cfil" me lfm l1 ~ ~ ~lqli'lj<f>dl ~ ti] (ii) He ordered 1 for I two cups I of. tea. I No Error.

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) [W ~~Part (B)sq 'for''<f>f ~ 1'R1<f ti~~ ~iqli'll<fidl ~ ti]

(H) Say I suggest I propose ~ 4flG mr 'to' Preposition '<f>f ~ mar t ~ ~ ~ Object~ ~ # ~ ~ q;r ~m;~-·

(G) Transitive Verbs ~-discuss, describe, reach, order, tell, demand, attack, resemble, ridicule ~) ~ dfl'G ~ · Object .q;r me mm !1 ~ ~ Verbs ~ ~ ~ Preposition '<f>f me ~ Problem re:<fT ~ t; ~- (i) The poet describes I about the beauty I of Nature I

(A) (B) (C)

(i) I went to his home.

(ii) I decided to go to Ram's home.

(ii) Come home, (iii) Go home, (iv) Get home, (v) Arrive home, (vi) Reach home, (vii) Send somebody I something home. (viii) Take somebody I something home.

NOTE : ~. * home js ~ ~ Possessite Case js Adjective ~ my, your, his, her, our, their) <IT noun ~ ml!!' 's ~ Ram's, Shyam's) • '<f>f me m 'ffi' home~ ™ 'to' '<f>f m' mar t; ~-

. -,-

l I ;

1 I !

.. ~

107. Hope (3lml') of or for better luck . 108. Hostility ~) to a person or cause . 109. Identity ~.~)with somebody I something. 1 l 0. Ipunersion ~) into water. 111. Implication ~) in this crime. 112. Implication ~) on someone.

· 113. Imputation ~' ~) against somebody., 114. Incentive (lflci!:lll:iq,) to a worker. . 115. Inclination (~, ~) for sport I something. 116. Indifference (dc;l.(41-ldl) to help others. . . 117. Indulgence (~; ~) to a beautiful woman. 118.· Influence (;l'ITiq) over or with somebody. . 119. Influence ~) on anyone's action /decision. . 120. Inquiry ~, ~) into circumstances I acase,

-121. Insight ~) into something /somebody's character . 122 .. Intercession (tlarq"RI') with a superior. 123. Intercession ~ ~ 1™'· ~)fora friend. 124. Jurisdiction ~ ~ ofiT ~) in a lawsuit. 125. Justification (~) of or for crime. 126. · Key ~, ~) .to understanding of the problem.

-127. Liability (~) to an illness. 128. Libel (WfitFT, -i:rRm) against his character. 129: Liking ~) for non-vegetarian/ something. 130. Longing ~.~)for luxury I something ..

.131. Lust ~)for life /_something. 132. Malice ~) against an enemy. 133°. Neglect (~. ~) of duty. 134. Neglect (3W, ~) in doing a thing .. 135. Nomination ~) of a member.

. ·136. Nomination (14.fWHrto a position. 137. Opportunity (~) for going abroad I doing

something. ·~ 138. Partnership (~) in a thing. 139. Power ~·-~)over a person.

. 140. Precaution ~) against infection. 141. Preface (JF@Wtl, ~) toa book .•. 142. Preference (~. ~) for something, 143. Preparation ~) for examinations I something: 144, Proof (3JlrrOT) against somebody. . 145. Proof ~) of guilt. 146. Qualification ~)for a post. 147. Quarrel ~) with somebody I something .. 148. Readiness ~. mm) in responding. 149. Readiness ~. ~)fora journey. . 150. Reference ~) to a person or thing.

· 151. With regard ~ m,f it) to that matter. 152. Regard (~) for a person. 153. Relation ~) between two things. 154. Relation ~) with somebody)

i

l ~

l t ~ i l · ' I l I !

: 60 .. A contrast ~, ~) to a person or thing .. · . 61 .' Controversy ~) on or about somethl~g.

. · 6Z. C~ntribution ~) to a fund. · . : 6:3. Contribution ~) towa~s some. project.

64. Conversation ~) with somebody. · 65. Decision ~)-on some case ..

· -. . 66._ Decision ~) of some ~ispute. ~7. Decline (tRA") ofan empire, . . _

. 68. Decline (tRA", flrmte) ii1 moral I price .. 69. Degradation. (qc;ic:Hfd) fro~ rank, .

· 70: Delight.(~) in music I in something. e •• 7 L Descent (ffl-sntr) from ancestors.

72. Desire ~) for wealth. ·73_ Desirous (Adj:) ~) of something ...

_· 74: Disgust ~) at meanness. . 75. · Dislike: (~14,t.ic;,n) to aperson or thing.

76. Distaste (~) for mathematics I something. 77. Doubt (m) of or about a thing. . 78. Duty_~) to a person. . 79. Encroachment (~) on I upon one's rights. ·. 80 .. Engagement ~, cfq-14l:.t:.(II) with somebody. 8.1. Entrance ~) into a.place, ~2. Enmity ~) with somebody. 83. Esteem ~) forsomebody. 84. Exception (~) to a rule. 85. (Make) an excepetion (3i'tfcn'G) of somebody or

something.' _ . . · · 86.- Excuse (~) for a mistake .. 87. 'Failure (f,f'fAAdl) of electricity. · , . 88. Failure (a:tfltfi(!'Hil, fi:14R:it11) . of . somebody in

something. . . . j

89. Faith ~) in somebody or something. } 90. Familiarity ·tm~r~) with a person or thing. 91. Freedom GfcRf) from care something. 92. Freedom ~. ~) ot action. 93. Glance ~ at a person orthing. 94. Glance ~ over a wide surface. 95. Gratitude ~. amm:) for a thing ..

· 96. Gratitude ~. a:JNR:) to a person. 97. Grief ~:~) at an event. 98. Grief ~:~)fora person. 99. Guess (~) at the truth I something ..

ioo. Harmony (Bl+Hl*4) with anything. 101. Hatred ('fiUIT) of or for somebody. 102. Hatred ('fiUIT) of a thing. 103. Heir (d'tl<lft'lcfif{i) to some property.: 104._ Heir (a'tl<lft'lcfil-0) of somebody. 105. Hindrance ~ to something. 106. Hint ~) at some reward.

A Mirror of Common Errors . · 122

' I. t

\ r

i". Abound {'il§dl<ld if w-rr) in or with something. 2. Accrue ~ ~ ~ ~ if ~) to somebody. 3. Accrue ~ aTIR· ~ ~ if ~) from something. 4. Accuse (~tiil<!Qul ~) somebody of theft. 5. Acquit ~ ~; iftt <l%IT) a person of all charges. 6, Acquit G<Rf cfivrr,. <iltt ~ a person .. in acrime. 7. Adapt(~ -RAT) to new surroundings. 8. Adhere ~) to a plan I a rule I a principle. 9. Agree ~ fl) to a proposal. :

10. Agree ~ ~) with a person. · 11. Agree ~ ~) on some matter. 12. Aim (fmRT ~. ~ oRRT) at a target. 13. Aim (f.mRT' ~. ~ iA'RT) at doing something. 14. Alight (3'dvrr) from a bus/ a train etc. 15. Allude ~ q;"{ ~) to a fact · 16. Answer (3m ~) to a person. 17. Answer (3m ~ for misconduct I something. 18. Apologize (SJlTT '<l'r<RT 'lfw!T) to somebody. 19.Apologize (@IT~ cfitrr) for.something.· 20. Appeal (a:rtfR;r cfivrr) to the judge I somebody. 21. Appeal (~ q;-vl1) against a sentence .. 22. Appeal (a:rtfR;r · ~ for mercy I something. 23. Apply (~ cfivlT) to a person. 24. Apply (~ 'lfw!T) for some post I something. 2?· Appoint ~ ~) a person to a post.

SOME 'VERBS & APPROPRIATE PREPOSITIONS

174. Witness·~) of or to a case. 175. ·Wonder(~) at somebody's behaviour./.

something.· ·

155. Remonstrance C~) against somebody's conduct: 26. Argue c~ ~) with a person for oragainst a. 156. Remonstrance (3IBITTf) with somebody. . · point. 157: Reply~. ~toaqu~ry/aperson.· 27.·Arrive ~)at a conclusion. I 58. Request (3IDT~) for a thing. 28. Arrive ~) 'at a station I~ place. · 159. · Resemblance (~ to a person or thing. . 29. Arrive ~) in a country. 160. In respect of t<1'i ~ it) some quality. 30. Ask (lWFIT) for assistance. 161. Rivalry (Slrditfc:.dl) with a person.'. . . 31. Ask ~) of somebody. 162. Rival ~) in something. . 32. Associate ~) with a group. 163. Search ~) fo~ or after wealth. 33. Blame a person ~ 'ffiJRT) for something. 164. In search (ffl) of wealth/ a job etc. · 34. Blame something ~ ~) onsom~body .. ,165. Share ~) in the property /something. 35. Blush ~ '51'RT) at one's own mistak~. 166. Share ~. 'WT) with somebody. 36. Blush ~ -;;rr:rr) for somebody who is at fa~lt. 167. Sin ('qr:r) against God I mankind I humanity. ·37: Border ~ w-rr)· on a place. 168. Sympathy ~- with or for somebody. · 38. Borrow ~ ~) of or from a friend I somebody, 169.· temptation ~. ~) to evil. 39. Breakthenews ·c~ ~) of somebody's death. 170. Temptation ~.~)in diet. 40.·Break ~ -RAT) through restraint. 171. Trespass (~) against the law. 41. Break ill news ~-U ~ ~-;in to a friend I to 172. Warrant (..lli<ll<:i<I q;r 3lT~T) for somebody's arrest. · somebody. . . 173. With a view to. t<l'i ~ ~) 42. Break (~ ~) (dissolve partnership) with ·

somebody. ·43: Bring. cm-;rr) a thing to light. 44. Bring ~ a thing under notice. · . 45 . ."Burst upon (suddenly invade) (~ ·~ ~) a ·

country. . . 46. BU:~t into laughter: ~ ~) .4i Burstintotears. (IF-~ u;m

. 48. Call at a place. ~ ~ -"<R ~) 49. 'Call on a person. (fcl;m ~ ~ ,m '51RT) · 50. Cali for.(demand, require) ~ cf.vii) something. St. Call something in (order or request-the return of).·

. . "(crrq~pwr,:rr) . . . • . . '. . 52. Canvass for votes. (trr.: +ITTRT) 53·, Care for~-~) (attach value to) a person or

thing. · 54. Care about (feel interest, anxiety or sorrow, ~

~ ) something. · · 55. Challenge ~ ~ a man to combat/ fight.. 56. Charge ~tiiroqo1 ~ a man with a crime: . 57. Charge ~) payment to a person. 58. Coincide ~ ~- with one's opinion. 59. Comeaboµt(happen). ~ m:IT) · 60. Come across (to meet. suddenly). (~ f1R.RT) 61. Corrie after somebody (follow). (1fim ~ 62. Come into fashion. ~ -q 3lRT) 63. Come by something (obtainby effort). (lfTtd' ~ 64. Come (arr-tr) of a rich family. 65. Commence ~ ~ with a thing.

. 66. Communicate ~ ~) a thing to somebody. 67. Communicate ~ ~ with somebody. 68. Compare ~ ~) somebody with somebody,

conversation. · 128. Enter ('llroT ~) upon a career. 129. Entrust (m1AT) somebody with something. 130. En~~t cm,r:rr) something to somebody. . 131. Escape ~ ~ ~) from a cage I from jail. 132. Excell ~ m;rr) in something. 133. Exchange (f~ cfivIT) one thing for another. 134. Exchange ~ ~) something with a person. 135. Exempt (ore~ a person from a fine. 136. Exonerate~~) a person from blame. 137. Fail (~~)in an experiment I an examination. 138. Fail (~ ~) in something. 139. Fall {ftrvrr) into a well. 140. Fall {ftrvrr) among rotten apples. 141. Fall in with sb/sth. ~. ~ ff) 142. Fall on (attack) ~~the e~my. 143. Fall in love with a person. ~ ~ WT'~ ~ 144. Feed (int) (~ ~) on milk. 145. Feeo up. (3lft1ft<Rr ~ ~) 146. Fight ~) with or against poverty. 147. Fill ('lm) with anything. 148. Get at ~ f-li:fil,:,HI) (find out) the facts. 149. Get to ~) journey's end. 150. Get over (f.R't1T ~) (recover from) an ailment. 151. Get on with a person (live or work smoothly with

him). 152. Get out of ~ ~ ~) trouble. 153. Glance ~~)at a picture. 154. Glance ~ ~) at an event. 155. Guess (~ B'1TRT) at something. 156. Hanker (<fief~~) after money. 157. Hear ~) ofan event. 158. Hide (.mttRT) a thing from a person.

I

i ,-

113.'Differ (~~)from anything (to be unlike). 114. Digress (3l'WT ~~)from the path. 115. Disagree (~ m';j'T) with a person on some

matter. 116. Disapprove ~ ~) of something. 117. Dispute ~) with a person about something. 118. Dissent ~ ~) from an opinion. 119. Dissaude ~) from an action. 120. Distinguish (.a:RR ~) between two things. 121. Distinguish ~ ~) one thing from another. 122. Dwell (~) in some place. 123. Embark ~ ~) on the right path. 124. Embark ~ <R=l'T) in business. 125. Enlist ('«if~) in the army. 126. Enter ('ir '!fcm' ~) a house /a room. 127. Enter (1l ~~ cfirn, mflR.r ~) into a new era I

77. Concede (lfR' &-IT) to some demand. 78. Concur ~ m;rr) ~ith a person. 79. Concur~ ff) in an opinion. 80. Condemn ~ ~ a person to death. 81. Conform ~ ~) to a norm. 82. Conform ~ m:TI) with one's opinion. 83. Congratulate ~ ~) somebody on his success. 84. Consult (~.~-~)with (discuss with) one's

friends. 85. Consult (~ ~. ~ ~ ~) a person I a - lawyer I a map I a dictionary (take advice, get

information etc.) 86. Contribute ~ ~) to a fund. 87. Converse ~ cfivIT) with a person about a thing. 88. Cope ~1~41) with a situation. 89. Correspond ~~)with a person (write). 90. Corre~pond ~ m;rr) to something (agree). 91. Cure ('*11' cfivIT) a man of a disease. 92. Cure (n/u) 0=tTTT, f.rolr) for a disease. 93. Cut ~ a thing in or into pieces. 94. Cut ~) a thing in half. . 95. Dash ~) against a wall/ shore I something. 96. Dash ~ ~ ~ over anything. 97. Dash into a shop. ~) 98. Deal in (trade in) (cllc:t,ttlll cf>'v!T) something. 99. Deal (o!rcfm ~) with a person.

100. Deal (cfoR ~) with a subject. 101. Debar ~ cfivIT) from doing anything. 102. Decide (f.rorll' ~ the issue in somebody's favour. 103. Defer ~ qi'8!) to a later date. 104. Degenerate (~ ~) into an obsession I a lower

position. 105. Defraud (~ ~ a person of his money. i 06. Demand (mlRT) a thing of a person. 107. Depend ~~)on a person or a thing. 108. Deprive (<if.:ra ~ a person of a thing. 109. Desist ~~)from an attempt 11 O. Despair (R'mT m:,T') of success. 111. Deviate (c'l'i:lf<iia li'RT) from a certain course. 112. Differ(~~) with a person on a subject.

69. Compare (~~ ~) something with something (similar).

70. Compare ~ ~) to (dissimilar things). 71. Compensate (a:,~ ~ for loss. 72. Compete (~ ~) with somebody for a prize I

something. 73. Complain (~l<hl<HI <R=l'T) to somebody. 74. Complain {1)1q,14a ~) against somebody. 75. Complain (~l<fillld <R=l'T) of J. about something. 76. Conceal (m'tlRT) facts from somebody.

•

opponent. 227. Recover 0fllf ~) from ailment. 228. Rejoice ~ R) at the success of a person. 229. Rejoice ~ R) in one's own success. 230. Relapse ~-into idleness. 231. Relieve G<Rr ~) of or from duty. 232. Remind (Tr: ~ ~) somebody of something. 233. Repose ~ ~) on a bed. 234. Repose (Tr:~ 'cfivrr) confidence in friends. 235. Reprimand ~) a person for a fault. 236. Result (l1ftura m:::iT) from a situation. 237. Result (tl'ro1lq ~) in a consequence. 238. Retaliate (3ifa'ffi ~ on upon/against somebody. 239. Revolt~~) against authority. 240. Rob ~ ~) a person of something. 241. Rule ~ 'cfivrr) over a country. 242. Stand against ~ ~) (resist) any infiltrator. 243. Stand by ~ ~) (support) a person. 244. Stand on ~ ~) formalities. 245. Take after ~ ~) somebody. 246. Take upon(~ 'tR f...i+ilciil-0 ~) oneself to do a

thing. 247. Think ~) of or about a person. 248. Think over (consider) (fcfi:fR c:fivIT) a problem. 249. Trespass ~ cfivrr) against rules.

204. Pass for (lrRT' "1'RT; ~ h) a dawn. 205. Pass over (omit) a passage. (f4cT ~) 206. Pass through by ~) his gate. 207. Pass (suffer} for one's mistake. ('lflRT) 208. Penetrate (3ITT:-"tl'R ~. ~~)into something. 209. Perish t-m m '1fAT) by. the sword. 210. Perish t-m m ;;rr-rr) with poverty .. 211. Point(~ ~)at a person. 212. Point ( ,, ) to some result. 213. Pray (slTl!RI' ~) somebody for something. 214. Pray (slTl!RI' cfiv!T) to God for success. 215. Prepare ~ ~) f~r-the test. 216. Prepare ~ ~ against disaster. 217. Proceed~~ cF,{:ff) against (prosecute) a

culprit. 218. Prohibit ~~)from doing something. 219. Protect ~) from disaster. 220. Protest ~ ~) against injustice. 221. Provide (a:tl<llt<lq,df .~ 'iftf ~) for one's family. 222. Provide ~ ~) against the rainy day. 223. Provide ~ ~) oneself with something. 224. Rail ~ f1cf>i("HI) against somebody, 225. Reconcile ~ ~) to situation. 226. Reconcile (-it;ft ~, :I~~ ~) with an

159. Hope (a;mr ~) for good. 160. Import (3ll<mf ~) goods into a country. 161. Import (31flmf cfivff) goods from a country. 162. Impress (.:r,:r 'CR rrsrr ~ sr~) an idea on

somebody. 163. Impress (tR" 'IR 7mJ '3l"llcr ~ a person with an

idea. 164. Impute (atroi:r ~) blame to a Pfrson. 165. Indorse ~~)with signature. 166. lnduldge ~~)in undesirable activities. 167. Indulge ~ ~) oneself with wine. 168. Infer ~ f.lcfi1~:::i1) one fact from another .. 169. Inflict ~ ~; ~~)pain on a person. 170. Infringe (~~)on one's rights. 171. Inquire ~ cfiv!T) of a person about an event. 172. Inspire ~ ~) a man with courage. 173. Interfere ~ cfiv!T) with a person in his affairs. 174. Intersect ~~)with each other. 175. Intrigue ~~)with the opposition. 176. Introduce ~ <RRT) a man to others. 177. Introduce ~, ~ cfiv!T) into a story. 178. Intrude ~. f.RT ~ '11RT) on somebody, 179. Invest (f.rcrn' ~) money in education, 180. Invest ~) a man with authority. 181. Jump at (eagerly accept, ~ ~ ~ <iivlT) an

idea. 182. Jump to a conclusion. (~G° ~~~'IR

~) 183. Live c;;ir-rr) by honest means/ labour. 184. Live r,.rr:rr) on somebody's charity/diet/fruit/juice. 185. Live ~) within one's budget I means: 186. Look after ~~)(watch) one's children. 187. Look into (~~~)(closely examine) a case. 188. Look for (~) something lost. 189. Look over (examine) an account. $ ~) 190. Look through (examine carefully) (~ ~ ~

cfivrr) a report. 191. Look upto. (Fcf;m ~ ~ 3Tim ~ ~ ~ ~) 192. Lust ~ ~) for wordly possession. 193. Make ~) to (approach) a person. 194. Make some meaning of (3W (.1TTRT) a statement. 195. Marvel (a:tlll'<lf4a R) at some sight or report. 196. Match (flreR" ~) one thing with another. 197. Meditate (~~)on an issue. 198. Merge ~ m:rr) into one. 199. Mortgage ~ ~ land to a person. 200. Mourn (ll1l<fi lRRT) for the dead. 201. Murmur (f~1"'1,rn ~) at or against anything. 202. Occur (31RT) to one's mind. 203. Pass ~) from one thing into another.

I 84. Dexterous ~) in or at doing something .

. 85. Disappointed (Rml)' in a thing. obtained.

38. Apparent (<:.~4liH, ~) to everyone. 39. Applicable ~ ~ <Unr) to a situation. 40 .. Apprehensive (~) of resulu 41. Apprised ~). of a matter. 42. Appropriate ~) to an occasion. 43.· Apt (expert) in a subject. ~. f.Gur) 44. Apt {mlR, ~) for a purpose. 45. Ashamed ~) of one's conduct

. 46. Assiduous ~) in one's studies. 4 7. Associated ~) with a person. 48. Associated ~.:•)in some business. 49. Assured (~) of the truth. 50. Astonishing-~ q;f.lqt{"II) to a person. 51. Astonished (~) at one's rudeness, misconduct 52. · Averse ~) to hard word. 53. Bereft (cm:m, ~) of qualities. 54. Born~ ~ofrichparents. 55. Born ~ s31f) in city. 56. Charged ~ # fffi!rr) to one's account. 57. Charged (\RT g3TI') with anger. 58. Charged (~) with (accused of) forgery. 59. Close ~) to a person or thing. 60. Clothed ~ pl!') in mist. 61. Clothed ~ ~, \RT prr) with shame .. 62: Committed ~ to a course of action. 63. Common (~tcf ,,if-icr,) to several persons or things. 64. Comparable ~ to something. 65. Compatible (~) with one's temper. 66. Competent ~, ~ fur certain work. et. Composed (oRl' .PTI') of materials. 68. Commune ~ 'cf,vlT) with one's friends. 69. Concerned (ffiTR', fmacr) about something/ some-

. body. . . . 70. Concerned ~ •. ~)of one's Welfare .: 71. Concerned (olm'f) in some business. 72. Conducive ~) to a situatin. 73. Conscious ~. ~) of a fault. 74. Contrary ~. ~) to rule. 75. Covetous.~) of other men's goods.

. 76. Creditable (31'~i<Et.fl4) to one's judgement. 77: Cured ($Tr, f.ro1r) of a disease. 78. Customary ~) for. a person .. 79. Deprived ('cff.ra) of rights. · 80. Derogatory (314'lH'iaf) to one's character. 81. Designed ~ ~ s3lJ' -::rirrr) for a purpose. 82. Desirous ~) of success.

1. Absorbed ~) in study. 2. Acceptable ~ to a person. 3 .. Accessible ~) to strangers.

. 4. Accessory ~) to a crime. 5. Accomplished ~) in an art. 6. Accountable (3'd<C::14l)'to a person. 7. Accountable (3'tl<c;i4l) for a thing. 8. Accruing ~ ~) to a person from something. 9. Accurate ~. ~) in his statistics.

10. Accused (~)·of theft. 11. Acquainted ~) with a person. 12. Acquitted (ftm, ~) ofa charge. 13. Addicted (~, am!t) to gambling I smoking/

drinking. ,14. Adequate. ~) to a person's wants. 15. Adverse ~) to a person's interests. 16. Affectionate (filer, ~) to a person. 17. Affection ~. m) for somebody. (noun) 18. Afflicted ~. ~:~) with pain. 19. Aggravated (alf} at a thing. 20. Aggravated ~ ?T) with a person. ·21. Akin ~ ~) to a person or thing. 22. Alarmed ~ at a: rumour .. · 23. Alien ~) to a person's character. 24. Alienated (~ from the party.

·25. Alive ~) to the problems. 26. Amazed (~!lMPfo, ~ at a person's behaviour. 27. Ambition (llt;fcqtcf>i!fil) for something. (noun) · . 28. Ambitious (lil!li(qfcfii!ITT) of something. 29. Amused ~) at something. . 30. Angry ~) at a thing. 31. 'Angry ~) with aperson. 32. Annoyed c=m:r-;r) at a remark. 33. Annoyed ~) with a person for saying or doing · · · something. . · ·

34. Answerable (3'd{C::tlfl) to a person for something. 35. Anxious ~. tt':f) for his safety. 36. Anxious ~) about the result. . ·

. 37. Appalled (~) at the sight.

ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES FOLLO~D BY PREPOSITIONS

250, Trespass (~ ~ on-somebody's privacy. 25l,.Trespass (3-T-iTt.Tc[~ ~ lT :;;rr;:rr) in a person's

· company. 252: Wait ~~)at bus.stop.· 253. Wait (3rate.rr ~)fora person or thing: 254. Warn ~ ~) a person of disaster.· 255. Warn ~ ~) a person against a fault.

126 · A Mirror of Common Errors

---------- -- --- - - -- -

134. Introduced ~ ~ 1Tirf) to a person. 135. Invested (~) wi~ full powers. 136. Invested (f.)~~id) in business. 137. Involved ~) in crime, BS. Irrelevant ~. ~.:i41<RI) to a topic. 139. Jealous ~) of somebody ... 140. Liable ('1ic:41d:le;~) for payment. 141. Liable ('114Idie,~) to.error, 142. Moved ~) to tears.

. 143. Moved ~) at the sorry sight. 144. Moved .~) with pity. 145. Moved ~) by reciuests. 146. Neglectful ~14{cfli!D of one's interests. 147. Negligent (di%:IIE;) of duty .. 148. Negligent (t-114«:tl~) in one's work. 149. Obliged ~. a:Jl'Tm) for some help. 150: Obliged ~. ~) to a person. 151. Oblivious (fq:@l{Oj,ltTid) of the past. 152. Obnoxious ~.- ~) to a person, 153. Occupied ~) with one's. clients. 154. Occupied ~) in writing a story. 155. Offended ~ with a person at sometime. ' 156 .. Offensive {~) to a person, 157. Overwhelmed (~) with grief. 158. Overcome ~) with sorrow. . 159. Painful ~) to one's feeling. 160 .. Peculiar ~) to a person· or thing. 161. Pertinent (Slt-Eifllcfi) toa question I a topic.

. ' · 162. Polite t-nf, fcFl';f, f'ffl!) in manners . 163. Polite. t-nf, ~. nm!') to all. J64. Profitable ~) to a company. 165. Prodigal (~) o~expenditure .. 166. Profuse ~. ~),in one's offers.

·167. Profuse ~. ~) with one's money. . 168. Ready ~. ~) at action. .

· 169. Ready ~.~)with excuses. 170. Ready ~. ~, in one's response.· · 171·. Related ~talf~)"to a person: ..

. 172. Relevant (SIFSfilcfi) to the statement. 173. Replete ('IRT s3U) with examples. 174. Requisite (~) to success, 175. Requisite.(~) for a purpose. 176. Resolved~) into its elements.

· 177. Resolved (tjcfifc.:.ld) on completing the work. 178. Responsible (3tt<G141) for an incident I something. 179 .. Responsible (3*1«141) to a person. 180. Sanguine (~) of success.

· 1_81. Satiated ~. qt<r) with pleasure.

127 86. Disappointed ~}with a person. .- 87. Disgusted ~, ~) with a thing. 88. Disgusted f~ ~ 'IRT saTI') at or with a person. 89. Disqualified (~)for a post. 90. Disqualified (~) from competing. 91. Doubtf~l or dubious (~e.\!iR-Qi;.) of intension. 92. Eager· ~) for result. 93. Eager ~) in the pursuit of knowledge. 94. Effective ~) for a purpose. 95. Eligible ~) for a post. 96. Eminent (mr.[, ~) for one's writing. 97. Endowed {WJ:Fr) with natural ability. 98. Engaged ~) in some work. 99. Engaged.~ salJ') to someperson,

100. Envious ~) of another's achievement of success. 101. Essential (~) to hapiness. 102: Estranged ~, ~) from a friend. 103 .. Exempted ~. <Rt) from a.fine. 104. Exhausted (~ saTI') with running. 1_05. Exonerated G<Rf, <'l"U) from blame .. 106. Exposed ~) to light. 107. Faithful (fcl~c:11€1) to a person. 108. Familiar ~) with a problem. 109. Familiar (lmf,:rcr) (well known) to a person. 110. Favourable ~) to one's prospects. 111. Fearful (~) of consequences, 112. Fertile (3cm, ~) in resources. 113. Fit ~.~)for a job.

."114. Free G<F.f) from.errors. 115. Fruitful (~, °3<fu) in resources. 116. Fruitless ~) of results. 117. Gifted ~) with qualities. 118. Glad (~) of one's success. 119. Grateful~. ~)for kindness. 120. Greedy ~, ~) of or after or for wealth. 121. Guilty ~) of murder. 122. Honest ({l-lH<!.t<) in.one's dealings, 123. Horrified (~) ·at a sight. 124. Hostile ~) to conducive situatiori. 125. Ignorant (~) of something .. 126_ lll (-ifllR) with fever. 127:_ Impertinent (~) to something.

· 128. Incumbent c~~-0. ~) on a person. 129. Indebted (a:it'liro, ~) to a person. 130. Indebted (~. ~) for some goodness. 131. Indebted ~)in huge sum. 132. Interested ~ m "qfffi) in a person or thing. 133. Introduced ~ ~ Tf<l'T) into a place.

A Mirror: of Common Errors ·

18. Hardly had we settled down I for the night's rest when I (A) (B)

we were startled I by the loud noise being made outside (C) (D)

the house. I No Error. (E)

. 17. Glimpses to I the religious side of his I nature appear in I (A) (B) (C)

the majority of his plays. I No Error. (D) (E)

16. He always insists I that he prefers I to go home I to stay (A) .. (B) (C)

anywhere at night. I No Error. (D) (E)

15. My brother said that I he preferred the white I shirt than (A) . (B)

the black one I which I usually wore. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

14. She became able I to free herself I with her debts by I (A) (B) · (C)

working day and night. I No Error. (D) (E)

into the (C}

12. The angry boatman I threw the cracked oar I (A) (B)

river I and returned home. I No Error. (D) (E)

13. My friends proposed me I that we should go to I the (A) (B)

movies and then have I dinner at a hotel . No Error. (C) (D) (E)

Directions : Find out the error in each of the following sentences, if any. If there is no error, your answer is 'E'

1. Nobody can deny I that Gandhi's ideas I are different w ~) ·~ than I Lenin's./ No Error.

(D) (E) . . 2. He was very much engaged I in his work when the

(A) (B) thieves I entered into his house I and took away a lot of

(C) (D) things. I No Error.

(E) 3. While she was returning I from college, I a ruffian

(A) (B) attacked I on her with a dagger. I No Error.

(C) . (D) (E) 4. The decline of his moral I was caused by a lot I of factors

.(A) .. (B) . that were./ once fascinating to him. I No. Error.

(C) . (D) (E) 5. Two of my intimate friends I called on me I on yesterday

(A) (B} (C) when I was I away from home. I No Error.

(D) (E) 6. Simmi took me to a hotel f and ordered for I two cups of

(A) (B) . coffee I which the waiter brought in no time. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

PROBLEMS BASED ON PREPOSffiONS

182. Satisfactory ~d't•NH<fi) to a person. · 183. Satisfied~. ~)of(concerning)afact.

184. Satisfied ~,~)with one's work. 185. Secure ~. f-fl-*11!:jck\) from harm. 186. Secure ~. f-.:4'*115<Rl) against an attack. 187. Sensitive «i<=l<·Wfi~) to criticism. 188. Shocked ~e,+lll.l,l,{I) at the sad· news. 189. Shocking (~ $Ft cITT.91') to all. 190. Silent (~) about a matter. 191. Similar cwrr.;, ~) to a person or thing .. 192. Solicitous ~) of a reply. 193. Solicitous (RRra) for somebody's safety. 194. Startled (~) at somebody's behaviour. 195. Strange ~. ~) to a person. 196. Subject ~) to change. 197. Suited ~. ~) to the occasion. 198. Suitable (cWf;, ~) for one's income. 199. Suitable ~.~)to the occasion. 200. Suited~.~) fora post. 201. Thankful (a:J~~Hti<) for past favours. 202. Vexed (tITTTR) at a thing. 203. Vexed (mTR) with a person for doing something. 204. Worthy (<rrnf) of praise.


7. The students complained I to the principal against I the (A). (B)

warden and the I poor management 'of the hostel. (C) (D)

8. Without considering I for a moment he I entrusted me in I all (A) (B) (C)

the important work. I No Error. (D) ' (E)

9. Somebody reported to me I that Suman had fallen in I the . (A) (B) well and nobody had I tried to save him. I No Error.

(C) (D) (E)

10. There are certain animals I that can live without I any (A) (B)

effort both I in water and land. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

11. The plan was to go for I the cinema but I owing to certain (A) (B)

hindrances I it failed. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

128

I

'I I

38. In spite of being very I busy at domestic work, I she saves (A) (B)

time I to the visitors. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

39. My father has the reputation for I being the sort of i (A) (B)

manager who is at least willing to listen to I anyone who (C)

wants to raise a point./ No Error, (D) (E)

40. Despite of the best efforts I made by the Government I (A) {B)

the condition of the. country is I going from bad to (C) (D)

worse. I No Error. (E)

41. The captain distributed /. the sweets among our I friends w -(B} ~ who I had invited him. I No Error.

. (D) (E)

37. The debacle of the Party I admits no other explanation I (A) (B)

than its I poor performance. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

36. This book deals I in the burning probelms I our country is (A) (B) (C)

facing I at present. I No Error. (D) (E) .

for advice. I No Error. (D) (E)

35. Those who are I suffering from diabetes I are advised to · (A) (B)

substitute I saccharine by sugar. / No Error. (C} (D) (E)

31. Rakesh Sharma. the Indian space I hero, is much sought l (A) (B)

after by college students and I is invited for various (C) (D)

functions. I No Error. (E)

32. His father is I sick but I he does not I look for him. I (A) (B) (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

33. I advised I him to consult with a doctor I but be refused I (~ (B) (C)

to do so. I No Error. (D) (E)

34. Ordinarily when in difficulty I Renu prefers keeping (A) (B)

· her counsel I rather than going about here and I there (C)

No Error. (E)

Tl. The man who I was blind with the right I eye was a I (A) (B) (C}

notorious criminal of this area. I No Error. (D) (E)

28. Some persons I get jobs even if I they are not worthy I for (A) (B)· (C) - (D)

them. I No Error. (E)

29. The poet describes about I the beauty of a landscape I in a (A) (B) . •

very I attractive way./ No Error. (C) (D) (E)

30. During his tour I to the north· he visited I not only to (A) (B) (C)

Delhi /but also Agra./ No Error, (D) (E)

No Error. (E)

21. Found guilty I on murder. the accused I men were (A) (B)

sentenced I to life imprisonment I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

22. Today be revealed I the fact that he was I angry on me (A) (B)

because I I had not helped him. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

23. He looked upon me I level eyed for a I few moments (A) (B) (C)

before he I started speaking. I No Error. (D) (E)

24. The girl said I that she preferred I the blue gown than I (A) (B) (C}

the black one. / No Error. (D) {E)

25. The smuglar yielded I for the temptation I and fell into the (A) (B)

police trap from I which escape was impossible. I (C) . (D)

No Error. (E)

26. Numerous people in India I are dying from hunger I but . . (A) . (B)

the Government seems I to be ignorant of this fact. I (C) (D)

19. There appears I to be very little / liasion among I the two (A) (B) (C)

wings of the party. I No Error. (D) (E)

20. Sedimentary rocks I largely -comprised of I minute frag- (A) (B)

ments derived from I the disintegration of existing rocks. I (C) (D)

129. A Mirror of Common Errors

;.. ...

enter into some business I enter into a conversation I enter upon a career~ q;r 'll<WT ~ ti

3. (D) 'on' q;r "5f<U1T ~ n cprrfct; 'attack' cfif 'Sl<IT1T ~ Verb~~ if~ <ft~ G(R ~ Object 3lrnT t;

.-tt- (i) China attacked India in 1962.

.!. .!. Verb Object

~ atack q;r 1i<Ulr ;;r.r Noun ~ ~ if moT t cff ~ 'iil'R on q;r 'Sl<IT1T ~ t; ~-An attackon my life, two attacks on my life. ~. l make an attack + on + Object! cfif ~ fcF.<IT '1fraT t; ~- (i) China made an attack on India in 1962.

.!. .J, on Obj.

4. (A) 'of' ~ ~ 'in' ~ ffl' ~ ~ decline or an empire I decline of a party I decline of a man -* ~ lPn1T ft 't ~ decline in moral I decline in prices ~~~mt,

'lfl', . (ii) He entered the class .

. ~.

1. (C) 'than'%;~ 'from' q;r 1i<UlT ~ ~ 'different' %; ~ <ilR 'from' q;r Jrlll7T ~ ti ~ ra' fct; different js <ilTG 'than'~ ~ ~ ft t ~ cIGf ;;r.r different~ <ilTG ~ Noun ~; ~

(i) I have read a different book than this. -rT

Noun than 2. (C) 'into' q;r Jl'1ITTT -:;tr ft ~ enter q;r a:tYf t' i:t

~ ~· 'come into I go into';·~-:- (i) He went into the class.

- .; l I I

EXPLANATIONS

j

ANSWERS

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (A) s. (C) 6. (B) 7.(C) 8. (C) 9.(9) 10. (D)

11. (A) 12. (C) 13. (A) 14. (C) 15. (C) 16. (D) 17. (A) 18. (D) 19. (C) 20. (B) 21. (B) 22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (C) 25. (B) 26. (B) 27. (B) 28. (D) 29. (A) 30. (C) 31. (D) 32. (D) 33. (E) 34. (C) 35. (D) 36. (B) 37. (B) 38. (D) 39. (A) , 40. (A) 41.(B) 42. (C) 43. (C) 44. (A) 45. (C) 46. (C) 47. (A) 48. (B) 49. (A) 50. (E) 51. (0)

SI. In his concluding I remarks, he said I almost nothing I (A) (B) (C)

worthlistening to. I No Error, (D) (E)

· 50. She looked very I different from I the photograph I I had (A) (B) (C)

of her. I No Error. , . (D) (E)

No Error. (E)

49. It was apparent for I everyone present that if I the patient (A) (B)

did not receive medical I attention fast, he would die. I (C) (D)

of our state./ No Error. (D) (E)

48. Governments should refrain I to associate themselves (A) (B)

with anything I that tends to affect the I secular character (C)

4.7. We may have to await for I a new political order to (A) . (B)

restructure I our economy by adopting a modal of I (C)

development closer to our needs. I No Error. (D) (E)

46. When he was I under house arrest I he was debarred to (A) (B) (C)

send I a letter even to his wife. I No Error. (D) (E)

45. The council does I not hold itself responsible I for the loss (A) (B)

or damage I to any article./ No Error. (C) (D)

independent in its own way. I No Error. (D) (E)

\

legislature, the judiciary I and the executive, and each is I (B) (C)

44. The constitution of India comprises of I three wings- the . (A)

43. The invitation card I says that Satish I marries with I (A) (B) (C)

Sunita next month. I No Error. (D) (E)

42. The bride said I that she would not I marry the man over I (A) (B) (C)

thirty- five./ No Error. (D) (E)

A Mirror of Conunon Errors . 130

Noun to Noun (ii) She preferred · playing to goss1pmg.

. J. ·.r :J. Gerund · to Gerund

~ ~ Prefer ·i ~ Infinitives * ~ m m Prefer ~ alR 'rather than' ~- ~ ~ ~ ti ~- (i) We preferred to read ·. rather than write. . . ---r-. . l: ' -r--

Infinitive rather than Infinitive 16. (D) 'to'~ ~ 'rather than' qi!' ffl' itmt

NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "tj°o (15) ~ ~~1·

17. (A) 'to' ~ ~ 'of' qi!' WTI1T m ~ 'glimpse of' 'get I catch a glim:p.se of'~ <fiT m ~ t; ~ (i) He caught a glimpse of her.

18. (D) 'by' ~ ~ 'at' ~ Wfl1T ~ ~ startled I surprised I astonished I amazed 3Tift ii; ~ ~ Preposition ~ 'Sl<TI1T ~ i, :=r fcf> 'by' Preposition - <fil; ~-

(i) They are amazed at her_ beauty. 19. (C) · 'among' ~ ~ 'between' ~ '!l"f:il1T ~ ~ "!..J'

ftrq; ~ ~ (Two wings)'* ti .~ Tif fcf; ~

free from . something 15. (C) than~ ~ 'to' c1'if ~ ~ ·~ Prefer~ ~ ~

Nouns ~ Gerunds ~· ~ ~ ·<fr Prefer ~ iflG 'to' Preposition <fiT ffl' mm t; ~- (i) She prefers milk · !£ tea.

J. J. T

free somebody from ·· something free from all blames. TT l

(ii) . Minu was

~ ~ : .. with verbs of motion or change, 'in' is used:- He put the letter in his pocket. She cut it in half. She i.hrew the letter in the fire. ·

-Nesfield : (New E.cfition) ENGLISH GRAMMAR, . COMPOSITION AND USAGE'(P. 187)

13. (A) proposed js fflG. 'to' Preposition q;r ~ n- ~ Proposed to somebody I suggested to somebody I reported tosomebody ~ '<f?r ~ ~ !; ~ (i) She suggested to her friends that they should start dancing. (ii) He reported to me that the wall had fallen down.

14. (C) 'with' ~ ~ 'from; cliT ~ h ~ free . somebody from something ~ tree from something <fil~W..t;~- . . : (i) Rita tried to free herself from all liabilities. - -r --r-·0 - l

(ii) He entrusted some work to me. 9. (B) 'in' ~ ~ 'into' cfiT w:itTT mtTI' ~ fall into a

wen I into the river I into certain division I into line ~ cf>i' WftTr mm ti ~. fall in <fiT 3N mm t 'collapse' 'ftR: "3!F!T'; tt- (i) Tne roof fell in. ~ flR "ll<rrl)

10. (D) 'land' ~ ~ 'on' cfiT ~ m7TT ~- ~ ~ ~ ~ 'and'~~~~ N=r-fir-=f Prepositions~ t m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ if ~ ~ Prepositions ~~~~~;tt- (i) in water and. on land.

(ii) desirous of and loving to ~'

11. (A) ·for'~~ 'to' cfiT ~ ~ ~ go to the cinema/go to the theatre/go· to the circus/go to the station~ q:;r ~ mm t,

12.' (C) 'into' ~ ~ 'in' q:;r m n ~ 'in' t static condition (f~Hlej~f) <fir ~ mm t, ~ into ~ motion (llftr) cfiT; ~- .

(i) He is in the room. ~ ~ if to (ii) He fell into the well. ~ ~ ~ fiR ~I)

S •. (C) yesterday ~ ~ 'on' cfiT ~ ';fffl' m7TT ~ Yesterday, two days before yesterday, the day before yesterday, today, tomorrow, two days after tomorrow, the day after tomorrow ~ ~ ~ on, in ~ cfiT ~ ~ ~ -;simr ti

6. (B) ordered ~ ~ 'for' ~ ~ ';fffl' m7TT ~ order ~ Transitive Verb t 3ITT ~ ~ m Object 3lraT .

t;~- . (i) He ordered a cup of tea. r=r fcf; for a cup of tea] (ii) He ordered me to go'out of the room. ~. order + somebody + for.+ something <fiT ~mmttt- (i) He ordered the shopkeeper for a shawl. m, <!R order <fiT ~ Noun ~ ~ if ~ m ~ ~ for q;r ~mart; tt-He gave order for a cup of tea.

, .7: (C) the poor~ ~ 'about'~ 'of' cfiT ~ mTTT ~ (i) Complain to somebody. · (ii) Complain against somebody.

(iii) Complain about/of something cfil" ~ ~ ti 8. (C) 'in'~ ~ 'with' <fir ~ m7Tl', ~ entrust+

somebody + with + something <fir WftTr ~ t: tt- (i) He entrusted me with some work. cifq,-l entrust + something + to + somebody cfiT ~mmt:~-

.131 A Mirror of Common Errors

, .. make Noun to Object cfil" y2

31, (D) 'for' * ~ 'to' cfiT .wfllr ~ <Pfffcf; tie invited to a place I a party 3llfG cfiT '5llffTT irm' l; ~- (i) I was invited to lunch.

Kashmir. J,.

~ a visit to T. T

to Object Noun Make · :cf;f Past~

(ii) He made -J,-

Verb Noun · • ·ifjf ll'1fPT mm t; tt- He made a visit to me.

T ·T.r- r

describe cfil" y2

30. (C) 'to' "<firm~ WIT~- visit cfiT ffl' ~ Verb if; ~ i\' it ffl ~ 1f1G ~. Object am!T t; ~- ·

(i) He visited me. (ii) He visited Kashmir ..

~ make a· visit to somebody I some place. -r-- T . . .

something to ·somebody

~. (i) Describe something to somebody.

, (ii) Expi~ something to somebody. (iii) Discuss something with somebody cfiT ~t;tt-

(i) He described the event to me, :r l 'r T

Something. explain cfiT y2

(i) He is not worthy of this job. (ii) He is not qualified for this post. (iii) He is not competent for this team.

29. (A) about cfil' ~ ~ 'ffl'TTT ~- describe/ -discuss/explain + something <fir Jfclt1T WIT t; tt- (i) He explained this Tm. :r

(i) There is a great dispute between these two boys. (ii) There is a great enemity between Ram and Mohan. ~~) ~. <tr -4 ~ * ~ ~ ffl 'among' q;r m ~~t;~- (i) Distribute the coal among the three I five I ten

members. , 20. (B) 'comprised' ~ 4flG 'of' <fiT ~ ~ ~ ~

comprise= consist of. a«r:, (i) The book comprises five chapters. Pf f.t. compri

ses of] <IT, (ii) The book consists of five chapters.

21. (B) 'on'~ ~ 'of' <ti1' ~ h ~ 'be guilty of.a crime'cfil' ffl" ~ ~ t; ~- (i) He is guilty of theft.

22. (C) 'on'*~ 'with' <R ffl' n ~ 'angry with somebody' ~. 'angry at something' W m- fcAr ~t~- . (i) He is ~ with lou.

"'T angry with somebody

(ii) He is ~ at your. behaviour. J, "l l

angry at something 23. (A) 'upon'~~ 'at' cf;f ~ m ~ 'look at

(= ~ somebody I something' cf;f m ~ ~ t~- (i) You looked at her. --:r-- "l T

looked at somebody (ii) You looked at the picture. -r 1 l ..

looked at something. ~ Look· somebody in the eye(s) I face ~ ~ W1l1T ~ t; tt-

. (i) She looked him in the eyes. 24. (C) 'than'~ ~ 'to' q;f ffl h1

NOTE : ~ ~ * ~ ~ ~ (15) ~ ~~I .

25. (B) 'for' ifi ~ 'to' <fiT ~ · ~-- ~ yield to somebody I something ~ q!JfcRr en:· ~ ~ at11\' 3lTclf ~ ~) qif ffl 'fflaT t; tt.- (i) He yielded to his enemr

l l yielded to Somebody

~ aw. ~ ~ awl" 3tlti1~'1'i0i ~- ~I) (ii) She yielded to her husband's will .

. ,l. . . l yielded to ". something . , .

~ 3t'IR ~ * ~ * 3tJ1t 3tl<'l41itcful ${ ~I)


26. (B) 'from' ~ ~ 'of' cf;f Jf<TI'll' ft ~ 'die of a disease", 'die of hunger', die from a wound I over eating I over drinking I food poisoning' ~ cf;f

m-~t;~- (i) Dr. Sinha died of cholera/cancer/diabetes.

(ii). The old woman died of hunger. (iii) He died from food poisoning. .

27. (B) 'with'~ ~ 'in' cf;f Jl7IT1T ~ ~ 'blind in the . right eye/the left. eye' ~· q'jJ" WWf mr t ~

. 'blind with both the eyes' qi!' m- mr t, 28. (D) 'for' ~ ~ 'of' q;r Jf<TI'll' ~ cfcITfcf; 'worthy of

· something' ~ 'qualified for a post' 'competent for something'~ cfil' ffl" ~ t; ~- ·

Among ~the boys . . Amongst..,..,- ~. (i) Among them ~ cfiT ~ sound ·~· Consonant "t] ~, Amongst us I our friends [ '~· <fiT ~ sound 'at' Vowel t1 m 1f'cfir<, 'atfcR' cfiT ~ sound ·~· Vowel ti]

42. (C) ·over ~ ~ 'above' 1'iT ~ WIT ~ 'over I under age' 1'if ~ mat" t ~ above I below twenty, thirty, forty 3l1f<::: 1fiT ~ ~ t; ~- (i) She is·below sixteen. R fcl; under sixteen] (ii) They are under age. [~ fcf; below age] ~. (iii) They are under I above the age of thirteen.

41. (B) 'among'~ ~ 'amongst'~~ m-in-1 ~ W ~ 'among' err 'amongst' 1'iT ~ -ey t ~ ~ ~ A t, mrf 1t 'the'~ ~ among ut amongst 1fiT ~~~·. ~~ 'the'~tm 'among'jsr ~ Consonant sound ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <l'-lT 'amongst' ~ Vowel sound ~ ~ m:t ~ ~ ~ ffi ·f.Rr ~ t; tt-

3 save q;i- V some- from something body

~ff~~~~to 39. (A) 'for' $ ~ 'of' 1fiT ~ ~ ~ 'have the

reputation of doing something' cfiT ·JrlWT "ffifT !1 ~. 'have a reputation for something' ~ 'make a reputation for something' "i:f>l" ~ "ffifT !; ~-

(i) You have the reputation of being a miser. (ii) He has a reputation for honesty.

(iii) She made a reputation for herself: ~ w ~ q'1'cpf (iii) ir .has'. 'have' "i:f>l" Singular~ t ~ ~ (iii) if 'made' make "i:f>l" Past~ t,

40. (A) Despite ~ il'TG" 'of' cfil' ~ ~ m-irr ~ Despite = In spite of. a«r:,

(i) Despite his good performance, he was not selected. ~. (ii) In spite of his good performance, he was not selected.

from being drowned. ,!. J.

(iii) They have saved me . -J.- J.

(ii) He suggested to me that I should save for a rainy day.~ ~ ~ ~ fcf; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I) .

32. (D) 'for'~ ~ 'after' 1fiT ~ mTJT ~ 'Look for' cfil' ~ t ~· ~ 'Look after' 1fiT ~ t ·~&"licl ~-ii' ~ ~ ~ ftror aftlfR t· a«J: ~ ~· q;l' sRicflPli:f>dl t, ~ fcf; ~ ~· <RI ~ W fcf; look ~ mei- fcr1'R Prepositions ~ ffl' ~ ~ 31'f ~ t; :tt-

(i) look~) (ii) look at ~)

(iii) look after (~&illcl <firn) (iv) look into ~ ~) (v) look for~)

(vi) look down upon (fa<m< q;l' ~ ~ ~) 33. (E) ~~ti 34. (C) 'rather than'~~ 'to' 1fiT ~ n,

NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (15) q;l' oZfR9?fr ~I

35. (D) 'by' ~ ~ 'for' cfil' ~ WIT ~ Substitute something for something' ~ 'Replace something by something' <fir ~ A t, ~-(i) Substitute saccharine for sugar.

·~. (ii) Replace a Noun by a Pronoun. 36. (B) 'in' ~ ~ 'with' cfif ffl' ~ ~ 'deal in' qi!'

3!Yf t ~ cfi<=rr' ~ 'deal with somebody' cfil' 31'f t 'fcf;m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~· ~ 'deal with a subject' 1fiT 3W t ~ ~ 1fiT ffl ~·; ~-

(i) You deal in rice.(¥~ 1fiT cll'l1l"R ~ ltl) (ii) You do not deal with him. (? ~ mrf 1fflfq ~~mo (iii) This poem deals with the beauty of Nature. ~ ffl(U ~ ~ ~ <fiT ffl ~ ,,o

37. (B) 'admits' ~ il'TG" 'of' <fiT ~ mTJT ~ 'admit of' 1fiT ~ ~ t 'can have' cm ~) ~ 'ad~it somebody info a house/some place' ~ liqffli cR fcf,-tjl' ~. ~ ~ ii'~~·; tt-

(i) The words admit of other meanings. ~ ~ 3!Yf w~t) ~. (ii) He admitted me into the house. ~ ~ If< -q

~ ~ I Glftrn fct;lrr'1)

~ (iii) I was admitted to this institution. Ciro ~ ~ if ~!311'1)

38. (D) 'to' ~ ~ 'for' 1fiT ~ n ~ "save something for something', 'save for something' ~ 'Save somebody from something' ~ ~ ~ l«IT 't~- .. (i) He has sared some 1oney ~ thisf!rposc.

saved something for something ~~~~~~~~t,).

***

(i) He abstains from smoking. T l from Verb (ing)

the loss of:> · or any article the damage to ~ 'the loss of or damage to any article' NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <ITT:: 'ra' fcfi '5fif ~ ~ and, or~ ~ ~ ~ a"el'T ~ ~~ Prepositions ~ ~ m ~ Prepositions~ ~ ~~~I

NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~o (11) ~ ~~I

46. (C) 'to send' ~ ~ ·'from sendin 'q;r ~ m ~ debar I abstain I refrain+ from+ V(ing) q;r ~ P;

·. ·43. (C) marries js ofl'G 'with' <fi1' ~~~I ~ W fcf; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'marry' 3,'.f!R ~ ffl Object~ t;~- (i) Ram married Sita. pr ~ married with Sita] <IT (ii) Sita married Ram. [-:f ~ married with Ram] ~. I be + married+ to+ Object I q;r 'lflITlT ~ t, ~-(i) Ram is married to Sita. ~~. (i) Deepa weds Mohan. [-f fcf; weds with Mohan)

(ii) Mohan weds Deepa. [-:f fcf; weds with Deepa) 44. (A) comprises js ~ 'of' <iiT WWT ~ ~ ti

, 45. (C) loss ~ ofl'G. 'of' cfiT "Sl<rr7T n ~ 'loss of something ~. 'loss of blood I prestige I health I money' ~ q;i- m- mr t am '2iR' ~ f<t; 'the loss

. of or damage to any article' ~ Phrases <iiT Synthesis !1 it w-if Phrases t' 'the loss of any article', 'the damage to any article' ~ zyn' Phrases <R" or~ ~ "lR


47. {A) await~ ofTG 'for' q;r ffl" 11ff m1TT ~ 'await' = 'wait for'. ar<f:

(i) He is waiting for the result. ?tr, (ii) He is awaiting the result.

48. (B) 'to associate' ~ ~ 'from associating' cfiT ~ WTTI NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~o (46) ~ ~~I

49. (A) for~ ffi 'to' cfiT 1l<IT1T mm ~ apparent I cle~ I obvious to somebody cfiT W1T m-aT ·t ~- (i) It is apparent I clear I obvious to me.

50. (E) cfT<R ~ t-1 . 51. (D) 'to' <tiT '5fllTlT 11ff WIT ~ listen to somebody I

listen to the radio anfG cnT ~ m-aT t"1 ~. worthlistening ~ 'iilTG 'to' q;r ri-r 11ff ~ !1 NOTE : 'listen' Intransitive Verb~ Transitive Verb ~ ~ ~ 'qiJlf ~ t"t ~ ~ ffl" Intransitive Verb ~ ~ ~ 'm err ~ ~ 'to' q;r Jl<TI'1T -::nfi' ma, t1 ~ ~ 'listen' ~ ~ ~ Object~ m err ~ ofl'G 'to' .,ft- ~ mm t; ~- (i) We listened but heard nothing.

(ii) Please listen carefully for the telephone while I'm upstairs.

-A. S. Hornby : OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER'S · DICTIONARY OF CURRENT ENGLISH USAGE

~, ~ listen cfiT ~ Transitive Verb ~ ~ -q ~ m ~ GfTG to cfil" "5l<nTr ~~Object cfiT ~ Ffi'llT ~ ti

~ listen + to + object ~- (i) Listen to what he says. (ii) I listened to him.

134

l ! .,

!,

1

(i) Ram and Shyam are equally good. '4T (ii) Ram is as good as Shyam. t-f fcf; equally ·as good as

Shyam). . . 21. mutual agreement ir mutual qiJ' m 3!.jjq~4q; t;

~ agreement~ ~ i ~ ~ ·~ (parties) ~ accept mt,

22. mutual friend ~ ~ ti ~ ~ ~ common friend q;r m ffl ir ~ ~. mutual interest~ ~ ~ col,1llllon interestffl t,

9. suppose if~ ~ 'if superfluous ti '4T 'ffi suppose cfi1' m n "4T ucfil'; tt.- - · · Suppose you won the first prize, what would you do? '4T

If you won the first prize, whatwould you do? 10. during the period of war '4T during the war period ~

~ during the war q;r m m1fT ~ during.~ ~ ~ qiJ' 'aiN mffl t I

11. Return back ii' pack ~ '3i<WT 31-il~:i<ltfi t, ~ return= go/ come back=·~ ~/31'RTI

12. Reimburse back ~ back qiJ' m 3!4iq!l<lq, t; ~ reimburse= pay back= ffl ~I .

13. Retreat back if .,ft back cfi1' m- 311ici!ll!c:fi t cf<Tifct; retreat= go back= tiT0 ~, ~ ~, ·

14. Recede back if ,ft back qiJ' m ~-tlciit <lcfi t; ~ recede = go back from the observer or from an earlier position = ~ ~ ,:fi'0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tl'm <il'RTI ~- The tide receded. (= went back)

15. Recall back ir -ift back qif m ~.Jlq!t,;j$ t; ~ recall = summon back, recollect, take back ~I

16. Recapitulate = repeat = ~I a«r: recapitulate back, repeat back~ cfi1' m. ;rm' ~ ~ ~ ti

17. Recast= rewrite=~· ~1 a«r: recast, rewrite ~ ~ ™ ,ft back cl>I' m 3.l.:jjq!(ljq,i t-1

18. Reborn, rebuild, regain, reiterate, recast, recall, recede~~~ again qiJ' m ~.Jlcl!l4q, t,

19. over-ride = prevail over overturn= tum over overshadow= throw a shadow over overshoot =·Shoot over overtop = rise over 3ttl':, over-ride, overturn, overshadow, overshoot, overtop

~ ~ o1'TG 'over',qif ffl ~ n1 20, equally as good as if equally 'i::fiT ~ 31-lWM$ ti

~-

I. 'freeship', lecturership' cfi1' l'{iil' m- iifl<.9,,m?1 fcf; ~ if ~ ~ ti ~ 'freeship' qif ~ ~ 't 'freestodentship' 'lecturership'<l>I' ~ ~ t 'lectureship'.

2. 'cousin brother'/'cousin sister' if 'brother', 'sister' superfluous t ~ 'cousin' cfi1' 3li ti' t- ·~ ,:nf/ ~ ~·1

a«r:, (i) He is my cousin brother ~ 11m ti ~ qfl'flf

cfi1' -w;: ~ t-He is my cousin. (Note-'cl'Tcfll' if ~ He, She, Geeta, Ram, Shyam ~

~ ti' ~ ~ t Ff; cousin q:;r m ~ ~ ~ fcf;,u '1T4T t '41'~~~1)

3. 'consensus opinion' if 'opinion' 31..fiq!ll!¥ t ~ 'consensus'= collective opinion': ~ ~ I

4. 'consort husband' I 'consort wife' if husband, wife cfi1' 'Sl'<lTTT 31-llcl!l4$ t; ~ consort = husband or wife especially of a ruler = ~ ~ cfi1' 'lftr ll'T ~I

5. final conclusion if final q:;r m ~..flclli<lij; t, ~ conclusion~ final ~ ti

6. funeral service if service qiJ' m 3141clli<lc:fi t; .p.:n'fcf; funeral~~ if service ti -

7. kindly requested if kindly cfi1' m 3,j..jjq!(ljq,, t ~ active if ~ kindly/please ~ ~ ft:rQ; ti' passive if 'requested' ~ qiJ' m ~ t't [~ Active/Passive if request ~ ~ cfi1'. Passive.]

kindly q:;r m requested ~ ffi' -::rtl' ~ q:;r ~ ~ ~ ~ t fcf; kindly~ Adjective t, ':.i'r Verb 'requested' fcf; ~~~~t,

Adjectives~ Noun '4T Pronoun cit' ~ 11' ~ ~ t't ~-a kindly smile, a kindly thought '4T a kind thought, a kindly manner, a kindly way 3TIRI

8. supposing ifil' if cfi1' ~ a:l4icl!l4q; t"t

SOME IMPORTANT SUPERFLUOUS EXPRESSIONS & SLANG

Superfluous Expressions : ~ ~ ~ ~ oi-!lqlil!i:fi ~ cfi1' ffl' ~ ':.i'r Expressions ffl' ~ t ~ Superfluous Expressions~ t; tt-

(i) for a long period of time. ~ Expressions if 'for a long period' ~ ~ 'oftime' qif

ffl' 31-llcl!loff; t ~ 'period'cfi1' ~ ti' t ·~· '4T ~ cfi1' 'TI1T ' I

a«r:, for a long period '4T for a long time qif ffl' n1 Slang : fcf;m ~ qlf ~ ~ s;:ru 1l<nl1' if ~ ~ ~

~ (words), qfcfcjffi (phrases) '4T ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ Standard English jl 1l<nl1' ~ ~ -'il'Tffl ti

Chapter-14 SUPERFLUOUS EXPRESSIONS & SLANG

/

Directions : Find out the error in each of the following setuences, if any. If there is no error, your answer is 'E'

1. All the members I of the Board are I kindly requested to w $) ~ appear I in the next meeting. I No Error.

(D) (E)

2. Pakistan's support I to the terrorists of India I should be (A) (B) .

. universally condemned I by all./ No Error. (C) (D) (E)

3. Within an hour's I journey we I will approach near I (A) (B) (C)

Patna. I No Error. (D) (E)

4. Supposing if I ali your problems I had been solved, I what (~ $) ~

would you have done ? I No Error. (D) . (E)

5. When he lent me I some books, he asked I me to return w ~ ~

them back I by the end of the month. I No Error. (D) (E)

6. He denied I that he was not I present at the spot of I w ~ ~

occurrence. I No Error. (D) (E)

. 7. The C.M. said I that it was his I decision and that nobody (A) (B) (C)

could I get it changed. I No Error. (D) (E)

8. My father asked me I if I had I sufficient enough money I (A) (B) (C)

to pay the fees./ No Error. (D) (E)

9. The candidate I requested the Chairman I to repeat the I (A) (B) (C)

question again. / No Error. (D) (E)

PROBLEMS BASED ON SUPERFLUOUS EXPRESSIONS & SLANG

36. an English teacher = a teacher who is an English man. ~ a teacher of English = a teacher who teaches English.·

a:to: ~ at2r "1'r ~ -q ~ ~ ~ cfiBT ~I -;tit-

(i) My brother is an English teacher. [~ ~ sq. an English teacher ~ ~ a teacher of

English q;r ~ ~ ~] 37. passing marks~~ pass marks 'cfiT ~ m'fil i,

linking language I linking road ~ 'if<ffi link language / link road ~ ctiT ~ 'fflm t,

23. mutual dislike of each other# 'of each other' 'cfiT ~ ~-tl"F~14cfi ti

24. await= wait for, comprise ;;,, consist of despite = in 'spite of

·-- r"" investigate·; enquire into .. a«r: ,await~-~ for, comprise is ~ of, despite <fi ~

6f .. investigate ~· ~ into 'cfiT ~ ~ ti ·.- .. 25. two ~ins. -q two , divide into four quarters -q quarters

~ q;r >l<lT1T <>H icH' <!cf> t1 ' 26. reason because cfiT ~ ~ ~ ~ lITTIT t; reason

why q';f ~ mm t ~ reason that cfiT; ~-

(i) This is the reason why he does not come. 27. until, unless, forbid, prohibit, prevent, dissuade,

deny, refuse, Jest "q' 'not' cfiT ~ ~ ti am: ~ am:: 'not'. ~ >l<lT1T ~ m-a-T t; ~-(i) He forbade me not to go out. (i\' 'not 'cfiT ~ ~=tlq)i <l<h to

· 28. coward man -q man <f>T Jl<ll'1T ~ t'; ~ coward ~ ~ Noun t 31R ~ 3N tl' t ~ 3lJGlft'1 ~ a cowardly.man.~ ·cowardly-~ Adjective ti

ant'; a coward= a cowardly man. 29. flee = run away = 'lflT ";5fRTI a:to: flee away ~ ~

ti 30.'Relative Pronouns who, which, that ~ ~ 'and' cfiT

~ <>!41qli lj!f, t; ~- Q) He is Raman. and who.is my friend. . [~ ~ if 'who' ~ ~ 'and' <fir ~ ~-flqlillcfi ii] 31. Relative Pronouns who.which, that~ am:: ~ ~

~ Antecedents js ~ it, them 'cfiT m- ~41<:llt<lcfi l:JRT ~t;~-

(i) This is the book which I bought it for you. [~ ~ if bought~ ~ 'it' <fir ~ ~--11=q .... ll-ll<li- t1]

32. Relative Pronouns ~ ~ crert" cfT<R ~ 3"Rr "q' ~ ~~'IR~~ Preposition 'cfiT 1f1tlTr ~ R ~I ~-

(i) This is the man to whom I was talking to.

~~~aRrif tocfiT~~t1 33. Suddenly come across if suddenly q;r l1<n'1T 31:Mli 4cfi

t ~ come across= meet suddenly. m come across~ iflG with CfiT ~ ~ ti 34. with bag and baggage jt with q;r_ ~ 3141clli<lcfi t;

~ bag and baggage = with all belongings = ~ ~ ~ mer. ~-~ ~ mer, ~ bag and baggage ~ with cfiT ~~ti

35. my family member js ~ a member of my family, all my family members ~ · ~ all the members of my family 'cfiT ~ ~; ~ family member Slang ti

Error. (E)

29. I took a day's leave to attend I a dear departed friend's I (A) (B)

funeral service which. was I to be conducted by his family {C) (D)

priest. I No Error. (E).

30. Unless you do not I go through your books I you cannot (A) (B)

.get through the examination./ No Error. (C) (D)

31. The last project of I the company was I equally as (A) (B) (q.

successful I as the first project. I No Error. (D) (E)

32, He wanted to know I whether it was I the right and · (A) (B) (C)

proper I thing to do. I No Error. (D) (E)

33. The English teacher said I that we should work I regularly (A) (B)

if we wanted I to improve our English. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

34. He wishes to join / lecturership because I be thinks that (A) (B) (C)

this I is a peaceful profession. I No Error. (D) (E)

No Error. (E)

24. Many people don't hardly know I about the real factors I (A) (B) .

that have led the state I to so many crises. / No Error. (C) (D) (E)

25. They were quite all right I when they started arguing I {A) (B)

with the I so called officer. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

26. They stayed in Kashmir I for a very short I period of time (A) (B) (C)

and then I they returned home. I No Error. (D) (E)

27. She reimbursed back I the money which I bad I spent (A) (B)

. during our I journey to Kathmandu. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

28. Please remember that I Dr. Sharan, who is a surgeon, I is (A) (B)

my cousin brother and I must be shown due respect I No (C) (D)

23. The reason why most I of the people commit crime 1 is (A) . (B)

because they have not been I properly educated. 1 (C) (D)

without some violence. I No Error. (D) (E)

22. Throughout the whole year I there was not I a single day I (A) (B) (C)

B. The -Principal forbade I the students not .to I stage a I (A) (B) (C)

walk out I No Error. (D) (E)

1. "The patient is comparatively better I today and I hope I (A) (B)

that he will recover soon", I said the doctor./ No Error. (C) (D) {E)

2. A cousin sister I of the Chairman said that she would I (A) . (B)

like to succeed him I when his term expired. I No Error. (C) (D) · (E)

3. Yesterday in the night I he came to dinner but ate I very (A) (B)

little because he I was emotionally disturbed. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

.4. This is the new I book which my father I bought it I for · (A) (B) (C)

· you. I No Error. (E)

.5. The thing what/you like/ is not available I here./ No Error. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

l6. She asked me politely I where I was going to I and what I (A) (B) (C)

would I bring for her. I No Error. (D) (E)

l7. In Delhi, he I came across with many I of his friends I who (A) (B) (C)

had settled there. I No Error. (D) (E)

l8. Probably by the end I of the year he will I leave for the (A) (B) (C)

USA I with bag and baggage. I No Error. - (D) (E)

19. This 'idea of I the Chief Minister's I has surprised the I (A) (B) (C)

intellectuals to a great extent I No Error. (D) (E)

20; Two recent incidents I amply illustrate about I the present (A) (B) (C)

political I condition of the country. I No Error. (D) (E)

21. Perhaps we must wait for I quiter times before the claims (A) (B)

of civilization I can again over-ride over I the claims of (C)

the party spirit./ No Error. (D) .(E)


. 1. (C) 'kindly' cfiT 'l!<lPT -:rt!' ~ ~ 'kindly' ~

'requested' cfiT m- ~ ~ ~ mar t, 'kindly' <IT 'please' cfiT m- Active Voice if ~ (request) if. ~ ~ t am ~ kindly <IT 'please'~ ~ Passive Voice if 'requested' cfiT ffl' ~ ';5fToT t; tt- Active : Please I kindly help me. Passive: You are requested to help me.

2. (D) 'by all' cfiT ffl' superfluous t ~ universally inI' 3f4 tt' t 'fq,tqoqlcfl ~ ~·1 am:, universally accepted by all <IT universally acknowledged by all ~~~~ti

3. (C) 'near' q:;r m. superfluous i·~ 'approach' cfiT 3f4 ~ t ·~ arr,:rr' I ,

EXPLANATIONS

ANSWERS

1. (C) 2. (D) 3.(C) 4. (A) 5. (C} 6. (B) 7.(C) 8. (C) 9. (D) 10. (B)

11. (A) 12. (A) 13. (A) 14. (C) 15. (A) 16. (B) 17. (B) 18. (D) 19. (B) 20. (B) 21. (C) 22. (A) 23. (C) 24. (A) 25. (A) 26. (C) 27. (A) 28. (C) 29. (C) 30. (A) 31. (C) 32. (C) 33. (A) 34. (B) 35. (B) 36. (B) 37. (A) 38. (A) 39. (A) 40. (C) 41. (A) 42. (A) 43. (D) ~.(A) 45. (A) 46. (E) 47. (A) 48. (C) 49. (B) 50. (C)

51. (D)

another. I No Error. (D) (E)

44. As my neighbourers I are very co-operative I I do not I (A) (B) (C)

feel any difficulty .. / No Error. (D) (E)

45. He ran as fastly I as he could to I win the tece-! but (A) (B) (C)

ultimately he lost. I No Brror, (D) (E)

46. Both of them have I not turned up I in this I court I (A) (B) (C) (D)

No EJ1or. (J!j

/, . I'

42. Many pupils of this department I are working as. teachers I ,(A) (B)

in different public schools I of the city./ No Error. (C) (D) (E)

43. Each competitor I tried his best I to defeat I the one (A) (B) (C)

have got I just thirty. I No Error. (D) (E)

stations. I No Error. . (E)

39. At! his family members I are working on I some of the I (A) (B) (C)

prestigious posts. I No Error, (D) (E)

40. In spite of his insincerity I he was awarded I cent-percent (A) (B) . (C)

marks I in mathematics. I No Error: (D) (E)

41. The passing marks I in this paper are thirty I three but you (A) (B) (C)

No Error. (E)

38. To what has always puzzled me I is why we had to wait (A) (B) ,

for I the British to promote the. development I of our hill (C) . (D)

36. Now-a-days he I is living in foreign I but his parents I still (A) (B) (C)

live in India. I No Error. (D) (E)

37. According to me I every student of English literature I (A) ' (B) ·

must read all the best I tragedies of Shakespeare. I (C). (D)

'lives I abroad. I No Error. (C) (D) (E)

35. One of my best friends I is in the teaching line I but he (A) (B)

. A.Mirror of Common Errors

47. He put his sign I at the foot of the I letter and posted it I (A) (B) (C)

without delay./ No Error. (D) (E)

48. The officer asked me I to talk to the I concerned clerk (A) {B) (C)

for I any difficulty in payment. I No Error. (D) (E)

49. He was I very friendly enough I to help me when I I was (A) (B) (C)

in distress. I No Error. (D) (E)

SO The old man asked me I if there was any I place in / the (A) (B) (C)

compartment. I No Error. (D) (E)

51. I have learnt I that a lot of I students have applied I for (A) (B) (C)

freeship. I No Error . (D) (E)

' : 138

(ii) The thing which I that you like mo!>t is this book. 16. (B) 'to' q;r ~ superfluous t ~ ~ fcfim oZifcRr ~

~ WR ~ t "Where are you going ?" ;, fc:i:; "Where are you going to?"

17. (B) 'with' W. ~ superfluous ! ~ 'come across' 'q;f 31'f m t "to meet suddenly'' ·~. ~ m;rr' am: ~ ~ 'a!Tc:: ~ Object~ !; ~- (i) I came across Mohan while I was going to

· college. f':f ~. 'came across with' <if suddenly came across with]

18. (D) 'with' cfiT ~ ~Hic1~4<h t ~ 'bag and baggage' ~ idiom t oYfT ~ ~ ~ qi,fi ~ 'with' :m B'i'IT \;~-

< (i) He returned from Delhi bag and baggage. [-:r ~ with bag and baggage]

19. (B) 's [Apostrophe's'] cfiT ~ superflupus t ~ [A +Noun+ of +N's] <R ~ ~ t, ~. [this/that/these/those + Noun + of + N] cfiT ~ mot t;~- (i) A friend of Ram's[= one of the friends of Ram]

)'

Degree ~ Adjective cfiT 'SPWT ~ -mm t, -:; ~ Comparative Degree js Adjective q;rr .

12. (A) 'sister' cfiT ~-:m' m ~ 'cousin' q;r ~ ~ t ·~ ~ 1 ffl ow-r·1 am mi~~~~ tm WiR ~. ~ .;im ~ -qm ~ ~ ~ Subject jt mT l;~- (i) H~ is my cousin. ['He'~ 'qof ~ t ~ am

. ·~· <fil ~ ~ ~ !1 ] . (ii) She is my cousin. ['She' ~ -qm ~ t fcf;_ 3lTG' ~·~~~~ti]

13. (A) 'yesterday in the night' ~ ~ 'last night' cfiT wrrrT m1IT ~ ~ 'yesterday night' <if yesterday in the night cfiT wrrrf ~ ~ \1 ~ last night, last week, last month- <R 'SPWT ~ t; ~- (i) He came here last week/last month/last year, etc. [;, ~ in the last month I in the last year] .

14. (C) 'it' cfiT · ffl' superfluous t'. ~ 'bought' cfiT Object which t°; ~- (i) This is the man whom I have invited. ;, fc:I:;, (ii) This is the man whom I have invited him.

15. (A) <if m '..be thing' cm- ~~-mm 'what'~~ 'which' m 'that' cfiT 'SPWT ~ ~ cf<lifcf; 'what'~ Relative Pronoun~ ~ ~ ~ mnT t m ~ ~ lITTlT t [The thing which m the things which). 3lo: 'what' ~ antecedent fwlr ~ ti iti f<f;m ~ Antecedentq;t refer~~ t; ~-

, (i) What you like most is this book.

<if, (ii) I have sufficient time to do this work.

9. (D) 'again' cfiT ~ superfluous t ~ repeat cfiT -~ mt 'say or do again',~~. 3+0<3:RI cf;vITI

3lo:, repeat again~~ t, 10. (B) 'not' cfiT ~ ~ ~ ~ 'forbade'·~ ofR 'not'

q;r ~~mar ti 'Forbade', forbid cfiT past~ t ~ aN 'tr! 'not allow'(~ -:r ~. ?AT cf;vIT,

~)13«r:, (i) He forbade me to. walk in the sun. R ~ He

forbade me not to walk in the sun.] ll. (A) <if m 'comparatively' <@' 6eT ~ ~ <if ~

. 'better' q} good 'if ~ ~ ~ 'comparatively' cfiT ~ ~ t ',g{,HfMfi ~ ~·, a«r:, m err 'better' <if err 'comparatively good' 'q;f ~

~ ~I ~ 'lfcfiR relatively$ ~ 'lft' Positive

4. (A) 'supposing' oeir 'if' cfiT ~ ~ ,:ft -q:q; ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ cfiT ~ 'ltRT I *' \1 a«f, <if err 'supposing' cfiT ~ n <if 'if' 'q;f; ~-

(i) Supposing he comes late, what will you do ? <if (ii) H he comes late, what will you do ?

5. (C) 'back' cfiT ~ 'superfluous' t ~ return <R ~ m t "come back" <if "give back''. ~ JlqiR afR" ra ~ Retreat/Recede/Reimburse · ~ ~ ~ 'back' cfiT Jl<ITlT ~ mm t; ~--:- (i) He reimbursed the money I had spent on his part.' [;, fer; "reimbursed the money back".)

6. (B) 'not' cfiT ~ ;rtl' n ~ 'deny' cfiT .3¢ m t ~ ~-·, ~ ~ t:2iR ra ~ refuse/forbid/prevent/until/unless ~ i!fTG' li'IT 'not' cfiT~~~t;~-

(i) You will not succeed, unless you will not work hard.

<fiR 1'fffif tr ~~~b- (ii) You will not succeed unless you work hard.

7. (C) 'that' cfiT ~ superfluous t ~ Part (B) ~ ~ 'that' m ~ t1 -~ 'TI" Narration~~~~ q'T<Ff~ ~-

(i) Direct : The P.M. said, "It is my decision and nobody can get it changed". (ii) Indirect : The P.M. said that it was his decision and nobody could get it changed". 'Indirect Narration' it ~ 'll'Q; ~ t ~ 'qof ~

t fcf; "liv-i it ~- 'll'Q; cflq<f if; PART (C) it 'that' ~ 'Sf2TI"1T ~ ~ ~l<l~<Jq;ar ;rtl' ti

8. (C) sufficient am: enough cfiT ~ ~ 'TI" -q:q; ~ ;rtl' mm t ~ ~ m cfiT ~ t ·~·, m:. <iT err sufficient <if err enough cfiT ~ n; ~- (i) I have enough time to do this work.

(ii) Ram is as successful as Shyarn. 32. (C) ~ m right <fiT ~ n ~ m proper q;r ~

'right' 31R 'proper' cfiT ~ 11.:'n m'lf ~ P 't; ~- (i) This is the right way to talk to him.

(ii) This is the proper way to help the needy. 33. (A) 'The English teacher'~ ~ 'the teacher of English'

cfiT mT ittrr ~ 'the English teacher' cf;T ~ t ·~ ~· ~ 'the teacher of English' cf;T ~ t '3ilt3ft' ~ ~·1 f.ti.if<:'lf~d ~ ~ ~- (i) Mr. Jones is an English teacher. [firo ~ ~) ~ ~ t't) (ii) Mr. Rakesh is a teacher of English. [firo ~~~~ti]

34. (B) 'lecturership' .% ~ 'lectureship' q;r '5l<n1T n ~ 'lecturership' ~ ~ ~ ti '9tR W fcf; 'teachership' ~ ~ ~ m1f 'lecturership'·<R ~ . ~ ~ l ~ 'lectureship'~ !1

35. (B) 'line' ~ ~ 'profession' cfir JflnlT n. ~ 'teaching' ~. profession ti a«f:, 'in the leaching profession'~ t,

36. (B) 'in foreign' ~ ~ abroad cfiT lPnlT 'ffl'T1T ~ Standard English if ~ it ~· 'live abroad' cf;T

~ ffiW t, ~. in a foreign country cf;T ~ ~ ~

~ti . 37. (A) 'According to me' ~ ~ 'In my opinion' q;r ~

~ ~ according to <R ~ First Person ~ ~ 3r,!ffl ~ ~ '1fTllT t, ~-According to me ~ ~ In my opinion, According to us~ ~ In our opinion cfiT '5l<n1T fcf;trr ~ ~ ~ ~ t, tff. According to you I According to him I According to them I According to the Bible ~ cfiT ~ fct;lfr ~ti

38. (A) To cfiT 'SPfflT superfluous t ~ 'what' q;r Jfln'lT 73fif Relative Pronoun ~ ~ if it ~ ~ ~ ~ Antecedent./ Preposition ~ cfiT WWT ~ ~ ~ t,tt- (i) What has always disturbed me is your insincerity .

39. (A) 'All his family members'~~ All the members of his family ~ ~ it11T ~ a family member I family · members cfiT '5l<fl'1T TTm lfRT ~ !1 A member of his family I A member of your family~ <fiT wwr ~ ~ ti

(i) Ram and Shyam are equally successful. 'llT.

31. (C) 'equally' cfiT ~ superfluous t ~ 'as mn:D-":8l· -:::! as' ~ ·-gt "q<!T ~ ~. t fcf; '3tRT ~ - - f-'41{:jf~a ~ ~ ~ .......

(i) The reason of his absence is that he is ill. ;r fcf;,

(ii) The reason of his absence is because he is ill. · 24. (A) 'don't' q;r ~~fl~ hardly I scarcely

~ ·lJG Negative !1 a«f: ~ ~ don't/doesn't/didn't/hasn't/haven't ~ tt ~ Negative q;r WWT ~ ~ ';;i(rnT t; ~- (i) He hardly comes. pf fcf; doesn't hardly come]

25. (A) ~ m quite~~~ ~ fq;:( all~ ~ 'quite all' qi!' 'SPfflT ~ ~ ~ -iITTfT t I

26. (C) 'of time' q;r Jl<TI'lT superfluous t ~ 'for a short period'~ 'for a short time'~~~ ;:;mrr t; tt- (i) He stayed here for a short period.

1ff

(ii) He stayed here for a short time. · 27. (A) 'back' qi!' ~ superfluous t ~ reimburse js ~

'back' cf;)' ~ ~ mar ti NOTE:~~~~~'tjo (5)~~

·~I 28. (C) 'brother' cf;T m superfluous ti

· NOTE:~~~~.~ 'tjo (12) ~ ~~I

29. (C) ·~ervice' q;r m superfluous t ~ 'funeral' ~ .a1N 1)' 'service' ti -gf, 'a funeral procession', 'a funeral march, 'a funeral pyre', 'a funeral pile' ~ qif ~ irar ti

30. (A) 'do not' q;r Jlm'tT ~ 'IDlTTI NOTE·:~~~ ~ ~ 'tjo (6) ~ oqraqr

~I

(ii) He described it (;r fcfi about it) 21. (C) 'over' cf;T Jl<TI'lT superfluous t ~ over-ride I

overcome ~ ~ ~ 'over' ciiT ~ ~ fif;ztr ~ t;tt- (i) He overcame you. pf fcf; overcame over you)

22. (A) ~ m throughout the year ~ ~ the whole year q;r ~ n ~ ey;rr cf;T ~ ~ ~ "fflaT t ~ 'R' I a«r:, throughout the whole year ~ ~ llmtl

23. (C) 'because' ~ ~ · 'that' <fiT l1<fflT ~ ~ 'the reason' ~ 'because' cJil' ~ ~ ~ ~ i\'TJr; tt-

(ii) The life of Ram.[= Ram's life] 20. (B) 'about' cf;T lPnlT superfluous t ~ illustrate

describe I discuss ~ ~ ~ Object (something) atm t -;r fcfi 'about+ Object'. ~- (i) He discussed it. pf fcf; about it]

A Mirror of Common Errors :,-40

***'

(ii) He runs fast.

T * Verb Adv. 46. (E) qJcR ~ t, 47. (A) 'sign'~ ~ 'signature' q;r 1f1ITlT ~ ~ 'sign'

~ ~ 3lef 'it) Verb t. ~ 'signature' Noun ti anf:~-

(i) He si8£ed the letter.

Verb (ii) He put his signature to the letter.

J: Noun

48. (C) 'concerned' ?fiT ffl' 'clerk' ~ "'1G n ~ 'the concerned clerk' cfiT ~ t ~ fci;u:ft' ~ the clerk concerned qi!' 3lef t ~ ~· 1

49. (B) 'very' qi!'. ffl' superfluous t ~ 'Positive Degree Adjective+ enough' q;r ffl' 'ffl"ffi' t; ~-

. (i) lucky enough (ii) tall enough (iii) rich enough [-r f.fi, very lucky enough ~ luckier enough ~ luckiest enough.] · so. <C) 'place' % ~ 'roo~· <fir m ~ cPnfcf; q, t:r ~ if ~. ~·~~.'room' cfiT ~ ~ ~t. ~fct; 'place'lR; tt- (i) There is no room in the bus. [';f fcfi no place]

51. (D) 'freeship' ~ ·~ 'free-studentship' w JPit1T "ffl'1IT ~ 'freeship' cfiT m Standard English if ~ ~~t1 ~ Slanglt

(iii) real · really ~. 'fast' Adjective \ft' t ~ Adverb \ft't ~:. ~ me!' '-ly' ~ 'fastly' ~ iR11lf ~ ti ·~- ~

(i) He is a fast runner . . T -r .Adj. Noun

Adverb J,

carefully doubtfully

Adjective J,

(i) careful (ii) doubtful

40. {C) 'cent-percent' ~ ~ 'hundred-percent' qiT' ~

fl, ~ cent-percent~ 'mi'-'5ITTl"fflf' qiT' .afW;ft ~ t, ~. arr-, ffl ~'cent-percent'~~ ~ Standard English -q- ~ ti

41. (A) 'passing marks' ~ ~ 'pass marks'~ ~ il'TTT, ~ 'passing marks' ~ ~ ~ ffl' -q- ~ ~;;mrrt1 .

42. (A) 'pupils; ~ ~· 'students' qiT' ~ WIT ~ 'pupils' '!fil"· ~ t, 'ft'r!izr I ~· ~ ~ fffiTI' ~ ~ t ~ ' 'students' q;r aN t 'fcmreff' it m 3'ITT: ~ cfiT ·~ ~ ~ ti ~. 'pupil teacher' q;r m ~ '1l"RlT t ~ a;ef "ffl'ffl t - ~·. ~~~~~%faQ'.~~ '1l"RlT t,

43. (D) 'one another'~ ffi 'the other' <if ~ A ~ 'Each' s 1fR{ 'other' q;r ~ ~ t ';r fcfi 'one another' ?fiTI

·44. (A) 'neighbourers' ~ ~ 'neighbours' cfiT ffl' ft ~ 'neighbourers' ~ ~ ~ ':Jtl' ti 11' 'neighbour'~ t ~ aN t ~·1

45. (A) 'fastly' ~ ~ 'fast' cfiT m ft~ ijiq1:::qa1,1: Adjective 'q' '-ly' ~ Adverb~ '3ITTIT t; tt-

141 · A Mirror of Common Errors·

~- (i) Ram married Sita. [~ fcn married with Sita <IT

married to Sita} 4. (C) 'will'~ ~ 'would' <f;j -m 'iW1T ~ ~ ~

~ Indirect Narration if t ~ Reporting clause 'She said' Past Tense if !1

5. (A) 'Being'~ ~ 'It' cfi!' >l<WT' ~nrn NOTE : ~ ~ % ~ _Yerbs ~ Chapter it ~I

· 6. (B) 'have'~ ~ 'has'·q;r ~ WIT~ 'Many a'$ ~ Singular Countable Noun cfiT w:rl'TT moT t am Singular Verb q';'f; ~-

(i) Many a T ~ on the table.

Noun Verb (Singular] [Countable Singular]

7. (B) 'than' $ ~ 'to' ~ -m n ~ superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, prior, junior, senior ~ ~ 'to'~ 'ffl' ~ t. ':f ~ 'than' ~I

8. (B) in details $ ~ 'in detail'~ -m m ~ 'in detail' ~ idiomatic use t atR ~ idiomatic use cfit 61:f · aw.ft ~ t ~ <fir w:im -:rt!' ~ t, tt...:...in confusion, in trouble, in danger, in debt ~ fr fc!. in a danger <IT in dangers ~] 1

9. (A) 'catties' ~ ~ the 'cattle' ~ -m ~ ~ . 'cattle' ~ ~ plural noun ti a«r:, The cattle are grazing [':f ~ some catties "l!T the cattles]

10. (B) 'than'~~ 'to'~-mm1 NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ am:-msirr (7) "cfil' ~~'

(Verb)

(i) Ram is married to Sita. . ~, j Subject+ marry+ Oltject !

J,

sifg .

yl

know how [~ 1T'AT ~ ~ {.] (ii) I do not know what to

. --rTT know what to

. ~ ·-:rtf ~ t ~ "lJRT t] 3. (C) 'with' ~ ~ 'to' ~ >l<WT' WIT ~ Subject + to

be+ married+ to+ Object I <fiT WWT ~ ·

2. (C) 'to' $ ffi 'how' cfiT 'm ~ ~ bow % ~ how I when I where I what ~ if ~ 3lvi % ~ fcl:;tjy . ~ cfil" JlcIT1T ~ INFINmVE ( to + V 1) ~ lT<llTl ~~t;~- (i) I do not know how to siig ..

.--rTT to V1

. 1. (C) 'not' cfiT -m -::m' n ~ 'lest' ~ ~ 'not' cfiT -m ~ Tm t, Lest ~ 3lvi ~ ~ ! ~ ~ ~ ~·, .mr: (i) Work hard, lest you should fail. r,; ~ Lest you should not fail]

EXPLANATIONS

5. (A) 10. (B)

2. (C) 7. (B)

1. (C) 6. (B).

4. (C) 9. (A)

ANSWERS 3. (C) 8. (B)

6. Many a man I have been I working I under me. I No Error. (A) (B) (C) . . {D) (E)

7. Your flat is. superior I than I that of mine I in all respects.z / (A) (B) (C) (I))

No Error. (E)-

8. I told him the story I in details I to make him understand/ (A) . (B) (C)

it fully. I No Error . (D) (E)

9. Catties I were grazing I in the meadows I near our farm./ (A) (B) (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

10. You are really I senior than I me I in age. I No Error. (A) (B) (C} (D) . (E)

. I

5. Being a I fine day, we went out I for picnic I at Okhla. I _(A) (B) (C) (D)

No Error. (E)

Direction : Find ouuhe error, if any. 1. Make haste I lest I you should not miss I the train. I

(A) (B) . (C) (D) No Error.

(E) 2. Many of us I do not know I to swim I at all./ No Error.

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 3. At last I he was married I with I a poor girl. I No Error.

(A} (B) (C) (D) (E) 4. She said I that I she will help me I whenever I was in

(A) (B) (C) (D) difficulty. I No Error.

(E)

'. I B.S.R.B. CLEid~~L EXAM.; 1986 ::====================================:-~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~""':'""~~--' J . . PROBLEMS I QUESTION:S I

mirror of common errors

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