miron fircxelani saqartvelos eleqtroenergetikasi martvis
TRANSCRIPT
miron fircxelani
saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis
axali sistemebis damuSaveba da danergva
wardgenilia doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
Tbilisi, 0175, saqarTvelo
17 aprili, 2012 weli
©saavtoro ufleba, miron fircxelani, 2012
II
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
energetikisa da telekomunikaciis fakulteti
Cven, qvemore xelis momwerni vadasturebT, rom gavecaniT miron
fircxelanis mier Sesrulebul sadisertacio naSroms dasaxelebiT:
“saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis damuSaveba
da danergva” da vaZlevT rekomendacias saqarTvelos teqnikuri
universitetis energetikisa da telekomunikaciis fakultetis
sadisertacio sabWoSi mis ganxilvas doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis
mosapoveblad.
17.04.2012 weli
xelmZRvaneli:
recenzenti:
recenzenti:
recenzenti:
III
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
2012 weli
avtori: fircxelani mironi
dasaxeleba: saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali
sistemebis damuSaveba da danergva
fakulteti: energetikisa da telekomunikaciis
akademiuri xarisxi: doqtori
sxdoma Catarda:
individualuri pirovnebis an institutebis mier zemomoyvanili
dasaxelebis disertaciis gacnobis mizniT moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi misi
arakomerciuli miznebiT kopirebisa da gavrcelebis ufleba miniWebuli
aqvs saqarTvelos teqnikur universitets.
avtoris xelmowera
avtori inarCunebs danarCen sagamomcemlo uflebebs da arc
mTliani naSromis da arc misi calkeuli komponentebis gadabeWdva an
sxva raime meTodiT reproduqcia dauSvebelia avtoris werilobiTi
nebarTvis gareSe.
avtori irwmuneba, rom naSromSi gamoyenebuli saavtoro
uflebebiT dacul masalebze miRebulia Sesabamisi nebarTva (garda im
mcire zomis citatebisa, romlebic moiTxoven mxolod specifiur
mimarTebas literaturis citirebaSi, rogorc es miRebulia samecniero
naSromebis Sesrulebisas) da yvela maTganze iRebs pasuxismgeblobas.
IV
reziume
warmodgenili naSromi eZRvneba saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis
ganviTarebis istoriis Seswavlas, Catarebuli reformebis teqnikur-
ekonomikuri Sedegebis analizs, marTvis axali sistemebis damuSavebasa
da SemdgomSi maTi danergvis SesaZleblobas.
saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergetikis ganviTareba TiTqmis im
droidan iwyeba, roca civilizebulma qveynebma (evropam, amerikam)
daiwyes am mimarTulebiT ganviTareba. es faqti gulisxmobs qarTveli
kacis did dainteresebas teqnikuri siaxleebisadmi da Tu masStabebi
mTel qveyanaze vrceldeba, es ukve eris midrekilebis niSan-Tvisebaa.
Temis aqtualobas gansazRvravs, eleqtroenergetikisadmi mudmivad
mzardi moTxovnileba, romelic pirovnebis, sazogadoebisa da TviT
saxelmwifos keTildReobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tanamedrove
msoflioSi eleqtroenergetikiT uzrunvelyofa nebismieri qveynisTvis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens. aqve xazi unda gavusvaT
im faqts, rom msoflios energetikuli resursebi TandaTan ileva.
alternatiuli wyaroebis migneba da gamoyeneba jer kidev
gadauwyvetelia. qveynis eleqtroenergiiT uzrunvelyofa erovnuli
usafrTxoebis erT-erTi mTavari Semadgeneli nawilia. rogorc
cnobilia eleqtroenergias aqvs rogorc moxmarebis pirdapiri
daniSnuleba, aseve igi warmoadgens Semosavlis udides wyaros.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi swored am ori mimarTulebiT aris aqtualuri
eleqtroenergiis gamoyeneba.
samuSaos mizans warmoadgens, saqarTvelos eleqtro energetikaSi
marTvis axali sistemebis damuSaveba da danergva. am Temis kvleva
sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiTaa aqtualuri, kerZod:
a) sworad iqnas gaanalizebuli saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi
Catarebuli reformebis Sedegad daSvebuli Secdomebi da Sedegebi;
b) gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqces qveynis energousafrTxoebas;
g) eleqtroenergetikaSi Camoyalibdes marTvis da finansirebis
axali modeli, rac Seqmnis pirobas, uaxloes weliwadSi,
aTvisebul iqnas axali simZlavreebi (saSualod 3000 megavatis
farglebSi);
d) eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva (SesaZleblobis farglebSi)
daeqvemdebaros Tavisufali bazris principebs. eleqtroenergiis
gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi (konstituciis me-3 muxlis
Tanaxmad) moxmardes rogorc saxelmwifo biujets, aseve kerZo
mesakuTres aqciebis procentuli sakuTrebis mixedviT da dargis
ganviTarebas;
e) Camoyalibdes administraciuli marTvis axali modeli da
kadrebis momzadebis axali sistema;
kvlevis obieqts da sakvlev masalas warmoadgens: saqarvelos
eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis amsaxveli Semdegi ZiriTadi
indikatorebi: usafrTxoeba, axali simZlavreebis aTviseba,
V
energetikuli sawarmoebis (generaciis, eleqtrosistemis ganawilebis)
da momxmareblebis finansuri urTierToba, administrirebis forma,
maRali kvalificiuri inJinris momzadeba, arasaxelmwifo sapensio
fondis Seqmna. sakvlev masalad gamoyenebuli iqna:
“saqenergos” saarqivo masalebi; postsabWoTa periodSi
Catarebuli reformebis Sedegebi; saqarTveloSi ucxouri kompaniebis
Semosvlis Sedegad ganviTarebuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi movlenebis
amsaxveli dokumenturi masala; dargSi amJamad arsebuli mdgomareobis
analizis Sedegad miRebuli daskvnebi. msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebis
energetikuli ganviTarebis amsaxveli magaliTebi da sakuTari
gamocdileba. kvlevis meTodad gamoyenebulia: aRweriTi, teqnikuri da
struqturuli kvlevis meTodebi.
naSromis mecnieruli siaxle mdgomareobs, saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis damuSavebaSi, rac
gulisxmobs: saqarTvelos energosistemis usafrTxoebis normebis
gazrdas; axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis meTodikis Camoyalibebas;
Tavisufali bazris principiT eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis axali
meqanizmis Seqmnas; administraciuli marTvis axali wesis SemoRebas;
energetikuli sawarmoebis maRalkvalificiuri kadrebiT
uzrunvelyofas da Rvawlmosil energetikosTa arasaxelmwifo sapensio
fondis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas.
naSromis praqtikuli Rirebuleba: kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli
siaxleebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. modelirebis Sedegad
miRebuli meTodebis danergva, erTmniSvnelovnad zrdis ama Tu im
energetikuli sawarmos efeqtianobas da mTlianad, energosistemis
qmedunarianobas. kerZod, pirvel rigSi moxdeba qveynis SigniT arsebuli
eleqtroenergiis deficitis aRmofxvra. warmoebuli da miwodebuli
eleqtroenergiis Tavisufali bazris principiT realizeba, (rac umetes
SemTxvevaSi iwvevs Sida bazarze tarifis Semcirebas), Sesabamisad
gasayidi eleqtroenergiis moculobis gazrds. anu mogebuli rCeba,
rogorc gamyidveli (am SemTxvevaSi energetikuli sawarmoebi: generacia,
eleqtrosistema, sadistribucio kompaniebi), aseve myidveli (mosaxleoba,
mcire da msxvili mewarmeebi).
naSromis struqtura Sedgeba: Sesavalisagan, 6 Tavisagan,
daskvnebisagan, literaturis mimoxilvisagan, gamoyenebuli samecniero
literaturisa da sakanonmdeblo bazis wyaroTa nusxisagan, Seicavs
cxrilebs, grafikebsa da sailustracio sqemebs. naSromi Seicavs 161
nabeWd gverds.
SesavalSi dasabuTebulia sakvlevi problemis arCevani,
gansazRvrulia kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi, xazgasmulia naSromis
mecnieruli siaxle, misi Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba.
pirvel TavSi, ganxilulia qveynis energetikis ganviTarebis sawyisi
etapebi, aRwerilia pirveli eleqtrosadgurebis, qvesadgurebis da
eleqtrogadacemis xazebis mSeneblobis da eqspluataciaSi gaSvebis
VI
istoria. detalurad aris naCvenebi, Tu rogori tempebiT viTardeboda
dargi. gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia saqarTvelos, rogorc qveynis da misi
saukeTeso Svilebis miswrafeba dargis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. aRwerilia
calkeuli obieqtebis mSeneblobis, simZlavreebis aTvisebis da
gamoyenebis amsaxveli masalebi. ganxilulia miRweuli warmatebebis
safuZvlebi.
aseve yuradReba gamaxvilebulia oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis Semdgom
Catarebul reformebze. axsnilia reformebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
Sedegebi. ram gamoiwvia reformebis Catarebis aucilebloba, arsebobda
Tu ara sakanonmdeblo baza. daxasiaTebulia reformebis buneba.
dakonkretebulia reformebSi uSualod monawile organizaciebi.
warmodgenilia reformebis xarvezebi. yvelaferi es mimarTulia iqiTken,
rom uaxles momavalSi, saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi dainergos
marTvis axali sistema.
meore TavSi, warmodgenilia saqarTvelos energosistemis
usafrTxoebis aspeqtebi. vrclad aris ganxiluli ZiriTadi
usafrTxoebis safuZvlebi. kerZod, ra resursebi gaaCnia saqarTvelos
energosistemas, romel wyaroze (hidro, qvanaxSiri) dayrdnobiT unda
ganviTardes momavali eleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba. rogoria
saqarTvelos, rogorc kavkasiis regionis erT-erTi mTavari “moTamaSis”
ekonomikuri, geopolitikuri, ekologiuri da socialuri ganzomilebebi.
ramdenad usafrTxoa mezobeli qveynebis gavlenebisgan daculi. aqvs Tu
ara sarTaSoriso bazrebTan xelmisawvdomobis perspeqtiva. SeuZlia Tu
ara sakuTari resursebis xarjze daikmayofilos Sida moTxovnebi, Tu
importze izrunos, anda piriqiT, eqneba Tu ara momgebiani eqsportis
ganxorcielebis saSualeba.
mesame TavSi, ganxilulia axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis
optimaluri variantebi, Seswavlilia saqarTveloSi axali simZlavreebis
aTvisebis xelisSemwyobi pirobebi, SerCeulia reliefi da mdinareebi,
sadac unda warimarTos pirveli rigis eleqtrosagurebis mSenebloba.
damuSavebulia hidroresursebis aTvisebis upiratesoba da SesaZlo
mosalodneli dadebiTi Sedegebi. yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli
saerTaSoriso normebis dacvaze da im mosaxleobis socialur,
ekonomikur da ekologiuri zaralis anazRaurebaze, romlebic
hidrosadgurebis mSeneblobis Sedegad SeiZleba dazaraldnen.
warmodgenilia axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis Sedegad miRebuli
Teoriuli monacemebi.
meoTxe TavSi, damuSavebulia energetikuli sawarmoebis Semosaval-
gasavlebi, momgebianoba. sawarmoebis sakuTrebis formebi. konkurenciis
xelisSemSleli pirobebi. Tavisufali bazris uaryofis mizezebi.
TviTRirebulebis dadgenis meTodebi. SemosavliT da gasavliT nawilSi
xarjebis moculoba. tarifis sididis gansazRvra moxmarebuli
kilovatsaaTebis mixedviT energetikuli sawarmoebis wilobrivi
(procentuli) marJa saerTo tarifSi. saxelmwifo biujetSi Senatani
Tanxebis moculoba, sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis SemTxvevaSi.
VII
warmodgenilia maqsimumi mogebis miRebis optimaluri varianti.
ganxilulia eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis sxadasxvaa sqemebi da
yovelive amis safuZvelze SemoTavazebulia elenergiis realizaciis
axali sistema - kerZo saaqcio sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis saxiT,
romelic STambeWdavad aCqarebs eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis
tempebs, aqve naCvenebia sazogadoebis didi nawilis aqtiuri monawileoba
am procesebSi, rac qveyanaSi saSualo fenis Camoyalibebis sawindari
xdeba.
mexuTe TavSi, Seswavlilia arsebuli energetikuli
administraciebis marTvis meqanizmi. ganxilulia dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
movlenebi. sawarmos winsvlis Semaferxebeli faqtorebi. yovelive amis
gaTvaliswinebiT Camoyalibebulia (administrirebis) marTvis axali
sistema, romelic SromiTi amxanagobis warmomadgenelTa aqtiur
TanamSromlobas gulisxmobs. ganxilulia am axali sqemis upiratesoba,
rogorc mesakuTresTan urTierTobaSi, aseve saerTod, mogebis da
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. marTvis srulyofis mizniT damatebiT
SemoTavazebulia xarisxis marTvis sistemis danergva, rac kidev erTi
garanti xdeba, ama Tu im sawarmos winsvlis.
meeqvse TavSi, ganxilulia energetikuli sawarmoebis sakadro
politikis sworad Camoyalibebis aucilebloba. axsnilia inJiner-
teqnikuri personalis daniSnuleba. maTi swavlebis da maRali donis
codnis miRebis xelSemwyobi pirobebi. warmodgenilia swavlebis da
dafinansebis axali formebi. samuSaoze miRebis wesebi. profesionalad
Camoyalibebis etapebi, maT Soris samecniero samuSaoze gadasvlis
normebi. yovelive amaSi gansazRvrulia saxelmwifos, kerZo mewarmis da
saswavleblis movaleobebi da uflebebi. am Tavis erT-erT Rirsebas
warmoadgens Rvawlmosil energetikosebze zrunva, kerZod
damuSavebulia Teoria (modeli) arasaxelmwifo, sapensio fondis Seqmnis
da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. es Teoria sakmaod sainteresoa da saWiroebs
praqtikul cxovrebaSi, rac SeiZleba male danergvas. ganxilulia
msoflios sxvadsxva qveynebis magaliTebi da amis safuZvelze
Camoyalibebulia qarTuli (gansxvavebuli) varianti. mTlianobaSi
yvelaferi es qmnis energetikuli sawarmoebis (organizaciebis)
ganviTarebis myar safuZvels. kerZod, axsnilia rom: qveyanaSi arsebobs
tradicia; axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis SesaZlebloba; Tavisufali
bazris damkvidrebis aucilebloba; energetikuli dargis Sida da gare
usafrTxoebis dacvis realoba; damuSavebulia administraciuli marTvis
axali forma; axali kadrebis aRzrdis swori meTodika da yovelive amis
Semoqmedi (inJiner-teqnikuri) personalis dafasebis SesaZlebloba.
warmodgenili sakiTxebis praqtikulad danergva drois ambavia.
amas gvkarnaxobs sxvadasxva (am dargSi) ganviTarebuli qveynebis
gamocdileba. saqarTvelo sxva gziT ver wava. dargis, qveynis da
sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris keTilganwyobas cxadia didi
mniSvneloba aqvs. es Serwyma, rac ufro male moxdeba, miT ufro
daCqardeba dadebiTi Sedegebis miReba.
VIII
ABSTRACT
The project work" Production and introduction new managerial system of Georgian energy" consists of: title page, pages for signatures, pages of the copyrights, short contents-summary on two languages, exhibits of the schemes and drawings, the main text, entering, list of the used literature, estimations, conclusion. The General aspects of the work are discussed in entrance part: urgency of the subject, purpose and problems of the study, practical importance of the study, scientific novelty, innovation revealed in the course of studies (the model, methodic), explanation of the possibility of using the introduction result, reached in the course of studies, in practice. The acting indicators of the power system were worked out on base of the international experience. The weak sides were revealed in power system, which were disturbing normal operation in this sphere. As a result of studies was revealed that after disintegration of the general power system, the reforms, made in sphere of the power system, had many defects. As a result: the power was twice lower in the 90-th. Financial losses have increased to more than milliard dollars, covering of indebtedness on salary of engineer-technical personnel stayed insolvable problem nowadays, process of buying-selling of electric powers is realized in monopoly , the system of tariff is formed only in interests of the companies-sellers that disgruntles the simple consumers, partly act the old methods and the forms of administration, which don't provide the real preparing of the young personnel and worthy pension for the old energy workers. The Production to electric powers, its transmission, distribution -sale is rather complex process. It needs system approach-each of the section must be created and transformed into united system. For this purpose, the different stages of the development of energy in country was studied, also analyses the experience of the other countries. The positive and negative moments were revealed during the work, the new legal concept was also worked out. The scientific, legal, economic and technical ideas were used in project, also the concepts and features, as well as comparing analysis and methods of systematizations and categorizations. The normative basis of the study is formed by international and national normative acts, conventions, agreements, other legislative acts of the commissions on energy, constitution of Georgia, civil code, the ''Law on Energy and Natural Gas'', resolutions of government, resolutions adjusting national commission, the Law "On producing", the Law "About checking of the producers' activity", the other laws and resolutions. During the studies were revealed the positive and negative sides of working of energy producers, analyses the results of the reforms and worked out list of activities, which is necessary to conduct. The scientific novelty is in production of new managerial system, development of theories about safety of the Georgian power system, mastering the new methods of the new powers, new scheme of administrative control of energy production, principle of free market in electric powers, advantage of the selling structure, new methods of preparing specialists, creation of non-government pension fund for workman of energy, also possible improvements of the powers and social-economic situation of population in the mountain region and etc. Probability of the positive effect is so great that factor of the risk is practically expelled. Practical use of new system needs time. It depends on government, skilled personnel, working in the sphere of energy and certainly, the support of society. The system of power energy must be well developed, because lots of things depend on it. The price of products decreases or increases covering the expenses on electricity. The electric power is useful not only for development of industry it is also useful for development of military-production complex. Modern powerful military technology uses much electric powers. The electric power became the integral part to our lives. The daily life of the person seems impossible without electric power. (It is used on direct purpose and as the best source of the income).
IX
miZRvna
eZRvneba saqarTvelos energetikis ganviTarebaSi monawile yvela
Rvawlmosil energetikoss. gansakuTrebiT, “mamebi”-s Taobas.
momaval Taobebs vusurveb saqarTvelos energetikis mzard
ganviTarebas, sakuTari ojaxebis da mTeli eris sakeTildReod.
X
Sinaarsi
Sesavali ....................................................................................................................................... 16
1. Temis aqtualoba .................................................................................................................. 17
2. naSromis mizani ..................................................................................................................... 18
3. kvlevis obieqti .................................................................................................................... 18
4. naSromis mecnieruli siaxle ................................................................................. 19
5. naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba .................................................................... 19
6. naSromis struqtura ........................................................................................................ 19
literaturis mimoxilva ..................................................................................................... 20
Tavi I. saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis miRwevebi, Catarebuli
reformebi da Sedegebi
1.1 saqarTvelos el. energetikis ganviTarebis sawyisi etapebi .. 26
1.2 gardaqmnebis mokle mimoxilva ............................................................................36
1.3 privatizaciis Sedegebi Telasis magaliTze ......................................40
1.4 eleqtro energiis gamanawilebeli kompania “PA-consulting”-is muSaobis Sedegebi ............................................................................................... 44
1.5 saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiis sabiTumo bazris Sesaxeb ……... 46 pirveli Tavis daskvna ............................................................................................... 48
Tavi II. saqarTvelos energosistemis usafrTxoebis aspeqtebi
2.1 usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi cnebebi ................................................................................... 51
2.2 aris Tu ara srulyofili usafrTxoebis garantiebi ........................... 56
2.3 msoflios energoresursebis maragebi ................................................................... 61
2.4 energomwarmoebeli, energomomxmarebeli da energosatranzito
qveynebis klasifikacia ........................................................................................................... 62
2.5 saqarTvelos energo resursebi ................................................................................... 64
meore Tavis daskvna .......................................................................................................................... 70
Tavi III. axali simZlavreebi
3.1 axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis optimaluri variantebi
saqarTveloSi .................................................................................................................................. 73
3.2 ra Sedegebia mosalodneli axali eleqtrosadgurebis aSenebis
SemTxvevaSi ......................................................................................................................................... 76
3.3 aris Tu ara saqarTvelos konstituciis me-3 muxlis "i" punqtis
cvlileba saWiro? ..................................................................................................................... 78
3.4 eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis socialur-ekologiuri da
ekonomikuri aspeqtebi ............................................................................................................ 82
3.5 ra pirobebSi SeiZleba aSendes mcire hesi ..................................................... 84
3.6 rogori iyo mcire hidroeleqtrosadgurebis balansi
saqarTveloSi 1989 wlis mdgomareobiT ............................................................. 88
3.7 el. energetika – mTis mosaxleobis gadarCenis wyaro …………........... 91
3.8 vin SeiZleba daafinansos eleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba... . . .95
mesame Tavis daskvna ....................................................................................................................... 95
XI
Tavi IV. eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis axali forma
4.1 energetikuli sawarmoebis Semosaval-gasavali ........................................... 98
4.2 marTvis axali wesebis pirobebSi eleqtroenergiis miwodebis da
anazRaurebis sqemebis ganxilva .................................................................................. 107
4.3 eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi marTvis
axali wesebis pirobebSi ..................................................................................................... 111
4.4 ganmartebebi kerZo struqturis (S.p.s., k.s.s) saqmianobis Sesaxeb
......................................................................................................................................................................... 114
4.5 kerZo saaqcio sazogadoebis finansuri wyaroebi ................................. …121
4.6 saaqcio sazogadoebis yidva-gayidvis procesis specifika .. ..... 122
meoTxe Tavis daskvna ........................................................................................................................123
Tavi V. energetikuli sawarmoebis marTva
5.1 energetikuli sawarmos (organizaciis)
marTvis axali sqema ................................................................................................................. 125
5.2 SromiTi koleqtivis daniSnuleba, mmarTvelobiT sistemaSi misi
monawileobis aucilebloba ............................................................................................ 127
5.3 SromiTi amxanagobis Camoyalibebis wesebi ..................................................... 129
5.4 ras SeiZleba velodoT SromiTi amxanagobis, rogorc institutis
amoqmedebis Sedegad ................................................................................................................. 130
5.6 marTvis struqturaSi pirovnebis roli da samuSao pirobebis
Seqmnis aucilebloba ............................................................................................................. 133
mexuTe Tavis daskvna ...................................................................................................................... 138
Tavi VI. energetikuli sawarmoebis sakadro politika
6.1 axali kadrebis aRzrdis meTodika, marTvis axali wesebis
pirobebSi ........................................................................................................................................... 140
6.2 dasaqmeba ............................................................................................................................................ 143
6.3 dafinanseba ..................................................................................................................................... 144
6.4 Rvawlmosil energetikosTa dafaseba ................................................................ 145
6.5 sapensio aqtivebis gamoyeneba da marTva ......................................................... 150
meeqvse Tavis daskvna .................................................................................................................... 152
saerTo daskvna ......................................................................................................................................... 155
sqolioebis nusxa ................................................................................................................................... 157
gamoyenebuli literatura ......................................................................................................... 158
XII
cxrilebis nusxa
1. cxrili 1.1 – gverdi 28
2. cxrili 1.2 – gverdi 29
3. cxrili 1.3 – gverdi 34
4. cxrili 1.4 – gverdi 44
5. cxrili 1.5 – gverdi 45
6. cxrili 2.1 – gverdi 66
7. cxrili 2.2 – gverdi 71
8. cxrili 3.1 – gverdi 81
9. cxrili 3.2 – gverdi 90
10. cxrili 3.3 – gverdi 90
11. cxrili 3.4 – gverdi 91
XIII
naxazebis nusxa
1. naxazi 1.1 – gverdi 36
2. naxazi 1.2 – gverdi 37
3. naxazi 2.1 – gverdi 68
4. naxazi 2.2 – gverdi 69
5. naxazi 3.1 – gverdi 82
6. naxazi 4.1 – gverdi 111
7. naxazi 4.2 – gverdi 111
8. naxazi 4.3. – gverdi 115
9. naxazi 5.1 – gverdi 132
10. naxazi 5.2 – gverdi 134
XIV
madliereba
mecnieruli naSromis Seqmna mxolod, romelime erTi pirovnebis, an
Taobis damsaxureba ver iqneba. rogorc andazaSia: „wina kaci ukanasi
xidiao“, swored es principia mecnieruli muSaobis mTavari
warmmarTveli Zala. mas Semdeg rac erTiani (sabWoTa) energosistema
daiSala, saqarTvelos energetikaSi mravali sirTule gaCnda. yovelive
amaze maSindel energetikosTa Soris cxare kamaTebi imarTeboda, azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba sWarbobda. saWiro iyo saRi azrovneba, romelic
mecnierul kvlevaze iqneboda damyarebuli. erT-erTi aseTi msjelobis
dros saqarTvelos g. CogovaZis saxelobis energetikisa da energetikul
nagebobaTa institutis mecnier-TanamSromlebma, momces winadadeba
damewyo seriozuli samecniero muSaoba, romelic pasuxs gascemda
dargis winaSe dasmul rTul sakiTxebs. imTaviTve mxarSi dgoma da
daxmarebis gaweva aRmiTqves energetikosebma, maT Soris: momavalma Cemma
xelmZRvanelebma, (aw gansvenebulma) pr. robert xaCaturianma da pr.
demur ComaxiZem (romelTac Zala da energia ar daiSures naSromis
srulyofilad damuSavebis procesSi). agreTve, pr. irakli RuduSaurma,
t.m.k. d. zubitaSvilma, t.m.k. n. CixlaZem, t.m.k. n. cabaZem, prof. g. xeliZem,
t.m.d. g. WumburiZe, t.m.d. i. bijamovma; t.m.k. g. lekiSvilma, prof. r.
arvelaZem, prof. a. yubaneiSvilma, t.m.k. r. pataraiam, t.m.k. g.
kikvilaSvilma, t.m.k. m. Tofuriam, t.m.k. g. gigiberiam, teqnikuri
universitetis enrgetikisa da telekomunikaciis dekanatis,
departamentis da kaTedrebis TanamSromlebma, profesor-maswavleblebma:
d. laoSvilma, g. maxaraZem, m. naWyebiam, g. yifSiZem, g. arabiZem, i.
lomiZem, n. samsoniam, d. jafariZem, m. gudiaSvilma, T. jiSkarianma, T.
muselianma, S. nemsaZem, m. ruxvaZem, m. sulaZem, g. amyolaZem, g.
WunaSvilma, m. koxreiZem, g. nacvliSvilma, r. CixlaZem. damsaxurebulma
energetikosebma: T. yifianma, T. mamiaSvilma, g. mayaSvilma, S. zarandiam,
g. yiasaSvilma, n. uflisaSvilma, T. TxeliZem, m. qandariam, g. jafariZem,
v. metrevelma, j. yaraSvilma, e. xomerikma, v. jafariZem, b. koJoriZem, e.
CiCuam, i. valiSvilma, v. kapanaZem, l. CantlaZem, b. gabuniam, s. baxturiZem,
saproeqto institutis „gidroproeqtis“ TanamSromlebma a. WiTanavam, n.
emuxvarma, v. jafariZem, o. gogiCiZem, o. feraZem, j. axalaiam. maTTan
yoveli Sexvedra iyo msjelobis da konsultaciis saukeTeso saSualeba.
mudmiv mxardaWeras vgrZnobdi saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli
akademiis mTianeTis problemaTa Semswavleli komisiis (romlis wevric
var) wevrebis mTeli Semadgenlobis: akademikosebis T. onianis, n.
WiTanavas, l. Ciqavas, a. gamyreliZis, m. gigauris,
m. saluqvaZis, doqtorebis b. goiSvilis, m. cicqiSvilis, g. aglaZis, l.
fruiZis, k. arabulis, e. wereTlis, j. xanTaZis da sxvebis, romelTac
Seqmnes winapiroba gamekeTebina naSromis aprobacia farTo auditoriis
winaSe.
XV
gansakuTrebuli madloba minda movaxseno saqarTvelos teqnikuri
universitetis reqtors prof. arCil frangiSvils, saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis prezidents akad. T. gamyreliZes.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtrosistemis marTvelTa sabWos, mis
Tavmjdomares s. zumburiZes, eleqtrosistemis mTel koleqtivs,
romelTac momces saSualeba naSromSi dasmuli sakiTxebi srulyofilad
damemuSavebina.
dasasruls, madlobs vuxdi yvela im adamians, vinc garkveuli
wvlili Seitana aRniSnuli naSromis damuSavebaSi.
16
Sesavali
Tanamedrove epoqaSi, energetikis ganviTarebis aqtualu-
robidan gamomdinare, mecnieruli kvleva da swavleba ganisaz-
Rvreba imisda mixedviT, Tu ra dadebiTi Sedegebis momtani unda
iyos saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebisaTvis. nebismier qveyanaSi da
maT Soris, saqarTveloSi dargTaSorisi ganviTarebis safuZvels
energetika da misi sworad marTvis sistemis Camoyalibeba
warmoadgens. sistemis Seqmna mecnierul doneze damuSavebuli
energetikuli programebis danergvaze da praqtikul gamoyenebazea
damokidebuli. dargis aqtualobidan gamomdinare mas saxelmwi-
foebrivi mniSvnelobis funqcia eniWeba. kanonmdebelma saqar-
Tvelos konstituciaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia
energetikis dargis gansazRvrebas da igi Seiyvana strategiul
dargTa nusxaSi: citata: “mxolod saqarTvelos umaRles
saxelmwifo organoTa gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas miekuTvneba: ...i)
erTiani energetikuli sistema da reJimi” [1]
saqarTvelos energetikaSi mecnieruli kvlevis aucilebloba
ganapiroba im gansakuTrebulma movlenam, rasac sabWoTa sistemis
daSla da mis adgilze damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis warmoqmna
mohyva. yovelive aman cxovrebis wesis Secvla moiTxova, anu
Seicvala sakuTrebis forma. aqedan gamomdinare, Seicvala TviT
dargTa marTvis sistemac. sabWoTa sistema, anu rogorc mas
uwodeben sabWoTa kavSiri (romelic 15 mokavSire respublikisagan
Sedgeboda) ZiriTadad damyarebuli iyo sakuTrebis saxelmwifo
sistemaze. amitom, energetikac erTian saxelmwifo energosistemas
warmoadgenda. erTiani energosistemis daSlam da sakuTrebis
formis Secvlam es dargi mZime pirobebSi Caagdo. faqtobrivad,
moxda “axali Rvinis Casxma Zvel tikebSi”, rac gaumarTlebeli iyo
da Sedegebmac ar daayovna. energetikuli meurneoba moiSala,
simZlavreebi gaCerda, finansuri uzrunvelyofa savalalo
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. sakadro momzadebis done dros Camor-
Ceboda. yovelive es uaryofiTad aisaxa damoukidebeli qveynis
ganviTarebaze. marTalia, Seiqmna kanoni eleqtroenergetikis
Sesaxeb, Camoyalibda eleqtroenergetikisa da gazis mareguli-
rebeli struqtura, magram yovelive aman dadebiTi Sedegebis
miReba srulad uzrunvelyo. TiToeul maTganSi Zveli sabWoTa
sistmis gavlena ufro dominirebda, vidre siaxle. arsebuli
sistemis uaryofiT Tvisebas reformebis formaluri mxare
ganapirobebda. qveynis energetikis flagmanma “saqenergom” da
gansakuTrebiT misma administraciam, drois moTxovnebi ver
daakmayofila. teqnikuri dargis marTva politikurma struq-
turebma (municipalitetebma, gamgeobebma, saministroebma da a. S.)
17
itvirTes. maT ver uzrunvelyves saTanado mmarTvelobiTi sistemis
Seqmna da dargis Semdgomi ganviTareba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, energetikis sferoSi ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis cvlilebam momTxovni garemos – bazris mdgoma-
reobis cvlilebasTan migviyvana. Zveli mesakuTris (saxelmwifos)
adgilze Cndebian axali mesakuTreebi – kerZo gamanawilebeli
kompaniebi. mesakuTre xdeba ZiriTadi energetikuli politikis
gamtarebeli, rac mTlianobaSi uaryofiTad moqmedebs dargis
ganviTarebaze. kerZo kompaniebis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi
mowyobis forma ar unda qceuliyo dargis ganviTarebis Semafe-
rxebel garemoebad. dRes msoflios mravali qveyana “energetikul
SimSils” ganicdis. Tanamedrove mecnierebis mTavari amocanaa
iseTi energetikuli resursebis moZieba, romelic ekologiurad
gamarTlebulia da uzrunvelyofs momxmarebelTa moTxovnebis
dakmayofilebas. es ki iTxovs marTvis axali sistemis damuSavebasa
da danergvas. dargSi mudmivad mzardi moTxovnebis dakmayofileba,
mxolod swori reformebis gatarebis Sedegad aris SesaZlebeli.
1. Temis aqtualobas gansazRvravs, eleqtroenergetikisadmi
mudmivad mzardi moTxovnileba, romelic pirovnebis, sazo-
gadoebisa da TviT saxelmwifos keTildReobasTan aris dakav-
Sirebuli. Tanamedrove msoflioSi eleqtroenergetikiT uzrunve-
lyofa nebismieri qveynisTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovan problemas
warmoadgens. aqve xazi unda gavusvaT im faqts, rom msoflios
energetikuli resursebi TandaTan ileva. alternatiuli wyar-
oebis migneba da gamoyeneba jer kidev gadauwyvetelia. qveynis
eleqtroenergiiT uzrunvelyofa erovnuli usafrTxoebis erT-
erTi mTavari Semadgeneli nawilia. rogorc cnobilia eleq-
troenergias aqvs rogorc moxmarebis pirdapiri daniSnuleba,
aseve igi warmoadgens Semosavlis udides wyaros. Tanamedrove
msoflioSi swored am ori mimarTulebiT aris aqtualuri
eleqtroenergiis gamoyeneba.
saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergetikis damoukidebeli ganviTa-
reba kidev ufro aqtualuria imis gamoc, rom sabWoTa sistemis
daSlis Semdgom energosistema TiTqmis izolirebul mdgoma-
reobaSi aRmoCnda. mas ar gaaCnia sakuTari gazi da mazuTi.
amdenad, mTavari yuradReba gadatanili unda iqnas hidrore-
sursebze da naxSiris aTvisebaze. aris Tu ara es ori komponenti
sakmarisi da Tu aris ra uzrunvelyofa unda hqondes mas.
postsabWoTa sivrceSi energetikis ganviTarebis srulyofili
koncefciis Camoyalibeba bevrma qveyanam jer kidev ver SeZlo,
rac TiToeuli qveynis ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli faqtoria.
gamonakliss arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens. amdenad, saqarvelos
18
eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis damuSaveba-
danergva namdvilad rom saWiro da aqtualuri Temaa.
2. samuSaos mizans warmoadgens, saqarTvelos eleqtro-
energetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis damuSaveba da danergva. am
Temis kvleva sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiTaa aqtualuri: a) sworad
iqnas gaanalizebuli saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi Catare-
buli reformebis Sedegad daSvebuli Secdomebi da Sedegebi; b)
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqces qveynis energousafrTxoebas;
g) eleqtroenergetikaSi Camoyalibdes marTvis da finansirebis
axali modeli, rac Seqmnis pirobas, uaxloes weliwadSi,
aTvisebul iqnas axali simZlavreebi (saSualod 3000 megavatis
farglebSi); d) eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva (SesaZleblobis
farglebSi) daeqvemdebaros Tavisufali bazris principebs.
eleqtroenergiis gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi
(konstituciis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad) aqciebis procentuli
sakuTrebis mixedviT, moxmardes rogorc saxelmwifo biujets,
aseve kerZo mesakuTres da dargis ganviTarebas; e) Camoyalibdes
administraciuli marTvis axali modeli da kadrebis momzadebis
axali sistema; v) Sejerdes saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva mosazrebebi. rac garanti gaxdeba
saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis dacvisa da saxelmwifo
biujetis Sevsebisa. mxareTa Soris mizanSewonilia Sedges
mecnierul doneze Camoyalibebuli azrTa gaziareba-Sejereba,
samoqmedo gegmis Camoyalibeba da marTvis axali sistemebis
damuSaveba. am sistemis praqtikuli gamoyeneba. yovelive
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare saWiro gaxda dargis ganviTarebis
Seswavla sam sxvadasxva droSi: sabWoTa periodi, reformebis
periopdi da dRevandeloba.
3. naSromis kvlevis obieqts da sakvlev masalas warmoadgens:
saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis amsaxveli
ZiriTadi indikatorebi: usafrTxoeba, axali simZlavreebis
aTviseba, energe-tikuli sawarmoebis (generaciis, eleqtrosistemis
ganawilebis) da momxmareblebis finansuri urTierToba,
administrirebis forma, maRali kvalificiuri inJinris momzadeba,
arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondis Seqmna. sakvlev masalad
gamoyenebul iqna: “saqenergos” saarqivo masalebi; postsabWoTa
periodSi Catarebuli reformebis Sedegebi; saqarTveloSi
ucxouri kompaniebis Semosvlis Sedegad ganviTarebuli dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi movlenebis amsaxveli dokumenturi masala; dargSi
amJamad arsebuli mdgomareobis analiziT miRebuli daskvnebi.
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebis energetikuli ganviTarebis
19
amsaxveli magaliTebi da sakuTari gamocdileba. kvlevis meTodad
gamoyenebulia: aRweriTi, teqnikuri da struqturuli kvlevis
meTodebi.
4. naSromis mecnieruli siaxle mdgomareobs, saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis damuSavebaSi, rac
gulisxmobs: saqarTvelos energosistemis usafrTxoebis normebis
gazrdas, axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis meTodikis Camoyalibebas.
Tavisufali bazris principiT eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis
axali meqanizmis Seqmnas, administraciuli marTvis axali wesis
SemoRebas, energetikuli sawarmoebis maRalkvalificiuri
kadrebiT uzrunvelyofas da Rvawlmosil energetikosTa arasaxe-
lmwifo sapensio fondis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas.
naSromSi kvlevis safuZvelze ganxilulia dargSi arsebuli
mdgomareoba, gamokveTilia Semaferxebeli faqtorebi da amis
safuZvelze SemuSavebulia axali meTodika da modelebi, rac
jamSi kompleqsuri midgomis pirobebSi qmnis axal sistemas.
axali meTodebis da modelebis Camoyalibebis mTavari
mimarTulebebi gulisxmobs Tavisufali bazris daSvebas,
konkurenciis maRal dones, pirovnebis da organizaciis
SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis pirobebis Seqmnas, ukukavSirebis
arsebobas da xarisxis menejmentis danergvas.
5. naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba uaRresad didia, kerZod:
axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis Sedegad, iqmneba Warbi energia,
romlis Sida bazarze gayidva momxmarebelTan mimarTebaSi iwvevs
erTeuli kilovatsaaTis gaiafebas, xolo saerTo gasayidi
energiis moculobis gazrdas; eqsportis momgebian fasebSi
ganxorcielebas; Tavisufali bazris Seqmnas, romelic
konkurenciis pirobebSi ukukavSirebis meTodiT, maqsimalurad
dazRveuli iqneba korufciisgan.
maRali kvalifikaciis mqone inJiner-teqnikuri personalis
miRebis SesaZleblobas; rogorc saxelmwifo biujetis, aseve
mesakuTreTa Semosavlebis gazrdas; saaqcio sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebis da kerZo mesakuTreTa bazarze saSualo fenis
Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas; dargSi momuSave Rvawlmosil
energetikosTa arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondiT uzrunvelyofas;
satranzito funqciis mopovebas da mezobel qveynebTan mimarTebaSi
kargi urTierTobis damyarebas. jamSi es yvelaferi qveynis
energousafrTxoebis myar garantias qmnis.
6. naSromis struqtura Sedgeba: Sesavlis, literaturis
ganxilvis, eqvsi Tavisa da daskvniTi nawilisagan, Tan erTvis
gamoyenebuli samecniero-literaturisa da sakanonmdeblo bazis
wyaroTa nusxa, Seicavs cxrilebs, grafikebsa da sailustracio
sqemebs. SesavalSi dasabuTebulia sakvlevi problemis arCevani,
20
gansazRvrulia kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi, xazgasmulia
naSromis mecnieruli siaxle, misi Teoriuli da praqtikuli
mniSvneloba.
literaturis mimoxilva
warmodgenili naSromis ZiriTadi mimarTulebis
Camoyalibebis Semdeg gavecani, rogorc saqarTveloSi arsebuli,
aseve sazRvargareTis qveynebis Sesabamis literaturas. Temis
aqtualobidan gamomdinare saWiro gaxda Semeswavla, ara marto ama
Tu im avtoris Sesabamisi samecniero naSromebi, (an gamocemuli
wignebi) aramed saqarTvelos energetikis istoria, yofili
saqenergos, saqrusenergos, eleqtrogadacemis, dispetCerizaciis,
saqselo sawarmoebis, “saqenergo 2000”-is, Telasis, calkeuli
gamanawilebeli kompaniebis, gaerTianebuli sadistribucio
kompaniis -is, ” Telasis”, eleqtrosabiTumo
bazris, kaxeTis sadistribucio kompaniis da “energoprojorjias”
saarqivo masalebi. wliuri angariSebi, statistikis sammarTvelos
monacemebi, saqarTvelos erovnuli maregulirebeli komisiis
dadgenilebebi, angariSebi da gadawyvetilebebi.
Temis sirTulidan gamomdinare axali azris Camoyalibebis
da utyuarobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT Seswavlili iqna, rogorc
postsabWoTa qveynebis, aseve evropis, aziis da amerikis rigi
qveynebis eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis buneba da is siaxleebi,
rac Tanamedrove moTxovnebs uzrunvelyofs. garda amisa
Catarebuli iqna garkveuli eqsperimentebi. cdis obieqti iyo,
rogorc dargSi momuSave inJiner-teqnikuri personali, aseve
umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
iqna gamaxvilebuli eleqtroenergiis momxmarebelTa sxvadasxva
jgufebis azris Seswavlaze.
aRniSnuli literatura uSualo kavSirSia TemasTan da
praqtikaSi arsebul Teoriebs efuZneba.
arsebuli mdgomareobiT, qvemoT moxseniebul avtorebs,
calkeuli sakiTxebi garkveuli moculobiT Seswavlili aqvT,
magram problemaTa gadawyvetis kompleqsuri meTodi jerjerobiT
aravisgan ar aris SemoTavazebuli, anu problemaTa sistemuri
gadawyveta faqtiurad pirvelad xdeba.
kvlevis procesSi mTavar saxelmZRvanelod gamoyenebuli iyo
saqarTvelos konstitucia, sxva kanonebi da qvemdebare aqtebi. maT
Soris:
1. saqarTvelos konstitucia. Tbilisi. 1996. - vixelmZRvanele
mesame muxlis “i” punqtiT, riTac kanonmdebelma energetika,
21
strategiul dargs miakuTvna da ganmarta, rom “mxolod da
mxolod saqarTvelos umaRles organoTa gansakuTrebul
ganmgeblobas ganekuTvneba: erTiani energetikuli sistema da
reJimebi”...
am muxls, energetikuli sawarmoebis da kompaniebis sakuTrebis
formis gansazRvris dros, uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
kanonis uzenaesobidan gamomdinare kvlevis procesSi swored am
kanonze dayrdnobiT unda Camoyalibdes saxelmwifosa da kerZo
mesakuTres Soris urTierTobis axali forma, romelic rogorc
aRmoCnda ormxriv momgebiania.
2. saqarTvelos kanoni “eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi
gazis Sesaxeb”. Tbilisi. 1999. (2007 wels Setanili cvlilebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT).
am kanoniT vixelmZRvanele energetikuli terminologiis;
saxelmwifo politikis dazustebis, maregulirebeli erovnuli
komisiis statusis da funqciebis gansazRvris, eleqtroenergiiT
(simZlavriT) sabiTumo vaWrobis (sistemis komerciuli
operatoris) daniSnulebis, licenziebis da licenziatebis wesebis
dadgenis, eleqtroenergetikuli sistemis paralelur reJimSi
muSaobis, gadamcem da gamanawilebel qselze mesame mxaris
daSvebis da sxva aucilebel sakiTxTa damuSavebis dros.
3. saqarTvelos kanoni “mewarmeTa Sesaxeb”. Tbilisi. 1997.
am kanonis muxlebi iqna gaTvaliswinebuli, eleqtroenergiis
yidva-gayidvis kerZo saaqcio sazogadoebis Teoriuli struqturis
(modelis) Camoyalibebis dros.
4. saqarTvelos kanoni “saxelmwifo qonebis privatizaciis
Sesaxeb”. Tbilisi. 1997.
rogorc cnobilia aRniSnuli kanoni gamoyenebuli iqna,
saqarTveloSi energetikuli sawarmoebis da obieqtebis
saprivatizacio programebis ganxorcielebis Sedgenis dros. Cvens
mier axsnili iqna Catarebuli privatizaciis dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi Sedegebi. miTiTebuli iqna Sida rezervebze, rac
gacilebiT ufro efeqturia, vidre ucxouri investicia.
5. saqarTvelos kanoni “sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa
da garantiebis Sesaxeb”. Tbilisi. 1997.
am kanonis xelSemwyob politikas gansakuTrebiT didi
mniSvneloba aqvs, saqarTvelos energetikaSi ucxouri inves-
ticiebis mozidvis TvalsazrisiT, rac aucilebelia (Cvens
SemTxvevaSi) simZlavreebis aTvisebis saqmeSi.
6. saqarTvelos kanoni “damoukidebeli erovnuli maregu-
lirebeli komisiis Sesaxeb”. Tbilisi. 2002.
Catarebuli reformebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovan Sedegad,
migvaCnia (miuxedavad arsebuli uaryofiTi movlenebisa) mareguli-
22
rebeli komisiis Camoyalibeba, romelic ZiriTadad am kanonis
moqmedebis bazaze ganxorcielda, semeks dRemde lideris funqcia
ukavia.
7. aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos ekonomikis saministros (romelic
saxelmwifo qonebis mesakuTrea) da sxva saministroebis mier
gacemuli brZanebebi, dadgenilebebi da debulebebi, romlebic
pirdapir Tu iribad exeba eleqtroenergetikas. maT Soris kanoni
antimonopoliuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb. Cvens naSromSi Camoyali-
bebulia mosazreba, rom konkurencia aucileblad Tavisufali
bazris principebs unda eqvemdebarebodes.
8. saqarTvelos energetkis ministris brZaneba #77. Tbilisi.
2006.
“eleqtroenergiis (simZlavris) bazris wesebis” damtkicebis
Sesaxeb.
samwuxarod, rogorc praqtikam dagvanaxa, am brZanebas aRsru-
leba ar ewera, misi funqcia mxolod furcelze darCa. am faqtma
kvlevis procesze imdenad imoqmeda, rom iZulebuli viyavi
Tavisufali bazris principiT eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis
modeli Semeqmna, rac udaod gaaumjobesebs strategiuli dargis
ganviTarebas.
garda zemoT warmodgenili literaturisa Seswavlili da
Sejerebuli iqna is spec. literatura, romelsac uSualod
pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs warmodgenil SromaSi wamoWril sakiT-
xebTan. maT Soris:
9.
sadac ganxilulia azrbaijanis, somxeTis, belarusis, saqar-
Tvelos, yazaxeTis, yirgizeTis, moldaveTis, ruseTis federaciis,
tajikeTis, TurqmeneTis, uzbekeTis da ukrainis energosistemebis
teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi, ramac saSualeba momca
Sedarebis meTodiT ganmesazRvra dargSi arsebuli susti da
Zlieri adgilebi. Sememowmebina axali meTodis, Tu modelis
Seqmnis sizuste da upiratesoba.
Cvens mier warmodgenil naSroms srulad, an nawilobriv
exmianeba cnobili mecnierebis mier Sesrulebuli metad
saintereso samecniero naSromebi, maT Soris:
10. samsonia n. ComaxiZe d. gudiaSvili m. saTbob-
energetikuli kompleqsis sawarmoTa ekonomika. Tbilisi. 2003.
11. samsonia n. ssr kavSiris energetikis ekonomika. Tbilisi.
1989.
am naSromebSi ganxilulia energetikuli sawarmoebis
finansuri mdgomareoba, organizaciuli marTvis formebi,
reformebis Catarebis mizanSewoniloba. rac pirdapir kavSirSia
Sesrulebul samecniero naSromTan.
23
12. ComaxiZe d. saqarTvelos energetikuli usafrTxoeba.
Tbilisi. 2003.
am naSroSi ganxilulia, rogorc saqarTvelos, aseve
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebis energoresursebis maragebi, ama Tu
im qveyanaSi erT sulze gamoyofili eleqtroenergiis raodenoba.
mosalodneli safrTxeebi. avtori skurpolozurad aRricxavs
saqarTvelos energoresursebs, rac pirdapir exmianeba
saqarTvelos energetikis ganviTarebis samomavlo gegmebs.
13. arabiZe g. gudiaSvili m. kiRuriZe o. lomiZe i. jiSkariani
T. energo auditi samrewvelo seqtorSi. teqnikuri universitetis
gamocema. Tbilisi. 2011.
14. gudiaSvili m. arabiZe g. jiSkariani T. energomenejmentis
principebi “teqnikuri universitetis” gamocema. Tbilisi. 2011.
15. minda xazi gausva g.arabiZis sadoqtoro naSroms, romelic
uSualod exeba reformebis Temas. kerZod, saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikaSi bolo TxuTmeti-oci wlis ganmavlobaSi
Catarebul RonisZiebebs.
16. k. Carkvianis “sabWoTa saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis
istoria” Tbilisi. 1975.
17. CogovaZe g. CixlaZe n. yiasaSvili g. “saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikis istoria” Tbilisi. 2002.
es ori gamocema adasturebs Cems mier saarqivo masalebis
bazaze Sesrulebuli kvlevis siswores.
kvlevis periodSi bevri cifrobrivi masala dazustda da
gasworda. gansakuTrebiT es exeba saarqivo masalebTan arsebuli
literaturis Sejerebas. energetikis istoriis Seswavlidan
gamomdinare Cveni amocana mdgomareobda SemdegSi: gagvego qarTvel
inJiner-teqnikur personals gaaCnda Tu ara tradicia, rom
ganaviTaros dargi (sawarmoos proeqtireba, mSenebloba-montaJi-
gawyoba da eqsploatacia). Gganxiluli analizidan mkafiod Cans,
rom saqarTveloSi inJiner-energetikosTa skola, yofil sabWoTa
qveynebs Soris, erT-erTi konkurentunariani yofila.
meore mniSvnelovani Tema es iyo, bolo 20 wlis
ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli reformebis Seswavla da am Temaze
arsebuli literaturis ganxilva maT Soris: arvelaZe r.
kereseliZe n. solomonia o. xaCaturiani r. “saqarTvelos
energetikis ganviTarebis koncefcia”; Tbilisi. 1992.
18. arvelaZe r. “saqarTvelos energetikosTa kadrebisa da
maTi socialuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb” s.J. “energia” #3. Tbilisi.
2000.
19. asaTiani r. “ekonomikuri reformebi saqarTveloSi: nabiji
win, ori nabiji ukan”.
24
20. gociriZe r. kandelaki o. “gavleniani jgufebi da
korufcia: saqarvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis muqara.”
maxvilaZe l. amaRlobeli n. saluqvaZe r. “saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis strategia da teqnika.” da sxva
avtorebi, romelTa mier warmodgenili mosazrebebi garkveul-
wilad emTxveva kvlevis Sedegad miRebul daskvnebs.
kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebuli iqna Cems mier sxvadasxva
gamocemebSi dabeWdili masalebi, maT Soris:
21. fircxelani m. marTvis axali formebi saqarTvelos
energosistemaSi. s.J. energia #1 Tbilisi. 2004.
22. fircxelani m. momavali zamTris SesaZlo gamomuSaveba da
misi finansuri uzrunvelyofa. s.J. “energia” #3 Tbilisi. 2004.
23. fircxelani m. saqarTvlos eleqtrosistemis teqnikuri da
ekonomikuri analizi. reformebis Sedegebi da analizi. s.J.
“energia” Tbilisi. 2003.
24. fircxelani m. “miTi da realoba xudonhesis mSeneblobis
garSemo” gazeTi “laloxori”. Tbilisi. 2008.
25. avtorTa jgufi: oniani T. WiTanava n. gamyreliZe i. Ciqava
l. goiSvili b. fircxelani m. arabuli k. fruiZe l. aglaZe g.
cicqiSvili m. da sxva “saqarTvelos mTiani regionebis socialur-
ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis kanonproeqti”. Tbilisi.
2004.
26. fircxelani m. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli
akademiis mTis problemaTa Semswavleli komisiis gamocema
“energetika - mTis ganviTarebis wyaro”. Tbilisi. 2010.
zemoT warmodgenili literaturis ganxilvisa da analizis
safuZvelze, SeiZleba Camoyalibdes im sakiTxTa nusxa, romlebic
energetikaSi dRemde gadaulaxav problemad rCeba da saWiroebs
aucielebel gadawyvetas. kerZod:
1. saqarTvelos energousafrTxoeba, rogorc simZlavreebis
aTvisebis TvalsazrisiT, aseve gare safrTxeebis (rogorc
ruseTis, aseve sxva e.w. “transnacionaluri” kompaniebis
mxridan) maRali riskis Semcveli faqtorebiT xasiaTdeba.
2. eleqtroenergetikaSi dRemde ar aris miRweuli, Tavisufali
bazris principiT, eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis danergvis
praqtika. jer kidev adgili aqvs monopolistur midgomebs,
ris gamoc calke momxmarebeli zaraldeba da calke
saxelmwifo biujeti.
3. miuxedavad imisa, rom dargSi reformebis ganxorcielebis
“epoqaa”, (jer kidev ZalaSia). energetikuli sawarmoebis
mmarTveli administraciebi kvlav ar iTvaliswineben da xSir
SemTxvevaSi ignorirebasac ki ukeTeben qveda rgolebis
25
(inJiner-teqnikuri personalis) winadadebebs, moTxovnebs, ar
Rebuloben ama Tu im sakiTxisadmi erTobliv
gadawyvetilebebs da a.S.
4. energetikuli sawarmoebis warmatebuli muSaoba bevr ramezea
damokidebuli, maT Soris, erT-erTi mTavari yuradReba
axalgazrda kadrebis momzadebas unda eTmobodes. praqtikam
dagvanaxa, rom avariebis ZiriTadi mizezi dabal doneze
momzadebuli inJiner-teqnikuri personalia, romelTac
aucileblad sWirdebaT dasawyisidanve (pirveli kursidan)
„patronoba“, swori saswavlo programis Sedgena,
finansirebis formebis gamonaxva da sxva.
5. energetika rTuli dargia, aq momuSave inJiner-teqnikuri
personali da, maT Soris, mmarTveli rgoli mudmiv daZabul
reJimSi muSaobs. roca pirovneba am saqmes aTeuli wlebi
emsaxureba, mas namdvilad ekuTvnis normaluri saarsebo
pirobebis Seqmna. amdenad, Rvawlmosil adamianTa damsaxureba
TanamSromlebis, sawarmos da qveynis interesebSic unda
Sediodes.
swored am xuT sakiTxzea Cveni naSromis kvlevis mTavari
veqtori mimarTuli. wamoWrili sakiTxebis gadawyveta, sasistemo
cvlilebebs da masStabebs iTxovs. dargis ganviTarebis aseTi
midgoma kompleqsur gadawyvetilebebTan da garkveul
sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. swored am Tvalsazrisis gamo,
maqsimalurad SevecadeT TiToeuli problema dagveyvana martiv,
logikur msjelobaze, iolad gasageb enaze agvexsna esa Tu is
sakiTxi, miTumetes, roca am “labirinTebSi” pirvelad xdeba “gzis
gakvleva”.
Sesrulebuli kvlevis safuZvelze aSkarad Cans dargSi
arsebuli problemebis warmomavloba, axsnilia arsebuli
procesebis mizezebi. TiToeuli sakiTxi vrclad aris ganxiluli,
rac saSualebas iZleva ama Tu im sakiTxs mieces zusti Sefaseba.
yovelive es qmnis alternatiuli meTodebis Camoyalibebis
SesaZleblobas. kerZod: eleqtroenergetikaSi axali simZlavreebis
aTvisebis xarjze xdeba deficitis aRmofxvra.
Tavisufali bazris principiT eleqtroenergiis yidva-
gayidvis meTodis danergva, administrirebis axali wesis SemoReba,
inJiner-teqnikuri personalis swavlebis axali wesis aTviseba da
dargis mxcovan muSakTa (Rirseuli) arasaxelmwifo sapensio fon-
dis Seqmna.
26
Tavi I. saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis miRwevebi,
Catarebuli reformebi da Sedegebi
1.1. saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis
sawyisi etapebi
qristes Sobidan me-19 saukuneSi, mecnierebam miagno
eleqtroenergiis srulyofilad gamoyenebis saidumloebas. es iyo
movlena, ramac kacobriobis swrafi ganviTareba ganapiroba.
sxvagvarad mas teqnikur revoluciasac uwodeben.
sxvadasxvagvari socialuri, politikuri da teqnikuri
winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, eleqtroenergiis warmoeba da
gamoyeneba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSic
swrafad vrceldeboda.
saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis istoriis Seswavlis
Sedegad Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvlom da misma
gamoCenilma warmomadgenlebma ise, rogorc msoflios ganviTa-
rebulma qveynebma, me-19 saukuneSive aiTvises eleqtroenergiis
miReba. gansakuTrebiT swrafi tempiT Sendeboda mcire da saSualo
simZlavris hidroeleqtrosadgurebi. msxvili sawarmoebis
(rkinigza, rusTavis metalurgiuli da qimiuri qarxnebi, zesta-
fonis feroSenadnobTa qarxana da sxva) amuSavebis Sedegad
eleqtroenergiaze moTxovnileba kidev ufro gaizarda. dRis
wesrigSi dadga mZlavri Tboeleqtrosadgurebis (gardaban sresi,
tyvarCelsresi) da hidroeleqtrosadgurebis (enguri, varcixe)
aSeneba. yovelive aman qveyanas saSualeba misca daekmayofilebina
momxmarebeli. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom saqarTvelos inJiner-
teqnikurma skolam TiTqmis damoukideblad aiTvisa proeqtireba,
mSenebloba, montaJ-gawyoba da mowyobiloba-danadgarebis eqsplu-
atacia. saqarTveloSi dainerga energetikis ganviTarebis kargi
tradicia, ramac xeli Seuwyo saxalxo meurneobis sxva dargebis
ganviTarebas. teqnikis ganviTarebam, romelic ZiriTadad
eleqtroenergiis gamoyenebaze iyo damokidebuli, gadamwyveti
roli iTamaSa, rogorc saerTo dovlaTis SeqmnaSi, aseve qveynis
biujetis gaZlierebaSi.
maRali Zabvis eleqtrogadacemis mSeneblobis ganviTareba Zabvebis
mixedviT 1 cxrili # 1.1.
rigi eleqtrogadacemis
xazis Zabva - kv
e.g.xazebis sigrZeebi km-Si wlebis mixedviT
1 1940w. 1950w. 1960w. 1970w. 1980w. 1990w.
2 500 - - - 250 379 575,9
27
3 330 - - - 21 21 21
4 220 - - 466 772 1156 1557
5 110 368 677 1219 2331 3144 4172
6 35 162 345 794 2051 2926 3331
oTxmocdaaTiani wlebisaTvis saqarTvelos energosistemis
generaciis jamuri simZlavre 4000 megavats, xolo saSualo
wliuri gamomuSaveba 14 miliard kilovatsaaTs aRemateboda.
mTliani moxmareba 19 miliard kilovatsaaTs Seadgenda, 1kvt.sT-is
Rirebuleba 2 cents ar aRemateboda. elenergiis warmoeba
saSualod erT sul mosaxleze 2600 kvt.sT-s, xolo moxmareba 3000
kvt.sT-s aRemateboda. energetikuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT,
saqarTvelos mosaxleobisTvis aseTi monacemebi erT-erTi
warmatebuli miRweva iyo. Tavisi tradiciebidan gamomdinare
saqarTvelom SeZlo sakuTari ZalebiT ganeviTarebina dargi da
gaexada igi strategiuli daniSnulebisa. Seqmna myari sakadro,
samecniero, saswavlo, saproeqto, samSeneblo da saeqsploatacio
bazebi.
mcire energetikis ganviTareba saSualo da msxvili
eleqtrosadgurebis mSeneblobam Caanacvla. eleqtroenergiis
miReba qveynis masStabiT, TiToeuli ojaxisTvis xelmisawvdomi
gaxda. samrewvelo kompleqsis mzardi moTxovnileba iafi
eleqtroenergiis miwodebiT iqna uzrunvelyofili.
energetikis ganviTarebis mTavari Semoqmedi, adgilobrivi
inJiner-teqnikuri personali gaxda. dainerga tradicia, rac mudmiv
ganviTarebaze iyo orientirebuli.
saqarTvelo gaxda energetikuli qveyana. gansakuTrebiT
hidroenergetika ganviTarda, rac aixsneba im faqtiT, rom qveyanas
didi odenobiT gaaCnia ekologiurad sufTa da safrTxis naklebad
Semcveli eleqtroenergiis wyaro – hidroresursi.
oTxmocdaaTiani wlebisTvis saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikas mniSvnelovani warmatebebi hqonda. cxrilebi:
1.1; 1.2; 1.3; amis naTeli dasturia. aqve xazi unda gausvaT metad
arasaxarbielo faqts, kerZod, rogorc ki moiSala
saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis sistema, dargma da misma
administraciulma nawilma umtkivneulod ver uzrunvelyo marTvis
axal sistemaze gadasvla. 1993 wlidan daiwyo ukuprocesebi.
politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri mdgomareoba ukiduresad
gauaresda. analogiurad eleqtroenergetikaSi, rogorc
simZlavreebi aseve eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba mkveTrad
Semcirda. grafikebze (#1.1 da #1.2) naCvenebia rogorc aRmasvlisa,
aseve krizisuli periodebi.
28
saqenergos balansze arsebuli eleqtrosadgurebis
CamonaTvali (1990 weli)
cxrili #1.2.
#
# eleqtrosadgureb
is dasaxeleba
agregatebis
raodenoba
dadgmuli
simZlavre
kvt.
muSa
simZlavre
kvt.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Tboeleqtrosadgurebi
1 1 Tbilsresis
gaerTianeba
(3X150+5X160+2X3
00)
1700000 410000
2 tyvarCelsresi (2X110) 220000 -
3 3 TbilTeci (3X6) 18000 7000
sul Tesebi: 1938000 417000
hidroeleqtrosadgurebi
4 1 engurhesi (5X260) 1300000 480000
vardnilhesebis kaskadi
5 1 vardnilhes I (3X70) 220000 120000
6 2 vardnilhes II (2X20,6) 40000 -
7 3 vardnilhes III (2X20,6) 40000 -
8 4 vardnilhes IV (2X20,6) 40000 -
kaskadi: 340000 120000
9 1 xramhesi I (3X38+1,07) 113450 103000
10 2 xramhesi II (2X56,5) 110000 105000
varcixehesis kaskadi
11 1 varcixehesi I (2X23,8) 46000 21000
12 2 varcixehesi II (2X23,8) 46000 21000
13 3 varcixehesi III (2X23,8) 46000 21000
14 4 varcixehesi IV (2X23,8) 46000 21000
kaskadi 184000 34000
15 1 Saori hesi (4X10) 38400 19200
29
16 1 tyibuli hesi (4X21) 80000 65000
17 2 RoreSa hesi 50 50
kaskadi 80050 80050
lajanurhesis kaskadi
18 1 lajanurhesi (3X38,6) 111840 24000
19 2 zvareThesi (2X0,109) 218 -
20 3 orbelhesi (2X0,24) 440 -
21 4 riceulahesi (2X0,24) 6056 -
kaskadi 118554 24000
22 1 rionhesi (4X12,5) 48000 17600
gumaThesis kaskadi
23 1 gumaThesi I (4X11,48) 44000 9800
24 2 gumaThesi II (3X7,95) 22800 10100
kaskadi 66800 19900
25 Jinvalhesi (4X33,5) 130000 65000
26 zahesi (4X3,312+2X15) 38400 22000
27 orTaWalhesi (3X6,3) 18000 8000
28 alazanhesi (2X1,6) 4800 1000
29 TeTrixevhesi (2X6,8) 13600 -
30 Satilhesi 528 100
afxazeTis el.qselebis hesebi
31 1 soxumhesi (3X6,3+1X0,09) 19053 -
32 2 jirxvahesi (2X1,13) 2100 -
33 3 durifShesi 1600 -
34 4 ricahesi I (3X0,328) 984 -
35 5 gagrahesi (1X0,8) 800 -
36 6 besleThesi (2X0,38) 368 -
30
37 7 fsxuhesi (2X0,025) 500 -
38 8 aJarahesi (1X0,191) 170 -
39 9 ricahesi II 295 -
jami: 25871 -
aWaris el.qselebis hesebi
40 1 awhesi (2X8,0) 16080
2 maWaxelahesi (2X0,715) 1430
41 3 kinkiSahesi (2X0,37) 740
42 jami: 18170
senakis el.qselebis hesebi
43 1 Cxorowyuhesi 5350
44 2 abaSahesi (1X0,65+2X0,56) 1754
jami 7104
45 yazbegihesi (2X0,14) 280
46 mestiahesi 100
47 qedahesi 84
48 beCohesi 84
49 aCihesi 1028
hesebis jami: 2657303
50 sadizelo
sadgurebi
5430
51 1 sionhesi 9140
52 2 tirifonhesi 3000
53 3 misaqcielhesi 2780
54 4 igoeThesi (2X0,885) 1765
31
55 5 xerTvishesi 294
56 6 kaxareThesi 2060
57 7 sacxenishesi 14000
58 8 CiTaxevhesi 2000
59 9 dmanishesi 400
60 10 daSbaShesi 1260
61 11 bJuJahesi 12240
jami: 67939
1 rusTavTeci 124000 35000
2 baTumis n.g.q. Teci 19050 4000
3 agaris S. q. Teci 2500 1500
4 quTaisis
avtoqarxnis Teci
5700 -
62 5 squrhesi 1032 500
63 6 meqvenahesi 150 -
64 7 kurzuhesi 250 -
65 8 baRnarhesi 376 -
bloksadgurebi 153058 41000
saqenergos jami: 4600733 1556850
saqarTvelos
respublikis
el.sadgurebis
jami:
4821730
1618690
maT Soris Tesebi:
hesebi 2094680
2727050
457500
1071350
cxrili #1.2. asaxavs 90-ani wlebis saqenergos balansze
arsebuli ZiriTadi eleqtrosadgurebis monacemebs (dasaxeleba,
agregatebis raodenoba, dadgmuli da muSa simZlavreebi, mocu-
lobebi), rac qveynis energetikis ganviTarebaze, konkurentunaria-
32
nobaze, saproeqto, samSeneblo da saeqsploatacio personalis
xarisxobriv zrdaze miuTiTebs.
amrigad, saqarTvelos erTiani energosistema sakmaod
efeqturad amuSavda. rac kidev erTxel adasturebs im faqts, rom
saqarTvelo, energetikulad erT-erTi swrafad ganviTarebadi
qveyana gaxda. samecniero da saswavlo institutebma drois mcire
manZilze SeZles maRali kvalifikaciis mqone specialistebis
momzadeba. energetikuli obieqtebis eqsploatacia ZiriTadad
adgilobrivi kadrebiT xorcieldeboda. igegmeboda da Sendeboda
axali simZlavreebis aTviseba da eqspluataciaSi gaSveba.
saqarTvelos energetikis ganviTarebis etapebi da eleqtroenergiis
gamomuSavebisa da moxmarebis dinamikaa
1887-1996 wlebSi.
cxrili #1.3.
rigi wlebi simZlavre (kvt)
gamomuSaveba mil.kvt.sT
moxmareba mil.kvt.sT
1 1887 10 0,018 0,017
2 1913 8125 0,24 23
3 1928 12472 32,9 32
4 1935 66472 340,8 360,5
5 1940 116400 620 568
6 1950 336240 1000 950
7 1955 520000 2010 2620
8 1960 952000 3702 3916
9 1965 1570000 6042 6173
10 1970 2015000 8899 8964
11 1975 2800000 11522 11550
12 1980 3870000 13935 13932
13 1985 4550000 14407 16742
14 1990 4430000 14250 17445
15 1991 4560000 12818,5 15610,2
16 1992 4561000 11075,9 12516,5
17 1993 4559000 9864,9 10837
33
18 1994 4522000 6856 7949
19 1995 4824000 6989 7469
20 1996 4824000 7146,4 7311
warmodgenili cxrilidan aSkarad Cans, rom 1993 wlidan
mkveTrad ecema eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba, rac finansebis
deficitiT, aucilebeli marag-nawilebis uqonlobiT, Zveli mow-
yobiloba-danadgarebis cveTiT, eleqtrosadgurebis mwyobridan
gamosvliT da saerTod, energetikis dargisadmi araswori mid-
gomiT aixsneba. gansakuTrebiT mtkivneuli iyo, warmoebuli da
realizebuli elenergiis aRricxvis mouwesrigebloba, mom-
xmarebelze miwodebuli elenergiis anazRaurebis dabali done da
jamSi Tavisufali bazris uqonloba.YTumca mTavari da mTavari
mainc saxelmwifo politikis mxridan dargis ganviTarebisadmi
araswori midgoma saxeldeba. uSualod administraciulma
struqturebma ver uzrunveyves, miRweuli Sedegebis SenarCuneba da
kvlav ganviTareba. sazogadoebis mxridan ara sakmarisi
informireba sababi gaxda iseTi eleqtrosadgurebis mSeneblobis
SeCerebisa, rogoric xudonhesi da namaxvan hesebia. maTi saproeqto
simZlavre 1200 megavats aRemateboda.Y
am periodSi ganviTarebuli movlenebisadmi sazogadoebis
damokidebuleba imdenad uaryofiTi iyo, rom wyalsacaviani
sadgurebis mSenebloba dResac protests iwvevs. mavani da mavani
kvlav axerxebs, sazogadoebis darwmunebas, rom hidroeleqtrosad-
gurebis mSenebloba katastrofaa. yvelaferTan erTad yovelive
amaSi TviT energetikosebis “siCumis” wvlilicaa.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare Tamamad SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebam
(vidre sistema dairRveoda, 1993 wlamde) uwyveti xasiaTi miiRo.
momxmareblebi Rebulobdnen Zalian iaf eleqtroenergias (saS. 2
centi). aRizarda maRali kvalifikaciis mqone inJiner-teqnikuri
personali, romelTac damoukideblad SeZles axali simZlavreebis
aTviseba da eqsploatacia.
34
simZlavris grafiki 1.1. (nax. 1.1)
simZlavre
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
4826_
4430_
_
38700-
2015,0-
_ .
952,0- .
_
552,0_
_
336,2 .
_
116,4-
_
66,4 _
_
_
12,4_
8,1_ .
10_
1887 1913 1928+35+40+50+55+66 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
DADDA
Ddadgmuli
simZlavre
moqmedi
simZlavre
1887-2010 wlebis mixedviT saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis dadgmuli da
moqmedi simZlavreebis gamoyenebis maCveneblebi aSkarad miuTiTebs 1993
wlidan dawyebul mwvave kriziss, romelic bolo 17 wlis ganmavlobaSi
grZeldeba.
35
gamomuSavebis grafiki 1.2. (nax. 1.2.)
saqarTvelos eleqtrosadgurebis gamomuSaveba 1987-2010 wlebis
monacemebis mixedviT.
1935 2010ww 2005 1980 1975 1970 1987 1995 1990 1985 1965 1960 1950 1955
11000
10000
9000
6000
5000
4000
15000
14000
13000
12000
8000
7000
3000
2500
1000
500
gamomuSaveba
mil/kvt.sT
36
1.2. gardaqmnebis mokle mimoxilva
oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc erTiani
saxelmwifos daSlis Sedegad, saqarTvelos energosistema ruseTis
erTian energosistemas gamoeyo da damoukideblad daiwyo muSaoba.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom saqarTvelos energosistemis mTeli
infrastruqtura, erTian energosistemaze, anu ruseTze iyo
damokidebuli, daSlis Sedegad gaCnda uamravi sirTule, maT
Soris: im-portirebuli sawvavis (gazis da mazuTis) deficiti;
marag-nawilebiT momarageba; elenergiis ukmarisoba; sabalanso
reJimebis SenarCuneba da sxva. yovelive amas daemata dargis
SigniT arsebuli gadauwyveteli sakiTxebi: aRricxvis mowesrigeba;
eleqtroenergiis deficiti; miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis
anazRaurebis dabali done; dargSi momuSave inJier-teqnikuri
personalis didi odenobiT saxelfaso davalianeba da sxva.
movlenebi ise warimarTa, rom dRis wesrigSi dadga
konkretuli reformebis Catarebis aucilebloba. bunebrivad
arsebuli monopolisti “saqenergo” daiSala.
1993 wlidan (erTiani sabWoTa energosistemis daSlis
Sedegad) qveynis energetikul dargSi ganviTarebulma krizisulma
movlenebma, sruliad axali amocanebis gadawyveta moiTxova, maT
Soris aucilebeli gaxda:
- saxelmwifo sakuTrebis etapobrivi likvidacia; sakuTrebis
gansxvavebuli formebis damkvidreba; konkurentuli garemos
Seqmna da investiciebis mozidva;
- mizandasaxuli saxelmwifo politikis gatareba, dargSi
regulirebis funqciisa da sameurneo saqmianobis gamijvna;
- energetikuli resursebis warmoebis efeqturobis amaRleba,
maTi miwodebis gaumjobeseba da ekonomikis ganviTarebis mizniT
energodeficitis Semcireba, komunaluri momsaxurebis gaum-
jobeseba;
- energetikuli kompaniebis menejmentis donis gaumjobeseba,
safinanso sistemis optimaluri marTva da safinanso dis-
ciplinis mkacri dacva.
rogorc praqtikam dagvanaxa, vertikalurad integrirebulma
saxelmwifo energetikulma struqturebma (eleqtroenergetikaSi –
“saqenergo”, xolo bunebrivi gaziT momaragebis seqtorSi –
“saqgazi”) ver gaarTves Tavi dakisrebul valdebulebebs (rac
struqturebis SenarCunebaSi, energetikuli simZlavreebis gaZlie-
rebaSi, momxmareblebis mudmivi elenergiiT uzrunvelyofaSi da
finansur stabilurobaSi mdgomareobda). amdenad, erovnuli ekono-
mikis sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT aRniS-
37
nuli mizezebi energetikul kompleqsSi restruqturizaciis
Catarebis sababi gaxda.
eleqtroenergetikaSi restruqturizacias safuZveli daudo
saqarTvelos prezidentis 1996 wlis 4 ivlisis #437 brZanebulebam,
“eleqtroenergetikuli seqtoris restruqturizaciis Sesaxeb”. am
brZanebulebis Sesabamisad saxelmwifo kompania “saqenergo” daiyo
3 damoukidebel kompaniad: 1) “saqenergogeneraciad” (eleqtroener-
giis warmoeba), 2) “saqeleqtrogadacemad” (eleqtroenergiis
gadacema maRali Zabvis qselebiT), 3) saqenergodispetCerizaciad
(ro-melsac miuxedavad sakuTrebis formisa, rogorc adgilobriv
warmoebuli, aseve import-eqsportis miRebas, gadacemas da
ganawilebas dRemde kurirebs); maRali Zabvis 500kv.e.g.xazis marTva
“saqrusener-gos” xelSi gadavida, romlis aqtivebis 50% ruseTs
gadaeca. rac Seexeba gamanawilebel energokompaniebs (eleqtro-
energiis ganawileba), isini mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT jer kidev
1995 wlis ianvarSi gadavidnen municipalur mmarTvelobaSi.
generaciisa da ganawilebis qveseqtorebSi dafuZnebul iqna
saaqcio da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebi.. mogvi-
anebiT cvlilebebi Seexo bunebrivi gazis seqtorsac.
amrigad, energetikul kompleqsSi ganxorcielebuli reformebis
Sedegad Camoyalibda horizontaluri, damoukidebeli struq-
turebi: eleqtroenergetikaSi – generacia, gadacema-dispetCeri-
zacia, ganawileba; bunebriv gazSi – miwodeba, transportireba,
ganawileba; amasTan erTad Seiqmna, saTbob-energetikis saministro,
romelsac daevala dargSi saxelmwifo politikis SemuSaveba da
misi ganxorcielebis koordinacia, mesakuTris funqcia daekisra
saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministros, operatiul-sameurneo
saqmianobis warmarTva ki Tavad energetikul sawarmoebs. am
gardaqmnebiT momzadda myari safuZveli energetikuli sawarmoebis
gansaxelmwifoebisaTvis (e.w. privatizaciisaTvis). am reformaTa
“gariJraJze” saqarTvelos energetikaSi gardaqmnaTa procesis
umniSvnelovanes etapad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 1997 wels miRebuli
gadawyvetileba eleqtroenergetikaSi damoukidebeli maregulire-
beli komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
kanonma “eleqtroenergetikis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos eleqtro-
energetikis maregulirebel erovnul komisias (semeks) Tavidanve
mianiWa maRali xarisxis damoukidebloba. kerZod, komisia gaxda
mudmivmoqmedi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri, romelic
kanonis ZaliT Tavis saqmianobaSi ar dauqvemdebares arc erT sxva
saxelmwifo uwyebasa da organizacias. komisia Tavisi kompetenciis
farglebSi gamoscemda dadgenilebebs, romlebic warmoadgenda
normatiul aqtebs.
38
1999 wlis aprilSi “eleqtroenergetikis Sesaxeb” kanonSi
Sevida cvlilebebi da damatebebi. mas ewoda kanoni “eleqtro-
energetikisa da bunebrivi gazis Sesaxeb”. [2 kanonSi faqtobrivad dafiqsirebulia xelisuflebis politikuri neba bunebrivi
monopoliis niSnis matarebeli dargis damoukidebeli reguli-
rebis Sesaxeb. masSi ganisazRvra urTierToba energetikis
struqturul erTeulebs Soris. Seiqmna samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi
dargSi sabazro urTierTobebis danergvisaTvis, investiciebis
mozidvisaTvis, eleqtroenergiisa da bunebrivi gazis konkretuli
bazris CamoyalibebisaTvis da sxv. kanonma dasabami misca fizikuri
da iuridiuli pirebis saqmianobis mowesrigebas eleqtroenergiis
warmoebis, gadacemis, dispetCerizaciis, ganawilebisa da
moxmarebis, agreTve bunebrivi gazis miwodebis, transportirebisa
da ganawilebis sferoebSi da saboloo jamSi (rogorc qarTveli
da ucxoeli eqspertebi amtkicebdnen) saqarTvelos energetikis
ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofas sabazro ekonomikis principebis
Sesabamisad.
axali kanonis mixedviT, komisias ewoda saqarTvelos
energetikis maregulirebeli erovnuli komisia (semek). mas mieniWa
saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis seqtorSi
licenziebis gacemisa da tarifebis regulirebis ufleba. mniSvne-
lovnad Seicvala da gafarTovda komisiis funqciebi. misi ufleba-
movaleobebi eleqtroenergetikis garda, gavrcelda bunebrivi
gazis seqtorzec. kerZod, saqarTvelos energetikis mareguli-
rebeli erovnul komisias Semdegi ZiriTadi Ffunqciebi mieniWa:
- eleqtroenergiisa (simZlavris) da bunebrivi gazis sabiTumo
da sacalo tarifebis dadgena da regulireba;
- eqspluataciaSi Sesul eleqtroenergetikul obieqtebze da
bunebrivi gazis seqtorSi licenziebis gacema, ganaxleba,
SeCereba da gauqmeba;
- eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis seqtorTan dakavSi-
rebuli sadao sakiTxebis ganxilva da gadawyveta;
- konkurenciis xelSewyoba eleqtroenergetikul da bunebrivi
gazis seqtorSi, energiis mwarmoebelTa, mimwodebelTa da
momxmarebelTa interesebis dabalanseba;
- eleqtroenergiis sabiTumo bazris saqmianobis zedam-
xedveloba;
- energetikul seqtorSi serTifikaciis samuSaoTa organizeba
da koordinacia;
eleqtroenergiis importisa da eqsportis regulireba (iuri-
diuli da marTvis meqanizmis Seqmna). [3 sajaroobisa da Tanasworobis safuZvelze semekma unda
ganaxorcielos energetikis regulirebis ZiriTadi principebi,
39
eleqtroenergiis warmoebis, gadacemis, dispetCerizaciisa da
ganawilebis, agreTve bunebrivi gazis subieqtebisa da
momxmareblebis mimarT da am mizniT Seqmnas dargis regulirebis
normatiuli da samarTlebrivi baza. manve xeli unda Seuwyos
bunebrivi gazis miwodeba-transportirebisa da ganawilebisa da
moxmarebis efeqtianobis amaRlebas, anda uzrunvelyos
konkurenciis ganviTareba saqarTvelos energetikul bazarze.
rogorc Cans “semeks” sakmaod didi uflebebi da valde-
bulebebi daekisra, faqtiurad es organizacia, energetikis
ganviTarebis masStabiT, gaxda mTavari “arbitri” rgoli. rogor
Seasrula Tavisi movaleoba, gaamarTla Tu ara am organizaciam
Tavisi funqcia, amis Sefasebas gavakeTebT Catarebuli reformebis
mixedviT.
saqarTveloSi rogorc aRvniSneT, semekis Camoyalibeba da
moqmed struqturad gardaqmna erT-erT mTavari reforma iyo,
romelic dasavleTis qveynebis, kerZod amerikisa da evropis
energetikaze momuSave organizaciebis gavlenis Sedegad moxda.
amerikuli da evropuli organizaciebi da bankebi (“USAID”,
“IBERDROLA”, “msoflio banki”, “KFW banki” da sxva) saqarTvelos
ZiriTadad energetikuli programebis momzadebaSi da dafina-
nsebaSi exmarebodnen; qveynis erTiani energetikuli sistema,
romelic “vertikalur” struqturas warmoadgenda, privatizebis
Sedegad, rogorc ityvian, “martiv mamravlebad” daiSala.
generaciis sadgurebi (rogorc hidro, aseve Tbosadgurebi) da
110,35,10,6,04 kilovoltis gamanawilebeli qselebis 90% kerZo
mesakuTreebis xelSi gadavida. Tbilisis gamanawilebeli qselis
pirveli msxvili myidveli jer amerikuli (“AES Telasi”), xolo
Semdeg rusuli (РАО "ЕЭС России" Svilobili kompania “ss
“Telasi”) kompaniebi gaxdnen, romelTac Tbilisis gamanawilebel
qselTan erTad, generaciis obieqtebic, Tbilsresis me-9, me-10
blokebi da xrami I da II hidrosadgurebi (25 wliani xelSe-
krulebiT) SeiZines. danarCeni raionuli daqvemdebarebis ZiriTadi
qselebi (kaxeTis garda) gaerTianebul sadistribucio kompanias
gadaeca, romelic Semdgom Cexur-rusulma kompaniam ss “ener-
goprojorjiam” SeiZina. garda amisa saqarTvelos energetikul
struqturas, kidev axali moTamaSe Seemata eleqtrosabiTumo
bazris saxiT, romelic qarTul-espanur-inglisur organizaciaTa
najvars warmoadgenda.
“AES Telasis” (ss“Telasis”) da ss “energoprojorjias”
funqcias rogorc eleqtroenergiis warmoeba, aseve ganawileba
warmoadgenda, xolo sabiTumo bazari mTlianobaSi warmoebuli
eleqtroenergiis gayidvas da fulad Semosavlebs akontrolebda.
maRali Zabvis eleqtrogadacemis xazebi da qvesadgurebi,
40
centraluri sadispetCero rgoliT, 100%-iani saxelmwifo
wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnili sawarmos ss “saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo eleqtrosistemis” daqvemdebarebaSia. wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi energetikul organizaciebs Soris ar arsebobda myari
sakontraqto sistema. Eeleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis Sedegad
miRebul fulad Semosavlebs eleqtrosabiTumo bazari mxolod
nawilobriv anazRaurebda, romelic imdenad gaugebari sistema iyo,
rom Tavisi arsebobis periodSi (1999 – 2007) energetikuli
organizaciebis mimarT miliardnaxevar larze meti davalianeba
daagrova, ris Sedegadac sawarmoebma, kompaniebma da uSualod
energetikosebma didi zarali naxes. rom ara bazrisadmi
xelisuflebis mxardaWera, igi amden xans ver iarsebebda.
eleqtroenergiis Rirebulebis aranazRaurebis Sedegad, anu ufi-
nansobiT mwyobridan gamovida sawarmoebis mowyobiloba-danad-
garebi, sxvadasxva energetikuli organizaciebisadmi, struqtu-
rebisadmi (rogorc kerZo, asev saxelmwifo) dagrovda didi
fuladi davalianebebi.
1.3. privatizaciis Sedegebi “Telasis” magaliTze
rogorc kvlevam aCvena, 1994-2000 wlebSi xelovnurad, Tu
Seugneblad mimdinareobda energetikuli sawarmoebis: generaciis
sadgurebis, saqselo sawarmoebis, dispetCerizaciis da gadam-
yidveli organizaciebis finansuri gakotreba, rasac avtomaturad
mosdevda mowyobiloba-danadgarebis mwyobridan gamosvla.
yvelafer amas Tan axlda (gansakuTrebiT dabali 35/10/0,4
kilovoltis qselebSi, romlebic sadistribucio kompaniebs
ekuTvnodaT) avariebis simravle da energiis deficiti. Sedegebi
iyo umZimesi: Camqrali ubnebi, soflebi da xSirad mTeli
qalaqebic ki.
uflebamosili saxelisuflebo struqturebi da sadistribucio
kompaniebis xelmZRvanelebi gadamWrel RonisZiebebs ar atarebdnen.
calkeul distributorebs, romlebic abonentebidan fuls xelze
krefdnen, SeeZloT Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr gaenawilebinaT Semo-
savlebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRricxvis mosawesrigeblad fuli,
rogorc qarTuli energetikidan, aseve donori organizaciebidan,
ara erTxel iqna gamoyofili, gamanawilebeli kompaniebis
xelmZRvanelebma ar Seasrules micemuli piroba da ar
moawesriges aRricxva. gamoyofili fulis raRac nawili moxmarda
mricxvelebis SeZena-damontaJebas, magram ZiriTadi Tanxebi,
rogorc Cans “gverdze” gavida. amdenad abonentebsa da
distributorebs Soris mudmivi dava Cveulebrivi wesi gaxda, rac
umetes SemTxvevaSi momxmareblebis wagebiT mTavrdeboda (abonenti
41
rac ar unda marTali yofiliyo, iZulebuli iyo daTmobaze
wasuliyo, sxva SemTxvevaSi dens gauTiSavdnen da vidre jarimas
ar gadaixdida ar CaurTavdnen). gadamyidvel kompaniebs, romlebic
mTel saqarTveloSi mravlad dafuZndnen, generaciis
eleqtrosadgurebisa da gadacema-dispetCerizaciis mimarT did-
Zali valebi daugrovdaT. avariebis Sedegad miyenebuli zarali
dRiTi-dRe izrdeboda. raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos,
energetikis saministro da xelisuflebis sxva ganayofebi
yovelive amas “olimpiuri” simSvidiT uyurebdnen. momxmarebelma
da saerTod sazogadoebam ar icoda, ra momavali eloda.
yvelafer amas Tan daerTo, mosaxleobis umuSevrobis Sedegad
gaRaribeba, el. energiis ZiriTadi momxmarebeli gadaxdis uunaro
gaxda.
q. Tbilisis gamanawilebeli qseli – ss “Telasi”, Tavis droze
erT-erT mowesrigebul saqselo sawarmod iTvleboda. momxma-
rebelTa 90% saaRricxvo uzrunvelyofa hqonda; saqenergos
realizaciis sammarTvelos monacemebiT, miwodebuli elenergiis
safasuris amoReba am sawarmoSi 80%-s aRemateboda. rogorc ki
Telasis marTva merias gadaeca, miwodebuli elenergiis
anazRaureba minimumamde Semcirda; ris Sedegadac saxelmwifo
Semosavlebmac sagrZnoblad iklo, xolo energetikosTa saxel-
faso davalianeba gaizarda. Telass vali hqonda, rogorc
eleqtrosadgurebis aseve eleqtrogadacemis da dispetCerizaciis.
Ffinansurad moSlilma organizaciam, verc sareabilitacio da
verc saremonto samuSaoebi ver Seasrula. aRricxva TiTqmis ar
funqcionirebda. momxmarebeli ukontrolod xarjavda eleqtro-
energias, gadatvirTvis Sedegad qselis mowyobiloba-danadgarebi
da sakabelo xazebi mwyobridan gamodioda. samuSao disciplina
TiTqmis moiSala. yvelaferma aman momxmarebelTa (gansakuTrebiT
mosaxleobis) ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. mTavrobam gamosavali
Telasis aqciebis 75% gayidvaSi ipova. analogiurad sxva, raio-
nuli Tu regionaluri masStabiT Seqmnili, gamanawilebeli da
gadamyidveli organizaciebi jer finansurad gakotrdnen da
Semdgom iolad daTanxmdnen TviTlikvidacias.OTumca manamde am
organizaciebs, energetikuli organizaciebis mimarT, milionobiT
laris davalianeba gaaCndaT. qarTul bazarze Semovida amerikuli
kompania, romelsac daerqva “AES Telasi”.
“AES Telasma”, romelsac ganviTarebad qveynebSi distribuciis
warmoebis sakmaod didi gamocdileba hqonda, sakmaod kargad
isargebla qarTuli mxaris gamoucdelobiT (Tu Segnebulad
“Tvalis daxuWviT”) da miaRwia misTvis misaReb pirobebze xelis
moweras.
42
samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos (Tumca isev Tavisi
sargeblis mopovebis mizniT), rom Telasma SemosvlisTanave
mTavari yuradReba aRricxvis mowesrigebas da 6/10/0,4 kilovolti
qselebis da qvesadgurebis aRdgenas miaqcia, Tumca yovelive amaSi,
is Tanxa ar dauxarjavs, rac semekis angariSSi aqvs naCvenebi. misi
mtkicebiT 2000 wels ganaxorciela Warbi investiciebi, rac,
rogorc aRvniSneT tarifis momatebis erT-erTi mTavari faqtoria.
danarTSi is amtkicebs, rom 2000 wlis Warbi investicia 97.580.892
milion dolars Seadgens, anu man es samuSao Seasrula. martivad
ismeba kiTxva, ra Rirda mTlianad Tbilisis qseli, anu sul
Tavidan rom daemontaJebina, ra Tanxa daujdeboda? (Sedare-
bisaTvis arsebuli “Telasis” safondo Rirebuleba saSualod
80 mili-on maneTs Seadgenda). [4
semekis mimarT wardgenili weriliT irkveva “AES Telasi”-is
2000 wlis monacemebiT ganxorcielebuli Warbi investiciebis
raodenoba. ix. cxrili #2.1. (Tumca es cifrebi dRemde sadaoa)
aSS dolari
sawyisi naSTi
damatebuli Semdeg punqtebSi Ggadmoricxuli Tanxa:
mux. 1.4.1 : garedan moziduli Tanxa 40.000.000 $ mux. 1.4.2 : korporacia “AES”-is Tanxa 71.000.000 $ “AES TelasisaTvis” gadmoricxuli mTliani Tanxas
gamoklebuli saboloo naSTi 4.532.842 $ saqmianobaze daxarjuli Tanxa 109.480.892 $
“AES Telasis” mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom man 90 milion
dolarze meti investicia Cado, logikaSi ar jdeba. rogorc
aRvniSneT, s.s. Telasi vidre gaiyideboda, mTeli Tavisi safondo
RirebulebiT 80 mil. maneTs ar aRemateboda, xolo centraluri
qselebis ZiriTadi fondebi, romlis garkveuli wilis mesakuTre
aseve “AES Telasi” gaxda, saSualod 100 milioni maneTiT
ganisazRvreboda. (ix. cxrili #1.4.)
cxrili #1.4.
weli Rirebuleba (aTasi maneTi)
1985 72 441,9
1986 86 168,1
1987 86770
1990 103 951,9
43
Tavisi pretenziebi, „AES Telasma“ miuxedavad semek-is
garkveuli winaaRmdegobisa, (mTavrobis mxardaWeriT) mainc gaitana.
gansakuTrebiT tarifis gazrdaSi miaRwia misTvis sasurvel
Sedegs. SedarebisaTvis, generaciis eleqtrosadgurebze gamomu-
Savebuli da eleqtrosistemis mier Tbilisamde “Camotanili”
1kvt/sT-is saSualo Sewonili tarifis Rirebuleba (Tbosadgurebis
mier gamomuSavebuli Zviri el. energiis gaTvaliswinebiT da sesb-
is interesebis CaTvliT, 4,5 TeTrs Seadgenda, “AES TelasisTvis”
am dros semek-is mier dadgenili iyo Semdegi satarifo sistema:
(2000 wlis 1 agvistos mdgomareobiT). ix. cxrili #1.5
cxrili #1.5.
momxmarebeli Zabvebis mixedviT
ssb-is dRg-is gareSe
gamanawilebeli kompaniis “ei-i-es Telasis” tarifi dRg-s
gareSe
samomxmareblo tarifi
dRg-s gareSe
dRg-s CaTvliT
0,4kv 4,57 3,6 8,17 9,8 6-10kv 4,57 2,59 7,16 8,6 35-110kv 4,57 1,28 5,85 7,0
rogorc Semdgomma movlenebma aCvena, warmodgenili satarifo
sistema kvlav Seicvala gamanawilebeli kompaniebis sasargeblod,
xolo saxelmwifo generaciis sadgurebsa da eleqtrosistemas,
piriqiT, tarifi SeumcirdaT. aSkarad Cans, rom tarifis dadgenis
dros saerTaSoriso gamocdileba ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli,
sabolood momxmarebeli umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.
imis gamo, rom “AES Telass” misi winamorbedis valebis
gadaxda ar ekisreboda, analogiurad masac ar unda amoeRo
mosaxleobis Zveli davalianebebi, rac ar Sesrulda. mosaxleoba
aqac uZluri aRmoCnda, ufro metic, sazogadoebrivma orga-
nizaciebma da mosaxleobam miuxedavad mravalwliani brZolisa,
mainc ver miaRwies SeTanxmebas, gaformebuliyo xelSekruleba
“AES Telassa” da abonentebs Soris. (rasac semeki yvelanairad
eTanxmeboda) “AES Telasma” icoda, rom xSiri avariebisa da
uxarisxo denis miwodebis mizeziT, momxmareblebs xSirad ewve-
bodaT xelsawyo-danadgarebi, razedac pasuxismgeblobis aReba ar
undoda.
am droisTvis Tbilisis moxmareba, saSualod yovelTviurad,
200 250 milion kilovatsaaTs, xolo wliuri moxmareba 2,5 3,7
miliard kilovatsaaTs Seadgenda.
mwarmoeblis (el. sistemisa da hidrogeneraciis sadgurebis)
jamuri tarifis saSualo sidide 2,5 TeTrs ar aRemateboda, xolo
gasayidi samomxmareblo tarifi (rogorc zemoT vaCveneT) 7-dan 9,8
44
TeTramde gaizarda. ZiriTadi momxmarebeli – mosaxleoba, 0,4
kilovoltidan iRebda Zabvas, anu misi gadasaxdeli saboloo
tarifi 9,8 TeTrs Seadgenda (SeniSvna dRevandeli tarifiT, es
cifri 13-dan 17 TeTramdea gazrdili). [5 angariSi amtkicebs rom, realur sabazro pirobebSi, es cifri sul mcire 7 TeTramde
Semcirdeboda, anu mocemul SemTxvevaSi ekonomia 1kvt.sT-ze 2,8
TeTrs Seadgens, rac wliuri maCveneblis mixedviT q. Tbilisis
mosaxleobis mimarT 84 milioni laris ekonomias niSnavs (semek-is
mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom Tbosadgurebze gamomuSavebuli
energia sawvavis gamo hidrosTan SedarebiT maRali unda iyos,
simarTlea, magram ara imdenad, da ara mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi,
rogorc es tarifSia Cadebuli). rac Seexeba analogiurad
respublikis masStabiT moxmarebuli elenergiis gayidvis Sedegad
momxmareblebisTvis miyenebuli wliur zarals, saSualod 210
milion lars aRemateba. rogorc vxedavT, arcTu patara Tanxaa.
1.4. eleqtroenergiis gamanawilebeli kompania
“PA-consulting”-is muSaobis Sedegebi
saqarTvelos energosistemis distribuciis qselSi, saqar-
Tvelos gaerTianebuli sadistribucio kompaniis bazaze, (SemdegSi
sgs) marTvis uflebiT 2003 wlis maisidan (mTavrobasTan dadebuli
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze), Semovida amerikuli kompania “PA-consulting”. saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli sadistribucio kompania
(SemdgomSi sgs) am droisaTvis eleqtroenergias yidda Semdeg
momxmareblebze:
Sida da qvemo qarTlis, mcxeTa mTianeTis, samcxe-javaxeTis,
imereTis, guriis, samegrelos, raWa-leCxumis da svaneTis rai-
onebze. kompaniis finansuri mdgomareoba umZimesi iyo.
kreditoruli davalianeba aTeul milions aWarbebda. sgs siste-
matiurad ar uxdida generaciis sadgurebsa da eleqtrosistemas
mowodebuli el. energiis safasurs. ar hqonda mowesrigebuli
aRricxvis sistema. xSiri iyo calkeuli momxmareblebisa da
zogjer mTeli regionis gamorTva. momxmarebelTa ukmayofilebam
piks miaRwia, mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda marTvaSi Semoeyvana
ucxouri kompania, romelic gaaumjobesebda zemoT CamoTvlil
naklovanebebs.
“PA-consulting”-ma muSaoba sufTa buRalteriiT daiwyo.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam da donorma saerTaSoriso organizaciebma,
didi daxmareba gauwies, rogorc finansurad, aseve uflebebis
mxriv. “PA-consulting”-s saqarTvelos energetikaSi muSaobis gamo-
cdileba ukve hqonda. igi wlebis ganmavlobaSi USAID-is warmo-
madgeneli iyo saqarTveloSi. paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom sgs-s
45
davalianebebze pasuxismgebloba arc marTvaSi Semosulma kompaniam
da arc sxva vinmem (Tundac saxelmwifom) ar aiRo. es niSnavda, rom
vinc cudad imuSava, vinc kanoni daarRvia, vinc fuli moipara,
yvelas yvelaferi SerCa. es ki mavne tradiciis dakanonebas
niSnavda, risi uflebac namdvilad ar unda mieca makontrolebel
organos. samwuxarod, unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi tradicia mTel
sadistribucio qselSi dainerga, miuxedavad imisa, kerZo
struqtura iyo Tu saxelmwifo. sailustraciod mogvyavs msxvil
gadamxdelTa inspeqciis mier Catarebuli kvleva energetikuli
organizaciebis rogorc savaldebulo gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis,
kerZod “PA-consulting”-is moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. citata: “Cven
monitorings vuwevT msxvil gadamxdelTa inspeqciaSi regis-
trirebul sawarmoTa sagadasaxado valdebulebebis Sesrulebis
dones. amas garda, calke vaanalizebT msxvil gadamxdelTa
inspeqciaSi registrirebuli energetikis dargis 17 sawarmos
gadaxdis maCvenebels. energetikis dargis sawarmoebs, romlebic
ewevian eleqtroenergiis warmoebas da distribucias saqar-
TveloSi. msxvil gadamxdelTa inspeqciaSi 17 aseTi sawarmoa
registrirebuli. bolo 5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi 14-15 aseT sawarmos
hqonda didi odenobis sagadasaxado davalianeba. didi
davalianebis mqone xuTi sawarmo arsebobs gazis seqtorSi. isinic
zustad iseve iqcevian, rogorc energetikis dargis sawarmoebi.
sagadasaxado valdebulebebis Seusruleblobis rogori
suraTia msxvil gadamxdelTa inspeqciaSi registrirebul energe-
tikis dargis sawarmoebSi? 2003 wlis ianvarSi energetikis dargis
sagadasaxado davalianeba 132.326.755 lars Seadgenda, 2003 wlis 31
maisisaTvis ki 261.052.417 lars. 16 TveSi davalianeba 97%-iT
gaizarda... es mxolod aRiarebul vals exeba. Tu gaviTva-
liswinebT, rom am sawarmoebSi ar Catarebula mniSvnelovani
sagadasaxado auditi, aravin icis ramdenia faqtiurad gadasax-
deli Tanxa.
samwuxarod, sagadasaxado departaments mouwodeben ar ga-
ataros iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi, sagadasaxado davalianebis mqone
energetikis dargis gadamxdelebis mimarT. saTanado nebarTvis
SemTxvevaSi isini mzad arian da survili aqvT gaataron iZulebiTi
RonisZiebebi am kompaniebis mimarT. sagadasaxado departaments ar
rTaven moqmedebis nebarTvas, ris gamoc 2004 w. 1 ianvridan msxvil
gadamxdelTa inspeqciaSi registrirebuli energetikis dargis
sawarmoebis davalianeba 55 milioni lariT gaizarda.” 6 warmodgenili masala naTel suraTs iZleva imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
qaosuri mdgomareoba iyo am periodSi qarTul energetikaSi,
kerZod, finansur nawilSi. winamdebare analizis bazaze SesaZ-
lebelia gakeTdes Semdegi daskvnebi:
46
1. 2000-2006 wlebSi kvlav grZeldeba eleqtroenergiis dataceba.
gamanawilebeli kompaniebi nawilobriv, an sistematurad ar
ixdian miRebuli elenergiis safasurs;
2. ar aris mowesrigebuli saaRricxvo sistema;
3. ar muSaobs saxelSekrulebo sistema;
4. kanoni energetikis Sesaxeb mudmivad irRveva;
amrigad, zemoT moyvanili faqtebidan da aseve sxva gadamyid-
veli kompaniebis (“iberdrola”, “gaerTianebuli sadistribucio
kompania”, “PA Consulting” da “energoprojorjias”) masalebis Seswa-
vlidan gamomdinare, saxezea saqarTvelos biujetisadmi da elene-
rgiis momxmareblebisadmi (mewarmeebis, mosaxleobis da maT Soris
Tbilisis mosaxleobis) miyenebuli did masStabiani zarali.
warmodgenili dokumenturi masalis ganxilva saWirod miviC-
nieT im faqtebis dasadastureblad, rasac adgili hqonda,
energetikuli obieqtebis gasxvisebis dros da reformebis
Catarebis procesSi. yovelive amis safuZvelze TvalnaTliv Cans,
rom aucilebelia saqarTvelos energosistemaSi marTvis axali
sistemebis danergva, rac, pirvel rigSi, samarTlian sabazro
principebze gadasvlas niSnavs.
1.5.saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiis sabiTumo bazris Sesaxeb
Tanamedrove energetikaSi, eleqtroenergiis warmoeba,
gadacema, dispetCerizacia da ganawileba, did finansur xarjebTan
aris dakavSirebuli. Tu miwodebuli elenergiis drouli
anazRaureba ar xdeba, kvlavwarmoebis procesi iSleba. sabWoTa
periodSi, elenergiis mwarmoebeli, gadamcemi, dispetCeri da
realizatoric erTi da igive (saxelmwifo) organizaciaSi iyo
(Cvens SemTxvevaSi saqenergoSi) gaerTianebuli.
2001 wlis 9 agvistodan funqcionireba daiwyo ganaxlebulma
eleqtrosabiTumo bazarma, romlis operators (mmarTvels)
espanuri kompania “Iberdola Ingeneieria Consultoria” warmoadgenda
SemoklebiT `sesbi~. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad es kompania iRebda
valdebulebas, rom misi muSaobis me-4 wlisTvis, eleqtroenergiis
realizebis Sedegad, daricxuli Tanxebis amoRebis maCvenebels
85%-mde gazr-dida. am mizniT saerTaSoriso donori organi-
zaciebis mier gamoyofili iqna e.w. “bazris mxardamWeri proeqtis”
araerTi finansuri daxmareba. am proeqtSi Sedioda sabiTumo
bazris (sesbis) ofisebis mowyoba, dabali gamanawilebel qselebSi
da uSualod abonentebTan mimarTebaSi aRricxvis mowesrigeba,
eleqtrosistemaSi sareabilitacio samuSaoebis Sesruleba da a.S.
47
ise daamTavra moRvaweoba am organizaciam, rom nakisri
valdebulebebi ar Seusrulebia (amoRebis maCvenebeli 28,5%-s ar
aRemateboda). samagierod, saerTo finansurma davalianebam 1,5
miliard lars gadaaWarba (romlis bedi dRemde ucnobia).
bunebrivia, gaCnda mravali kiTxva, razedac jer kidev pasuxi
aravis gaucia, kerZod: ram gamoiwvia sesb-Si valebis dagroveba?
sistemuri da struqturuli Secdomebi iyo daSvebuli, Tu adgili
hqonda korufcias? ris safuZvelze iqna ganpirobebuli
komerciuli operatoris Seqmna da ra Sedegebi iqna miRebuli? am
da sxva kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa ramodenime
mniSvnelovani detalis ganxilva.
energetikuli organizaciebi, (generacia, gadacema-dispeCeriza-
cia, ganawilebis kompaniebi da a.S.) bazris wesebis Tanaxmad, auci-
leblad bazris wevrebi unda yofiliyvnen. bazris administraciis
nebarTvis gareSe, eleqtroenergias verc awarmoebdi, verc iyiddi
da verc gayiddi. bazris wevroba gaiZulebda mxolod da mxolod
misi “TamaSis wesebiT” gemoqmeda. generaciis sadgurebi da
eleqtrosistema, valdebuli iyvnen elenergia mudmivad
miewodebinaT momxmareblebisTvis (gamanawilebeli kompaniebisaTvis
da pirdapiri xelSekrulebis mqone organizaciebisaTvis).
yvelaferi es Sesabamisi aqtebiT (romelic mxolod formalur
realobas warmoadgenda) sabiTumo bazarSi fiqsirdeboda. bazris
wesebis mixedviT, elenergiis momxmarebel (gadamyidvel) kompaniebs
fuli sabiTumo bazarSi unda gadaexadaT, xolo bazars amis
Sesabamisad unda aenazRaurebina mwarmoeblebisadmi. sesbis
gadaxdis maCvenebeli imdenad dabali iyo, rom saerTo gadaxdis
maCvenebeli 17-23 procents ar aRemateboda, ris gamoc bazarsa da
gadamyidvel kompaniebs Soris mudmivad midioda kamaTi da
gadabraleba. Sedegad ki mwarmoebeli organizaciebi TveobiT da
wlobiT Tavis kuTvnil Tanxebs ver iRebdnen. verc semekma da verc
energetikis saminis-trom am maxinj sistemas, vidre sabiTumo
bazris davalianeba miliard-naxevrian zRvars ar gadascda, bolo
ver mouRo. Sedegad umZimesi mdgomareoba iqna miRebuli, kerZod:
1. saxelSekrulebo sistemam formaluri xasiaTi miiRo.
2. kanoni “eleqtroenergetikis da gazis Sesaxeb” uxeSad
irRveoda.
3. energetikuli organizaciebi xelovnurad kotrdebodnen.
4. mowyobiloba-danadgarebi mwyobridan gamodioda.
5. profesionali kadrebis ganTesvam sistemuri xasiaTi miiRo.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, pirvel rigSi, adgili hqonda TviT
sabiTumo bazris ufleba-movaleobebis arasworad Camoyalibebas
da aRsrulebas, rac e.w. “reformatorTa” xelSewyobiT xdeboda.
48
meore aranakleb mtkivneuli sakiTxi iyo dargSi da kerZod
sabi-Tumo bazarSi, arsebuli korufciuli sistema. amis damadastu-
rebelia sabiTumo bazris administraciis maRali Tanamdebobis
mqone pirTa araerTgzis dapatimrebebi da fuladi dajarimeba.
vidre sesbis da gamanawilebeli kompaniebis davalianebam
miliardian zRvars ar gadaabija, maT mimarT qmediTi RonisZiebebi
ar gatarebula. yovelive aman gamoiwvia generaciisa da
eleqtrosistemis obieqtebis mwyobridan gamosvla. energetikaSi
momuSave inJiner-teqnikuri personali TveobiT da wlobiT ver
iRebda kuTvnil saxelfaso sargos. saxelfaso davalianebam, 1995
wlidan moyolebuli, aTeul milionebs gadaaWrba. miuxedavad
amisa, qarTvel energetikosTa sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom maT
sakuTari sicocxlis fasad (iyo SemTxvevebi, roca specialistebi
SimSilisagan obieqtebze kvdebodnen), qveyanas erTiani
energosistema SeunarCunes. bunebrivia, arsebuli maxinji sistemis
SenarCuneba ukve uazro gaxda. mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT,
“eleqtroenergetikis da bunebrivi gazis Sesaxeb” kanonSi 2006
wlis 9 ivniss Setanili cvlilebebis safuZvelze, 2006 wlis 7
agvistos sesbis adgilze Camoyalibda eleqtroenergetikuli
sistemis komerciuli operatori (esko). [7]
“esko” kerZo samarTlis samewarmeo kerZo iuridiul piria,
100%-iani wilis mflobeli saxelmwifoa, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
saministros saxiT.
misi funqciebia:
a) sabalanso eleqtroenergiis (simZlavris) yidva-gayidva (maT
Soris import-eqsportis).
b) eleqtroenergetikuli sistemis sarezervo simZlavris
uzrunelyofa.
g) sistemaSi miwodeba-moxmarebis dagegmvis mizniT
dispetCerizaciis licenziantisaTvis Sesabamisi informaciis
wardgena.
d) sabiTumo yidva-gayidvis Sesaxeb erTiani bazis, maT Soris,
aRricxvianobis erTiani sistemis Seqmna da warmoeba.
e) elenergiis gamyidvelebis, an myidvelebis mier gayiduli da
Sesyiduli eleqtroenergiis raodenobis gansazRvra da angariS-
sworebisaTvis informaciis droulad wardgena.
pirveli Tavis daskvna
saqarTveloSi energetikis ganviTarebis istoriis kvlevidan
gamomdinare, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mecxramete saukunis
49
meore naxevridan moyolebuli, saqarTveloSi energetikuli
ganviTareba uwyveti procesi gaxda.
saqarTveloSi energetikis ganviTareba sabWoTa kavSiris
Camo-yalibebasTan da mis ganviTarebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. aqve
xazgasasmelia is faqti, rom adgilobrivma (qarTvelma) inJinrebma
damoukideblad SeZles eleqtrosadgurebis, qvesadgurebis, gada-
cemis xazebis proeqtireba, mSenebloba, montaJi da eqspluatacia,
erTiani energosistemis Seqmna.
respublikis sawarmoo da sayofacxovrebo moTxovnilebidan
gamomdinare, Seiqmna hidro da Tbo eleqtrosagurebis, gadacemis
xazebis da qvesadgurebis mZlavri baza. ganviTarebis piks 1989
wlisaTvis miaRwia, rodesac sakuTari simZlavre 4000 megavats,
xolo gamomuSaveba 14 miliard kilovatsaaTs aRemateboda. erT
sul mosaxleze moxmareba saSualod 3000 kilovatsaaTs Seadgenda.
mas Semdeg rac erTiani (sabWoTa) energosistema daiSala,
saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi mwvave krizisuli periodi
daiwyo. reformebis egidiT bevri iseTi RonisZieba gatarda, rac
dargisTvis sargeblis momtani ar iyo. Tavi iCina eleqtroenergiis
da finansebis datacebis faqtebma. reformebis Catarebis
araefeqturma Sedegebma, krizisi kidev ufro gaaRrmava. safrTxe
Seeqmna TviT qveynis energousafrTxoebas, (simZlavreebis 50%-ze
meti umoqmedo gaxda). dargis Semosavlebi calkeuli kompaniebis
da “Cinovnikebis” interesebs daeqvemdebara. Seiqmna eleqtro-
energiis yidva-gayidvis qaosuri sistema. minimumamde daeca
energetikuli sawarmoebis administraciuli marTvis xarisxi.
gamocdili profesiuli kadrebis samuSao pirobebi ukiduresad
gauaresda. saqme gaficvebamde mivida.
daiwyo arsebuli organizaciuli struqturis demontaJi.
cnobili “saqenergo” nacvlad imisa, rom gonivruli reformebis
bazad gadaqceuuliyo, kerZo interesTa sfero gaxda. am dros
yvelaze mkafiod gamoCnda energetikuli sawarmoebis (da
gansakuTrebiT saTave organizaciis) organizebulobis da admini-
strirebis susti mxareebi. miuxedavad dargSi arsebuli
inteleqtualuri da mravlobiTi fenomenisa, reformebis poli-
tikisadmi maTi damouki-debloba imdenad uunaro aRmoCnda, rom
faqtiurad TviTlikvidaciaze moaweres xeli. maSin, rodesac
erTianobis SemTxvevaSi dargSi arsebul cocxal Zalas SeeZlo,
nebismieri xelisufali eiZulebina maT winadadebebze daTan-
xmebuliyo. reformebis procesSi gamanawilebeli kompaniebi jer
Camoyalibebis simravliT da mere minimumamde SemcirebiT
xasiaTdeba, ise rom namdvili sabazro principebis Camoyalibeba
arc ki ucdiaT. wlebis ganmavlobaSi saaRricxvo sistema mouwes-
50
rigebeli darCa. eleqtroenergiis gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli
Semosavlebi 27%-s ar aRemateboda.
dasavleTis (evropis da amerikis) qveynebis daxmarebiT
Camoyalibda eleqtroenergiis maregulirebeli komisia, romelmac
dargis marTva, energetikis saministrosTan erTad, xelSi aiRo.
saqarTvelos bazarze amerikuli kompania “AES-Telasis”
Semosvlam, rogorc mimwodeblebi, aseve momxmareblebi gamoaf-
xizla, maT pirvel rigSi, q. TbilisSi aRricxvis sistemis da
reabilitaciis mowesrigeba moaxerxes. maTi qmedebis meore mTavari
RonisZieba, tarifis momateba gaxda. am procesma Seuqcevadi
xasiaTi miiRo. (cnobisaTvis, dRevandeli tarifis sidide,
arsebulTan SedarebiT katastrofulad gazrdilia). reformebis
Sedegad gaerTianebuli sadistribucio energokompaniis Camoya-
libeba da SemdgomSi misi memkvidre “PA consulting”-is moRvaweobis xana, generaciis sadgurebis da eleqtrosistemisadmi didi
davalianebis arsebobiT xasiaTdeba. aseve didia TviT biujeti-
sadmi (gadasaxadebis saxiT) davalianeba. reformebis egidiT,
sabiTumo bazris Camoyalibebam energetikuli sawarmoebis
(generaciis sadgurebis, eleqtrosistemis, gamanawilebeli
qselebis, saqrusenergos) jer finansuri gakotreba da Semdeg
teqnikuri krizisi gamoiwvia (eleqtrosistema dResac reabi-
litaciis reJimSi muSaobs). sabiTumo bazris saerTo davalianebam
1,5 miliard lars gadaaWarba. (es iyo gaugonari faqti). dRemde am
davalianebaze pasuxismgebloba aravis ar auRia.
pirvel TavSi warmodgenili masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom miuxedavad reformebis uaryofiTi Sedegebisa,
energetikis dargisadmi politika didad ar Secvlila. dargis
ganviTarebaze gansakuTrebiT cudad moqmedebs: eleqtroenergiis
yidva-gayidvis Tavisufali bazris ar arseboba; Semosavlebis
sazRvargareT gadineba; axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis dabali
tempi; profesiuli kadrebis cudi samuSao pirobebi da momzadebis
dabalo done. dRemde gadauWrel problemad rCeba, sapensio asaks
miaxloebuli, Rvawlmosil energetikosTa bedi. samsaxuridan
daTxovnis SemTxvevaSi (rac gardauvalia) maTi umravlesoba
siRaribis zRvars miRma rCeba.
amdenad pirvel TavSi warmodgenilia, rogorc aRmavlobis,
aseve krizisuli mdgomareobis analizi, rac saSualebas iZleva
gakeTdes daskvna.
51
Tavi II. saqarTvelos energosistemis
usafrTxoebis aspeqtebi
2.1. usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi cnebebi
Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi energetikis ganviTareba ara
mxolod am erTi dargis ganviTarebas niSnavs, aramed igi mWidrod
aris dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva dargebTan. iSviaTia dargi,
romelsac amxela gavlena hqondes nebismieri sxva dargis
ganviTarebaze. adamianis piradi cxovrebidan dawyebuli, sazo-
gadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela safexuris gaTvaliswinebiT, ener-
getika xdeba mTavari warmmarTveli Zala. TviT am dargis ganvi-
Tareba damokidebulia energiis (sakuTari) pirveladi wyaroebis
arsebobasa da mopovebaze, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis, an
sxva mesakuTreTa mxridan dargisadmi seriozul damoki-
debulebaze, teqnikis mudmivad ganaxlebaze, uwyvet warmoebaze da
a.S. dargis strategiulobidan gamomdinare aucilebelia misi
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, rac sabolood qveynis erovnuli
usafrTxoebis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba.
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, mimdinare (samecniero) kvlevis
sfero eleqtroenergetikaa, magram imis gamo, rom eleqtroenergiis
warmoeba didad aris damokidebuli rogorc sawvavis sxvadasxva
saxeobebis arsebobaze (naxSiri, mazuTi, gazi, torfi, atomuri
energia da sxv.) aseve ganaxlebadi energiebis (hidroresursebi,
qarisa da mzis energiebi) wyaroebis siWarbeze, amdenad energou-
safrTxoeba unda ganvixiloT kompleqsurad.
saqarTvelo Tavisi energowyaroebiT sakmaod SezRudulia,
mas ar gaaCnia sakmarisi sakuTari navTobi da gazi, an atomuri
energia. aqedan gamomdinare mTeli yuradReba gadatanili unda
iqnas naxSirsa da wylis energiebis aTvisebasa da gamoyenebaze.
naxSiri aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda gasuli saukunis samo-
cdaaTian wlebSi. Tbosadgurebis muSaoba naxSiris xarjze war-
moebda. SemdgomSi naxSiri, rogorc dabali xarisxis sawvavi,
Secvala mazuTma da gazma. Tanamedrove msoflioSi navTob-
produqtebis mopoveba, transportireba da maTi Sesyidva Zalian
gaZvirda. ris gamoc msoflios rigi qveynebi (germania, CexeTi,
amerika, poloneTi da sxva) kvlav miubrundnen sakuTari naxSiris
mopovebas da TbosadgurebSi sawvavad gamoyenebas. rac Seexeba
wylis energiis gamoyenebas (es wyaro, ekologiurad sufTaa, iafia
da safrTxis naklebad Semcvelia). SeiZleba iTqvas, saqarTvelos
sakmarisi maragebi gaaCnia. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi gamoyeneba
swori mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba, SeiZleba ara marto qveynis
deficiti daifaros, aramed Warbi energia saeqsportodac iqnas
52
gaSvebuli, rac qveynis biujetis Sevsebis saukeTeso saSualeba
unda gaxdes.
eleqtroenergiiT qveynis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba da
Warbi eleqtroenergiis warmoeba erT-erTi urTulesi saqmea. miT
umetes, roca energetikaze saxelmwifom sakuTreba dakarga da
ufleba-movaleobebi kerZo sakuTrebas gadasca (ris gamoc
faqtobrivad darRveulia konstituciis me-3 muxli).
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Cven mier Catarebuli kvlevebis
Sedegad kidev erTxel gamovlinda, rom energetika nebismieri
saxelmwifos da maT Soris saqarTvelos ganviTarebis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi dargia. maszea damokidebuli, rogorc saxalxo
meurneobis dargebis ganviTareba, aseve samxedro-ekonomikuri,
socialuri, ekologiuri da sxva. SeiZleba iTqvas, energetika
qveynis usafrTxoebis qvakuTxedia. msoflios sxvadasxva (ganviTa-
rebul) qveyanaSi energousafrTxoeba aRiqmeba, rogorc erovnuli
usafrTxoeba. energousafrTxoebas sxvadasxva WrilSi ganixilaven,
maT Soris: “Sida politikuri ganzomileba, ekonomikuri
ganzomileba, geopolitikuri ganzomileba, usafrTxoebis poli-
tikis ganzomileba, ekologiuri ganzomileba”; [8] ganvixiloT saerTaSoriso terminTa mniSvnelobebi:
1. ekonomikuri ganzomileba – mocemuli ganzomilebis
mTavari maxasiaTebeli gamarTulad funqcionirebadi energetikuli
bazris arsebobaa. saxelmwifom an saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebebma
xeli unda Seuwyon imas, rom energiis miwodeba xdebodes
SeuzRudavad da sabazro fasebSi. liberalizirebuli bazari da
antimonopoliuri politika ki Tavis mxriv swored saimedo
energomomaragebis winapirobas qmnis. aseve aucilebelia grZel-
vadiani savaWro xelSekrulebebis gaformeba mimwodeblebsa da
momxmareblebs Soris da energodiversifikaciis politikis
gatareba, rac aseve xels uwyobs stabiluri energetikuli
urTierTobebis damyarebas. ekonomikur ganzomilebaSi moiazreba
aseve axali energetikuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebac, rac
uzrunvelyofs energiis efeqturad gamoyenebas, investiciebis
moZiebas, energodanakargebis Semcirebas da energoresursebis
usafrTxod transportirebas.
2. geopolitikuri ganzomileba – energoresursebis tran-
sportireba xdeba Sori distanciidan da xdeba mravali qveynis
nacionaluri sazRvrebis gadakveTa, saukeTeso gamosavali
energousafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis iqneboda saerTaSoriso
savaWro sistemis Camoyalibeba. magram imdenad, ramdenadac ar
arsebobs universaluri energetikuli savaWro organizacia,
saukeTeso gamosavalia SemuSavdes erTiani wesebi da regulaciebi.
magaliTisaTvis, SesaZloa ganxiluli iqnas evropis energetikuli
53
qartiis xelSekruleba. aseve mniSvnelovania gatardes qveynebis
mxridan denacionalizaciis politika da saSualeba mieceT kerZo
kompaniebs mxolod komerciul sawyisebze ganaxorcielon savaWro
operaciebi, magram aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom dRevandel etapze, maSin
roca energetika mTeli rigi mizezebis gamo kvlavac gamoiyeneba
politikis mTavar instrumentad, msgavsi denacionalizaciis
politikis gatareba Zalze mtkivneulia TiToeuli qveynisaTvis.
aqve xazgasasmelia iseTi sakiTxi, rogoricaa globalizaciis
procesebis Sedegad gamowveuli safrTxeebi – terorizmi,
mekobreoba da sxva. amdenad energousafrTxoebis geopolitikuri
ganzomileba iTxovs SemuSavebuli iqnas erTiani strategiuli
koncefciebi aRniSnuli safrTxeebis prevenciis mizniT. am kuTxiT
Zalze didi mniSvneloba eniWeba natos, evrokavSirisa da euTos
farglebSi gafarToebul TanamSromlobas.
3. usafrTxoebis politikis ganzomileba – saerTaSoriso
terorizmi, mekobreoba Znelia Tavidan aviciloT mxolod
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis ZalisxmeviT. aucilebelia, qveynebis
mxridan SemuSavdes da gatardes konkretuli usafrTxoebis poli-
tika, raTa Tavidan aviciloT teroristuli aqtebi, energo-
resursebis dataceba, Tavdasxmebi energetikul infrastruqturaze
da sxv. unda moxdes arsebuli riskebis Sefaseba, krizisuli
situaciebis erToblivi marTva, kritikuli infrastruqturis
dacva (maT Soris erToblivad SeTanxmebuli samxedro qmedebebis
meSveobiT), informaciebis gaziareba im qveynebs Soris, romlebic
msgavsi safrTxeebis winaSe dganan.
4. Sida politikuri ganzomileba moiazrebs qveynis Sida
energetikuli sistemis gamarTuli funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofas
(uwyvet energomomaragebas, energorusersebis Sida rezervebis
arsebobas, alternatiuli energowyaroebis aTvisebas da sxv.).”
5. ekologiuri ganzomilebis Tanaxmad, gamogonili da dane-
rgili unda iqnas iseTi teqnologiebi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben
energoresursebis sufTad gamoyenebas. am kuTxiT aseve didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba sufTa da ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebis
aTvisebis xelSewyobas.
6. socialuri ganzomileba gulisxmobs ara zogadad
xelmisawvdomobas energoresursebze, aramed mosaxleobis Raribi
fenis SesaZleblobas gamoiyenos igi, rac rig qveynebSi
xorcieldeba energoresursebze saxelmwifos mxridan fasebis
subsidirebiT. swored energousafrxoebis am mravali ganzo-
milebis Seswavlisa da gaTvaliswinebis gziT aris SesaZlebeli,
srulad avxsnaT energousafrTxoebis koncefcia da is inst-
rumentebi, romlebiTac SesaZlebelia usafrTxoebis maRali xaris-
xis uzrunvelyofa.
54
amjerad Cveni kvlevis gansakuTrebul sagans warmoadgens
energetikuli usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT erovnuli usafrTxo-
ebis ganxilva. TviT sityva usafrTxoeba, rogorc es saerTaSoriso
doneze aris miRebuli niSnavs, “qveynisa da am qveyanaSi mcxovrebi
mosaxleobis (sazogadoebis) SesaZleblobas, uzrunvelyon Tav-
ianTi damoukidebloba da SeinarCunon TviTmyofadoba mtrulad
ganwyobili Zalebis mier gamowveuli cvlilebebis winaaRmdeg,” an
meorenairad ”usafrTxoeba es aris ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis mimarT
safrTxeebis ararseboba”. rac Seexeba energetikul usafrTxoebas,
rogorc aRvniSneT, igi erovnuli usafrTxoebis erT-erT ZiriTad
safuZvels warmoadgens, kerZod, energoresursebisa da maT Soris
eleqtroenergiis uwyvetad miwodeba samxedro seqtoris
ganviTarebisTvis, qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis da sxva.
zemoT CamoTvlili dargebis ganviTarebisTvis gadamwyveti da
Seucvleli mniSvnelobisaa. aqedan gamomdinare, igi ar miekuTvneba
mxoloddamxolod romelime erT seqtors, aramed mas didi
gavlena aqvs nebismieri sxva seqtoris ganviTarebazec.
“tradiciulad erovnuli usafrTxoeba gulisxmobs qveynis
SigniT politikur simSvides, mosaxleobisa da saarsebo pirobebis
dacvas da kulturul-politikuri erTianobis SenarCunebasa da
saerTod, yvela im sasicocxlo pirobas, romelic uzrunvelyofs
eris mdgrad ganviTarebas da arsebobas”; doqtor aleqsandre
rondelis ganmartebiT: “erovnuli usafrTxoeba, upirvles
yovlisa, gulisxmobs saxelmwifos suverenitetis, mTlianobis,
politikuri institutebis, kulturuli TviTmyofadobis
SenarCunebas”. uolter lipmanis ganmartebiT: “saxelmwifo usaf-
rTxo mdgomareobaSi imyofeba maSin, rodesac mas omis Tavidan
asacileblad umTavresi Rirebulebebis msxverplad gaReba ar
uxdeba da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi aseT omSi gamarjvebiT am
Rirebulebis SenarCuneba ZaluZs”. [9]
zemoT ganxiluli Teoriebis gaTvaliswinebiT kidev erTxel
SeiZleba davakonkretoT Semdegi: “erovnuli usafrTxoebis
cnebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs ori _ konservatoruli da axali
midgoma. Zveli, tradiciuli midgomis Tanaxmad, erovnuli
usafrTxoebis ZiriTad komponents mxolod samxedro usafrTxoeba
warmoadgens. xolo axali midgomis Tanaxmad, samxedrosTan erTad
“ZiriTadi komponentebia: ekonomikuri, socialuri, ekologiuri,
politikuri da sxva”.
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT: “energetikuli usaf-
rTxoeba Tavisi mravalmxrivi komponentebiT erovnuli
usafrTxoebis erT-erT ganzomilebas warmoadgens”. [10]
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT,
arsebobs individualuri (erTi konkretuli qveynis) energetikuli
55
usafrTxoebis dacvis Sexeduleba da arsebobs gaerTianebuli
(regionaluri) energetikuli usafrTxoebis dacvis gegma. rac dro
gadis, saerTaSoriso masStabiT upiratesoba, meore sistemas
eZleva. e.w. “Caketili” energosistemebi naklebad saimedo da myaria.
dedamiwaze mcxovrebi adamianebi sxvadasxva dargobrivi
(ekonomikuri, samxedro, ekologiuri, socialuri, kulturuli da
sxvadasxva) urTierTobebiT imdenad dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs, rom
ama Tu im dargis mxolod erT qveyanaSi ganviTareba Znelad
dasajerebelia. gansakuTrebiT es exeba energetikis dargs,
romelic rogorc adamianis organizmi sisxlZarRvebiTa da
nervuli sistemiT aris daqselili, asevea dedamiwis sxvadasxva
kontinentebi energetikuli komunikaciebiT gajerebuli. SeiZleba
iTqvas, kavkasia jer Tavis SigniT (saqarTvelo, somxeTi, azer-
baijani, CrdiloeT kavkasia) aris energetikulad gaerTianebuli,
da meorec, ukve ukavSirdeba mis garSemo arsebul aziisa da
evropis qveynebs, xolo evropa da azia energetikulad (Tavis
mxriv) urTierT mWidro kavSirSi imyofebian. ufro metic,
energetikuli kavSirebi okeanis gaRmac (amerika, kanada) ki
myardeba. Aamdenad, romelime qveynis energetikuli usafrTxoebis
ganxilva mxolod sakuTar “Caketil sivrceSi” yovlad SeuZle-
belia da arc iqneboda swori. rogorc amboben, dRes msoflio ise
dauaxlovda erTmaneTs, rogorc arasdros.
gamodis, rom sakuTrebis formis miuxedavad (kerZo,
saxelmwifo an Sereuli), energetikuli usafrTxoeba regionalur,
erTian mwyobr sistemaSi unda ganvixiloT. mtkiceba imisa, rom
qveynebs, energouzrunvelyofa, mxolod sakuTari resursebis
bazarze hqondeT warsuls Cahbarda.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi erT-erTi mTavari amocana eleqtro-
energiis warmoeba da gasaRebaa, romlis muSaobis safuZvels
Tavisufali bazris principebi unda warmoadgendes. Tu bazari
monopolizirebuli ar aris, maSin igi gansazRvravs erTeuli
kilovatsaaTis Rirebulebas, moxmarebis sididesa da drois
sxvadasxva monakveTSi eleqtroenergiis dinebis mimarTulebas.
rogorc erTi qarTuli andaza ambobs: “Tafli iyos, buzi
baRdadidan mofrindebao”, anu mTavaria saqoneli, romelsac
eleqtroenergia hqvia, Warbi raodenobiT arsebobdes, danarCens
momxmarebeli (am SemTxvevaSi Tavisufali bazari) daaregulirebs.
qveyanaSi eleqtroenergiis siWarbes, moqmedi eleqtrosadgurebis
gamomuSavebis sidide ganapirobebs. elsadgurebis gamomuSaveba ki
axali simZlavreebis aTvisebazea damokidebuli.
imisda mixedviT, qveyana deficits ganicdis, Tu piriqiT,
Warbi eleqtroenergia gaaCnia, xdeba gasaRebi bazris Sevseba
(regulireba), anu e.w. eqsport-importi damokidebulia ama, Tu im
56
qveynis energetikuli resursebis arsebobaze, gamoyenebis
koeficientis sidideze, politikur-ekonomikur da socialur
mdgomareobaze. energetikuli kavSirebis saimedooba ganapirobebs
qveynis energetikul usafrTxoebas. TiToeuli qveyana zemoT
CamoTvlili pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT uzrunvelyofs sakuTar
energetikul usafrTxoebas. gansxvaveba mxolod fasebSia. qveyanas,
romelsac naklebi energoresursi gaaCnia, Zvirad yidulobs
pirvelad wyaros, Sesabamisad Zviria elenergiac (magaliTad:
iaponia evropis, amerikisa da TviT aziis zogierTi qveynac ki),
xolo visac Warbi energoresursi gaaCnia, sakuTar qveyanaSi
SeuZlia nakleb fasSi gayidos da, piriqiT, eqsportidan cdilobs
meti mogeba miiRos (magaliTad: TurqmeneTi, ruseTi, irani, erayi,
kuveiti da sxva). erTeuli kilovatsaaTis Rirebuleba, ZiriTadad
icvleba imisda mixedviT, Tu saidan (romeli qveynidan, ra fasad)
xorcieldeba importi.
2.2 aris Tu ara srulyofili usafrTxoebis garantiebi
zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebis safuZvelze SeiZleba ganvi-
xiloT Tanamedrove energetikuli sistemebi da regionalur
masStabSi maTi ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi. sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlamde, sadac gaerTianebuli iyvnen respublikebi: ruseTi,
ukraina, uzbekeTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, TurqmeneTi, tajikeTi,
belorusia, moldaveTi, baltiispireTisa da kavkasiis respu-
blikebi, Seqmnili iyo erTiani energetikuli sistema, romelic
uzrunvelyofda TiToeuli zemoCamoTvlili qveynis eleqtro-
momaragebas, imedianobasa da usafrTxoebas. erTiani wyobisa da
sistemis daSlam mezobel qveynebs Soris politikuri da
ekonomikuri konfliqtebi gamoiwvia. amis Sedegad konfliqtis
monawile TiToeulma qveyanam izarala. bunebrivia, am qveynebis
energetikuli usafrTxoebis koeficienti sakmaod Semcirda.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi e.w. “rkinis farda” gaixsna da yofili
sabWoTa respublikebi energetikulad daukavSirdnen mezobel
qveynebs. Seiqmna, an iqmneba regionaluri energosistemebi, romle-
bic TandaTan Zlierdebian. erT konkretul geografiul arealSi
moqceul Qqveynebs Soris yalibdeba Zlieri energetikuli
kompleqsebi.
Tu saxelmwifoTa Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebebi ar
iqneba samarTlianobis principze agebuli da orive mxare pativi-
scemiT ar moepyroba mas, maSin SesaZlebelia, es kavSirebi droTa
ganmavlobaSi monawile qveynebisaTvis (an erT-erTi qveynis) SeiZ-
leba sazianoc ki RmoCndes. [11]
57
e.w. “kompleqsuri” Teoriis Tanaxmad, mocemuli energetikuli
urTierTobebi moicavs energiis warmoebas (eqsporti), Sesyidvasa
(importi) da energiis tranzitTan dakavSirebul movlenebs.
qveynebs Soris yalibdeba Zlieri energetikuli urTierT-
damokidebuleba, rac regionis SezRudul sazRvrebSi moqceuli
qveynebisTvis ufro xSirad gardaiqmneba potenciur safrTxed,
vidre mSvidobiani TanamSromlobis winapirobad. meores mxriv,
energetikul komunikaciebs (eleqtrogadacemis xazebs, milsa-
denebs) SeuZliaT daakavSiron erTmaneTisgan Sor distanciaze
mdebare qveynebi. imisaTvis, rom gamovavlinoT energetikuli
usafrTxoebis kompleqsis sazRvrebi, aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT
ama Tu im qveynis sxva qveyanaze energetikuli damokidebulebis
xarisxi, iseTi faqtorebiT, rogoricaa: energetikuli vaWrobis
balansi; sakuTari energetikuli resursebi; maragebi da maTi
maqsimalurad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba (romelic xels uwyobs
energousafrTxoebis xarisxis zrdas). radgan arsebobs pozitiuri
– urTierTsasargeblo da negatiuri _ safrTxis Semcvleli
urTierTdamokidebuleba, mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros aRniSnuli
urTierTdamokidebuleba rodis gadaiqceva safrTxed, an ra
xarisxiT unda arsebobdes, rom is safrTxed ar gadaiqces. ekono-
nomikur-politikur-samxedro damokidebulebis msgavsad “rodesac
erTi qveynis 30%-iT damokidebuleba meore qveynisaTvis ar aris
safrTxis momtani, maSin rodesac antagonistur qveynebs Soris
10%-iT damokidebulebac ki safrTxed miiCneva.”[12] zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, mocemuli Teoriis meSveobiT
SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT: sad da rodis SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
energotranziti (wyaro, raodenoba, miwodebis dro), energo-
momxmarebel da energomimwodebel qveynebs Soris arsebuli
energetikuli urTierTdamokidebulebis xarisxi. yovelive es
mogvcems saSualebas, gamovavlinoT calkeul regionSi arsebuli,
an mosalodneli potenciuri energetikuli safrTxe. am amocanis
gadasawyvetad iyeneben e.w. ”neorealizmis” Teorias, romlis
Tanaxmad: “sistemis struqtura gansazRvravs misi Semadgeneli
elementebis qmedebas. mocemuli sistemis mTavari maxasiaTebeli
anarqiaa. es imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom ar arsebobs uzenaesi
mmarTveloba-mTavroba, romelic daaregulirebda urTierTobebs
sistemis Semadgenel elementebs Soris. anarqiis pirobebSi
urTierTobebis warmoebis ZiriTadi meTodi aris Zalis meTodi,
radgan anarqiis pirobebSi, roca ar arsebobs damsjeli organo,
Zala yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa miznis misaRwevad.” swored am
mankieri Tvisebisgan dasacavad arsebobs saerTaSoriso sistema,
romelic TviTdaxmarebis sistemaa. aqedan gamomdinare, saxel-
mwifoebi moqmedeben TavianTi erovnuli interesebis Sesabamisad.
58
kerZod, “TiToeuli saxelmwifo awesebs moqmedebis kurss,
romelic misi azriT, saukeTesod moemsaxureba mis erovnul
interesebs. uzenaesi erovnuli interesi ki aris usafrTxoeba da
TviTgadarCena, rac mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli ZalasTan da
ZlierebasTan.” [13]
cnobili mecnieris – qeneT uoltis azriT “qveyanas aqvs
uamravi sxva mizani, magram TviTgadarCena aris yvela sxva miznis
ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro prerekviziti. igi mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli ZalasTan da ZlierebasTan” da kidev.
“saerTaSoriso politikaSi Zala da Zliereba igive rols
asrulebs, rasac sabazro ekonomikaSi fuli.” swored am TvisebiT
gamoirCevian e.w. “zesaxlmwifoebi”, romelTaTvisac saerTaSoriso
samarTlis dacva xSirad mxolod formalur xasiaTs atarebs.
Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi aseT faqtebs xSirad aqvs adgili. [14]
“ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba ar aris sakmarisi
imisTvis, rom qveyana iyos motivirebuli SeinarCunos mSvidoba.
amitomac saxelmwifoebi cdiloben, Zalis meSveobiT daabalanson
Zlieri mowinaaRmdege. miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifos mxridan
nebismier dros Zalis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba iwvevs mudmivi
omis mdgomareobis Seqmnas, swored Zalis gamoyenebis albaToba
garkveulwilad uwyobs xels iZulebiTi mSvidobis SenarCunebasac.
rodesac qveyanas aqvs molodini, rom mis mier Zalis gamoyenebas,
mowinaaRmdegec Zalas daupirispirebs, xSirad cdilobs Tavidan
aicilos dapirispireba da ufiqrdeba omisgan miRebuli
sargebeli aRemateba, Tu ara miyenebul zarals.” [15]
yovelive zemoTqmuli mravali qveynis gamocdilebiTaa
dadasturebuli. qveyana _ didi iqneba Tu patara, gverds ver
auvlis warmodgenil sakiTxebs, saqarTvelo Tavisi daniSnulebiT
gansakuTrebuli qveyanaa da Tu igi yovelive amas sworad
Seimecnebs, warmateba aucileblad eqneba.
rac Seexeba ZalTa balanss: “es aris iseTi urTierTobebis
Sedegi, romlis drosac calkeuli saxelmwifos xelSi ar xdeba
Zalauflebis akumulireba da ar aris daSvebuli erTi romelime
qveynis dominireba sxvebze. Sesabamisad, neorealizmis Teoriidan
gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso politikaSi arsebobs kanonzomierebebi
da meTodebi, romlebic meordeba, miuxedavad imisa mas sxvadasxva
adamianebi da saxelmwifoebi iyeneben Tu ara. ZalTa balansi
swored msgavsi qmedebebis Sedegia, es ki gvaZlevs saSualebas
samomavlod vivaraudoT, Tu ra iwvevs ama Tu im qveynis mxridan
warmoebul qmedebas da ra Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves mas.” [16]
qveynis energousafrTxoebis sakiTxi imdenad mniSvnelovania,
rom aucilebeli iyo gavcnobodiT saerTaSoriso praqtikas.
yovelive amis codna saSualebas mogvcems sworad ganvsazRvroT
59
Cveni qveynis dargobrivi ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi da
gansakuTrebiT energousafrTxoebis sakiTxebi.
ganxiluli Teoriebis safuZvelze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
energousafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis
qveynebs SeuZliaT gaxdnen evropa-aziis “gzasayarze” regionaluri
urTierTobis mtkice SemakavSirebeli rgoli, rogorc energo-
usafrTxoebis, aseve sxv. (samxedro, ekonomikuri, kulturuli da
a.S.) dargebis TvalsazrisiT. imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom da
Sesabamisad kavkasiis qveynebma es “misia” pirnaTlad Seasrulon,
saWiroa, pirvel rigSi, “TviT SigniT” moawesrigon urTierTTobebi,
rac arc Tu ioli saqmea. Tumca, vidre es saukuneobrivi
saWirboroto sakiTxebi ar mogvardeba, manamde ganviTarebaze da
miT umetes did masStabebze msjeloba fuWad drois dakargva
iqneba. SeZlebs Tu ara Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebis
saukeTeso nawili swori politikur-ekonomikuri, socialuri,
samxedro da energetikuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis SemuSavebas
da sazogadoebisTvis im zomiT SeTavazebas, rom igi bolos-
dabolos qveynis ganviTarebis safuZvelTa-safuZveli gaxdes? Aai,
es aris mTavari gadasawyveti amocana.
1. pirveli safrTxe: rogorc cnobilia, postsabWoTa
qveynebze, rogorc, ganviTarebad qveynebze, gansakuTrebul inte-
ress iCenen e.w. “transnacionaluri kompaniebi”, aseTi kompaniebi
xSirad saerTaSoriso “aRiarebasac” aRweven da advilad Sedian
ama, Tu im qveynis saxelisuflebo struqturebTan (maT Soris
“pirvel eSelonebSi”) karg damokidebulebaSi, romlebic piradi
mogebis mizniT fuls deben ama, Tu im dargSi (Cvens SemTxvevaSi
energetikaSi), gazrdili satarifo fasebiT ipyroben qveynis Sida
bazars. minimum droSi cdiloben maqsimumi mogebis miRebas.
danarCeni “teqnikis” saqmea, anu igeben “tenderebs” da isakuTreben
energetikul obieqtebs, rac qveynisTvis seriozuli Semosavlebis
dakargvas niSnavs.
2. meore safrTxe es aris: uSualod arsebuli energetikuli
obieqtebis (simZlavreebis elsadgurebis, qvesadgurebis, gadacemis
xazebis da a.S.) pirdapiri miyidvis gziT, (iafad) mtrulad
ganwyobili qveynebis xelSi Cagdeba, rac faqtobrivad qveynis
energetikul potencialze Zalauflebis dakargvas da kritikul
momentSi qveynis samxedro usafrTxoebis dacemas niSnavs.
3. mesame safrTxe: ucxoeli investorebi sxvadasxva mizezTa
gamo adgilobriv gamocdil kadrebs ar endobian, aTavisufleben
samuSaodan da maT nacvlad samuSaoze ahyavT dabalanaz-
Raurebadi, naklebad gamocdili specialistebi, anda sxva qveynis
moqalaqeebi. adgilobrivi profesionalebi ikargebian investo-
rebis mxridan ar xdeba axali kadrebis swavleba.
60
4. meoTxe safrTxe: ucxour kompaniebs araviTari survili
ara aqvT, ganaviTaron adgilobrivi mrewveloba, anu mTeli
mowyobiloba-danadgarebi da masalebi undaT, rom SeukveTon
maTTvis saintereso sazRvargareTul qarxnebSi (maTi mTavari
mizania yvelafridan mogeba naxon, maTTvis adgilobrivi qveynis
interesebs araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs).
5. mexuTe safrTxe: privatizaciis dros, an sxva formiT
kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadasvlis pirobebSi, anda ama Tu im obieqtis
aSenebis da garemontebis mizniT tenderis gamocxadebis dros,
imis gamo, rom adgilobriv specialists, an specialistTa jgufs,
ar gaaCnia sawyisi fuladi resursi, tenderebSi ver iReben
monawileobas, ris gamoc umuSevrad rCebian, anda gamarjvebuli
ucxouri kompaniis iaffasiani muSaxeli xdebian.
6. meeqvse safrTxe: saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebi da bankebi, ganviTarebad qveynebSi, axal-axal sesxebs aZleven Ziri-
Tadad im ucxour kompaniebs, romlebTanac didi xnis urTierToba
akavSirebT, rac SemdgomSi xSirad korufciis sababi xdeba.
7. meSvide safrTxe: dargidan miRebuli ZiriTadi mogeba
gaedineba ucxoeTSi.yvelaferi es saqarTvelos
energosistemisTvis qmnis seriozul safrTxeebs.
saqarTvelos energetikam bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi
Svidive safrTxe “gaiara”. ver vityviT, rom sirTuleebi
Rirseulad daZlia. saboloo jamSi balansi uaryofiTia. (amis
Tqmis safuZvels Semdegi statistika iZleva: dRevandeli
mdgomareobiT saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi odesRac arsebuli
energetikis dargis 90% gasxvisebulia da arasaimedo partniorebis
xelSia. (ZiriTadaT rusuli kompaniebis sakuTrebaa). dadgmuli
simZlavre da gamomuSaveba TiTqmis 2-jer Semcirda, katast-
rofulad iklo finansurma Semosavlebma. Sedegad eleqtro-
sistemas raime seriozuli axali simZlavre ar momatebia),
warmodgenili masalis kvleva safuZvels iZleva vTqvaT, rom
saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis garantiebi arasaTanado
donezea, saWiroa axali (sworad gaTvlili) RonisZiebebis dagegmva
da ganxorcieleba.
ama Tu im qveynis energousafrTxoebis erT-erTi mTavari
piroba energoresursebis didi raodenobiT arsebobaa. rogori
mdgomareobaa am mxriv saerTaSoriso masStabiT da maT Soris
saqarTveloSi?
61
2.3. msoflio energoresuresebis maragebi
saerTaSoriso energetikuli saagentos monacemebis Tanaxmad,
msoflioSi energoresursebis moxmarebis zrda 2035 wlisaTvis
49%-iT aris navaraudevi. marTalia, 2008 wlis msoflio
ekonomikurma krizisma garkveuli gavlena iqonia energoresursebis
moxmarebaze (igi garkveulwilad Semcirda), magram 2010 wlidan
iwyeba ekonomikuri krizisis TandaTanobiTi daZleva, rac
Sesabamisad aisaxeba energoresursebis moTxovnis zrdaze. aqedan
gamomdinare energoresursebze moTxovna axali maragebis aTvise-
baze ufro swrafad izrdeba.
msoflioSi dadasturebuli navTobis maragebi 2010 wlis 1
ianvris mdgomareobiT Seadgens 1354 miliard barels, aqedan
yvelaze didi wili 753 miliardi bareli modis axlo
aRmosavleTze, 194 miliardi bareli CrdiloeT amerikaze, 135
miliardi bareli centralur da samxreT amerikaze, 119 miliardi
bareli afrikaze, 100 miliardi bareli evraziaze, 40 miliardi
bareli aziaze, 12 miliardi bareli evropaze. navTobis udidesi
momxmareblebi arian aSS, CineTi, iaponia, ruseTi, indoeTi,
germania, brazilia. 2010 wlis monacemebiT, yvelaze meti
dadasturebuli, maragi saerTaSoriso klasifikaciis mixedviT
(raodenobiT) aqvs saudis arabeTs – 19,20%, Semdeg modis kanada–
12,94%, irani–10,16%, erayi–8,50%, kuveiti-7,50%, venesuela–7,34%,
arabTa gaerTianebuli emiratebi–7,22%, ruseTi–4,43%, libia–3,27%,
nigeria–2,75%, yazaxeTi–2,22%, katari–1,88%, CineTi–1,51%, aSS–1,42%,
brazilia–0,95%, alJiri–0,90%, meqsika–0,77%, angola–0,70%,
azerbaijani–0,52%, norvegia–0,49%, sxva danarCeni msoflio–5,33%.
bolo periodSi moTxovna navTobze yovelwliurad kidev ufro
izrdeba.
rac Seexeba bunebrivi airis dadasturebul msoflio
maragebs, misi daaxloebiT 3/4 ganTavsebulia axlo aRmosavleTsa
da evraziis teritoriaze. [17] 2010 wlis monacemebiT, ruseTze, iransa da katarze
msoflioSi arsebuli bunebrivi airis 55% modis. bunebrivi airis
msoflio dadasturebuli maragebi 2010 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis
Seadgens daaxloebiT 6,609 trilion m3. am mxriv ruseTs pirveli
adgili uWiravs (msoflio maragebis 25,4%), Semdeg modis irani-
15,8%, katari-13,6%, TurqmeneTi-4,0%, saudis arabeTi-4,0%, aSS-3,7%,
arabTa gaerTianebuli emiratebi-3,2%, nigeria-2,8%, venesuela-2,7%,
alJiri-2,4%, erayi-1,7%, avstralia-1,7%, CineTi-1,6%, indonezia-1,6%,
yazaxeTi-1,3%, malaizia-1,3%, norvegia-1,2%, uzbekeTi-1,0%, kuveiti-
1,0%, kanada-0,9%, danarCeni msoflio-9,2%. 2010 wels bunebrivi
airis maragebis zrdiT gansakuTrebiT xasiaTdebian TurqmeneTi da
62
avstralia. bunebrivi airis moxmareba 2010 wlis monacemebiT,
yovelwliurad 1,3% izrdeba. udidesi momxmareblebi arian ruseTi,
aSS, germania, kanada, inglisi, iaponia, italia, ukraina.
procentuli maCveneblebiT, rom avsaxoT, 2010 wels
msoflioSi energoresursebis mTliani warmoebis 38,1% modis
navTobze, 25,5%-bunebriv airze, 23,1% qvanaxSirze, 5,2% atomuri
energies wyaroze da 8,1% sxva danarCen energoresursebze [18]
2.4. energomwarmoebeli, energomomxmarebeli da
energosatranzito qveynebis klasifikacia
msoflioSi navTobisa da bunebrivi airis mwarmoebeli, eqspo-
rtiori, momxmarebeli da importiori qveynebi, aSS-s energetikuli
administraciis 2008 wlis monacemebis mixedviT Semdegnairad
nawildeba:
1. navTobis mwarmoebeli qveynebi (dReSi aTasi bareli navTobi):
saudis arabeTi-10.782, ruseTi-9.790, aSS-8.514, irani-4.174, CineTi-
3.973, kanada-3.350, meqsika-3.186, arabTa gaerTianebuli emiratebi-
3.046, kuveiti-2.741, venesuela-2.643, norvegia-2.466, brazilia-2.402,
erayi-2.385, alJiri-2.180, nigeria-2.169.
2. navTobis eqsportiori qveynebi (dReSi aTasi bareli navTobi):
saudis arabeTi-8.030, ruseTi-7.017, arabTa gaerTianebuli
emiratebi-2.475, irani-2.342, norvegia-2.338, kuveiti-2.288, nigeria-
2.062, venesuela-1.957, alJiri-1.905, angola-1.709, libia-1.575, erayi-
1.524, meqsika-1361, yazaxeTi-1.204, kanada-1.116;
3. navTobis momxmarebeli qveynebi (dReSi aTasi bareli navTobi):
aSS-19.498, CineTi-7.831, iaponia-4.785, indoeTi-2.962, ruseTi-2.916,
germania-2.569, brazilia-2.485, saudis arabeTi-2.376, kanada-2.261,
samxreT korea-2.175, meqsika-2.128, safrangeTi-1.986, irani-1.741,
didi britaneTi-1.710,italia-1.639;
4. navTobis importiori qveynebi (dReSi aTasi bareli navTobi): _
aSS-12.224, iaponia-4.903, CineTi-3.670, germania-2.325, samxreT korea-
2.210, indoeTi-1.964, safrangeTi-1.897, espaneTi-1.583, italia-1.519,
taivani-950, holandia-905, singapuri-898, TurqeTi-644, belgia-629,
tailandi-602;
1. bunebrivi airis mwarmoebeli qveynebi (mlrd.m3): ruseTi-656.2,
aSS-490.8, kanada-178.2, irani-101, alJiri-84.4, didi britaneTi-84.2,
norvegia-83.4, holandia-77.3, indonezia-74, TurqmeneTi-72.3, saudis
arabeTi-68.3, uzbekeTi-62.5, malaizia-60.9, CineTi-58.6, arabTa
gaerTianebuli emiratebi-45.1;
2. bunebrivi airis eqsportiori qveynebi (mlrd.m3): ruseTi-182,
kanada-101.9, norvegia-78.1, TurqmeneTi-58, holandia-50.2,
indonezia-29.6, malaizia-29.1, katari-26, trinidati da togo-21,
63
aSS-19.8, avstralia-12.9, uzbekeTi-12.5, nigeria-11.6, bolivia-10.6,
yazaxeTi-10.2;
3. bunebrivi airis momxmarebeli qveynebi (mlrd.m3): ruseTi-610,
aSS-604, irani-98.2, germania-96.8, kanada-92.8, didi britaneTi-91.2,
iaponia-83.7, italia-82.6, ukraina-73.9, saudis arabeTi-68.3, CineTi-
55.6, uzbekeTi-48.4, holandia-47.8, meqsika-47.5, safrangeTi-47.3;
4. bunebrivi airis importiori qveynebi (mlrd.m3): aSS-117.9,
germania-87, iaponia77.6, italia-70.5, ukraina-57.1, safrangeTi-47,
ruseTi-37.5, samxreT korea 35.9, espaneTi-31.8, TurqeTi-25.5,
holandia-22.1, belarusia-19.2, belgia-17.3, didi britaneTi-15.8,
ungreTi-11.5; [19] warmodgenil monacemebTan erTad aseve mniSvnelovania
aRiniSnos, rom energetikuli resursebis mimwodebeli qveyne-
bisaTvis realizaciis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi qveynis
biujetis Sevsebis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. magaliTad:
msoflioSi erT-erTi udidesi eqsportiori qveynis – ruseTis
biujetSi energoresursebis eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavlebi
qveynis biujetis 60%-s Seadgens. norvegiis biujetSi _ 50%,
swored energoresursebis eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavlebia
saudis arabeTis-90%, nigeriis-32%, yazaxeTis-70%, azerbaijanis-40%
da a.S.
rac Seexeba energoresursebis momxmarebel qveynebs,
imisaTvis rom gamovavlinoT mocemuli qveynebis damokidebulebis
xarisxi importirebul energoresursebze, aucilebelia moviZioT
Semdegi sami maCvenebeli:
1. aRniSnuli qveynebis Sida energomoxmarebaSi mTlianad
navTobisa da bunebrivi airis wili;
2. mocemuli qveynebis mier importirebul energoresursebSi
navTobisa da bunebrivi airis wili;
3. am qveynebis Sida energomoxmarebaSi importirebuli navTo-
bisa da bunebrivi airis wili.
magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia moviyvanoT ramodenime didi
energoimportiori qveynis (rogorc evropaSi, ise aziaSi)
monacemebi, maT Soris germaniis energoresursebis mTliani
moxmarebis 34.6% modis navTobze da 21.7% bunebriv airze. germaniis
mier importirebuli energoresursebis 56% modis navTobze, xolo
31%-i bunebriv airze. aqedan, importirebuli bunebrivi airi da
navTobi mTliani Sida energomoxmarebis 60% Seadgens.
TurqeTis energoresursebis mTliani moxmarebis 35% modis
navTobze da 29 % _ bunebriv airze. TurqeTis importirebuli
energoresursebis 42% modis navTobze, xolo _ 23% bunebriv
airze. importirebuli bunebrivi airi da navTobi mTliani Sida
energomoxmarebis 70% Seadgens.
64
italia _ energoresursebis mTliani moxmarebis 45% modis
navTobze, 36% _ bunebriv airze. navTobi Seadgens importirebuli
energoresursebis 52%, xolo bunebrivi airi _ 35%. importirebuli
bunebrivi airi da navTobi mTliani Sida energomoxmarebis 80%
Seadgens.
espaneTi _ energoresursebis mTliani moxmarebis 49% modis
navTobze, 18% _ bunebriv airze. navTobi Seadgens importirebuli
energoresursebis 66%, xolo bunebrivi airi _ 22%. importirebuli
bunebrivi airi da navTobi mTliani Sida energomoxmarebis 60%
Seadgens.
rumineTi _ energoresursebis mTliani moxmarebis 26% modis
navTobze, 35% _ bunebriv airze. navTobi Seadgens importirebuli
energoresursebis 40%, xolo bunebrivi airi _ 34%. importirebuli
bunebrivi airi da navTobi mTliani Sida energomoxmarebis 60%
Seadgens. [21] rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qveynebi iyofa 4 ZiriTad jgufad:
energoresursebis mwarmoebel, momxmarebel, eqsportior da
importior qveynebad.
2.5. saqarTvelos energoresursebi
axla ganvixiloT Tu ra mdgomareobaa uSualod saqar-
TveloSi. statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis, saqarTvelos
ssr bunebrivi resursebis da doqtor d. ComaxiZis wignis
“saqarTvelos energetikuli usafrTxoeba” monacemebis mixedviT,
saqarTvelo arsebuli mdgomareobiT flobs da gamovlenilia
energetikuli resursebis Semdegi maragebi:
hidroresursi (Teoriuli) – 135,8 miliardi kvt.sT.
(SesaZlo miRwevadi) _ 55 miliardi kvt.sT.
naxSiri (Teoriuli) _ 235,5 milioni tona
saqarTvelos tradiciuli ser-idan (ser-saTbob-energetikuli
resursi) aRsaniSnavia hidroresursi, naxSiri da navTobi. rogorc
cxrili #3.1-dan Cans, Teoriuli (geologiuri) maragi mniSvne-
lovnad sWarbobs balansurs (teqnikurs). pirvel rigSi, es iTqmis
naxSirisa da navTobis mimarT, romelTa maragi Sesabamisad 5,5-jer
da 4,0-jer naklebia geologiurze.
cxrili #2.1
maragis dasaxeleba hidroenergia mlrd.kvtsT
naxSiri mln. tona
navTobi mln. tona
energoresursebis Teoriuli (teqnikuri) maragi
135,8
235,5
438,3
65
hidroenergiis teqnikuri da saTbobis sabalnso maragi
68,5
430
110,9
energoresursebis mopoveba (warmoeba) 2001 weli
5,5
0,005
0,1
mopoveba (warmoeba) sabalanso da teqnikur maragTan SedarebiT %
8,6
0,0001
0,09
cxrilis monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom miuxedavad saqarTveloSi
arsebuli energetikuli deficitisa, metad dabalia maTi
gamoyenebis koeficienti. kerZod, 2001 wlis mdgomareobiT, qveyanaSi
aTvisebuli iyo hidroenergiis teqnikuri maragis mxolod 8,0%,
naxSiris sabalanso maragis – 0,001% da navTobis amosaRebi
maragis – 0,09%.”
miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo periodSi mateba SeimCneva, zrdis
tempi imdenad dabalia (10%, 0,007%, 1,09%), rom energousafrTxoebis
normebis dacvaze saubari zedmetia. rac Seexeba bunebriv gazs,
saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT misi mopoveba TiTqmis ar xdeba. qveyana
iZulebulia mezobeli qveynebidan Seisyidos. garda energod-
aniSnulebisa, gazi gamoiyeneba rogorc gaTbobis saSualeba, aseve
sayofacxovrebo, samrewvelo da soflis meurneobis seqtorSic.
SedarebisTvis, sabWoTa periodSi, kerZod 1989 wels, saqarTvelom
moixmara saSualod 19 miliardi kvt.sT. eleqtroenergia, 6
miliardi m3.gazi. aqedan 2,5 miliardi m3. daixarja gaTbobaze, 815
mln.m3. sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebaSi, 356 mln.m3. soflis meur-
neobasa da kvebis mrewvelobaSi. gazis importi ZiriTadad
warmoebda da dResac grZeldeba ruseTidan da azerbaijanidan.
rogorc analizidan Cans, ZiriTadi (sakuTari) energowya-
roebi, naxSiri da hidroresursebia, aqedan gamomdinare, pirvel
rigSi, am or saxeobas unda mieqces mTavari yuradReba.
2010 wlis mdgomareobiT, hidroelsadgurebi SenarCunebuli
da garkveul wilad aRdgenilic aris. maTi moqmedi simZlavre
saSualod 1700 megavats, xolo wliurma gamomuSavebam 9,4 miliardi
kvt-sT-s miaRwia. rasac ver vityviT Tbosadgurebze, romelTa
moqmedi jamuri simZlavre saSualod 650 megavats, xolo
gamomuSaveba 678 mil. kvt. sT-s. ar aRemateboda. sawvavis
siZviridan gamomdinare mesakuTreebi cdiloben Tbosadgurebi rac
SeiZleba naklebi datvirTviT amuSaon (safiqrebelia, rom
mesakuTreTa aseTi damokidebulebas is faqtoric uwyobs xels,
rom semekis gadawyvetilebiT, Tbosadgurebs gaCerebul
mdgomareobaSic eZlevaT anazRaureba (e.w. “garantirebuli simZla-
66
vris safasuri”), es ki iwvevs wliuri gamomuSavebis kidev ufro
metad Semcirebas. Tbosadgurebis analogiurad, hidrosadgurebic
(garda engurisa da vardnilhesebisa, romelTa mflobelobis
sakiTxi gaurkvevelia) kerZoa (ZiriTadad ucxoel mesakuTreebs
gadaecaT). miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonmdebloba kerZo mflobelebs
energoobieqtebis mudmivad wesrigSi qonas avaldebulebs, SedegSi
es srulad ar aisaxeba, miT umetes, roca maTi tarifi (rogorc
hidro, aseve Tbo) saxelmwifos kuTvnilebaSi arsebuli elsad-
gurebis tarifze metia; (magaliTad saxelmwifos kuTvnili
elsadgurebi: engurhesis tarifi-1,187 TeTri kvt sT-ia, vardnil-
hesis tarifi 1,17 TeTri kvt sT-ia; “energoprojorjias” kuTvnil
elsadgurebze: Saorihesis tarifi – 3,82 TeTri kvt sT-ia, Sps
“munleik-jorjia” Zevrulhesis I agregati 3 TeTri kvt sT-ia da
a.S.). cnobilia, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebis saSualo wliuri
(energetikuli) zrda 5%-ze metia. iseTi qveynisTvis, rogoric
saqarTveloa da romelmac mTavari aqcenti energetikis
ganviTarebaze unda gaakeTos, bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi axali
simZlavreebi ara Tu aiTvisa, aramed piriqiT, arsebul elsadgurebze elenergiis warmoeba Seamcira, rac cxadyofs energousafrTxoebis
normebis kidev ufro daqveiTebas.
qvemoT naCvenebia saqarTvelos energetikuli balansis
dinamika (grafiki #2.1), romelic 1990-2010 wlebis mdgomareobas
asaxavs. faqtobrivad 1990 wlidan 1994 wlamde saqarTvelos
energosistemis gamomuSaveba saSualod 8 miliardi kilovatsaaTiT
Semcirda, es gaugonari vardnaa. aseTi Rrma krizisi saqarTvelos
energosistemas ar ganucdia. igi TiTqmis 20 weli gagrZelda. maSin
rodesac simZlavre da Sesabamisad gamomuSaveba, piriqiT, erTi-
orad unda gazrdiliyo. (ix.grafiki #2.2), sadac naCvenebia
saqarTvelos energosistemis perspeqtiuli ganviTarebis gegma. am
gegmiT 2000 wlidan 2020 wlamde saqarTvelos energosistemis
gamomuSaveba saSualod 20 miliard kvt. sT-mde unda gazrdiliyo.
qveynis energosistemis warmoebis aseTma mkveTrma dacemam
katastrofuli Sedegebi gamoiwvia. kvlevis periodSi Cven araerTxel mivuTiTeT mizezebze, romelTagan mTavari mainc “did
moxeleTa” mier araswori gadawyvetilebebis miReba iyo, rac maTi
piradi interesebidan gamomdinareobda. perspeqtiuli gegmis mixedviT, sul sxva suraTi unda yofiliyo, rac, samwuxarod,
utopia aRmoCnda.
67
grafiki #2.1 (nax. 2.1)
mln.
kvtsT
15_
14_ - - -
13_
12_
11_
10_
9_
8_
7_
6_
5_
4_
3_
2_
1_
1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1999 2000 2002 2008 2010
1990-2010 wlebis eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebis grafiki
2000-2020 wlebis eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebis SesaZlo grafiki.
1993-2003 wlebis energetikuli balansis dinamika (roca saSualo
wliuri gamomuSaveba 8 miliard kilovatsaaTs ar aRemateboda)
aSkarad miuTiTebs saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis dabal
doneze. Ffaqtobrivad, 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi energosistema ara Tu
daculi iyo, aramed muSaobda avariidan avariamde. ekonomikis
sxvadasxva dargi elenergiis mwvave deficits ganicdida.
deficituri elenergia ZiriTadad mosaxleobis komunalur
moTxovnebze ixarjeboda. gaTbobis sistemebis moSlis gamo mTeli
datvirTva eleqtro energiaze gadavida. ukve moZvelebuli
mowyobiloba-danadgarebi, miwisqveSa da miwiszeda elgadacemis
saSualebebi amortizirebuli gaxda. yovelive aman mosaxleobis
aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. mTavroba “iZulebuli” gaxda, ruseTisa da
sxva mezobeli qveynebisTvis eTxova deficitis dafarva. gaformda
droebiTi (kabaluri) xelSekrulebebi. xelisufleba am faqts
“olimpiuri” simSvidiT xvdeboda, radganac icoda, rom sabolood
energetikuli simZlavreebi ucxoelebze unda gasxvisebuliyo (rac
kidevac ganxorcielda). procesi umarTavi gaxda. jer Semosavlebis
68
nax. 2.2.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1987 2000
gamomuSaveba
mlrd/kvt.sT
2020ww
16
17
18
19
20
2005 2010 2015
69
wyaro – “distribucia” gasxvisda, xolo Semdgom konstituciis me-3
muxlis darRvevasac ar moeridnen da generaciis sadgurebi,
qvesadgurebi da eleqtro gadacemis xazebic simbolur fasad
gaiyida (jerjerobiT saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebaSia mxolod
“eleqtrosistema”, romelic 220 da nawilobriv 500 kilovoltian
qvesadgurebsa da eleqtrogadacemis xazebs moicavs). sistemis
energo usafrTxoebis sakiTxi saeWvo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.
gamwarebuli sazogadoeba da gansakuTrebiT mewarmeebi Tavidan
yvelaferze Tanaxma iyvnen (maT Soris fasebis gaormagebazec ki),
oRondac elenergia mudmivad hqonodaT, Tumca, maT ver
warmoedginaT, rom kilovat-saaTze fasebi 300-400 procentiT
gaizrdeboda, magram ukve gvianRa iyo. e.w. privatizebis Sedegebma
momxmarebeli erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi gadaagdo. profe-
sionali energetikosebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi kuTvnil xelfasebs
ver iRebdnen (umetes nawils jer kidev miuRebuli aqvs).
organizaciebs Soris aTeuli milionobiT davalianeba dagrovda.
2008 wlidan xelisufleba arsebuli simZlavreebis
aTvisebaze alaparakda. moiwvies ramodenime (cnobili Tu ucnobi)
e.w. ”investori”. ucxoelma damfinanseblebma mTavari aqcenti hidroresursebis aTvisebaze gaakeTes. analogiurad Tbilsresis
Zveli blokebis myidvelma kompaniam, Sps “saqarTvelos
sarTaSoriso energetikulma korporaciam” gancxadeba gaakeTa, rom
igi tyibulis qvanaxSiris bazaze aaSenebs Tbosadgurs. Tumca,
jerjerobiT raime seriozuli obieqti eqspluatacias ar
Cahbarebia. davuSvaT ucxoelma investorebma aaSenes ramodenime
seriozuli eleqtrosadguri, aqve Cndeba kiTxva - rogori iqneba
axali wyalsacavebis gaCenis (da aseve Tbosadguris aSenebis SemTxvevaSi, haerSi gamotyorcnili mavne nivTierebebi) Sedegad
Seqmnili ekologiuri mdgomareoba, anda, rac mTavaria, visi iqneba
dargis ganviTarebidan miRebuli mTavari Semosavlebi? anu iqneba
Tu ara rogorc ekologiuri, aseve ekonomiuri usafrTxoebis normebi daculi? ai, am kiTxvebze unda gaices pasuxi.
winamdebare masalis aRwerilobis safuZvelze, romelic
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis magaliTze gakeTda, TvalnaTliv gamoCnda, Tu ramxela mniSvneloba aqvs TiToeuli qveynisTvis
energousafrTxoebis moTxovnebis dacvas. faqtobrivad es Tema
aris saxelmwifoTaSorisi molaparakebebis erT-erTi centraluri
sakiTxi. energousafrTxoebis dacva gansakuTrebiT sWirdebaT iseT
sust qveynebs, rogoric saqarTveloa.
kvlevam aCvena, rom (jerjerobiT) saqarTveloSi sakuTari energowyaroebidan mniSvnelovani raodenobiT mxolod naxSiri da
hidroresursi arsebobs. amdenad maTi gamoyeneba mkacr kontrols
iTxovs.
70
energousafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, aucileblad gasaT-
valiswinebelia mezobeli qveynebidan gaziTa da navTobiT SesaZlo
momaragebis SemTxvevebi, rac ormxriv sargeblianobaze unda iqnas damyarebuli.
cxrili 2.2
meore Tavis daskvna
yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia daskvnis
saxiT Camoyalibdes qvemoT warmodgenili winadadebebi, rac Semd-
gomSi safuZvlad daedeba saqarTvelos energosistemis marTvis
axal wesebs:
1. Tanamedrove (msoflios) qveynebis ganviTarebis erT-erT mTavar
maxasiaTebels warmoadgens energetikuli usafrTxoebis SenarC-
uneba da gaZliereba.
2. arsebobs Teoriebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen ama Tu im qveynis
energetikuli ganviTarebis mimarTulebebsa da Sedegebs.
3. ama Tu im qveynis energetikuli usafrTxoeba pirdapir
kavSirSia da aRiqmeba, rogorc erovnuli usafrTxoeba.
4. nebismieri qveynisTvis energetika (garda erovnuli usaf-
rTxoebisa) aRiqmeba, rogorc erovnuli Semosavlis umniSvne-
lovanesi wyaro. (qveyanas, romelic didi raodenobiT flobs
energoresurs, tranzits, eqsports da miRebuli mogebis
71
mTavari mewile saxelmwifoa, faqtobrivad uzrunvelyofili
aqvs sakmaod didi sabiujeto Semosavlebi).
5. amJamad arsebuli mdgomareobiT saqarTvelos energousa-
frTxoeba ar aris uzrunvelyofili, kerZod: gasxvisebulia
sakuTari energoobieqtebi, srulad ar aris aRdgenili
arsebuli hidroeleqtro da Tbosadgurebi, auTvisebeli da
gamouyenebelia axali simZlavreebi, xelovnurad aris gaz-
rdili erTeuli kvt.sT-is Rirebuleba, adgili aqvs energe-
tikidan miRebuli Semosavlebis sazRvargareT gadinebas,
dabali tempiT viTardeba adgilobrivi teqnologiebi da
kadrebi.
energetikis marTvis axali wesebis danergva gulisxmobs
saqarTvelos energosistemis optimaluri variantebis SerCeviT,
umokles droSi, jer arsebuli xarvezebis gamosworebas da
Semdgom kvlav ganviTarebas. am TvalsazrisiT migvaCnia, rom auci-
lebeli da saWiroa qvemoT warmodgenili RonisZiebebis gatareba:
1. saqarTveloSi energetikis ganviTarebisa da usafrTxoebis
dacvis pirveli pirobaa, sazogadoebisa da xelisuflebis
keTili nebis arseboba.
2. ZalaSi unda darCes da amoqmeddes konstituciis me-3
muxlis “i” punqti, ris mixedviTac energobieqtebis sakon-
trolo paketi saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi unda darCes.
3. eleqtrosadgurebis mSeneblobis axali meTodiT unda
daCqardes axal-axali simZlavreebis (hidro-eleqtro-
sadgurebis) aTviseba, romelTa finansirebis way ro
SeiZleba iyos:
- dargidan Semosuli mogebis nawili;
- calkeuli iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis mier
Sesyiduli aqciebi;
- saerTaSoriso organizaciebis (bankebis) mier gaRebuli
SedarebiT iaffasiani sesxebi;
4. eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva sabazro principebs unda
eqvemdebarebodes, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rac axali simZlavreebis Seuferxebel
aTvisebas da muSaobas Seuwyobs xels, mesakuTrem eleq-
troenergiis gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebidan
garkveuli Tanxa (5 10%) adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
ganviTarebis fondSi unda Caricxos.
5. ucxoel investorebs ufleba aqvT monawileoba miiRon
“privatizebaSi”, an sxvadasxva “tenderebSi”, magram
xelisuflebam, pirvel rigSi, unda uzrunvelyos adgil-
obrivi organizaciebisa da specialistebis konkursSi
72
monawileobis uflebebi da dasaqmeba. saSiS tendenciad
migvaCnia energetikuli sawarmoebis da obieqtebis rusul
kompaniebze gasxviseba.
6. saqarTveloSi dargis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT renta-
belobisda mixedviT, unda Seiqmnas erToblivi sawarmoebi,
romlebic daamzadeben ama Tu im energetikul mowyobi-
loba-danadgarebs, masalebs, xelsawyo-iaraRebs da sxva,
sadac, pirvel rigSi, adgilobrivi kadrebi dasaqmdeba.
7. dargidan miRebuli Semosavlebi cxadia damsaxurebis da
sakuTrebis mixedviT unda ganawildes, magram mTavari
wili (51%) mainc saxelmwifo biujetSi unda Sediodes.
Camoyalibebuli daskvnebi emyareba, rogorc msoflios
sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdilebis gaziarebis Sedegad miRebul
codnas, aseve qarTuli sinamdvilis gaTvliswinebiT sakuTari
kvlevis Sedegebs.
73
Tavi III. axali simZlavreebi
3.1. axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis optimaluri
variantebi saqarTveloSi
sabWoTa periodSi (1990 wlamde), saqarTvelos sakuTari
dadgmuli simZlavre 4000 megvats, xolo gamomuSaveba 14 miliard
kilovatsaaTs aRemateboda. Aam periodSi gansakuTrebiT didi
gamomuSaveba hqondaT Tbosadgurebs (Tbilsressa da tyvarCel-
sress), romelTa simZlavre da gamomuSaveba energosistemis
mTliani gamomuSavebis naxevarze mets Seadgenda. Semdgom periodSi
aRniSnulma Tbosadgurebma, sxvadasxva mizeziT (marag nawilebisa
da sawvavis uqonloba, saremonto-aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis Seusru-
lebloba, sakuTrebis formis Secvla), didi danaklisi ganicada.
afxazeTis omis (1990-92ww.) Sedegad tyvarCelsresi mTlianad gamo-
vida mwyobridan.
Tbilsresis 300 megavatiani me-10 bloki, amerikul kompania
`aies Telasze” gayidvis Semdgom afeTqda, danarCeni Zveli
blokebi (garda samisa) gamovida mwyobridan. energosistemis Zir-
iTadi Semavsebeli wyaro, hidrosadgurebi da importiT
Semotanili energia gaxda, Tumca, zemoT CamoTvlil mizezTa gamo,
hesebis simZlavreebi aseve sagrZnoblad Semcirda. arsebuli
mdgomareobiT, moqmedi dadgmuli simZlavre saSualod 1500-2000
megavats, xolo wliuri gamomuSaveba 8-9 miliard kilovatsaaTs ar
aRemateba.
Tu oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis mixedviT vimsjelebT bunebrivia,
energosistemaSi sul mcire 3 miliardi kilovatsaaTis deficitia.
Qqveynis mzardi moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, arsebuli deficiti,
uaxloes wlebSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom
(erTi SexedviT) bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi elenergiis
deficiti TiTqos ar arsebobs, rac arasworad migvaCnia, radganac
gamanawilebel kompaniebs (gansakuTrebiT raionebSi) gamoyenebuli
aqvT e.w. “koleqtiuri mricxvelebi” (rac, jer erTi, aSkarad
zRudavs abonentTa uflebebs), sadac erTi an ramdenime sofeli, an
ubania erT transformatorze mierTebuli. daxarjul energias sae-
rTo mricxveliT gansazRvraven. Ddeficitis SemTxvevaSi, rac
faqtiurad xSiria, saerTo satransformatoro qvesadgurebSi
momxmareblebs (mosaxleobas) ganukiTxavad gamorTaven. Yyvelaferi
es mosaxleobaSi did ukmayofilebas iwvevs.
gamanawilebel kompaniebs, sakuTari Semosavlebis gazrdisa da
deficitis aRmofxvris erT-erT saSualebad, usaSvelod maRali
tarifis arseboba gamoyenebuli aqvT. Rarib mosaxleobas ara aqvs
saSualeba Zviri elenergia Seisyidos, magram mas arCevanis ufleba
74
ara aqvs, rac araswori qmedebaa da saWiroebs saswrafo
cvlilebas. Cvens SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is mdgomareoba,
roca elenergiis aRricxva, mowesrigdeba da yidva-gayidva
Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebs daeqvemdebareba, rac
aucileblad gaaiafebs Sida bazars. Aamdenad axali simZlavreebis
aTviseba saqarTvelosTvis, aucilebel da gadaudebel RonisZiebas
warmoadgens.
Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad, romelic bolo oci
wlis dakvirvebas emyareba, pirvel rigSi, upiratesoba mieniWa
mdinareebis: enguris, kodoris, caniswylis, rionis, mtkvris,
faravnisa da QWoroxis xeobebis hidroresursebis aTvisebas, sadac
ZiriTadad aSendeba mcire, saSualo da didi simZlavris
hidroelsadgurebi, romelTa jamuri simZlavre saSualod 4-5 aTas
megavats, xolo saSualo wliuri gamomuSaveba 13-15 miliard
kilovatsaaTs miaRwevs.
Kkvlevam aseve daadastura, rom sawyis etapze (pirveli xuTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi) upiratesoba eniWeba mdinare engurze: xudonis
(xaiSis) (500-600 megavati), jorkvalis (500 megavati), faris (500
megavati) da latalis (100 megavati) simZlavris hesebis mSeneb-
lobas. Mmdinare caniswyalze da mis Senakadebze (md.xeledis,
laskadurasa da laSxuraze) SesaZlebelia mcire da saSualo
simZlavris elsadgurebis aSeneba, jamuri 150 megavati simZlavriT;
mdinare rionze unda ganaxldes namaxvanis kompleqsis mSenebloba
(saSualod 300 megavati simZlavriT). Seswavlis procesSia da
dasazustebelia rionis zeda welis (Senakadebis CaTvliT)
energetikuli potenciali da ekologiuri mizanSewoniloba.
gasaTvaliswinebelia seismuri da geologiuri mdgomareoba,
pirvel rigSi, is saSiSroeba, rac wyalsacavis garRvevis SemT-
xvevaSia mosalodneli.
riTaa ganpirobebuli dasavleT saqarTvelos, kerZod,
svaneTis xeobebSi amdeni hidroeleqtrosadguris mSeneblobis
aucilebloba? pasuxi erTia: unikaluri bunebrivi pirobebiT.
rogorc ityvian, RmerTma `sikeTis kalTa daabertya~ am xeobebs,
kerZod:
1. didia wylis saSualo wliuri Camonadeni;
2. saSualebas iZleva mokle manZilze (saSualod yovel 12 ÷ 15km) miRebul iqnas doneTa didi sxvaoba, rac maRali dawnevis
SesaZleblobas iZleva;
3. viwro da myari xeoba saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens
rogorc kaSxlis mSeneblobis swrafi tempiT dasrulebis, ise
kaSxlis mdgradobisa da imedianobis normis dacvis.
4. erTi da igive, an gverdiTa xeobebSi samSeneblo-samontaJo
samuSaoebis Sesrulebis dro da xarjebi did ekonomiasTanaa
75
dakavSirebuli (erTi romelime sadguris asaSeneblad Seqmnili
droebiTi da damxmare nagebobebi da mTeli infrastruqtura
gamoyenebadi xdeba sxva danarCeni elsadgurebis mSeneblo-
bisaTvis);
5. erTsa da imave xeobaSi aSenebuli elsadgurebi (kaskadi),
ganapirobeben saerTo gamomuSavebis gazrdas, eqspluataciis
drois gaxangrZlivebasa da usafrTxoebas.
teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT mdinare mtkvarze aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi aucileblad mosafiqrebelia Tundac saSualo
simZlavris hesebis mSeneblobis SesaZlebloba, rac energosistemis
mdgradi muSaobis TvalsazrisiT, kerZod, dasavleT da aRmosa-
vleT saqarTvelos elsistemis balansis SenarCunebis mizniT
aucilebelia. miT umetes wylis wliuri xarji, sxva mdinareebTan
SedarebiT, am mdinareze yvelaze didia. Aaqve unda ganvmartoT,
rom mxolod hidroresursis aTvisebiT, mTeli energosistemis
uzrunvelyofa ver moxerxdeba. saWiroa bazisuri Tbosadgurebis
aSeneba. am etapze yvelaze misaReb RonisZiebad migvaCnia
Tbilsresis Zveli blokebis (saSualod jamuri 300 megavati
simZlavriT) ganaxleba, aRdgena, rekonstruqcia. axali teqnolo-
giebis danergva, romelic tyibulis qvanaxSirze imuSavebs.
Tbosadgurebis, maT Soris atomuri sadgurebis muSaoba
ZiriTadad sawvaviT uzrunvelyofazea damokidebuli. rogorc
cnobilia, saqarTvelos sakuTari sawvavis (navTobis, uranisa da
gazis) mxolod mcire maragebi aqvs. sawvavi ZiriTadad baqo-
Tbilisi-jeihanis, baqo-sufsis da sxva saerTaSoriso proeqtebis
ganxorcielebis Sedegad, rogorc wilobrivi kuTvnilebiT
miRebuli, ise SesyidviT mowodebul sawvavis saxiT azerbaijanidan
Semodis. Gganvlilma 15 wlianma periodma aCvena, rom azerba-
ijanTan TanamSromloba SesaZlebelia.
Tbosadgurebis normaluri muSaobis erT-erTi aucilebeli
faqtori, gazsacavis aSenebaa. aseTi sacavebi mraval qveyanas aqvs
(gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc sawvavis deficits ganicdis). Ggazsacavis
aSenebas maRali donis inJinruli nageboba sWirdeba. Aarsebobs
xelovnuri da naxevrad xelovnuri (qvanaxSirisa da navTobis
amoRebis Sedegad miwis siRrmeSi darCenili carieli “sawyobebi”
da sxva gvirabebi) nagebobebi, romelTac mravali qveyana
warmatebiT iyenebs. Ggazsacavebis muSaoba unda iyos usafrTxo.
meore sakiTxi, romelic SeiZleba Tbosadgurebis muSaobis
Semaferxebel faqtorad iqces. atmosferoSi gamonabolqvi airebis
gawmenda-gafiltvraa. Mmsoflios mraval qveyanaSi, maT Soris
evropaSi, aziasa da amerikaSic danergilia Tanamedrove
teqnologiebiT Sesrulebuli safiltro mowyobilobebi,
romlebic maqsimalurad uzrunvelyofen namwvi airebis gawmendas.
76
Aase rom, aucilebelia am dargSi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis
mecnierebis miRwevebis gacnoba da danergva. winaaRmdeg SemTxve-
vaSi ekologiuri problemebi mudmivad iqneba, rac sazogadoebis
samarTlian aRSfoTebas gamoiwvevs.
zemoT CamoTvlili elsadgurebis mSenebloba nebismieri
damkveTisaTvis ufro mimzidveli gaxdeba, Tu kanonis doneze
iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli rogorc adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
uflebebi da interesebi, ise ekologiuri normebis dacva da
sakuTrebis formis samarTlianad gansazRvra.Þsxva SemTxvevaSi
mosalodnelia mosaxleobasa da damkveTebs Soris mravalwliani
arafrismTqmeli dapirispireba. rac saboloo jamSi an uSedegod,
an romelime mxaris Zalismieri zemoqmedebiT damTavrdeba (rogorc
xudonisa da namaxvan hesebis SemTxvevaSi moxda). erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, elsadgurebis mSeneblobisa da
eqspluataciis periodSi adgilobrivi specialistebis dasaqmeba,
rasac win unda uZRodes saWiro kadrebis Teoriul da praqtikul
nawilSi momzadeba.
3.2. ra Sedegebia mosalodneli axali
eleqtrosadgurebis aSenebis SemTxvevaSi?
1. rogorc elsadgurebis mSeneblobis periodSi, ise Semdgomi
eqsploataciis dros, dasaqmdeba saSualod 30-50 aTasi kaci;
2. qveynis energetikuli simZlavre gaizrdeba im donemde, rom pirvel
rigSi qveynis SigniT moixsneba deficiti (rasac Sida bazris
gaiafeba mohyveba), xolo Warbi energia gaiyideba (eqsportis saxiT)
sazRvargareT.
3. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelisufleba daicavs konstituciis me-3 muxlis
“i” punqtis moTxovnas (romelic SeiZleba mxolod nawilobriv
Seswordes im TvalsazrisiT, rom sakontrolo paketi saxelmwifos
sakuTrebaSi iyos), qveynis biujetSi yovelwliurad STambeWdavi
odenobis Tanxebi Seva;
4. im raionebSi, sadac energomSenebloba ganviTardeba, mTlianad
Sesyiduli iqneba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis soflis meurneobis
Warbi produqti;
5. “energetikul xeobebSi” ganviTardeba turizmi, sporti,
kulturuli memkvidreoba da mTlianad mxaris ekonomika;
6. xeobaSi mcxovrebi adgilobrivi mosaxleoba misi kuTvnili
wilidan elenergiis nawils SeRavaTian fasebSi miiRebs;
7. adgilobrivi (raionuli, samxareo) biujetis Semosavlebi STambeW-
davad gaizrdeba.
77
elsadgurebis mSeneblobis paralelurad, aucilebelia
aSendes eleqtro gadacemis xazebi.
amJamad saqarTvelos energosistema mezobel energosistemebs
ukavSirdeba Semdegi eleqtrogadacemis xazebiT:
ruseTs
__”__
__”__
__”__
-
-
-
500kv-iani e.g.xazi “kavkasioni”;
220kv-iani e.g.xazi “salxino”;
110kv-iani e.g.xazi “dariali”;
110kv-iani e.g.xazi “java”;
TurqeTs 220kv-iani e.g.xazi “aWara”;
azerbaijans
__”__
- 330 kv-iani e.g.xazi “gardabani”;
500kv-iani e.g.xazi “muxrani”;
somxeTs
__”__
__”__
- 220kv-iani e.g.xazi “alaverdi”;
110kv-iani e.g.xazi “lalvari”;
110/35kv-iani e.g.xazi “aSocki-ninowminda”.
praqtikam aCvena, rom aRniSnuli elgadacemis xazebis gamtaru-
narianoba ar aris sakmarisi. miT umetes Cvens mier warmodgenili
axali eleqtrosadgurebis aSenebis SemTxvevaSi saWiro gaxdeba
axali (satranzito) sasistemo eleqtrogadacemis xazebis mSeneb-
loba. Bbunebrivia, eleqtrogadacemis xazebma centralur
sistemasTan unda daakavSiros axali elsadgurebi. Cvens mier
ganxilul variantebSi elsadgurebis mTavari simZlavreebis
Tavmoyra ZiriTadad enguris, caniswylis, rionisa da mtkvris
xeobebSi xdeba. Sesabamisad axali sasistemo eleqtrogadacemis
xazebic amis mixedviT unda gaSendes.
rogorc cnobilia, yvelaze viwro xeoba md. Eengurs aqvs.
amJamad aq ukve gadis 500kv-iani da 110-kilovoltiani
eleqtrogadacemis xazebi. faqtiurad axali xazis asaSeneblad
adgili aRar aris darCenili. ZiriTadad sirTule exeba jvari-
xaiSis monakveTs. TiTqos sakiTxi CixSia Sesuli, magram bunebam,
rogorc Cans, aqac gaiTvaliswina qveynis energetikuli ganviTa-
rebis saWiroeba da dagvitova iseTi xeoba, rogoric aris xaiSi-
vedi-xeledi. balsqvemouri svaneTidan, kerZod, im adgilidan,
sadac xudoni (xaiSi) hesi unda aSendes, lentexis, leCxumisa da
kerZod rionis xeobaSi gadasasvleli maRali Zabvis satranzito
e.g. xazis asaSeneblad yvelaze dabali qedi da yvelaze
xelsayreli marSrutia. bolo 30 wlianma dakvirvebam aCvena, rom
am xeobebSi zvavsaSiSi adgilebi TiTqmis ar aris. [31] rac Seexeba enguris xeobaSi mSenebare sxva elsadgurebis
mier gamomuSavebuli elenergiis transportirebas (rac gacilebiT
advili gadasawyvetia), saWiroa latalidan xaiSamde (imis mixedviT
reliefurad romeli adgilebi iqneba xelsayreli) maRali Zabvis
elgadacemis xazis aSeneba, rac savaraudod 40km-is sigrZis iqneba.
78
500 kilovoltiani qvesadguri, romelic aSendeba xaiSTan, xdeba
sakvanZo qvesadguri, romelic erTmaneTs daakavSirebs, rogorc
engurhesidan ruseTisaken mimaval eleqtro gadacemis xaz –
“kavkasions”, aseve enguris zeda welis elsadgurebidan momaval
220-500 kilovoltian eleqtrogadacemis xazebs. Ffaqtobrivad
dasavleT saqarTvelos am nawilSi iqmneba mZlavri energetikuli
baza. Eeleqtrogadacemis xazis “xudoni-zestafonis” mSenebloba
aseve xels Seuwyobs TviT energosistemis dasavleT saqarTvelos
monakveTis gantvirTvas daAimedianobis gazrdas. am marSrutis erT-
erT upiratesobad iTvleba gamoyenebadi saxnav-saTesi miwebis
dazogva.
2011 wels aSenda md. caniswylidan (sof. Jaxunderi) mestiamde
110 kilovoltis e.g. xazi. amJamad “saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
eleqtrosistemis” (rogorc damkveTis) mier, ukve xorcieldeba
“gardabani-zestafoni”, “zestafoni-axalcixe” da “axalcixe-
TurqeTis” mimarTulebiT – 500 kilovoltiani eleqtrogadacemis
xazebis proeqtireba, aRdgena da mSenebloba. es xazebi
saqarTvelos saSualebas miscems Warbi energia gaitanos TurqeTSi
da SesaZlebelia mis mezobel sxva qveynebSic. Aanalogiurad
dawyebulia azerbaijanisa da somxeTisaken axali eleqtro
satranzito gadacemis xazebis mSenebloba, rac iranis
energosistemasTan kavSirsac gulisxmobs. Cvens mier warmodgenil
axal 220 ÷ 500 kilovoltian eleqtro gadacemis xazebis da
elsadgurebis ganlagebas eqneba Semdegi saxe: (ix.sqema #3,1)
3.3. Aaris Tu ara saqarTvelos konstituciis me-3 muxlis
“i” punqtis cvlileba saWiro?
kanonmdebelma Tavis droze saWirod miiCnia strategiuli
dargebisa da obieqtebis gansazRvra-dakonkreteba. erT-erTi maT
Soris energetikis dargia. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-3 muxlis
“i” punqti ambobs: “mxolod saqarTvelos umaRles saxelmwifo
organoTa gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas miekuTvneba…,,erTiani
energetikuli sistema da reJimebi”. zemoTqmuli niSnavs, rom
elsadgurebi, qvesadgurebi, elgadacemis xazebi da gamanawilebeli
mowyobiloba-danadgarebi sakontrolo paketi saxelmwifos
sakuTrebaSi unda darCes. sinamdvileSi, dRevandeli mdgomareobiT,
zemoTCamoTvlili obieqtebis 80%-ze meti gasxvisebulia.
sazRvargareTis qveynebis magaliTma da aseve saqarTvelos
bolo 10 wlianma gamocdilebam aCvena, rom energosistemis
calkeuli obieqtebis mflobeli SeiZleba iyos, rogorc kerZo, ise
saxelmwifo struqturebi. mTavaria, marTvis rogori meqanizmi
79
iqneba Cadebuli. Aam etapze Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
msoflioSi gamokveTilia Semdegi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi:
1. energosistemaSi Semavali obieqtebis umetes nawils
saxelmwifo ganagebs;
2. energosistemaSi Semavali obieqtebis marTva da sakuTreba
ZiriTadad kerZo seqtoris xelSia;
3. energosistemaSi Semavali obieqtebis marTva da sakuTreba
ormxriv daqvemdebarebaSia (saxelmwifo da kerZo
struqtura).
msoflios umravlesma qveynebma aRiares dargis
strategiuloba. Uupiratesad miCneulia marTvis Sereuli forma,
sadac generaciis, eleqtrosistemisa da ganawileba-gayidvis sakuT-
rebis (aqciebis) sakontrolo pakets saxelmwifo, xolo danarCens
kerZo struqturebi floben, anu ormxrivi pasuxismgeblobaa
dawesebuli. mogebis ganawileba da samomavlod dargis kvlav
ganviTareba garantirebulia. Kkvlevis Sedegad mtkicdeba, rom
Cvennairi qveynisTvis aseTi sqema ufro marTebulia, miT umetes
kanonTan, anu konstituciasTan winaaRmdegoba TiTqmis gamoir-
icxeba. Ddroa amaze dRevandeli parlamenti da mTavroba
dafiqrdes da droulad miiRos Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba.
garda imisa, rom konstituciis me-3 muxliT qveynis
energetikuli usafrTxoebaa nagulisxmevi, agreTve didi
mniSvneloba aqvs ekonomikur mxares. Eelenergiis gayidvis Sedegad
miRebuli Semosavlebi qveynis biujetis Sevsebis erT-erTi didi
wyaroa. Cvens mier ganxilul magaliTze, axali elsadgurebis
aSenebiT, damatebiT saSualo wliuri gamomuSaveba sul mcire
10 12 miliard kilovat saaTiT unda gaizardos, paralelurad
unda Catardes Zveli simZlavreebis reabilitacia, ris Sedegadac
damatebiT saSualod 5 miliard kilovatsaaTis gamomuSaveba iqneba
SesaZlebeli. jamSi saqarTvelos energosistemis jamurma
gamomuSavebam uaxloes 7 weliwadSi 20 miliard kilovatsaaTs
unda gadaaWarbos, saidanac savaraudod 10 miliardi kvt.sT.
sazRvargareT gaiyideba.
ras niSnavs Warbi eleqtroenergia, es aris:
1. energosistemis imedianobis gaZliereba;
2. Sida bazris gaiafeba;
3. msxvili da wvrili mewarmeobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba;
4. eqsportis gazrda.
5. gadasaxadebis saxiT biujetSi damatebiTi Semosavlebis
miReba.
aSkarad Cans, rom elenergiis warmoebis gazrdis Sedegad
miRebuli Semosavlebi sakmaod didia. maS ratom unda waiRos e.w.
80
ucxoelma investorma, an Tundac adgilobrivma kerZo mesakuTrem
(an Cinovnikma) aseTi mogeba? Ees xom qveynis saerTo-saxalxo
dovlaTia. riTi gaezrdeba pensioners pensia, obols Tu xeibars
da nebismier gaWirvebuls daxmarebis Tanxa, Tu aseTi Semosavlebi
gavasxviseT? droa qarTulma sazogadoebam iswavlos sakuTari
Semosavlebis daTvla. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mosaxleobis didi
nawili mudmiv siRaribeSi icxovrebs, rac fenebs Soris mudmivi
dapirispirebis sababi gaxdeba.
zemoTganxiluli daskvnebidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia
axali simZlavreebis aTviseba, risTvisac saWiroa:
1. mowesrigdes kanoni “eleqtroenergetikis da bunebrivi
gazis Sesaxeb”, kerZod waxalisdes da SeRavaTiani
pirobebi mieces energetikuli obieqtebis (elsadgurebis,
e.g.xazebis, qvesadgurebis) mSeneblobas;
2. adgilobriv mosaxleobas (visac wyalsacavi zians ayenebs)
sakuTrebaSi mieces axlad aSenebuli elsadgurebidan
elenergiis gamomuSavebis garkveuli procenti;
3. konstituciasTan mimarTebaSi dazustdes energetikuli
obieqtebis sakuTrebis forma;
4. Seiqmnas elenergiis yidva-gayidvis (samarTliani, wminda
sabazro principebze dafuZnebuli) sistema;
5. maregulirebeli komisia realurad gaxdes neitraluri
arbitri, romelic Tavis gadawyvetilebebs miiRebs ara
politikuri an “Cinovnikuri” niSniT, aramed
samarTlianobis principiT.
axali simZlavreebi aTvisebis cxrili #3.1
# el.sadguris dasaxeleba
simZlavre megavati
gamomuSaveba mln.kvt.sT
el.xazis sigrZe km.
mimarTuleba
1 latali hesi 100 480 18 latali-fari
2 fari hesi 500 2400 20 fari-tobari
3 tobari hesi 500 2400 10 tobari-xaiSi
4 xaiSi (xudoni) hesi
600 2500 130 xaiSi-namaxvani
5 namaxvan hesi 300 1500 60 namaxvani-koxra
6 md.mtkvarze 150 800 arsebuli arsebuli
7 md. rionze mcire da saS.
400 1600 50 oni-zestafoni
8 Tbosadguri 300 1500 arsebuli arsebuli
9 jami 2850 13180 298
81
axali hesebis da 220-500 kilovoltiani
e.g.xazebis da qvesadgurebis sqema #3.1 (nax. 3.1)
farihesi
e.g.x
“kavkasioni” tobarhesi
tobari
xaiSi
(xudoni) sakvanZo qvesadguri raWis hesebi
hesi e.g.x.”bavari”
engurhesi namaxvanhesi
enguris lajanurhesi tyibulis Tesi
sakvanZo kaSxali
qvesadguri mS. hesi zestafonis 500/220/110/35kv sakvanZo qvesadguri
menji
wyaltubo
quTaisi
“qarTli 1”
e.g.x.”mesxeTi”
baTumi 500/400 qvesadguri
axalcixe
TurqeTi qarTli-2 qarTli 2
pirobiTi niSnebi:
_ hesi
– hesTan mdebare qvesadguri armenergo
_ qvesadguri
_ arsebuli e.g.xazi
_ _ mSenebare e.g.xazi
egx 500
“muxrani-500”
sakvanZo qv.
qsani 500/220
sakv.qv
gardabani
500/220
“salxino”
afxazeTi
ruseTi
iranenergo
latalihesi
azenergo
82
3.4. eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis socialur-ekologiuri da
ekonomikuri aspeqtebi
Eeleqtroenergiis mniSvnelobaze dRes aravin davobs,
warmoudgenelia samrewvelo Tu sayofacxovrebo saqmianoba da,
saerTod, nebismieri sfero eleqtroenergiis gareSe.Aamdenad,
vercerTi qveyana mis warmoebaze uars ver ityvis. mTavari
problema, romelzedac yvela normaluri qveyana zrunavs, es aris
energousafrTxoebisa da ekologiuri normebis dacva. saxel-
mwifosTvis da gansakuTrebiT dargSi momuSave mecnierebis mTavari
sazrunavi – adamianis janmrTelobis SenarCuneba unda iyos.
sicocxle, rac ufalma kacs mianiWa, aravis aqvs ufleba droze
adre waarTvas. aseTi qmedeba danaSaulia. Eelsadgurebis aSeneba
aucilebelia, magram ara mosaxleobis dazaralebis xarjze.
rogorc ukve iTqva, saqarTveloSi amJamad ori saxeobis
eleqtrosadguri arsebobs: Tbo da hidro. Tbosadgurebis muSaoba
ZiriTadad zamTris sezonSi warmoebs. maT mier atmosferoSi
gamofrqveuli mavne nivTierebebi Tavisuflad vrceldeba axlo-
maxlo dasaxlebebSi. _ aris Tu ara daculi, (an miaxloebuli)
garemos dabinZurebis normebi msoflio standartebTan? Aai, es
faqti aris dasadgeni da amis Sesabamisad unda gatardes
RonisZiebebi. rac Seexeba hidroeleqtrosadgurebs, amJamad
moqmedebaSia Svidi erTeuli saSualo da didi moculobis
wyalsacavi. Bbunebrivia, TiToeuli maTgani uaryofiTad moqmedebs
garemo bunebaze da Sesabamisad adamianis janmrTelobaze. Aamitom
mTavari yuradReba gadatanili unda iqnas uaryofiTi movlenebis
gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavlasa da gamosworebaze. imisaTvis, rom
safrTxe ar Seeqmnas garemos da adgilobriv mosaxleobas, unda
dadgindes, Tu ra kompensacia unda iqnas gaRebuli, rom moxdes
bunebis aRdgena-gajansaReba da janmrTelobis SenarCuneba.
samwuxarod, wlebis ganmavlobaSi “mosaxleobis Tema” ar iqca
namdvili mecnieruli kvlevis sagnad. is forma rac, erTi mxriv,
“mwvaneTa moZraobis” zogierTma liderma da Sesabamisad, meore
mxarem, hidromSeneblebma SemogvTavazes, yovlad miuRebelia. iyo
da dResac grZeldeba brZola (“xelebis gadagrexvis” meTodiT)
konkretul pirTa mxridan. da ara bunebisa da adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis interesebis dasacavad; amjerad, Tu mecnierebi da
mTavroba jerovan yuradRebas ar dauTmoben da droulad ar
ganaxorcieleben qmediT RonisZiebebs, SeiZleba bevri
energetikuli proeqti CaiSalos, rac didi Secdoma iqneba.
Aaucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia amJamad arsebuli: engurhesis,
Jinvalhesis, lajanurhesis, xramhesis, sionhesisa da Saorhesis
wyalsacavebis garemoze zemoqmedebis Sedegebi. mZimea am xeobebSi
83
mcxovrebi mosaxleobis xvedri. Ggarda amisa, bolo oci wlis
ganmavlobaSi (am xeobebSi) masobrivad daiwyo tyis Wra, rac
ZiriTadad calkeuli ucxouri firmebisa da pirovnebebis
interesebs emsaxureba. Mmraval adgilas warmoiqmna xelovnuri
zvavsaSiSi zonebi. Tu es procesi ase gagrZelda, mTis mdinareebze
maRalkaSxliani wyalsacavebis mSenebloba ar iqneba SesaZlebeli.
Kkidev erTxel ganvmartavT, rom wyalsacavis SemTxvevaSi mdinaris
xeobaSi tyis arsebobas mravalmxrivi daniSnuleba aqvs. kerZod,
tyis saSualebiT xdeba tenianobis regulireba. tye wyalsacavs
icavs zvavisagan, Rvarcofebisgan, miwisa da kldis masivebis
Camocurebisagan da a.S.
energetikis saministrom da sazogadoebam saswrafod unda
dasvan mTavrobis winaSe sakiTxi zemoTxsenebul xeobebSi tyis
licenziebis gayidvisa da saerTod Wris Sewyvetis Sesaxeb.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, arsebuli wyalsacavebi unda daicalos,
rom araferi vTqvaT axlis mSeneblobaze.
elementaruli daTvla gviCvenebs, rom tyis Wris Sedegad
miRebuli Semosavali, sul mcire 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
erTjeradia, xolo eleqtrosadgurebi yovelwliurad gacilebiT
ufro did Semosavals iZlevian. rac Seexeba mosaxleobas, im
xeobebSi, sadac wyalsacavebia ganlagebuli, sammag zarals
ganicdian: erTi is, rom klimati Seicvala, ris gamoc sxvadasxva
uaryofiTi movlenebi ganviTarda (nesti da misgan gamowveuli
sxvadasxva daavadebebi) da meore, ra sargebeli miiRes am
kompleqsebis mSeneblobidan adgilobrivma macxovreblebma? rig
SemTxvevaSi, piriqiT, dakarges saxnavi da saZovari miwebi, samuSao
adgili, bolosdabolos mama-papaTa saxlebi, saflavebi da
salocavebi.
Jinvalis wyalsacavis gamo, aragvis xeobaSi mravali sofeli
aiyara. is, vinc jer kidev darCa, eleqtroenergias 4-jer ufro
Zvirad yidulobs, vidre es Jinvalhesis mier gamomuSavebuli
elenergiis TviTRirebulebaa. Uufro didi ubedureba is faqtia,
rom xeobis umetesi soflebi dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi, an saerTod
ver iRebs elenergias, anda Rebuloben mxolod ramdenime saaTiT,
isic SuaRamisas. sibneleSi RvTis amara cxovroben. bavSvebi ver
swavloben, eqimebTan ver mkurnaloben, telegadacemebs ver
uyureben, mowyvetili arian gare samyaros. lamis im daskvnamde
mividnen, rom an daangrion kaSxali, anda sxvagan gadasaxldnen. –
ra daaSava am xalxma? mSeneblobis periodSi maT hpirdebodnen:
ufaso dens, sayofacxovrebo pirobebis gaumjobesebas, dasaqmebas
da sxva – sad aris danapirebi? TiTqmis analogiuri mdgomareobaa
enguris, caniswylis, rionis, lajanurisa da sxva xeobebSi. am
faqtebis Semyure, im xeobebis mosaxleoba, sadac axali
84
elsadgurebi unda aSendes, daSinebulia da yovelnairad cdilobs,
winaaRmdegoba gawios. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, daskvna erTia:
vidre mTavroba da sazogadoeba droulad ar SeTanxmdeba da ar
aiZuleben parlaments kanonis miRebas, sadac wyalsacavian
xeobebSi macxovrebeli mosaxleobis moTxovnebi da uflebebi
iqneba dakmayofilebuli da amis safuZvelze mosaxleoba, sanam ar
darwmundeba, rom gacilebiT ukeTesi sacxovrebeli pirobebi
Seeqmneba, vidre wyalsacavis aSenebamde, manamde hidroeleq-
trosadgurebis mSenebloba sabrZolo, saTuo da xSir SemTxvevaSi
ganuxorcielebeli gaxdeba. SeiZleba Zalovani struqturebis
gamoyenebiT droebiT daaSino mosaxleoba, magram amiT problema
ar moixsneba. saqarTveloSi kaSxlebis umetesi nawili mTis mdina-
reebze Sendeba da Tu mTis mosaxleoba Seewireba am RonisZiebebs,
maSin Cndeba kiTxva – visTvis Sendeba eleqtrosadgurebi?
3.5. ra pirobebSi SeiZleba aSendes mcire hesi?
zemoT bevrgan avxseniT da axlac xazs vusvamT kacobriobis
winaSe elsadgurebis udides daniSnulebas. Tanamedrove
pirobebSi eleqtroenergiaze TiTqmis igive moTxovnilebaa,
rogorc sakvebze da Casacmelze. mTeli damxmare aparatura, xel-
sawyo-iaraRebi, rac ki teqnikasTan aris dakavSirebuli, eleqtro-
energiiT imarTeba. amdenad, Tqma imisa, rom gvWirdeba Tu ara
elsadgurebis aSeneba uazrobaa. meore, mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom
qveyanas mxolod da mxolod mcire el.sadgurebis mier
gamomuSavebuli energia eyofa, aseve mcdaria. Ggvinda kidev
erTxel ganvmartoT, rom mcire – pirobiT niSnavs 13 megavatamde
simZlavris mqone elsadgurs. saqarTveloSi mecnierebis mier
Seswavlili da energetikulad gamosadegad miCneulia 356 mdinare.
Ees mdinareebi qveynis mTel teritoriazea ganlagebuli. vidre
elsadguris daproeqteba daiwyeba, winaswar unda iqnas
Seswavlili mdinaris wliuri xarji, kalapoti, dawneva, da
saerTod, adgilmdebareoba. Aamis mixedviT unda ganisazRvros, ama
Tu im mdinareze sezonuri elsadguri aSendeba Tu sarezervo.
sezonuri elsadguri niSnavs mxolod wylis bunebriv
Camonadenze momuSave hess, romelsac mcire moculobis
wyalmimRebi aqvs. sarezervo hess aqvs wyalsacavi. rac ufro didi
moculobisaa wyalsacavi, miT ufro metia hesis simZlavre da
wliuri gamomuSaveba. saqmeSi Cauxedavi xalxi xSirad ambobs:
“saqarTvelos mxolod mcire hesebi eyofa. Yyovel sofels
SeuZlia mcire hesi aaSenos da mudmivad deni eqneba”, rac
migvaCnia, rom arasworia. Hhesebis aSeneba didi iqneba Tu patara,
urTulesi saqmea. naSromidan, romelic energetikis institutis
85
mecniermuSakebis mier aris Sesrulebuli Cans, Tu ramxela kvleva-
Ziebaa saWiro hesis mSeneblobis dasawyebad. [32]M meore mTavari problema dafinansebaa. saerTaSoriso fasebiT
(dRevandel pirobebSi) 1 mgvt. Ddadgmuli simZlavris asaSeneblad
saWiroa saSualod 900 000-dan 1 200 000 aTasamde aSS dolari.
Mmesame gadamwyveti faqtori, garemos dacva da xeobaSi mcxovrebi
adamianebis janmrTelobis SenarCunebaa. roca sakiTxi sezonur
elsadgurebs exeba, aq garemobuneba naklebad ziandeba, samagierod,
saSualo wliuri gamomuSaveba SeiZleba 50%-iT naklebi iyos,
vidre wyalsacavian hesebSi. Mmcire elsadgurebis erT-erT
naklovan mxared iTvleba misi avtonomiur reJimSi muSaoba, anu
roca mcire hesi erTian energosistemasTan kavSirSi ar aris.
Ddamoukideblad muSaobis dros Zalian Znelia sixSiris, Zabvisa
da sxva parametrebis normis farglebSi SenarCuneba. amitom
nebismieri mcire hesis mepatrone cdilobs erTian sistemasTan
iyos mierTebuli. sistemasTan mierTeba ki aucileblad gadacemis
xazebis mSeneblobas da sxva avtomaturi mowyobilobebis
danergvas saWiroebs. aseve, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia
gamomuSavebuli elenergiis gayidva-gasaReba, rac pirdapir
kavSirSia eleqtrosadguris (hesis) samSeneblo-samontaJo da
saeqspluatacio xarjebis anazRaurebasTan. N
nebismieri fulis Camdebi, garkveulwilad riskze midis da
cdilobs, hesis aSenebis SemTxvevaSi gamomuSavebuli elenergiis
Semsyidveli winaswar (xelSekrulebis doneze) Seipiros. naTqvamis
sailustraciod moviyvanoT Semdegi magaliTi: vTqvaT, damkveTma
(mosaxleobam, kerZo mesakuTrem an saxelmwifom) ama Tu im
mdinareze aaSena 5 mgvt.-mde simZlavris hesi (simZlavre ganisaz-
Rvreba mdinaris maCveneblebis mixadviT). wylis xarjis
sezonurobidan gamomdinare, saSualo wliuri gamomuSaveba cvale-
badia imis da mixedviT, Tu ramden Tves eyofa mdinaris Camonadeni.
hesis simZlavre damokidebulia, agreTve, wylis dawnevis
sididesa da wylis im moculobaze, romelic gaedineba
elsadgurSi dadgmul turbinebSi. rac metia drois erTeulSi
hidroturbinebSi Semavali wylis moculoba da dawneva, miT metia
sadguris simZlavre. wylis muSa moculoba yovelTvis naklebia
mdinaris mTel moculobaze. Ggamoyenebadi xdeba mdinaris (kveTis)
nakadis simZlavris mxolod nawili. simZlavris sidide
damokidebulia agreTve jamur margiqmedebis koificientze (η∑)-ze. rogorc cnobilia, hesis simZlavre:
86
P= QHη∑ = 9,81QHη∑
sadac Q – wylis xarjia (m3/wm.), H – dawneva (m) .
η∑= ηnagebobis + ηturbinis + ηgeneratoris
praqtikulad hidroeleqtrosadgurebis m.q.k. metia, vidre
Tbosadgurebis da tolia:
Σ η hesis = 0,85
Cvens SemTxvevaSi Tu P= 5 mgvt.-s (maqsimums), maSin dRe-Ramuri gamomuSaveba toli iqneba:
EgamomuSaveba= PsimZlavretdro= 5000 kvt. 24 sT. (dReRamuri)= 120 000
kvt.sT.
Tviuri gamomuSaveba:
ETviuri= EdR.R. 30dReze= 3 600 000 mln.kvt.sT.
Tu aRniSnuli mdinare weliwadSi 6 Tves maqsimums
gamoimuSavebs, xolo danarCen 6 Tves minimums, maSin:
EsaS.wliuri= (ETviuri 6maqs. Tve)+( ETviuri 6min. Tve)= 306000000kvt.sT.;
amis Semdeg dgeba sakiTxi, gamomuSavebuli elenergiis
gayidvis Sesaxeb, anu ramdeni kvt.sT.-is momxmarebeli eyoleba hess
da ra fasad gaiyideba 1 kvt.sT.
cnobisaTvis: elsadgurebis mier gamomuSavebuli sruli
elenergia moxmarebis TvalsazrisiT nawildeba or nawilad:
sakuTar moxmarebad da sistemaSi gaSvebul, anu Warb elenergiad,
romelic anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba.
vTqvaT, ganxiluli magaliTis mixedviT: Esak. moxmareba.=0,1 %=30 600
kvt.sT.
maSin, EWarb.en.= Esr. gamomuS.- Esak. moxmareba= 30569400kvt.sT.
87
davuSvaT, 1 kvt.sT.-is gasayidi Rirebuleba, semekis
dadgenilebiT, 5 TeTrs Seadgens, maSin ganxilul magaliTze hesis
(M) wliuri Semosavali toli iqneba:
Mwl.Sem= 1528470 laris.
damkveTis mTavari amocanaa Cadebuli fulis amoReba, rac
yovelwliur Semosavalzea damokidebuli. Cvens magaliTze, ramden
weliwadSi gaistumrebs mesakuTre vals? rogorc vTqviT,
saerTaSoriso fasebiT, 1 mgvt.-iani hesis aSeneba, saSualod 1 mln.
aSS dolari jdeba, gamodis, rom damkveTs 5 mgvt. simZlavris
hidro elsadguris aSenebaSi daexarjeboda 5 mln. aSS dollars
damatebuli sesxis procenti. vTqvaT, damkveTma 10 wliT 3%-iani
sesxi aiRo (rac idealur variantad iTvleba), maSin yovelwliuri
procentis xarji iqneba
(5 000 000 )= 150 000 aSS %.
mTliani sesxis moculoba ki toli iqneba 1 500 000 aSS
dolarisa; damkveTs 10 weliwadSi gadasaxdeli eqneba 6 500 000 aSS
dolari. Yyovelwliuri gadasaxadi toli iqneba: 650 000 aSS.
Ddolaris;
zemoT ganxilul magaliTze:
Mwl.sr.Sem.= 1528470 laris; Tu 1 =1,8 lars (2010 wlis
mdgomareobiT), maSin yovelwliuri Semosavali tolia 849150 aSS
dolarisa. Aaqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom hesis mepatronem
yovelwliurad unda dafaros mimdinare xarjebi: xelfasebi,
gadasaxadebi, remontis Tanxebi, rac saSualod sawyis etapze
Semosavlis 10%-is farglebSi iangariSeba.
Gganxiluli magaliTis SemTxvevaSi saSualo Yyovelwliuri
sakuTari (saeqsploatacio) xarji toli iqneba: 84915 dolarisa.
saboloo mogeba rCeba 764235 aSS dolari.
rogorc aRvniSneT, Tu sesxis dafarvis periodi 10 welia,
maSin hesis mepatrone Tavisuflad istumrebs vals
es aris martivi, tipiuri analizi hidroelsadguris mSeneb-
lobis warmatebiT dasrulebisaTvis. aseTi Sedegebi, SeiZleba
iTqvas, idealuria, radganac eqspluataciis sawyis etapze xSiria
mowyobiloba-danadgarebis gaumarTaoba, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi
saerTo gamomuSavebis Semcirebas da xarjebis gazrdas iwvevs,
Tumca Tanamedrove teqnikis pirobebSi seriozuli avariebi
TiTqmis gamoricxulia.
88
3.6. rogori iyo mcire hidroeleqtrosadgurebis balansi
saqarTveloSi 1989 wlis mdgomareobiT?
AoTxmocdaaTiani wlebisTvis saqarTveloSi 35 mcire hesi,
muSaobda, romelTa (jamuri) dadgmuli (saproeqto) simZlavre 58
mvt.-s, xolo moqmedi 10,6 mvt.-s Seadgenda.
dReisaTvis mcire hesebis, rogorc raodenoba, aseve
dadgmuli simZlavre kidev ufro mkveTradaa Semcirebuli. ram
gamoiwvia aseTi Sedegi? saqme isaa, rom rodesac mZlavri
elsadgurebi aSenda, Seiqmna qveynis gaerTianebuli energosistema,
romelmac TiTqmis yvela sofeli, raioni da qalaqi elenergiiT
uzrunvelyo. Mmcire sadgurebs sakmaod didi Sroma da xarji
sWirdeba, amitom interesi maT mimarT TandaTan Semcirda. maT mier
gamomuSavebuli 1 kvt. sT.-s Rirebuleba gacilebiT ufro Zviria,
vidre didi sadgurebis. Yyvelafer amas emateba maTi sezonuroba,
rac saSualo wliur gamomuSavebas sakmaod amcirebs. maTi
dotaciurobidan gamomdinare, Tavis droze mcire hesebis
damfinansebeli da amSenebeli saxelmwifo iyo. sabWoTa periodSi
didi yuradReba eqceoda soflis eleqtrifikacias. Ddevizi iyo
aseTi: “minimum erTi mcire hesi yvela sofels”. imis gamo, rom
mcire hesebis aSeneba sakmaod Zviria, xolo gamomuSavebuli
elenergiis fasi maRali, jer-jerobiT axlis aSenebaze survili
arc saxelwifos da arc kerZo mesakuTres ara aqvs.
saqarTveloSi kerZo biznesisaTvis mcire hesebis mSenebloba
ar aris mimzidveli. Mmcire hesebidan miRebuli mogeba
grZelvadiania, kerZo bizness piriqiT swrafi mogebis miReba unda,
rac Seexeba saxelmwifos _ misTvis ufro xelsayrelia saSualo
an mZlavri elsadgurebis aSenebiT uzrunvelyos momxmarebeli.
Aamdenad, mcire energetikis ganviTareba mdidari qveynisa da
SeZlebuli moqalaqeebis saqmea, rasac jerjerobiT saqarTvelo ar
warmoadgens. Tumca, dadgeba dro, rodesac, xelsayrel bunebriv
pirobebSi, individualuri mewarmeebi, an saxelmwifo, xels
mohkideben mcire hesebis mSeneblobas.
am pirobebis Sesruleba miRwevadia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
saqarTveloSi dainergeba eleqtroenergetikis marTvis axali
sistemebi, rac pirvel rigSi konkurentunarian, Tavisufal
eleqtrobazars gulisxmobs.
qvemoT 3.2 da 3.3 cxrilebis saxiT, warmodgenilia saqarTve-
los eleqtroenergiis balansi wlebis mixedviT. cxrilebSi
TvalnaTliv Cans eleqtrosadgurebis, rogorcMmTliani gamomu-
Saveba (maT Soris hidro, Tbo da mcire elsadgurebi), ise dar-
gebis mixedviT moxmarebis dinamika. cxrili #3.4-Si aseve naCvenebia
elenergiis warmoeba erTsul mosaxleze.
89
cxrilebSi motanili masala naTlad adasturebs, Tu rogor
viTardeboda saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergiis warmoeba, 1991 wlis
CaTvliT, xolo 1993-1999 wlebSi, piriqiT, rogorc warmoeba ise
moxmareba, TiTqmis orjer Semcirda. samagierod, 3-jer da 4-jer
gaizarda tarifebis sidide, rac logikuria. iq sadac saqoneli
deficituria, masze fasebi avtomaturad izrdeba. Tumca
samarTlianobis principi aris Tu ara daculi, es calke Temaa
(migvaCnia rom ara), razedac SemdgomSi gveqneba saubari.
warmodgenili masala aSkarad metyvelebs im faqtze, rom
saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergiis warmoeba aucileblad unda
gaizardos, romlis resursi da potenciali namdvilad arsebobs.
cxrili #3.2
saqarTvelos el. energiis balansis saerTo daxasiaTeba
# maCveneblebi 1989w. 1998w. 2008w. 2009w.
1. gamomuSaveba (milioni
kvt. sT)
17984,8 8088,4 8563,6 8648,7
2. maT Soris:
a) hesebi
b) mcire hesebi (romelTa
jamuri dadgmuli
simZlavre 58 megavats,
xolo moqmedi 10,6
megavats ASeadgenda)
g) Tbosadgurebi
10128,7
80.8
7775,3
6316,4
102,5
1669,5
7161,8
122,5
1279,5
7411,6
246,4
990,7
3. garedan miRebuli
el.energiis raodenoba
3999,5
809,9
649,1
255
SeniSvna: 2008-2009 wlebSi mcire hesebis gamomuSavebis gazrda
gamoiwvia: a) sakuTrebis formis Secvlam, b) yofili saSualo
simZlavris hesebisTvis (bJuJa hesisa da TeTrixevi hesisTvis) mcire
hesebis statusis miniWebam.
saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiis moxmarebis struqtura da dinamika
dargebis mixedviT 1985-1999 wlebSi (miliard kvt.sT) [33]
cxrili #3.3
# maCveneblebi 1985w. 1993w. 1997w. 1999w.
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 el.energiis moxmareba 16,757 10,745 7,3631 8,1685
maT Soris dargebis
mixedviT %-Si
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 2 mrewveloba 39,5 16,01 10,4 9,1
3 soflis meurneoba 7,8 3,5 0,2 0,1
4 komunaluri meurneoba 4,3 7,8 5,2 5,5
5 transporti 4,32 3,6 3,1 4
6 kavSirgabmuloba 0,3 0,4 0,3 0,2
7 mSenebloba 3,03 1,58 0,3 0,1
8 mosaxleoba 10,2 25,8 34,2 37,1
9 sak.moxmareba da kargvebi 16,5 26,1 15,1 13,1
10 sxva danarCeni 8,5 15,2 31 30,8
eleqtroenergiis warmoeba erT sul mosaxleze (kvt.sT.)
cxrili #3.4
wlebi mosaxleoba,
sul aTasi kaci
el.energiis
warmoeba
1 sulze kvt.sT
procentulad
1990w-Tan
SefardebiT
1990 5424,4 2626,3 100,0
1991 5455,3 2452,8 93,4
1992 5467,4 2107 80,2
1993 5345,8 1898,7 72,3
1994 5208,9 1352,5 51,5
1995 5061,7 1399,1 53,3
1996 4933,3 1466,2 55,8
1997 4808,8 1491,4 56,8
1998 4749,5 1702,9 64,8
1999 4710,6 1723,6 65,6
2000 4672,2 1593,7 60,7
warmodgenili masala imis naTel suraTs iZleva, rom saqarTveloSi rogorc mcire hesebis, ise saSualo da mZlavri
hesebis reabilitaciisa da axlis aSenebis didi rezervebia, maSin
rodesac saerTaSoriso standartebiT eleqtroenergiis warmoebis
wili erT sul mosaxleze sakmaod CamorCeba.
warmodgenili kvlevis safuZvelze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
adgilobrivi resursebis (rogorc Tbo, ise hidro) maqsimalurad
aTviseba, qveynis eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis aucilebeli
piroba unda gaxdes, rasac Sedegad mravali sikeTe mohyveba.
91
3.7. eleqtroenergetika – mTis mosaxleobis gadarCenis wyaro
iSviaTia buneba sadme iseTi lamazi iyos, rogoric
kavkasionis qedis samxreTis gayolebazea, sadac ganfenilia
saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleoba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iseTi regi-
onebi rogorebicaa: afxazeTi, svaneTi, raWa-leCxumi, fSav-xevsu-
reTi, xevi, dvaleTi, TuSeTi, aseve, kaxeTis, qarTlis, javaxeTis,
guria, aWaris, imereTisa da samegrelos Sida mTianeTi. ufalma
uxvad daabertya silamaze, magram amavdroulad mkacri bunebrivi
pirobebi Seuqmna: grZeli zamTari; ugzooba; saxnav-saTesis
nakleboba da a.S.
bunebrivia, mxolod saqarTvelos mTianeTSi ar aris aseTi
pirobebi. msoflios mravalma qveyanam didi xania, teqnikisa da,
kerZod, energetikis gamoyenebiT gadawyvita aseTi saxis siZneleebi,
metic, RvTiT naboZebi silamaze Semosavlis wyarod aqcia.
bolo oci wlis uaryofiTma movlenebma ganadgurebis
piramde miiyvana saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleoba. ekonomikurma
siduxWirem da rTulma klimaturma pirobebma mosaxleobis didi
nawili aiZula barad Camosaxlebuliyo, (ufro uaresi, zogi
sazRvargareT gaixizna) mietovebina mamapapuri sacxovrisi,
eklesia-monastrebi, cixe-koSkebi, winaparTa saflavebi da is
kurTxeuli buneba, razedac nebismieri qveynis mkvidri iocnebebda. sad aris gamosavali da ra daxmareba SeuZlia gauwios
yovelive amas energetikam? rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelos mTa mdidaria hidro-
resursebiT. mTis mdinareebi saukeTeso bazas warmoadgenen hidroe-
nergetikis ganviTarebisaTvis. is maragebi, rac saqarTvelos mTis
mdinareebs aqvT, sakmarisze metia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad. metic, Tu am
saqmisadmi gonivruli, saxelmwifoebrivi midgoma ganxorcieldeba,
cxovrebis done imdenad gaumjobesdeba, rom mosaxleoba
sacxovreblad baridan mTaSi daiwyebs asvlas. ra gvaZlevs amis
safuZvels? saqarTvelos TiTqmis nebismier mxareSi (afxazeTSi, svaneTi,
samegrelo, raWa-leCxumi, fSav-xevsureTi, xevi, TuSeTi, qarTli,
kaxeTi, guriai, aWarai) aris iseTi mdinareebi, romelzedac
SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva simZlavris hidroeleqtrosadgurebis
aSeneba, ise rom dagubebis Sedegad gaCenilma wyalsacavebma garemo
- buneba da mosaxleoba rac SeiZleba naklebad daazianos.
ras gvaZlevs hidroeleqtrosadguris arseboba mTaSi? upirv-
eles yovlisa, es aris: iafi eleqtroenergia, anu mosaxleobis
ganaTebisa, Tu gaTbobisaTvis aucilebeli saSualeba. sxvadasxva
92
sameurneo Tu samrewvelo daniSnulebis xelsawyo-danadgarebis
amuSavebis saSualeba. iafi eleqtroenergiis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
minimumamde mcirdeba saSeSe tyis Wra, mTis pirobebSi (sadac Tivis
damzadeba xdeba) keTdeba sabagiro gzebi. turizmisa da sportis
ganxriT Sendeba sxvadasxva sportuli kompleqsebi, dasasvenebeli
saxlebi, tardeba Sejibrebebi. yvelaferi es eleqtrificirebuli
gaxdeba, rac dasaqmebisa da Semosavlis saukeTeso wyaroa.
momavalSi iafi eleqtroenergia saqalaqo, sasoflo da samTo
transportis ganviTarebis wyaro xdeba. da bolos, eleqtr-
oenergia, rogorc gasayidi saqoneli, Semosavlis saukeTeso
saSualebaa.
amdenad, energetikis ganviTarebas saqarTvelos mTianeTi-
sTvis (iseve rogorc barisaTvis) mravali sikeTis motana SeuZlia.
mTavaria xelisuflebis mxridan sworad iqnas Camoyalibebuli
mTis mosaxleobisadmi midgoma. sxva danarCeni, rogorc ityvian,
“teqnikis saqmea”.
aris Tu ara saqarTvelos yvela mTian raionSi energeti-
kulad mimzidveli mdinare da romel mdinareebze SeiZleba
aSendes hidro-eleqtrosadgurebi, maT Soris, mcire da saSualo
simZlavris elsadgurebi? energetikos-mecnierTa mier Seswavlilia
mdinareebi: bzifi, gumisTa, kodori, caniswyali, lajanura, nenskra,
dolra, enguri, rioni, yvirila, Woroxi, didi da patara liaxvi,
qsani, aragvi, Tergi, arRuni, iori, alazani, kabali, duruji,
mtkvari, xrami, aWaris wyali (Senakadebis CaTvliT) romelTa
gamoyeneba Tavisuflad SeiZleba. amaTgan didi simZlavris
elsadgurebi SeiZleba aSendes md. engursa da rionze.
winaswari Teoriuli gaTvliT, aRniSnul mdinareebze
SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas saSualo wliuri gamomuSaveba 40÷ 50
miliardi kilovatsaaTis raodenobiT, rac arsebul sabazro
pirobebSi (saSualod kilovatsaaTis 5 centad gayidvis SemT-
xvevaSi) ori, or-naxevari miliardi dolaris Semosavals niSnavs.
[34] gasagebia, rom ekonomikurad sust qveyanas ase iolad ar
SeuZlia aiTvisos arsebuli simZlavreebi, Tumca arsebobs
msoflios sxvadasxva bankebisa da kerZo iuridiuli pirebis didi
daintereseba, romelTa gamoyeneba ormxrivi mogebis TvalsazrisiT
SesaZleblad migvaCnia.
davuSvaT, sawyis etapze (5 weli) aRniSnul mdinareebze
aTvisebuli iqna (damatebiT) 10 miliardi kilovatsaaTi.
eleqtroenergetikis marTvis axali wesebis Tanaxmad (romelsac
didi perspeqtiva aqvs), unda Seiqmnas mTis mosaxleobis
ganviTarebis fondi, sadac mTis mdinareebze aSenebuli eleqtros-
adgurebidan yovelwliuri gamomuSavebis Rirebulebis 10% am
93
fondSi unda gadairicxos. analizis mixedviT, (qveynis maStabiT)
saSualo wliuri Semosavali 30 milion dolars aRwevs, rac
mTiani mosaxleobis saWirboroto sakiTxebis mogvarebas SeiZleba
moxmardes. darwmunebuli varT, aseT pirobebSi mosaxleobis
mniSvnelovani nawili dabrundeba mTianeTSi da sakuTar
Semosavlian meurneobasac gamarTavs. paralelurad saavtomobilo
da sabagiro gzebic gakeTdeba. organizaciebi Tu kerZo pirebi
daiwyeben sportuli kompleqsebis, turistuli bazebisa da
dasasvenebeli saxlebis mSeneblobas. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
mcire, magram sakmaod Rirebul soflis meurneobas ganaviTarebs,
rac misi damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaro gaxdeba.
ra xelisSemwyobi pirobebi unda arsebobdes qveyanaSi mTis
mdinareebze hidroeleqtrosadgurebis aSenebisTvis?
1. aucilebelia kanonis miReba, romelic srulad uzrunve-
lyofs, daaregulirebs da gansazRvravs hidroeleq-
trosadgurebis mSeneblobas, kerZod:
a) nebismieri mdinaris mecnierulad Seswavlasa da licen-
ziis gacemas, romelSic mkacrad iqneba gansazRvruli
ekologiuri pirobebi, geologia, ekonomikuri Sedegebi,
aSenebis adgilis mizanSewoniloba, muSaobis xangZl-
ivoba da sxv;
b) damfinanseblis uflebebsa da valdebulebebs, ekolog-
iuri normebis dacvas. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
wilobriv monawileobas;
g) satarifo normebis dadgenas;
d) sakuTrebis uflebis dadgenas;
e) usafrTxoebis pirobebis SemuSavebas;
v) gadasaxadebis odenobis gansazRvras;
z) mogebis ganawilebis gansazRvras;
T) dazRvevis normebisa da pirobebis SemuSavebas.
2. aucilebelia ZalaSi Sevides saqarTvelos mTiani
regionebis socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis
kanoni, SemuSavebuli saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli
akademiis mTianeTis problemaTa Semswavleli komisiis mier,
romelic dRemde umoqmedodaa. [35] ganmartebisaTvis: nebismieri eleqtrosadguri, romelic
mTis ama Tu im xeobaSia aSenebuli, warmoadgens kerZo, an
saxelmwifo sakuTrebas, magram damfinansebels, damproeqtebels
da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, kanonmdebels, rbilad rom
vTqvaT, aviwydebaT xeobaSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis interesebi.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi rogorc zemoT avRniSneT wyalsacaviani
eleqtrosadguri xeobis mosaxleobisaTvis iwvevs adgilm-
debareobis dakargvas, xSir SemTxvevaSi sacxovrebeli saxlebis
94
dangrevas, klimaturi pirobebis cvlilebas, tyis Wras, janmrTe-
lobis gauaresebas da sxv. aqedan gamomdinare, kompensaciis saxiT
aucilebelia, xeobaSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas, sakuTrebis uflebiT
mieces elsadguris mier gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis
garkveuli nawili. saSualod 10 procentamde, romelic mkacri
kontroliT, miznobrivad iqneba gamoyenebuli.
es principi unda Seexos rogorc moqmed, ise daproeqtebis
mdgomareobaSi myof eleqtrosadgurebs, maT Soris: engurhess,
gardabansress, xudonhess, namaxvanhess, Saorhess, lajanurhess,
Jinvalhess, kodorhess, xramhess, tyibulihessa da sxv.
im xeobebSi, sadac ar aris saSualo an didi simZlavris
eleqtrosadgurebis aSenebis perspeqtiva, anu kerZo damfinan-
seblisaTvis ar iqneba mimzidveli, saxelmwifom unda aiRos
iniciativa Tavis Tavze, rom mcire hesebi aSendes, rac aseve didi
SeRavaTi iqneba adgilobrivi mTis mosaxleobisaTvis.
vidre ganvixilavT finansur mxares, unda davadginoT,
mosaxleobis ra masStabze unda gavrceldes SeRavaTebi. maga-
liTad, engurhesisa da xudonhesis SemTxvevaSi zaraldeba mestiis,
lentexis, kodorisa da nawilobriv samegrelos raionebis
mosaxleoba.
namaxvanisa da lajanurhesebis SemTxvevaSi zaraldeba
cageris, lentexisa da ambrolauri-onis raionebis mosaxleoba.
Jinvalhesis SemTxvevaSi – Jinvalis, fSav-xevsureTis, ananu-
ris, fasanauris, mleTisa da maTi mimdebare soflebis mosaxleoba.
CamonaTvalSi SevitaneT gardabansresic, rac SemTxveviTi ar
aris. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Tboeleqtrosadgurs garemos
dabinZurebis TvalsazrisiT, didi ziani moaqvs. gardabansresSi
rogorc Zvel, ise axal blokebze jer kidev normamde ar aris
dayvanili namwvi airebis gawmenda. atmosferoSi tonobiT mavne
nivTiereba gamoifrqveva, romelic axlomaxlo mcxovrebi
mosaxleobis janmrTelobas did zians ayenebs. amdenad aucil-
ebelia dazaralebuli mosaxleobisTvis kompensaciis micema.
eleqtrosadguris mesakuTre, piradi interesebidan gamom-
dinare, cxadia, ecdeba adgilobriv mosaxleobas ar gadauxados
araviTari kompensacia (miT umetes yovelwliurad). rac
aramarTebulia. saerTaSoriso organizacia “kioto” pirdapir
uyenebs moTxovnas mesakuTres SeRavaTebi gauwios adgilobriv
mosaxleobas. es praqtika msoflios mraval qveyanaSia danergili.
igi ormxrivad sasargeblocaa. jer erTi, SenarCundeba buneba da
meorec, mosaxleoba dainteresebuli iqneba elsadguris usafrTxo
muSaobiT. gamoyenebuli Tanxebi uzrunvelyofs klimatis cvli-
lebiT miyenebuli zaralis kompensacias. erTi sityviT, iqmneba
adgilobrivi infrastruqtura da, rac mTavaria, am faqts uaR-
95
resad didi mniSvneloba aqvs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis fsiqikis
Sesacvlelad. rogorc praqtikam dagvanaxa, swored am mizezTa
gamo gaCerda iseTi elsadgurebis mSeneblobebi, rogoric
namaxvani, xudoni, fari da sxva hesebia, romelTa saSualo jamuri
simZlavre 1500 megavati, xolo yovelwliuri gamomuSaveba 7
miliard kilovatsaaTis farglebSi unda yofiliyo, rac fulad
TanxaSi (saSualo gasayidi tarifis 5 TeTris SemTxvevaSi) samas
ormocdaaTi milioni laris tolfasia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im
faqts, rom am sadgurebis eqspluataciaSi gaSveba sul mcire 10
wlis win unda momxdariyo, zarali 3,5 miliard lars aRwevs.
vfiqrobT, Wkviani sazogadoeba da xelisufleba, aseT Secdomebs
ar unda uSvebdes, miT umetes, iseTi Raribi qveynisa, rogoric
saqarTveloa.
amdenad, aucileblad migvaCnia, rom nebismieri wyalsacaviani
eleqtrosadguris mesakuTre (saxelmwifo, kerZo) gamomuSavebuli
elenergias 10%-is farglebSi, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ganviTa-
rebas unda axmardes. es iqneba, erTi mxriv, energetikis ganviTa-
rebis xelisSemwyobi didi RonisZieba da meore mxriv, mTis
mosaxleobis gadarCenis wyaro.
3.8. vin SeiZleba daafinansos eleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba
eleqtrosadguris mSeneblobis dafinansebis Semdegi praqtika
arsebobs: mTlianad an nawilobriv afinansebs saxelmwifo; kerZo
biznesi; kerZo da saxelmwifo erTad.
gamomdinare iqidan rom saqarTveloSi konstituciis me-3
muxlis mixedviT, energetika strategiuli dargia da saxelmwifo
kontroli unda arsebobdes mTavari damfinansebeli yvela
SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo (51%) unda iyos, xolo danarCens (49%),
kerZo biznesi (maT Soris, energetikuli organizaciebi, kerZo da
iuridiuli pirebi) damfinanseblebisTvis SeRavaTiani pirobebis
Seqmnis saSualeba, rac gulisxmobs: mSeneblobisTvis dabal
procentiani sesxis aRebis SesaZleblobas; mSeneblobis xarjebis
gastumrebamde, gadasaxadebis Semcirebas da saxelmwifos mxridan
garkveul mfarvelobas.
kerZo da iuridiuli pirebis monawileobis survils,
biznesis interesebi ganapirobebs, rac momavalSi saSualo fenis
Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels.
mesame Tavis daskvna
eleqtroenergetikaSi mTavari movlena eleqtroenergiis
warmoebaa. Tu sistemaSi eleqtroenergiis saxiT mza produqcia ar
96
iqneba, maSin arc qvesadgurebi, arc eleqtrogadacemis xazebi da
arc dispetCerizacia ar iqneba saWiro (rom araferi vTqvaT yidva-
gayidvaze). amdenad, yvela SemTxvevaSi sawyisi aris eleqt-
roenergiis warmoeba, rac axali simZlavreebis aTvisebasTan aris
dakavSirebuli. rogorc aRvniSneT, eleqtroenergia sakmaod Zviri
saqonelia, radganac misi warmoeba urTules procesebTan aris
dakavSirebuli. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori TviT energiis
wyaros moZiebaa. mravali qveynisaTvis energiis wyaroebis miReba
did fizikur, ekonomikur da xSirad politikur siZneleebTan aris
dakavSirebuli.
ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebia mosalodneli (etapob-
rivad vTqvaT yovel xuT weliwadSi) axali simZlavreebis
aTvisebis SemTxvevaSi? Cveni kvlevis Sedegad miRebulia Semdegi
daskvnebi:
dadebiTi movlenebi:
1. aucilebelia kanonmdeblobis srulyofa;
2. tyis Wris moculoba minimumamde mcirdeba, maT Soris
wyalsacavis zonaSi: tye xdeba, rogorc tenianobis makumu-
lirebeli aucilebeli komponenti; da meore, xis merqnis
saSeSed gamoyenebis sanacvlod iafi eleqtroenergiis
Canacvlebis faqtori, jamSi es yvelaferi iwvevs, adamianis
arsebobisTvis aucilebel jansaRi bunebis SenarCunebis
SesaZleblobas.
3. uzrunvelyofili xdba mTis mosaxleobis adgilze Senar-
Cuneba da maTTvis social-ekonomikuri siZlieris garantiis
Seqmna.
4. Warbi eleqtroenergia jer erTi es aris, (pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT) qveynis moTxovnebis dakmayofileba da meore,
rogorc savaWro saqoneli (Sida da gare gayidvebis Sede-
gad miRebuli) Semosavlebis udidesi wyaro.
5. Warbi eleqtroenergiis eqsporti saxelmwifoTa Soris,
jansaRi diplomatiuri urTierTobis safuZveli xdeba.
uaryofiTi movlenebi:
1. wyalsacavebis gaCena iwvevs garkveuli moculobis miwis
farTobebis, kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis, da mcena-
reuli safaris wyliT dafarvas;
2. mosaxleobis garkveuli raodenobis gadasaxlebas;
3. wyalsacavebma SeiZleba gamoiwvion qanebis rRveva, mewyerebis
gaCena, kaSxlebis garRveva da Sedegad mosaxleobis, an maTi
meurneobis zarali;
4. wyalsacavebis zonaSi izrdeba tenianoba.
ra SeiZleba iyos makompensirebeli RonisZiebebi?
97
pirvel SemTxvevaSi: aucilebelia Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo
bazis Seqmna.
meore SemTxvevaSi: maqsimalurad unda iqnas SenarCunebuli
kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebi; mosaxleobis zianis miyenebis
SemTxvevebi anazRaurebas unda daeqvemdebaros; mosaxleobis
aucilebeli kontingentis gadasaxlebam, maTi pirobebis
gaumjobeseba unda gamoiwvios da ara zarali. mesame SemTxvevaSi,
maqsimalurad unda iqnas geologiuri, ekologiuri da samSeneblo
normebi daculi.
meoTxe SemTxvevaSi, mosaxleobis kompensireba unda moxdes
naSromSi Camoyalibebuli meTodis mixedviT.
qveyana, romelsac energiis wyaroebi sakmarisi raodenobiT
gaaCnia, bednierad grZnobs Tavs, Tumca vin rogor iyenebs – es
meore saqmea. saqarTvelo swored im qveynebis rigs ganekuTvneba,
visac energowyaroebis (wyali, naxSiri) sakmao raodenoba
(moculoba) gaaCnia, magram mxolod da mxolod mcire raodenobiT
(0,05%) aqvs aTvisebuli.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia axali simZla-
vreebis aTviseba ise, rom daculi iyos socialur-ekonomikuri da
gansakuTrebiT ekologiuri normebi. saqarTveloSi amis
SesaZlebloba namdvilad aris. sul sxva sakiTxia, Tu rogor
udgeba am sakiTxs xelisufleba, sazogadoeba da TiToeuli
CvenTagani. erTi ram cxadia, danaSaulis tolfasia yovelwliurad
Sav zRvaSi da kaspiis zRvaSi, uqmad CaRvrili saqarTvelos
mdinareebis potencialis gamouyenebloba. es aris is miliardebi
(dolarebi), romelic qveynas da mis mosaxleobas, rogorc haeri
ise sWirdeba.
samecniero naSromis erT-erTi aqtualoba swored am TavSia,
im TvalsazrisiT, rom axali simZlavreebis aTviseba aucilebeli
da gadaudebeli saqmea. amis SesaZlebloba namdvilad aris.
mTavaria swori midgomebi iyos.
esa Tu is qveyana, sxvadasxva dros ganviTarebis sxvadasxva
stadiaze imyofeba. aris aRmavlobis da daRmavlobis periodebi.
rac ufro daZabunebulia eri da misi Semoqmedi ganaTlebuli fena
– e. w. inteligencia, miT ufro didia daRmasvlis periodi da
piriqiT. migvaCnia, rom energetikuli siZlieris miRweva, aucile-
blia, rac uaxloes momavalSi saxelmwifoebrivi siZlieris
safuZveli gaxdeba. vfiqrobT, warmodgenili argumentacia
sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom axali simZlavreebi iqnas aTvisebuli.
98
Tavi IV. eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis
axali forma
4.1. energetikuli sawarmoebis Semosaval-gasavali
saqarTvelos energosistemaSi momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT
ZiriTadad sami daqvemdebarebis sawarmo muSaobs: 1. eleqtro-
energiis mwarmoebeli, anu generaciis sadgurebi (hidro, Tbo); 2.
eleqtroenergiis gadacema-dispetCerizaciis sawarmo (“eleqt-
rosistema”); 3. ganawileba-gayidvis sawarmoebi, anu gamanawilebeli
kompaniebi (“s.s Telasi”,´”energopro jorjia”, kaxeTis gamanawi-
lebeli kompania).
sakuTrebis mixedviT samive saxis sawarmoSi arsebobs,
rogorc kerZo sakuTreba (romlis wilad TiTqmis 80%-ze meti
modis), aseve saxelmwifo sakuTreba. ekonomiuri TvalsazrisiT
nebismieri sawarmos (miuxedavad sakuTrebis formisa) erT-erT
mTavar mizans, saqonlis (eleqtroenergiis), warmoebis, momsax-
urebisa da realizaciis Sedegad miRebuli maqsimumi Semosavali
warmoadgens, rac maTi saqmianobidan gamomdinare ganisazRvreba.
magaliTad, generaciis sawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi, (hidro, an
Tboeleqtrosadgurebi). wliuri Semosavali, damokidebulia
gamomuSavebuli kilovatsaaTebis raodenobaze da tarifis
sidideze; “eleqtrosistemis”, anu gadacema-dispetCerizaciis SemT-
xvevaSi, rac ufro meti iqneba momsaxureba (gadacemuli da
dispetCerirebuli eleqtroenergia, maT Soris eqsport-importic)
da am momsaxurebis tarifi, miT ufro metia misi Semosavali. sami
gamanawilebel-gadamyidveli sawarmos (kompaniebis), Semosavali
damokidebulia, gayiduli (realizebuli) eleqtroenergiis
raodenobaze da ganawilebis tarifis sidideze. samive SemTxvevaSi
(gadasaxadebis nawilSi), gasavlebi (fondebze amonagebi, saga-
dasaxado ganakveTebi, fiqsirebuli danaxarjebi, cvladi
danaxarjebi da uSualod pirdapiri gadasaxadebi) procentulad
TiTqmis Tanabaria, xolo moculobiT (saqmianobis da tarifis
sididis sxvadasxvaobidan gamomdinare) sxvadasxvaa.
am gadasaxadebis sidide mTlian SemosavalTan mimarTebaSi,
rogorc qvemoT warmodgenili masalidan Cans, Semdegia:
Sps “varcixe-2005” – 16%; Sps “Tbilwyalkanali” (Jinvalhesi) –
19%; s.s. “lajanurhesi” _ 14,3%; Sps “orTaWalenerji” _ 17,43%; s.s.
“bJuJahesi” _ 9,02%; Sps “engurhesi” _ 19,9%; s.s. “energopro
jorjia” _ 9,66%; Sps “saqarTvelos saxelmwifo el.sistema” _
10,79%;
99
gamomdinare iqidan, rom gamomuSavebuli elenergiis mocu-
loba da momsaxurebis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi sxvadasxvaa,
kvlavwarmoebisaTvis gaweuli danaxarjebic bunebrivia sxvadasxva
iqneba, anu rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Semosavalze ZiriTadad
moqmedebs ori komponenti: gamomuSavebuli el. energiis raodenoba
da kilovatsaaTebis Rirebuleba. magaliTisTvis, engurhesis
SemTxvevaSi, Tu wliuri gamomuSavebuli elenergiis raodenoba
2986,36 mil.kvt. saaTs Seadgens da tarifi 1,187 TeTria, maSin
Semosavali 35,4 milioni lari iqneba, xolo sagadasaxado gasavali
7,05 milioni. varcixis SemTxvevaSi gamomuSaveba 426 mil.kvt.sT-s,
(tarifi 1,25 TeTri), Semosavali 5,3 milion lars, xolo gasavali
0,852 milion lars Seadgens. Sesabamisad sxvadasxva simZlavris
sadgurebisTvis Semosavlebica da gadasaxadebic sxvadasxva iqneba.
erTobliobaSi samive saxeobis sawarmos daniSnulebas
(movaleobas) eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba da momxmareblebamde
miwodeba warmoadgens, xolo dainteresebas, momsaxurebidan
miRebuli Semosavlebi. eleqtroenergiis raodenobas, aRmricxveli
xelsawyoebi iTvlian (romelTac kontrols sami sxvadasxva
organizacia uwevs). aq sadao araferi ar unda iyos. rac Seexeba
tarifis sidides, aq mTavar ganmsazRvrel faqtors, saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergiis erovnuli maregulirebeli komisia warmoadgens,
romelic licenziis mqone organizaciebs (sawarmoebs) maT mier
warmodgenili sabuTebisa da angariSebis safuZvelze, individua-
lurad umtkicebs. arsebuli mdgomareobiT, energetikuli sawarmoebi miuxe-
davad sakuTrebis formisa (generacia, “eleqtrosistema” da
gamanawilebeli kompaniebi) konkurenciis pirobebSi ar imyofebian.
TiToeul maTgans semekis mier licenziiT gansazRvruli samuSao
sfero abaria. TviT erTsa da imave saxeobis SigniT arsebul
(magaliTad: generaciis sadgurebi, gadamyidveli kompaniebi)
sawarmoebs Sorisac ar aris sakonkurso pirobebi Seqmnili.
faqtobrivad Tavisufali bazris cneba da principebi saqarTve-
loSi jerjerobiT uaryofilia. ganvlilma periodma aCvena, rom am
sferoSi jerjerobiT gamWvirvaloba naklebad moiazreba.
momxmareblebis ukmayofileba agreTve gamowveulia im faqtis gamo,
rom kilovatsaaTis Rirebuleba pikuri datvirTviT, anu sezonu-
robis principiT ki ar icvleba, aramed mudmivad (mTeli wlis
ganmavlobaSi) erTi da igive fasi adevs (Tanac maqsimumi). myi-
dvels ar aqvs saSualeba xarisxisa da fasis mixedviT airCios
eleqtroenergiis momwodebeli, amitom iZulebulia daemorCilos
arsebul wess.
saqarTvelos energosistemaSi, kerZo struqturebis kuTvnili
eleqtrosadgurebis tarifi ufro didia, vidre saxelmwifo
100
sadgurebisa. maregulirebeli organo am faqts imiT xsnis, rom
TiTqos kerZom gacilebiT meti fuli (investicia) unda Cados,
vidre saxelmwifo organizaciam (struqturam) sakiTxi sadaoa,
orive mxares aqvs (Tavis sasargeblod) mtkicebuleba. es dava
gagrZeldeba manam, vidre Tavisufali bazris principi ar gaxdeba
ZiriTadi warmmarTveli Zala.
rogorc warmodgenili ganxilvidan Cans, nebismier sawarmos
(miuxedavad sakuTrebis formisa), aqvs rogorc Semosavali, aseve
gasavali. Semosavali pirdapir proporciulia gasayidi
eleqtroenergiis raodenobis da erTeuli kvt/sT-is fasis sididis
(tarifis) namravlis.
rogorc cnobilia, mTliani Semosavali pirobiTi mcnebaa,
radganac es ar aris is Semosavli, romelic sawarmos mogebis
saxiT ucvlelad darCeba. Semosavlis didi nawili
saeqspluatacio xarjebs xmardeba, am xarjebis mixedviT dgindeba
TviTRirebuleba. cnobili saangariSo formulebis mixedviT, warmoebuli da
qselSi gacemuli elenergiis TviTRirebuleba tolia wliuri
saeqsploatacio xarjebis fardobisa, elsadguris salteebze
gaSvebul wliur (jamur) energiasTan.
sadac: - wliuri saeqsploatacio xarjebia,
Эwl - sadguris salteebze gamomuSavebuli wliuri
energia (kvtsT).
Э – energiis raodenoba sakuTar moxmarebaze. sxvadasxva tipis eleqtrosadgurebis mier gamomuSavebuli
elenergiis TviTRirebuleba sxvadasxvaa, maT Soris:
UT +UsT+Uxel+Ueqsp+Uteq+Usxv. lari
STesi= = . K
kvtsT
lari
STeci = .
Qgac g.jouli
∑ U sx
Э wl - Э kvtsT
∑ U sx
∑ U sx
Э wl Э wl
∑ U sx
101
(Hamor+K s.x.koef) K xvedriTi xarji TeTri
Shesi = =
hdadg kvt. sT.
sadac Ham _ aris amortizaciis norma
Keqsp _ saeqsploatacio xarjebis koeficienti
Kxv _ xvedriTi kapitaluri xarjebi
hdadg _ dadgmuli simZlavris gamoyenebuli saaTebis
ricxvi
U UsTb+Uamort+Uxelf+Urem+Usxv. lari
Sat.sadg = =
Kkvt. sT
Ueqsp Ugad+Udisp+Uganaw.
S el.gadac.dispeC = =
ganawilebis
eleqtroenergiis sruli TviTRirebuleba tolia:
+ ∑Sgad.ganaw.disp.+ ∑SSesyid+∑S sxvad sistemis Ssr =
(∑Эgamom+∑ЭSesyid) ( )
sadac aris qselSi energiis danakargebi %-Si.
_ aris sistemis eleqtrosadgurebSi gamomuSavebuli energiis
TviTRirebuleba, TeTri/kvt. sT.
_ aris gadacema-ganawileba-dispetCerizaciis TviTRi-
rebuleba.
_ paralelurad momuSave eleqtrosadgurebidan da
bloksadgurebidan Sesyiduli elenergiis Rirebuleba.
_ sasistemo da arasawarmoo xarjebi;
∑Эgam. _ sistemis elsadgurebis mier gamomuSavebuli da salteebze
gadacemuli energiis raodenoba.
warmodgenili gamosaxulebebi, SeiZleba srulad ver
asaxavdnen TviTRirebulebas (sxvadasxva dros sawarmoebs
sxvadasxva gadasaxadebi ematebaT an akldebaT), amitom TiToeulma
sawarmom (generacia-gadacema-dispetCerizacia-ganawileba) indi-
vidualurad unda warmoadginos sakuTari angariSebi. sakuTari
Э wl
Э wl Э wl
Э wl Э wl
∑ Sgam
∑ Sgad.ganaw.disp.
∑ SSes
∑ U sx
∑ Ssxv
∑ U sx
102
sawarmos wliuri xarji yvelaze kargad TviT mewarmem icis.
swored am principzea damyarebuli marTvis axali wesebi, sadac
sawarmoebi, yidva-gayidvis bazarze Tavis nawarms yidian im fasSi,
rac maTTvis momgebiania, anu iTvaliswineben, rogorc sakuTar
Semosavlebs, aseve konkurenciis pirobebsac.
rogorc warmodgenili analizidan Cans, calkeuli sawa-
rmoebis: generaciis sadgurebis, eleqtro sistemis, gamanawilebeli
kompaniebis mier gaweuli xarjebis mixedviT ganisazRvreba TviT-
Rirebuleba. yovelive amis gaTvliswinebiT dgeba ama Tu im
sawarmoos Semosaval-gasavlis balansi.
Tu sawarmo zaraliT ganagrZobs muSaobas, igi gakotrdeba,
amitom nebismieri warmoeba mogebaze unda iyos dagegmili. aris
SemTxvevebi, rodesac sawarmo, mogebazea gaTvlili, magram mainc
zaraliani xdeba. es ukve araswori mmarTvelobiT sistemisa da
momsaxure personalis damsaxurebaa, anu adgili aqvs
saeqsploatacio xarjebis gaumarTeblad gazrdas da ugegmo opera-
ciebs. Cvens SemTxvevaSi xangZliv avariebs, elenergiis
gamomuSavebis, gadacemisa da gayidvis Semcirebas, fasebis damaxi-
njebas da sxva. gamonakliss warmoadgens bunebrivi araxelsayreli
klimaturi pirobebi, rac iSviaTia, magram mainc
gasaTvaliswinebelia.
warmoebis swori marTva niSnavs nebismieri drois ganmav-
lobaSi kvlavwarmoebis moTxovnebis uzrunveyofas da maqsimumi
mogebis miRebas. swored aq gamovlindeba xolme momsaxure
personalisa da, rac mTavaria, mmarTveli gundis talanti da
pasuxismgebloba. maT pirvel rigSi, unda gaiTvaliswinon sakuTari
da sxvisi gamocdileba. paralelurad danergon siaxleebi.
warmoebis wesi mudmiv (progress) aRmavlobas unda ganicdides.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sawarmo CamorCeba da SejibrebiTobis
unars dakargavs.
rogorc aRvniSneT, tarifis sididis gansazRvra maregu-
lirebeli komisiis gadawyvetilebazea damokidebuli, romelic
safuZvlad iRebs, ama Tu im sawarmos saangariSo xarjebs da
tarifs amis Sesabamisad amtkicebs. amJamad arsebuli tarifebis
sidide semekis mtkicebulebiT, Seesabameba im realobas, rac
qveyanaSia. Tumca momxmarebeli ukmayofiloa. am ukmayofilebas
kidev is faqti aZlierebs, rom saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo
kanoni damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadis SemoRebis Sesaxeb,
romelic amJamad 18%-s Seadgens da sabolood momxmarebelma
unda gadaixados, rac sinamdvileSi kidev ufro zrdis tarifis
sidides. yovelive amis Sedegad kidev ufro izrdeba ekonomiurad
gaWirvebuli mosaxleobis ukmayofileba. magaliTad s.s. “Telasis”
momxmareblebisaTvis: 18% danamatis gaTvaliswinebiT,
103
101 kvt/sT-is CaTvliT (saboloo momxmareblis) gadasaxadi
xdeba 13,48 TeTri/kvt.sT.
101 kvt.sT.-dan _ 301 kvt.sT-is CaTvliT, 16,00 TeTri/kvt.sT.
301 kvt.sT-dan zeviT, 17,698 TeTri/kvt.sT.
(analogiurad 18% emateba, rogorc s.s.”energopro jorjias”,
aseve sxva gadamyidveli kompaniebis momxmareblebis gadasaxds).
yofili sabWoTa respublikebis, aseve msoflios sxvadasxva
qveynebis analogiuri satarifo sistemis normebis Seswavlam
gviCvena, rom iseTi Semosavlis mqone qveynis momxmareblebisTvis
(erT sulze gaangariSebiT) rogoric saqarTveloa, aseTi sididis
tarifebi miuRebelia. saerTaSoriso valutaSi _ (amerikuli
dolaris arsebuli kursis mixedviT), safexurebrivad (101 kvt.sT,
301 kvt.sT da zeviT) moxmarebuli elenergiis safasuri Seadgens
8,02 cents, 9,52 cents da 10,53 cents, rac mxolod ganviTarebul
qveynebSi, maRalanazRaurebadi (didi Semosavlebis mqone)
momxmareblebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aqve ar SeiZleba ar
aRiniSnos is faqti, rom TviT tarifSi arasworad aris
ganawilebuli wilebi, kerZod, yvelaze didi wili gadamyidvel
kompaniebs aqvT (saS. 70%). maSin, rodesac msoflios sxvadasxva
qveynebis mixedviT elenergiis erTian tarifSi yvelaze didi wili
saS. 54% mwarmoebel sadgurebze modis, 8-dan 10%-mde gadacema-
dispetCerizaciaze da 36% _ gamanawilebelze. tarifis damdgenTa
gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom gadamyidvel kompaniebs maRali
tarifi im mizniT dauwesdaT, rom “investorebiTvis” (privatizebis
dros) mimzidveli gaxdes esa Tu is sawarmo, veraferi
gamarTlebaa.
saqarTvelos dRevandel sinamdvileSi, tarifis srul
RirebulebaSi, hidrogeneraciis wili (saSualod) 16,7% Seadgens,
xolo mTlianad generaciis wili (Tbosadgurebis CaTvliT
garantirebuli simZlavris gareSe) _ 21,76%-s; amasTanave faqtia,
rom hidroeleqtrosadgurebidan yvelaze dabali tarifi
saxelmwifos kuTvnil hidroeleqtrosadgurebs: vardnilhess
(1,17TeTri/kvt.sT) da engurhess (1,187kvt.sT) gaaCniaT. kidev ufro
didi usamarTlobaa saxelmwifo eleqtrosistemis mimarT, romlis
tarifi (erT kilovat-saaTze) 0,5-dan 0,6 TeTramde meryeobs.
tarifis regulirebis pirobebSi maRali tarifis daweseba,
erTi mxriv saukeTeso gamonagonia eleqtroenergiis deficitis
aRmosafxvrelad. meore mxriv, (konkurenciis ararsebobis
pirobebSi) es aris didi Semosavali imaTTvis, vinc es sistema
daakanona.
msoflios sxvadasxva mowinave qveynebis praqtikaSi (inglisi,
amerika, iaponia) e.w. privatizebis, anu saxelmwifos mier
energosawarmoebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadacemis erT-erTi mTavari
104
mizezi, garda erTjeradi mogebisa (rac obieqtebis gayidvis
Sedegad miiReba), saxelmwifo biujetSi (gadasaxadebis saxiT) rac
SeiZleba meti mogebis miRebaa gaTvaliswinebuli. saqarTvelos
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc analizma aCvena, privatizebis (gayidvis)
Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi minimaluradac ki ar Seesabameba
obieqtebis realur Rirebulebas. rac Seexeba saxelmwofo
biujetSi gadasaxadebis saxiT Senatan wliur Semosavlebs,
saSualod mTliani Semosavlis mxolod 20% Seadgens.
aSkarad Cans, rom mTavari mogebis mimRebi, ama Tu im
energetikuli sawarmos kerZo mesakuTrea, ris gamoc qveyana
yovelwliurad did Semosavlebs kargavs. ase magaliTad: wliuri
monacemebis mixedviT, davuSvaT 2010 wels, saqarTvelos
sadistribucio qselma (“eskos” CaTvliT) saSualod 10 miliardi
kilovatsaaTis realizacia moaxdina. arsebuli satarifo sistemis
Sesabamisad, Tu erTi kilovatsaaTis saSualo (gasayidi) tarifis
sidided 15 TeTrs aviRebT, jamuri Rirebuleba 1,5 miliardi laris
tolia. aqedan saxelmwifo biujetSi arsebuli sagadasaxado
sistemis mixedviT saSualod 20%, anu 300 milioni lari unda
Sesuliyo. xolo 1,2 miliardi lari (80%) mwarmoeblebisa da
gadamyidvelebis wilad rCeba, maT Soris gadamyidveli kompaniebis
sakuTreba (tarifis mixedviT) 960 milioni lari iqneba, xolo
generaciisa da “eleqtrosistemis” wilad 240 milioni lari
darCeba. ase rom 10 miliardi kilovat-saaTis gayidvis Sedegad
miRebuli Semosavlis didi nawili (saSualod 64%), gadamyidveli
kompaniebis wilad modis. Tu yovelive amas is garemoebac
daemateba, rom mTavar gadamyidvel organizaciebs (kompaniebs)
sakuTrebaSi generaciis sadgurebic (rogorc Tbo, aseve hidro)
simbolur fasad gadaecaT, maSin maTi Semosavlebi kidev ufro
izrdeba da igi saSualod 70%-ze meti xdeba. cxadia, rom kerZo
seqtori, aSkarad Cagravs saxelmwifo organizaciebs, rac
gaumarTlebelia. yovelive amaze (wlebis ganmavlobaSi) didi davaa
atexili, magram uSedegod. is faqti, rom ucxour kompaniebs,
(qveynis kuTvnili Semosavali amxela mogebiT) sazRvargareT
gahqondeT, msoflios arc erT qveyanaSi ar dasturdeba. amdenad
Temis aqtualobidan gamomdinare da marTvis axali wesebis
danergvis mizniT, am sakiTxebze gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvilebT
yuradRebas.
xangZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi Cvens mier Catarebuli
kvlevebis Sedegad mtkicdeba, rom kerZo, an saxelmwifo mflo-
belobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebisTvis, damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Tvisebebi:
1. kerZo mflobeli, upirveles mniSvnelobas ekonomikur mxares
aniWebs, rac sawarmos maqsimalur mogebazea gaTvlili;
105
2. cdilobs minimumamde daiyvanos pirdapiri xarjebi, maT Soris
xelfasis odenoba, rac TanamSromelTa ricxvis Semcirebas
iwvevs, erTi sityviT, ufro momWirnea.
3. mowyobiloba-danadgarebis, masalebisa da damxmare
saSualebebis gamoyenebis mxriv maqsimalurad zrdis eqsplua-
taciis xangZlivobas, aumjobesebs Senaxvis pirobebs da
saerTod cdilobs naklebi danaxarjebiT ufro didi xniT da
meti raodenobis saqoneli awarmoos (am SemTxvevaSi
eleqtroenergia);
kerZo mflobelis uaryofiT mxared SeiZleba CaiTvalos:
1. zogierTi aucilebeli xarjebis gawevis ugulebelyofa;
2. samuSao adgilebis Semcireba;
3. Semosavlebis damalva;
4. saxelmwifos winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebis damaxinjeba.
rac Seexeba uSualod saqarTveloSi Semosuli kerZo kompaniebis
muSaobis stils, maTi mTavari mizania, rac SeiZleba mokle droSi
meti mogeba miiRon.
saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi myofi obieqtebis administraciebis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebelia:
1. saeqsploatacio xarjebis SedarebiT uyairaTod xarjva;
2. kadrebis xelovnurad gazrda;
3. saxelfaso ganakveTebisa da sxva danamatebis usamarTlod
ganawileba;
4. sawarmos funqciis politikuri niSniT gansazRvra;
5. sxvadasxva maqinaciebis saSualebiT maRali Tanamdebobis
pirTa Semosavlebis gazrda, “proteqcionizmi” da ase
Semdeg.…
saxelmwifo obieqtebisTvis marTvis dadebiT mxared saxel-
mwifos winaSe aRebuli movaleoba-pasuxismgeblobis pirvel
adgilze dayeneba iTvleba. am SemTxvevaSi qveynis xelisufleba
drois mokle monakveTSi (strategiidan gamomdinare) iolad cvlis
saxelmwifo sawarmos muSaobis (stils) mimarTulebas. Tu
eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva Tavisufali bazris principiT ar
xorcieldeba, maSin orive sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebelia urTierT
garigeba (aReb-micemoba) da a.S.
amrigad warmodgenilma ganxilvam aCvena, rom saqarTveloSi
sakuTrebis orive formisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc dadebiTi,
aseve (ufro metad) uaryofiTi movlenebi, rac Tanamedrove etapze
dargis ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli mizezia. ganviTarebuli
sazogadoebisTvis da miT umetes qveynisTvis, romelsac survili
gaaCnia icxovros civilizebul samyaroSi, aseTi Secdomebis
daSveba miuRebeli unda iyos.
106
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, migvaCnia, rom
marTvis sistemaSi aucilebelia SemoRebuli iqnas axali wesebi,
rac dafuZnebuli iqneba mecnierul kvlevaze. konkretulad:
sxvadasxva sawarmoebSi (elenergiis warmoeba, gadacema-dispet-
Cerizacia, ganawileba-gayidva da a.S.) winaswar dadgindeba sawa-
rmos funqcia; muSaobis stili; sakuTrebis forma (saxelmwifo,
kerZo an Sereuli); ama Tu im ubanze momuSave specialistTa
(saWiroeba) ricxovneba. Tavisufali bazris principiT
Camoyalibdeba samarTliani satarifo da sagadasaxado sistema,
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba saboloo ekonomikuri maCveneblebis
gansazRvra; samomavlo sainvesticio mokle da grZelvadiani gegmis
Sedgena; axali simZlavreebis aTviseba; gasaRebi bazrebis Ses-
wavla; konkurentunarianobis miRweva; ekologiuri normebis dacva
da mTlianobaSi energoefeqturobisa da energousafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofa. mecnierTa jgufi (an instituti), romelic am
kvlevebze imuSavebs ar iqneba orientirebuli mxolod romelime
konkretul (miT umetes moqmed) sawarmoze, aramed maT unda SeZlon
zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebis jer dazusteba da Semdgom samuSao
gegmis doneze damuSaveba, faqtobrivad winaswar unda gaakeTos ama
Tu im organizaciis modelireba (programireba), variantebis
SerCeva, ganviTarebuli qveynebisa da TviT qveynis SigniT
dagrovili gamocdilebis danergva, rac TiToeul sawarmos
miscems saSualebas, yvelaze saukeTeso Sedegebs miaRwios. aqve
davZenT, rom am sakiTxze momuSave mecnierTa jgufi dazRveuli
unda iyos nebismieri uaryofiTi gavlenisagan (maT Soris, rogorc
saxelmwifo maRalCinosanTa, aseve kerZo mewarmeTa zewolisgan).
amasTanave am metad seriozul da sapasuxismgeblo saqmeze
davaleba unda mieces ara marto erT romelime mecnierul jgufs,
an istituts, aramed ramdenimes, rom mikerZoebas ar hqondes
adgili.
SeniSvna: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis “mTis prob-
lemebis Semswavleli komisiis” mier, 2010 wels ganxorcielebuli
iqna analogiuri programa, rac iTvaliswinebda dargobrivi prin-
cipiT mTis mosaxleobis problemebis Seswavlas, damuSavebas,
wignad dabeWdvasa da adgilobrivi administraciebisTvis saxelm-
ZRvanelod gadacemas.
vin unda iyos davalebis mimcemi, anu damkveTi? pasuxi cal-
saxaa: sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo da TviT mewarmeebi, sxva SemTxve-
vaSi balansi dairRveva (cxadia am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba
107
ganviTarebuli sazogadoeba da keTili nebis mqone saxelmwifo
wyoba). mecnieruli kvlevebis Sedegad dadgenili wesebi (normebi)
misaRebi da gamoyenebadi unda gaxdes, rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve
kerZo mewarmeebisTvis. dadgenili (norma) wesi Seicvleba mxolod
droSi da sivrceSi, im (faqtorebidan) mizezebidan gamomdinare,
rac arsebuli droisa da sivrcisTvis iqneba damaxasiaTebeli.
yvela SemTxvevaSi ucvleli unda iyos Semdegi moTxovnebi:
1. saqoneli (eleqtroenergia), rogorc qveyanaSi bunebrivi
resursebis (wylis, naxSiris, qaris, gazisa da a.S.) wyaroebis
Sedegad miRebuli nawarmi, saerTo-saxalxo sakuTrebaa da
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia, amdenad
nebismieri saqonlis warmoeba (da maT Soris eleqtroenergiis)
dakavSirebuli unda iyos, rogorc pirovnebis (individis), aseve
mTeli sazogadoebis (saxelmwifos) keTildReobasTan.
2. eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva (realizacia), an mecnierul
doneze samarTlianobis niSniT Camoyalibebul regulirebis wess
unda eqvemdebarebodes, anda wminda sabazro principebs. (an orives
erTad).
3. erTeuli kilovatsaaTis saerTo fasis sididis (tarifis)
Camoyalibebis dros, TiToeul mewarmes (generacias, gadacema-
dispetCerizacias, gadamyidvels) gaweuli xarjisa da Sromis
mixedviT unda ganesazRvros sakuTari wili.
4. saqonlis (eleqtroenergiis), warmoebisa da gayidvis
(realizaciis) Sedegad miRebuli mogeba unda nawildebods,
mwarmoeblebsa da saxelmwifo biujets Soris, sadac saxelmwifo
da mewarmeebi mogebis nawils Cadeben kvlavwarmoebaSi, xolo
nawils piradi moTxovnilebisda mixedviT gamoiyeneben.
5. saxelmwifo biujeti, romelic rogorc energetikis, aseve
sxva dargebidan (sxvadasxva gadasaxadebis saxiT), Semosuli
fuladi resursebis xarjze unda ivsebodes, valdebulia am
dargebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvisac izrunos.
4.2. marTvis axali wesebis pirobebSi eleqtroenergiis miwodebisa
da anazRaurebis sqemebis ganxilva
eleqtrovaWrobis (bazris) ganviTareba damokidebulia im
ZiriTad faqtorebze, romlebic gavlenas axdenen saqonlis (am
SemTxvevaSi elenergiis) warmoebaze, miwodebaze, anazRaurebaze da
rac mTavaria yidva-gayidvis swori meqanizmis Seqmnaze.
108
eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba da moxmareba or nawilad iyofa.
pirveli - es aris teqnikuri mxare, xolo meore _ komerciuli.
saqarTveloSi arsebuli generacia iyofa Tbo da hidro-
eleqtrosadgurebad. hidroeleqtrosadgurebSi, hidroturbinisa da
generatoris, xolo TbosadgurebSi Tboturbinis da generatoris
saSualebiT xdeba eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba, rac Semdgom
qvesadgurebisa da eleqtrogadacemis xazebis meSveobiT miewodeba
momxmarebels.
saqarTveloSi eleqtrosadgurebis muSaobas sezonuri xasiaTi
aqvs. kerZod, Tbosadgurebi umetesad zamTris periodSia
datvirTuli, xolo hidrosadgurebi zafxulSi. gamonakliss warm-
oadgenen maregulirebeli wyalsacaviani hidrosadgurebi,
romelTac orive sezonSi SeiZleba imuSaon (imisda mixedviT, sis-
temaSi, eleqtroenergiis deficitia Tu ara). generaciis sadgurebi
gamomuSavebul eleqtroenergias, eleqtrosistemas gadascemen, rom-
lis funqciaa, qvesadgurebisa da eleqtro gadacemis xazebis
saSualebiT momxmareblamde (myidvelamde) mitana. arsebuli
mdgomareobiT, eleqtrosistemas gamoeyo dabali 100/35-6/10-0,4
qselebi, romlebic faqtobrivad Camoyalibdnen, rogorc energiis
Semsyidveli kompaniebi. bolo wlebSi teqnikurad, mwarmoeblidan
Semsyidvelamde, elenergiis miwodebaSi xarvezi ar aris. Tu
urTierTSorisi xelSekruleba moqmedebaSia, procesi uwyvetad
xorcieldeba. amdenad saxezea gasayidi saqoneli, romelsac
eleqtroenergia hqvia.
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynaSi yidva-gayidvis sxvadasxva forma
arsebobs, maT Soris miwodebul eleqtroenergias yidian, rogorc
saxelmwifo organizaciebi, aseve kerZo kompaniebi. maTi moTxovnaa
orive SemTxvevaSi daculi iyos Semdegi ZiriTadi principebi:
1. momxmarebels eleqtroenergia uwyvetad unda miewodos;
2. miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis xarisxi unda iyos daculi;
3. vaWroba konkurencias unda eqvemdebarebodes. saqarTvelos energosistemaSi (1993-2007wlebi) tradiciulad
adgili hqonda miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis anazRaurebis dabal
kulturas, romlis mizezsac elenergiis deficiti, aRricxvis
mouwesrigebloba, gadamxdelebisadmi cudi urTierToba, korufcia
da siRaribe warmoadgenda.
Bbunebrivia, eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba da momxmareblamde
miwodeba TavisiT ar xdeba. mTel am process mcodne da
gamocdili specialistebi marTaven, isini gaerTianebuli arian
109
sxvadasxva samsaxurebSi: eleqtrosadgurebSi, qvesadgurebSi,
maRali da dabali Zabvis gadacemis qselebSi, dispetCerizaciaSi,
gamanawilebel da gadamyidvel organizaciebSi. pirvel nawils
(eleqtrosadgurebs, qvesadgurebs, dispetCerizaciasa da gadacemis
xazebs) pirobiT SeiZleba warmoeba vuwodoT, xolo meore nawils
(ganawileba-gayidvas) realizacia.
praqtikidan aSkarad Cans, rom realizaciis saqmeSi, kerZo
struqtura ufro efeqturad muSaobs, vidre saxlmwifo. am
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cans, piradi pasuxismgeblobisa da
Semosavlebis faqtoria gadamwyveti.
saqarTvelom nawilobriv orive sistema gamoiara, Tumca arc
erTi maTgani korufciisagan dazRveuli ar yofila. amdenad sakmao
gamocdileba dagrovda. amis miuxedavad, dRes arsebul yidva-
gayidvis marTvis meqanizms, srulyofils ver vuwodebT. nebismieri
saqoneli mwarmoeblidan myidvelamde Sualedur rgols gadis. rac
ufro moklea es gza, wesiT miT ufro iafi unda iyos saqoneli, da
piriqiT, rac ufro metia “monawileTa ricxvi”, miT ufro
Zvirdeba. 4.1 da 4.2 sqemebze naCvenebia eleqtro sabiTumo bazris
da komerciuli operatoris muSaobis meqanizmebi. am sqemebis
mixedviT eleqtrosabiTumo bazarSi xdeboda, rogorc eleqtro-
energiis dabalanseba, aseve fuladi resursebis akumulireba.
procesi imdenad upasuxismgeblo da gaugebari iyo, rom arc
mewarmem da arc gadamyidvelma ar icoda, vis visi vali emarTa.
Sedegmac ar daayovna, eleqtrosabiTumo bazars aseulobiT
milioni laris davalianeba daugrovda. Bbunebrivia, es iwvevda
rogorc mwarmoebelTa, aseve momxmarebelTa ukmayofilebas,
“moTamaSeTa” Soris daSvebuli iyo fasebis diskriminacia.
xelovnurad iqna gazrdili rogorc teqnikuri, aseve komerciuli
kargvebi. miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis anazRaurebaze (mwarmoe-
blis mimarT) e.w. sabiTumo bazari pasuxismgeblobas ar iRebda.
aRricxvis sistema (gansakuTrebiT raionebSi da soflebSi) ar iyo
mowesrigebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom sesbis muSaobas
saministrosa da semekis mier damtkicebuli bazris wesebi
gansazRvravda, pasuxismgeblobas ar grZnobda.
mocemul sqemebSi eleqtroenergiis miwodebisa da
anazRaurebis TiTqos swori meqanizmia Cadebuli, magram sinamd-
vileSi maTi ganxorcieleba ar momxdara. qveyanaSi gauqmda
antimonopoliuri samsaxuri. sanacvlod xelovnurad Seiqmna e.w.
”bunebrivi monopoliebi”, jer “Telasis”, xolo Semdeg gaerTi-
anebuli sadistribucio kompaniisa da “energo-pro jorjias”
110
saxiT. warmoebuli energiis 80%-ze mets (bazris meSveobiT) es
kompaniebi akontrolebdnen (rac dRemde grZeldeba). imis gamo, rom
sesbi kerZo struqtura ar iyo. bazris wevrebis winaSe
pasuxismgeblobasac ar iRebda. cxadia `maRali donis Cinovnikebis~
SeuTanxmeblad, aseT gadawyvetilebas damoukideblad ver
miiRebda.
kanonis moTxovna, rom argadamxdelisTvis ar miewodebinaT
eleqtroenergia, mudmivad irRveoda. Sesabamisad Semsyidveli
kompaniebic minimalurad ixdidnen moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis
safasurs. saboloo jamSi ingreoda warmoeba. kvlevam daadgina,
rom sesbis muSaobaSi, mTavar Semaferxebel faqtorad, bazris
principebis da wesebis ugulebelyofa iTvleboda. garegnulad
(TeoriaSi) TiTqos kargi sqemaa, magram mas aRsruleba ar ewera.
generaciisadmi, eleqtrosistemisadmi da sxva energetikuli
organizaciebisadmi fulis gadaxda mxolod pirovnebis “namusze”
iyo damokidebuli. energetika da gansakuTrebiT eleqtrosabiTumo
bazari (sesbi), politikis sagani gaxda. bazris wesebis (realurad)
dacva, mxolod formalur xasiaTs atarebda.
energosistemaSi 2001-2006 wlebSi sesbis muSaobis meqanizmi
sqema – 4. 1
fuli
fuli
deni
fuli fuli
deni deni
fuli deni
deni deni deni
fuli
fuli deni deni deni deni
fuli
deni deni fuli deni
deni
generacia
eleqtrosistema
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- gadacema+dispetCerizacia
el.sabiTumo bazari
(sesbi)
saqrusenergo
msxvili
sawarmoebi
eqsporti
importi
“Telasi” gaerTianebuli
sadistribucio
kompania
kaxeTis
sadistribucio
kompania
aWaris
sadistribuci
o kompania
111
el.energiis realizaciis (eskos) moqmedi sqema sqema – 4.2
fuli
fuli
deni
deni deni
fulifuli
fuli
4.3. eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi marTvis
axali wesebis pirobebSi
eleqtroenergia mravalmxrivi daniSnulebis saqonelia,
maTgan gamovyofdiT or ZiriTads: erTi, rogorc uSualod eleq-
troenergiis momxmareblebis moTxovnis aucilebeli saqoneli,
xolo meore, rogorc Semosavlis wyaro. momxmareblebis jgufs
ganekuTvnebian mosaxleoba, mcire da msxvili mewarmeebi da sxva
danarCeni. eleqtroenergia SeiZleba iTqvas, pirveladi saqonelia,
anu misi moxmarebis Sedegad xdeba sxva saxeobis saqonlis
warmoeba. eleqtroeneregiis monawileobiT, nawarmi saqonlis
TviTRirebulebis gansazRvra damokidebulia TviT eleqtroener-
giis Rirebulebaze. ramdenad ufro didia erTi kilovatsaaTis
Rirebuleba, imdenad maRalia (misi monawileobiT) gamoSvebuli
saqonlis Rirebuleba (da piriqiT). magaliTad: Tu erTi kilovat-
saaTi eleqtroenergiis Rirebulebas -Ti aRvniSnavT, xolo
nawarmi saqonlis Rirebulebas -Ti, maSin am saqonlis sruli
Rirebuleba iqneba sr =
ama Tu im saqonlis warmoebaSi eleqtroenergiis wili
sakmaod mniSvnelovani faqtoria. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs
dargi, romlis ganviTarebaSi eleqtroenergia ar monawileobdes
generacia
eleqtrosistema
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
dispetCerizacia+gadacema
kerZo
gamanawilebeli
kompaniebi
“Telasi”
“energoprojorjia”
kaxeTis
energogamanawilebeli
kompania
sistemis
komerciuli
operatori
import
eqsporti
fuli fuli
deni deni
fuli
fuli
fuli
fuli pirdapiri
xelSekrulebis
mqone sawarmoebi
fuli
fuli
112
(msubuqi, Tu mZime mrewveloba, sayofacxovrebo, samedicino,
samxedro da sxva mravali). zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare Zalze
mniSvnelovania, rogori moculobiT iwarmoeba eleqtroenergia, ra
iqneba misi sabazro fasi da a.S.
rogorc aRvniSneT, eleqtroenergiis meore ZiriTadi
daniSnuleba es aris saqonlis, rogorc Semosavlis wyaros
daniSnuleba. Tu ki Cven vambobT, rom eleqtroenergiis moxmareba
xdeba nebismier sxva dargSi da Tanac moxmarebis maCvenebeli
yovelwliurad izrdeba, maSin Semosavlis TvalsazrisiT es saqo-
neli erT-erTi myari kapitalia. amitomac msoflios sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi, dRemde grZeldeba energetikuli simZlavreebis
(wyaroebis) mosapoveblad brZola. es brZola zogjer qveynebs
Soris, samxedro dapirispirebaSic ki gadaizrdeba. yvelaferi es
gamowveulia eleqtroenergiis ukve arsebuli, an mosaloneli
deficitiT.
Cven mokled avxseniT eleqtroenergiis, rogorc pirdapiri
moxmarebis saqonlis daniSnuleba. aqve vTqviT, rom mas aranaklebi
mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc Semosavlis wyaros. Semosavlis sidide
pirdapirproporciulia gamoSvebuli eleqtroenergiis raodeno-
baze da erTeuli kilovatsaaTis fasze. rac ufro didia
eleqtroenergiis raodenoba da fasi, miT ufro didia Semosavali.
Tu gamoSvebul elenergias -Ti aRvniSnavT, xolo erTeuli
kilovat-saaTis Rirebulebas -Ti da Semosavals -Ti, maSin:
magaliTisTvis, vTqvaT saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemam 2010
wels 10 miliardi kilovatsaaTi gamoimuSava, anu miliard
kvt/sT-s. dauSvaT erTi kilovatsaaTis gasayidi fasi (W) saSualod 10 TeTrs Seadgens, maSin Semosavali B=1 miliard lars.
rogorc vxedavT, arc Tu umniSvnelo cifria, es faqtobrivad
qveynis realuri biujetis mexuTedia. is faqti, rom energetikidan
didi Semosavlebis miReba SeiZleba, yvelaze kargad ician
msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis sxvadasxva bankebma da
kompaniebma, romlebic ganviTarebad qveynebs (da maT Soris
saqarTvelos), rogorc ityvian, “piridan aclian tkbil lukmas”.
aseT bankebsa da kompaniebs pirobiT SeiZleba energetikuli
”dampyroblebi” vuwodoT. isini cdiloben mWidro kavSirebi
daamyaron xelisuflebaSi myof (maRali rangis) “moxele -
CinovnikebTan”, romlebic piradi dainteresebis mizniT, maTTvis
sasargeblo kanonebis da sxvadasxva SeRavaTebis miRebaSi
exmarebian (magaliTad, rac SeiZleba maRal satarifo sistemis
SemoRebaSi), rac SemdgomSi didi mogebis miRebis safuZveli xdeba.
113
eleqtroenergiis warmoeba saqarTveloSi im iSviaT dargs
ganekuTvneba, romelic safuZveli unda iyos qveynis biujetis
Sevsebisa da aseve am sferoSi momuSave (an armomuSave, magram
SeiZleba iyos aqcioneri) inJiner-teqnikuri personalis keTil-
dReobis uzrunvelyofisa. arsebuli mdgomareobiT, eleqtro-
energetikis Semosavlebis (saSualod 70%) qveynidan gadineba xdeba.
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis 90%-ze meti mxolod da mxolod
momxmarebelia da ara am dargidan Semosavlis mimRebi. aseTi ram
iSviaTad Tu xdeba romelime sxva qveyanaSi.
bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos energosistemam
saSualod 170 miliardi kilovatsaaTi gamoimuSava, romlis Sida
sabazro Rirebuleba (semekis mier miRebuli satarifo sistemiT)
saSualod 13 miliardi lari unda yofiliyo. Tu am wlebis
ganmavlobaSi gaweuli saeqsploatacio xarjebs gaviTvaliswinebT
(rac saSualod 30% farglebSi iangariSeba), am SemTxvevaSi
Tavisufali fulis saxiT saSualod 9 miliardi lari unda
darCeniliyo (saSualod 6 miliardi dolari). Tu saxelmwifo
politika energetikis ganviTarebisken iqneboda mimarTuli, maSin
am TanxiT Tavisuflad SeiZleboda 5000 megavati simZlavris
aTviseba, rac udaod didi movlena iqneboda, amiT saqarTvelo
regionSi erT-erTi Zlieri energetikuli saxelmwifo gaxdeboda.
sinamdvileSi moxda piriqiT _ am wlebis ganmavlobaSi, arsebuli
simZlavreebis saSualod 2000 megavati mwyobridan gamovida, xolo
fulad TanxaSi 3 miliard laramde mxolod saxelmwifo biujetma
da uSualod energetikulma organizaciebma (generacia,
eleqtrosistema) izarales. calke Temaa wlebis ganmavlobaSi
gawamebuli, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis moraluri Tu ekonomikuri
zarali. amrigad axali simZlavreebis investireba, uSualod dargs
SeuZlia.
investori, anu damfinansebeli, pirvel rigSi, dargSi
Semavali organizaciebi da saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi unda iyon.
gamokiTxvis Sedegad dadasturda, rom Tu saxelmwifos mxridan
kanonis dacviT, myari garantia iarsebebs, energetikuli
organizaciebis (da aramarto) 90% (visac Tavisufali fuli aqvs)
Tanaxmaa Cados fuli axali simZlavreebis aTvisebaSi.
gamokiTxulma energetikosebma da sxva specialobis mqone 1000-ma
kacma gamoTqva survili yovelTviurad 300-dan 500 laramde Cados,
energetikuli obieqtebis mSeneblobaSi. saqarTvelos moqala-
qeebidan 10 000 kaci mzad aris Seqmnas saqcio sazogadoeba da
gaiRos yovelTviurad 100 lari. 100 kacma gamoTqva survili
yovelwliurad (TiToeulma) 3 milioni dolari Cados energe-
tikuli obieqtebis aTvisebaSi. aseTi daTvliT wliurad Tavs
iyris saSualod 300 milioni lari. ase rom, Tu saxelmwifos
114
mxridan am mimarTulebiT “Semxvedri nabijebi” gadaidgmeba, saqme
udaod win wava. saqarTvelo arc pirveli da arc ukanaskneli
iqneba maT Soris, vinc aqcionirebis gziT sakuTari energetikuli
obieqtebis mSenebloba ganaviTara. momavalSi am sistemis
Camoyalibeba gardauvalia.
4.4. ganmartebebi kerZo struqturis (Sps, k.s.s.)
saqmianobis Sesaxeb
sqema #4.3-ze gamosaxulia eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis
kerZo saaqcio sazogadoebis struqtura. romelic mkacr sakon-
kurso pirobebSi uzrunvelyofs eleqtroenergiis rogorc Sesyi-
dvas, aseve gayidvas.
1. saqmianobis sfero:
generaciis sadgurebidan warmoebuli elenergiis Sesyidva da
momxmareblebze (gamanawilebeli kompaniebi, msxvili da
saSualo sawarmoebi, individualuri abonentebi) gayidva.
2. wliuri moculoba
(gasayidi produqtis - eleqtroenergiis raodenoba).
1 miliard kilovatsaaTidan zeviT (2, 2,5, 5 da a.S.). imisda
mixedviT auqcionze, Tu ra raodenobisa da tipis momxmarebeli
iqneba warmodgenili.
3. urTierTobis safuZveli:
myari saxelSekrulebo sistema, romelic damtkicebuli iqneba
sul mcire sami iuridiuli statusis mqone piris (an pirTa
jgufis) mier.
4. xelSekrulebis Tanmimdevroba:
a) kerZo struqturasa (Sps, s.s.) da generaciis sadgurebs Soris
formdeba xelSekruleba Sesasyidi elenergiis raodenobaze,
fasze da miwodebis periodze.
b) xelSekrulebaSi naCvenebi iqneba aRricxvis wertilebi (sadac
yoveldRiurad, yovelkvireulad da yovelTviurad Cvenebebi
iqneba aRebuli), damowmebuli iqneba aqtiT, romelzec xels
moawers rogorc sadguris (SemdgomSi “mwarmoebeli”), aseve
kerZo struqturis (Sps, s.s.) (SemdgomSi “mimwodeblis”)
warmomadgenlebi.
sanam Cvenebebis aReba daiwyeba, sadgurebsa da qvesadgurebSi
unda mowesrigdes saaRricxvo sistema, daidgas axali (iq,
sadac ar aris) “alfa”, an sxva Tanamedrove tipis mricxvelebi
ise, rom arc erT mxares, mricxvelebis Cvenebaze pretenzia ar
gaaCndes.
115
eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis sqema (4.3)
generaciis sadgurebi
mcire hesebi Tboeleqtro
sadgurebi
maregulirebeli
hesebi
sezonuri
hesebi
kerZo
saaqc
io s
azogad
oeb
a,
eleqtroeneg
iis yid
va-gayid
vis b
azar
i
depozit
i
saf
inanso
banki
fuli
s.s saxelmwifo eleqtrosistema
xel
Sekruleba
eleqtro gadacema dispetCerizacia
s.s. saq. rusenergo SekveTa
fuli
momxmareblebi
gamanawilebe
li-
gadamyidveli
kompaniebi
pirdapiri
xelSekrulebis
mqone
organizaciebi
sxvadasxva
energetikis
saministro
kanoni
politika
s e m e k i
licenzia
tarifi
kontroli
momxmareblebis
uflebaTa damcveli
organizacia
xelSekruleba
deni deni deni deni
e.g.x. 500 -kv.
fuli fuli fuli
116
d) mimwodebeli – kerZo struqtura (Sps, s.s.) da saqarTvelos
“eleqtrosistema”, “gadacema-dispetCerizacia”) aformeben
xelSekrulebas Sesyiduli elenergiis aRniSnul adgilze, (imisda
mixedviT, Tu sad mdebareobs myidvelis obieqti) gadacemis
Sesaxeb. yvela im wesis dacviT (aRricxva, Cvenebebis aReba)
rogorc es “b” da “g” punqtebSia naCvenebi. yvela am standartis
dacviT, rac eqsploatacias sWirdeba.
e) mimwodebeli (k.s.s, Sps) aformebs xelSekrulebas (myari garantiiT,
romlis erT-erTi forma iqneba bankSi myidvelis mier depozitze
arsebuli Tanxa) momxmarebelTan, anu SemdgomSi “SemsyidvelTan”
(gamanawilebeli kompania, msxvili an saSualo sawarmo,
individualuri abonenti) yvela im wesis dacviT, rogorc es a), b)
da g) punqtebSia naCvenebi.
v) yoveli Tvis pirvelidan xuT ricxvamde “mwarmoebelsa” da
“mimwodebels” Soris, “mimwodebelsa” da “Semsyidvels” Soris
formdeba aqtebi, sadac dafiqsirebuli iqneba wina Tvis
ganmavlobaSi miwodebuli elenergiis raodenoba da satarifo
Rirebuleba. aqtis siswore, xelSekrulebis monawile mxareTa
xelmoweriTa da beWdebiT mtkicdeba. aqtebis raodenoba iqneba
imdeni, ramdeni xelmowerac iqneba (erTi egzempliari momsaxure
banks gaegzavneba).
z) xelSekrulebis monawile mxareebi Tanxmdebian da irCeven
momsaxure banks, sadac ganxorcieldeba yvela fuladi operacia.
kerZo struqturis (Sps, k.s.s), anu “mimwodeblis” mTavari funqciaa,
Sesyiduli eleqtroenergiis droulad anazRaureba, raSic erT-
erTi centraluri adgili momsaxure banks ukavia, kerZod:
a) banki ganaxorcielebs operaciebs “mwarmoeblis”, “gadacemis”,
momxmareblis, anu “Semsyidvelis” mier erToblivad warmodgenili
dokumentis, an dokumentebis safuZvelze.
usafrTxoebis mizniT “momwodebelma” “Semsyidvels” SesaZlebelia
mosTxovos (garantiis saxiT) bankSi depozitze Tanxis Cadeba. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu “Semsyidveli” srulad ver dafaravs wina Tvis
davalianebas, bankma SeiZleba gauformos sesxi (sesxis gacemis
pirobebi calke xelSekrulebiT an sxva sagarantio dokumentiT
iqneba daculi).
b) dadgmuli simZlavreebis aRsadgenad, axali teqnologiebis
asaTviseblad, an axali obieqtebis asaSeneblad, banks SeuZlia
Cados sakuTari kapitali, an gasces sesxi kerZo struqturaze
(Sps, k.s.s.) winaswar SeTanxmebuli pirobebiT.
g) partnior organizaciebs, garda saoperacio Tanxebisa, momsaxure
bankSi SeuZliaT Seinaxon nebismieri Tanxa, im procentuli
ganakveTiT, rac bankis mier iqneba dawesebuli.
d) ndobis mopovebis SemTxvevaSi, banks SeuZlia garantad daudges
kerZo (Sps, s.s) struqturas, ama Tu im tenderSi monawileobis
117
misaRebad (garantiis forma SemuSavdeba urTierTmolaparakebisa
da SeTanxmebis safuZvelze).
5. ra aris kerZo (Sps, s.s.) struqturis Camoyalibebis mizezebi?
a) qveyanaSi jer kidev arsebuli eleqtroenergiis deficiti;
b) warmoebuli da momxmareblamde miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis
gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebis arasamarTlianad
ganawileba. ris gamoc zaraldebian rogorc saxelmwifo biujeti,
aseve rigiTi moqalaqeebi;
g) saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis normebis dabali done;
d) teqnikuri kargvebis maRali maCvenebeli;
e) axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis dabali maCvenebeli;
v) momxmarebelTan urTierTobis dabali kultura;
z) amJamad qveyanaSi arsebuli elenergiis gamanawilebeli
sadistribucio qseli mouwesrigebelia (ar aris srulyofili
gamricxvelianeba, qvesadgurebSi mowyobiloba-danadgarebi
saWiroebs remonts, an axliT Secvlas. sahaero da sakabelo
xazebi, an saremontoa, an aRsadgeni).
T) arsebulma eleqtrosabiTumo bazarma, ara Tu daaregulira
eleqtroenergiis warmoeba, miwodeba da fuladi anazRaureba,
aramed, piriqiT, ufro gaauaresa. amis maCvenebeli iyo
eleqtroenergiis deficiti, gadaxdis dabali maCvenebeli (22%).
(rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, bazarma Tavisi moRvaweoba 1,5 miliard
larze meti debitorul-kreditoruli davalianebiT daamTavra);
i) amJamad moqmedi komerciuli operatori “esko” yovelgvari
konkurenciis gareSe awarmoebs sabalanso energiis yidva-gayidvas,
rac eleqtroeneregiis Tavisufali yidva-gayidvis principebs
aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba.;
k) Sida moxmarebis eleqtroenergiis tarifis mudmivad maRali
done.
6. ra dadebiTi Sedegebi SeiZleba miviRoT kerZo saaqcio
sazogadoebis amoqmedebis Sedegad?
zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebis maqsimalurad aRmofxvra. maT Soris:
qveyanaSi gaizrdeba eleqtroenergiis warmoeba, aRmoifxvreba
deficiti, gaizrdeba saeqsporto wili, Sida moxmarebis bazarze
knkurenciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebidan gamomdinare
Semcirdeba tarifi. saboloo jamSi gaizrdeba saxelmwifos
Semosavlebi. gaizrdeba dargSi dasaqmebul mewarmeTa ricxvi,
moimatebs uSualod eleqtrosadgurebze da qvesadgurebze
momuSave inJiner-teqnikuri personalis Semosavlebi. Semcirdeba
teqnikuri da komerciuli kargvebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
mieqceva energousafrTxoebis amaRlebis uzrunvelyofas da sxva.
7. kerZo struqturis ukeTesad muSaobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebia:
a) mcodne da gamocdili kadrebis yola. b) sakuTrebis formis
Secvla; g) konkurenciis maRali done.
118
8. ra fuladi mogeba SeiZleba darCes kerZo (Sps, s.s.) struqturas?
dauSvaT xelSekruleba gaformda 1 miliardi kilovatsaaTis
miwodebaze da realizaciaze (saqarTveloSi amJamad wliurad
iwarmoeba 9-dan 10 miliard kilovatsaaTamde). semekis mier
dadgenili satarifo RirebulebiT, generaciidan 1 kilovatsaaTis
Sesasyidi fasi saSualod 1,8-dan 3,5 TeTrs Seadgens, xolo
eleqtrosistemis tarifi 0,5, 0,6 TeTria. TviT “mimwodeblis”, anu
kerZo struqturis saSualo tarifi SeiZleba iyos 0,5 TeTri. am
SemTxvevaSi satarifo sistemis mixedviT, erTi kilovatsaaTis
jamuri Rirebuleba saSualod 4,1 TeTrs miaRwevs. 1 miliardi
kilovatsaaTi unda gaiyidos saSualod 46 milion larad.
“mwarmoeblis” wili saSualod 22 milioni lari iqneba,
`eleqtrosistemis~ 9 milioni lari, xolo “mimwodeblis”
(realizatoris) 5 milioni lari. es aris winaswar dagegmili,
satarifo sistemiT realizebuli elenergia, rac rogorc Cans
gacilebiT aiafebs, (rogorc es iyo sabWoTa periodSi), Tumca am
SemTxvevaSi xSirad adgili hqonda gasayidi eleqtroenergiis
moculobis damaxinjebas, rac konkurenciis ar arsebobidan
gamomdinareobda. bunebrivad arsebuli konkurenciis pirobebSi,
rogorc praqtikam aCvena, kerZo struqturam ajoba saxelmwifo
organizacias, rac imis momaswavebelia, rom kerZo struqturis
daintereseba izrdeba piradi SemosavliT dainteresebis xarjze.
Aaqve ismeba kiTxva dRes arsebuli mdgomareobiT ZiriTadi
realizatori da mwarmoebeli kerZo struqturebia, maS ratom
aris maRali tarifebi. saqme imaSia, rom arsebuli kerZo
kompaniebi yovelgvari konkurenciis gareSe aRweven (sakuTriv)
maRali tarifebis miRebas. rac cxadia pirad dainteresebasTan
aris dakavSirebuli, amas SeiZleba dagegmili korufcia ewodos.
Aamdenad yvela SemTxvevaSi saWiroa konkurenciis Sedegad
Seqmnili bazari.
ra xelisSemSleli pirobebi SeiZleba Seiqmnas kerZo struqturis
Camoyalibebis procesSi da Semdgom muSaobaSi?
a)dargSi arsebuli korufciuli sistemis jer kidev SeniRbuli
Cinovnikuri wre araoficialurad ecdeba, SeinarCunos Zveli
mdgomareoba, (rac danaSaulTan aris dakavSirebuli);
b)sagadasaxado sistemis mcdeloba “daaxrCos” mewarme, rac
gasaqans ar miscems saqarTveloSi biznesis ganviTarebas;D
g) sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis udardeloba, romlisTvisac
vidre “suls ar amoxdian”, sulerTia romeli sistema umuSavebs.
aqve unda davamatoT, rom sazogadoeba da kanoni energetikas
aRiareben, rogorc strategiul dargs, aqidan gamomdinare
saxelmwifo, rogorc sakontrolo paketis mflobeli, valdebulia,
Tavisi wili Cados energetikuli obieqtebis mSeneblobaSi, axali
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simZlavreebis aTvisebaSi da saerTod sruli pasuxismgebloba aiRos
saboloo Sedegebze.
“saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb” iTvaliswinebs kerZo
saaqcio sazogadoebis Seqmnas, romelic Tavisuflad axorcielebs
debulebiT gansazRvrul saqmianobas. saaqcio sazogadoebis
(SemdgomSi s.s.) erT-erT mTavari valdebuleba sagadasaxado
samsaxurebTan TanamSromlobaa, rac ZiriTadad dawesebuli gadasa-
xadis droulad gadaxdaSi mdgomareobs.
zogadad saaqcio sazogadoebis wevri SeiZleba iyos
saqarTvelos yvela iuridiuli an fizikuri piri, vinc eTanxmeba
wesdebis ZiriTadi debulebis muxlebs da asrulebs dawesebul
movaleobas. praqtikidan gamomdinare saaqcio sazogadoebis wevrobis
survili ufro metad energetikaSi Caxedul moqalaqeebs aqvT.
mniSvnelovania ss-s wevrebma kargad icodnen dargSi Seqmnili
mdgomareoba, hqondeT unari sworad Seafason riskis faqtori.
s.s. Tavis rigebidan (Tuki arian specialistebi), anda gareSe
pirTagan ayalibebs gunds, romelic maRal doneze (saxelSekrulebo
sistemiT) asrulebs eleqtroenergiis Sesyidvisa da gayidvis
operaciebs (SeniSvna: Tu rogor unda xdebodes eleqtroenergiis
aRricxva, gadacema-dispetCerireba da momxmareblamde mitana ix.
ganmartebebi “kerZo struqturis saqmianobis Sesaxeb” Tan erTvis).
qvemoT ganxiluli iqneba konkretuli magaliTebi saaqcio
sazogadoebis mier Camoyalibebul struqturebis mier SesaZlo yidva-
gayidvis miaxloebiTi monacemebis safuZvelze.
eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis mTavari mizani konkuren-
tunariani eleqtrobazris Seqmnaa, sadac momxmarebels saSualeba
eqneba xarisxisa da fasis mixedviT airCios mimwodebeli. maregu-
lirebeli komisiis daniSnulebaa iseTi satarifo sistemis Semu-
Saveba, sadac gansazRvruli iqneba erTi kilovatsaaTis maqsimaluri
da minimaluri Rirebuleba, romlis farglebSic ganxorcieldeba
yidva-gayidva. (cnobisTvis aRniSnuli sakiTxi ukve gadawyvetilia).
semekma konkursSi monawile TiToeuli iuridiuli piris interesebi
unda daicvas. gansakuTrebiT ki saboloo momxmareblebis. kvlevis
dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mivaqcieT semekis srulyofil
muSaobas da am struqturaSi, momxmareblebis uflebebis dacvas.
(CamovayalibeT Tavis qmedebaSi Tavisufali samsaxuri, momxmarebelTa
uflebebis damcvelis saxiT).
ganxiluli masalis safuZvelze eleqtroenergetikis marTvis
axali wesebis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas konkurenciasa da
samarTlianobaze orientirebuli, eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis
bazari. Tavisufali yidva-gayidvis bazari weliwadSi erTxel
acxadebs auqcions, sadac TiToeuli eleqtrosadguri momavali
wlisTvis waradgens:
a) gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis raodenobas;
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b) erTeuli kilovatsaaTis fass;
G g) miwodebis grafiks.
yidva-gayidvis bazari, warmodgenili masalebis safuZvelze
qmnis wliuri moxmarebis balanss. Semdeg SemsyidvelebisTvis
(gamanawilebeli kompaniebi, msxvili da wvrili sawarmoebi) acxadebs
konkurss, sadac dakonkretdeba Sesyidvis fasi, miwodebis moculoba,
dro da adgili. im SemTxvevaSi Tu (moqmedi) gamanawilebeli qselis
mepatrone, auqcionze ver imarjvebs, semekis gadawyvetilebiT, mas
eZleva mis kuTvnil qselSi eleqtroenergiis gatarebis tarifi.
auqcionze gamarjveba damokidebulia konkursSi monawile gama-
nawilebeli (gadamyidveli) organizaciebis mier wardgenil ZiriTad
maxasiaTeblebze. kerZod: Sesasyidi da gasayidi eleqtroenergiis
fasze (igulisxmeba, rom konkurenciis Sedegad fasebi unda
icvlebodes), miwodebis xarisxze da momsaxurebis maRal kulturaze.
warmatebis misaRwevad aucilebelia daculi iyos ramodenime
piroba:
1. k.s.sazogadoeba Tavis qmedebaSi unda iyos Tavisufali
(yovelgvari xelovnurad Seqmnili zewolebisgan dazRveuli);
2. muSa gundi profesionali kadrebisgan unda dakompleqtdes;
3. qveyanaSi Warbi eleqtroenergia unda arsebobdes, (an ukidures
SemTxvevaSi gare momwodebelTan garantirebuli xelSekruleba
unda hqondes).
4. k.s.sazogadoebis saqmianoba unda iyos gamWvirvale.
5. k.s.sazogadoebam aucileblad unda Camoayalibos xarisxis
menejmentis sistema.
rac Seexeba uSualod yidva-gayidvis saaqcio sazogadoebis
SerCevas, esec unda moxdes analogiurad, konkursis wesiT, rasac
maregulirebeli komisia, yovelgvari mikerZoebis gareSe, sazoga-
doebriv organizaciebTan erTad unda uzrunvelyofdes.
konkursSi gamarjvebulis gamovlenas uaRresad didi mniS-
vneloba aqvs, amitom semekSi arsebulma momxmarebelTa uflebebis
damcvelma samsaxurma, maqsimalurad unda gaamaxvilos yuradReba,
konkursis samarTlianobis principiT Catarebaze.
yovelive zemoTqmulis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, garda
imisa, rom dargis SesaZleblobebi erTi-orad izrdeba, qveyanaSi
iqmneba saSualo fenis Camoyalibebis piroba. am mimarTulebiT
Tundac erT dargSi precendentis Seqmna misabaZi gaxdeba, sxva (jer
kidev moqmedi) dargebisTvisac, rac saboloo jamSi qveynis umetesi
mosaxleobis SeZlebul fenad gardaqmnas gulisxmobs. es faqti arc
Tu mcire mniSvnelobisa unda iyos.
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4.5. kerZo saaqcio sazogadoebis finansuri wyaroebi
pirveli wyaro: sakuTari Senatanebi.;
meore wyaro: momsaxurebis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi;
mesame wyaro: saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebidan
miRebuli dabalprocentiani sesxebi.
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani:
sakuTari Senatanebi _ saaqcio sazogadoebis wevrebi, sakuTari
Senatanebis safuZvelze qmnian garkveul kapitals. wevrebis Senatanis
odenoba zustdeba saaqcio sazogadoebis krebaze. Senatanma Tanxam
unda Seadginos aucilebeli normis minimumi mainc. wevrebis Senatani
SeiZleba iyos Tanabari, an gansxvavebuli imisda mixedviT, Tu ras
iTvaliswinebs saaqcio sazogadoebis wesdeba.
eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis uflebis mosapoveblad
auqcions atarebs semeki (sxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan da
energetikuli sawarmoebis SromiTi amxanagobebis sabWoebis wevrebTan
erTad. auqcionSi gamarjvebul organizacias iseve rogorc
mwarmoebelsa da gadamyidvels), semeki udgens momsaxurebis tarifis
zeda da qveda zRvars. tarifis sididis SerCeva xdeba konkursis
periodSi warmodgenili winadadebis safuZvelze. konkursSi monawile
TiToeuli organizacia winaswar asaxelebs momsaxurebisTvis
misaRebi tarifis sidides.
konkursSi gamarjvebul saaqcio sazogadoebas SeuZlia
mimarTos saerTaSoriso donor organizaciebs (bankebs, Tavisufali
fulis mflobel pirebs, an organizaciebs), dados urTierTmomgebiani
xelSekruleba da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi aiRos SedarebiT
dabalprocentiani sesxi, romlis dafarva misi saqmianobis
ganmavlobaSi unda iyos SesaZlebeli. sesxis odenobasa da
xangZlivobas saaqcio sazogadoebis saerTo kreba da misi sabWo
gansazRvravs.
eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis warmatebis (erT-erTi)
ZiriTadi pirobaa, muSa jgufis profesionali kadrebiT
dakompleqteba. rogor unda airCios organizatorma maRali xarisxis
kadrebi?
pirvel rigSi, energetikul “sferoSi” cnobilia, Tu ras
warmoadgens dargSi momuSave esa Tu is pirovneba (laparakia rogorc
Zvel, aseve saSualo da axalgazrda asakisa da gamocdilebis mqone
specialistebze). maTTvis unda Catardes sakonkurso gamocda, sadac
TiToeuli kandidatis codnis Semowmeba maRal doneze moxdeba. amis
safuZvelze SeirCeva kontingenti. agreTve aucilebeli iqneba
axalgazrda specialobiT kursdamTavrebuli personalidan
kandidatebis SerCeva da maTi kvalifikaciis amaRleba. momzadebuli
kadrebiT organizaciis dakompleqteba did gamocdilebasa da codnas
moiTxovs. es saqme SeiZleba sportuli gundis Camoyalibebas
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SevadaroT, romelic iwyebs brZolas CempionobisTvis. rogorc maTi
mwvrTnelisa da mTlianobaSi gundis gamocdilebas, fsiqologiur
ganwyobasa da Sromismoyvareobas aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, aseve
s.s. yidva-gayidvis xelmZRvaneli rgolisa da mis mier arCeuli
gundis karg muSaobazea damokidebuli warmatebis miRweva.
gamoucdeli da daudevari (zarmaci) kadrebiT organizciis
dakompleqteba, warumateblobis mTavari mizezi gaxdeba. araa
gamoricxuli ZiriTadi kontigenti manamde momuSave, (yofili)
organizaciidan dakompleqtdes. erTi sityviT, cocxali muSa jgufis
Seqmna mTeli xelovnebaa da vinc mas Rirseulad daZlevs, warmateba
garantirebuli eqneba.
4.6. saaqcio sazogadoebis yidva-gayidvis procesis specifika
ZiriTadi moTxovnebia: 1. Tavisufali auqcioni;
2. gamWvirvaloba (informaciis sruli xelmisawvdomoba);
3. dadebul xelSekrulebaze pasuxismgebloba.
Mmomsaxurebis saxeobebis (warmoebis, gadacema dispeCerebis,
ganawilebis da a. S.) mixedviT semeki adgens kvt/sT-is Rirebulebis
zeda da qveda zRvars, maT Soris qselis gaqiravebis SesaZleblobas.
semeki oficialuri standartis safuZvelze aZlevs kargvebis normas..
misi yvela dadgenileba unda SeTanxmdes momxmareblebis uflebaTa
damcvel jgufTan da yidva-gayidvis eleqtro bazarTan.
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis jgufi irCeva sxvadasxva momxma-
reblebis warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT weliwadSi erTxel.
jgufSi SeiZleba iyos 5 kacamde, maT Soris ori Jurnalisti (erTi
televiziidan, erTi gazeTidan), romlebic uzrunvelyofen sazogado-
ebisTvis informaciis droulad miwodebas. erT-erTi maTgani
yovelTvis iqneba danarCenebis makontrolebeli.
EeleqtrobazarSi momuSave TiToeuli wevri unda iyos umaRlesi
ganaTlebiT, (profesiuli niSniT) sul mcire 5 wlis staJis mqone.
(maT Soris sasurvelia samecniero xarisxis mflobelebic iyvnen).
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis jgufis funqciebia:
momxmarebelTa uflebebis (pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT) dacva, rac
gulisxmobs:
- auqcionze monawileoba da brZola minimaluri satarifo
fasebisTvis;
- mimwodebelsa da momxmarebels Soris (semekis doneze) pirve-
ladi sadao sakiTxis mogvareba da Tu saWiro iqneba
sasamarTloSi wardgena;
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- Tavis kompetenciis farglebSi, semekis mier miRebuli
dadgenilebebis revizia;
- yidva-gayidvis bazris muSaobis xarisxis gansazRvra.
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis jgufis wevrebis anazRaureba
ganxorcieldeba saerTo xarjebida,n msgavsad semekis wevrebisa. isini
ar unda iyon damokidebuli semekis administraciaze.
generacia uzrunvelyofs eleqtroenergiiT momaragebas, sxva
SemTxvevaSi yidva-gayidvis eleqtrobazari izrunebs, importiT
eleqtroenergiis Semotanaze. Warbi eleqtroenergiis arsebobis
pirobebSi yidva-gayidvis eleqtrobazari, sazRvargareT poulobs
gasaRebis bazrebs da aformebs xelSekrulebebs.
yidva-gayidvis eleqtrobazaris muSaobis ZiriTadi principebi unda
iyos kanonTan. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa parlametSi
waradginon winadadebebi ama Tu im sakiTxze cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. vin
SeiZleba iyos ss yidva-gayidvis eleqtro bazris xelSeuxeblobis
garanti?pirvel rigSi sakanonmdeblo baza da yvela is iuridiuli da
fizikuri piri, vinc mis muSaobaSi Rebulobs monawilebas, agreTve
momxmareblebi (mosaxleoba, pirdapiri xelSekrulebebis mqone
organizaciebi) da yvela is, visac kanoniT es evaleba.
meoTxe Tavis daskvna
eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis mowesrigeba, mTlianad dargis
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia. iq
sadac es sakiTxi mowesrigebuli ar aris, verc erTi energetikuli
sawarmo normalurad ver funqcionirebs. eleqtroenergiis yidva-
gayidvis moqmedi sistema, mravalmxriv winaaRmdegobaSia. erTi mxriv
maregulirebeli komisia da monopolisti gadamyidveli kompaniebi ar
fiqroben Secvalon arsebuli sistema, xolo meore mxriv, rogorc
generaciis, aseve eleqtrosistemis da gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis da
mewarmeebis warmomadgenlebi gamoTqvamen did ukmayofilebas.
ukmayofileba gagrZeldeba manam, sanam elenergiis yidva-gayidva
Tavisufali bazris principebs ar daeqvemdebareba.
kvlevis periodSi Seswavlili iqna sxvadasxva qveynebis
analogiuri sistemebi (rogorc yofili sabWoTa respublikebis, aseve
evropis da aSS-is). gaTvaliswinebuli iqna sxvadasxva xasiaTi da
saqmisadmi damokidebuleba. yovelive amis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli
iqna eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis kerZo saaqcio sazogadoebis
axali sqema, romelic mwarmoeblebisagan (aseve Tavisufali fasebis
principiT) Sesyidul eleqtroenergias, konkurenciis safuZvelze
miyidis gamanawilebel kompaniebs. am SemTxvevaSi fasebis regulireba
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xdeba bunebrivad. pasuxismgeblobas iRebs TiToeuli “rgoli”.
tarifebis Rirebulebis dadgenaSi samarTlianobis principi ufro
daculi xdeba. komerciuli da teqnikuri danakargebi minimumamde
mcirdeba. saboloo jamSi, momxmarebeli da mwarmoebeli orive
kmayofilia. saxelmwifo biujetSi gacilebiT meti Semosavlebi
Sedis, sawarmoebis yovelwliuri mogeba izrdeba. avtomaturad
izrdeba sapensio Tu sxva fondebic.
G miuxedavad warmodgenili faqtisa, rac jerjerorbiT sakmaod
rTuli dasaZlevia, Tavisufali bazris principebi aucileblad unda
dainergos. eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva aucileblad sakonkurso
pirobebSi unda warmoebdes. konkursebis Catareba samarTlianobis
sruli dacviT unda xdebodes.
ratom aseTi kategoriuli moTxovnebi?
saqme imaSia, rom sabWoTa periodSi da mis Semdgom,,
eleqtroenergia korufciis erT-erT wyaros warmoadgenda, rac
samwuxarod tradiciad darCa. am mankieri qmedebis moSla mxolod
keTili survilebiT ar xerxdeba, saWiroa mkacri saxelmwifoebrivi
midgoma. (rac reformebis srulyofilebaSi unda mdgomareobdes).
adamians, an adamianTa garkveul jgufs, (Tu pirobebi xels uwyobs),
sxvis xarjze fulis Sovnis ioli gza misaRebad miaCnia. mTavaria
„kriSa“ hyavdeT garantirebuli. sxvisi uflebebis darRvevas arafrad
agdeben. es aris organizebuli danaSauli, Tu arsebuli sistema ar
Seicvala momxmarebeli, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi
daumsaxurebelad maRali gadasaxadebis gamo itanjeba, rogorc
ityvian „ifeTqebs“ da procesebi SeiZleba politikur brZolaSic ki
gadaizardos, anu maT arCevanis gzas ar utoveben.
qveyanas, romelsac pretenzia demokratiulobis mimarT gaaCnia,
aseTi qmedebebis daSvebis ufleba ar unda hqondes.
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Tavi V. energetikuli sawarmoebis marTva
5.1. energetikuli sawarmos (organizaciis)
marTvis axali sqema
Cvens mier ganxiluli iqna sxvadasxva organizaciebis (saqene-
rgos, eleqtrosistemis, eleqtrosabiTumo bazris, gamanawilebeli
kompaniebis, maT Soris: gaerTianebuli sadistribucio kompaniis,
Telasis, -isa da sxva energetikuli organizaciebis)
muSaobis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. aRmoCnda, rom uaryofiTi
ufro metia, vidre dadebiTi. amis dasturia saqarTvelos
energosistemaSi, kerZod, eleqtroenergetikaSi Catarebuli reformebi
da Sedegebi. faqtobrivad teqnikurma da ekonomiurma zaralma
ormocdaaTi procentiT (zogan metiTac) Seamcira rogorc
simZlavreebi, aseve Semosavlebi. energetikuli sawarmoebi (generacia,
gadacema, dispetCerizacia, ganawileba-gayidva) gakotrdnen. momsaxure
inJiner-teqnikuri personali TveobiTa da wlobiT ver iRebda
kuTvnil xelfasebs. saerTo sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba, erTeuli
Cinovnikuri jgufebis (klanebis) sakuTrebad gadaiqca. momxma-
reblebis uflebebi mkacrad Seilaxa (eleqtroenergiis Sesasyidi
erTeuli tarifis fasi samasi procentiT gaizarda). marTalia,
yvelafer amaze pasuxismgebloba mmarTvelma mTavrobebma (Zvelma da
axalma) aiRes, magram es mxolod carieli sityvebis TamaSi aRmoCnda
da sxva araferi. agreTve administraciebis mxridan iyo sxva
subieqturi, Tu obieqturi mizezebic, Tumca mTel am procesebSi erT-
erTi Semoqmedi, SromiTi koleqtivic unda yofiliyo, romelmac
faqtobrivad (ufro xSir SemTxvevaSi) Tavisi ususuroba ufro
daamtkica, vidre brZolis unarianoba. man ver daicva verc sakuTari
da verc organizaciis uflebebi. morCili masis doneze davida.
yovelive amis Sedegad miviReT rogorc qveynisTvis, aseve
momxmareblebisTvis da TviT energetikosebisaTvis Zalian cudi
Sedegebi (fuladi zarali, teqnikuri CamorCeniloba da gansakuT-
rebiT xelfasebis didi odenobiT davalianeba). dRevandeli
gadasaxedidan aSkarad Cans, rom ase gagrZeleba ar SeiZleba, amdenad
Temis daniSnulebaa sworad axsnas is mizezebi, ramac dargis
Seferxeba gamoiwvia.
kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom erT-erTi (mniSvnelovani) mizezi
TviT organizaciis (energetikuli sawarmos) marTvis struqturaSia.
sawarmoebi lamis Suasaukuneebis diqtaturamde davidnen. SromiT
amxanagobas (koleqtivs) TiTqmis arafers ekiTxebian, ufro metic, mas
ise eqcevian, rogorc “saTamaSo Tojinas” (saiTac undaT iqiT
gadaagdeben).
126
yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze damuSavda energetikuli
sawarmos marTvis sqema da moqmedebis principebi, rac, vfiqrobT,
siaxlea mmarTvelobiT sistemaSi. marTvis am sistemam unda
uzrunvlyos da daazRvios esa Tu is energetikuli organizacia.
winamdebare marTvis sqema warmoadgens energetikuli
sawarmoebis (organizaciebis) (generaciis sadguri, eleqtrosistema,
gamanawilebeli qseli da sxva) administraciebis muSaobis axal wess.
kerZod, es aris marTvis axali forma, romelic gansxvavdeba rogorc
sabWoTa periodis, aseve dRevandeli marTvis sistemisgan.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi, arsebuli mmarTvelobiTi sistemis
mravalferovnebis da miuxedavad, es sakiTxi jer kidev bolomde
daxvewili ar aris. ama Tu im sawarmoSi (miT umetes energetikaSi)
karg mmarTvelze, an mmarTvelTa jgufze, bevri ram aris
damokidebuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi gadamwyveti (Tu erTaderTi
ara) mniSvnelobisaa.
sawarmos mflobeli SeiZleba saxelmwifo, kerZo piri, an
saaqcio sazogadoeba iyos, miuxedavad amisa, swor administraciul
marTvas (yvela SemTxvevaSi) gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba.
ganviTarebuli qveynebi (amerika da gansakuTrebiT iaponia)
maqsimalurad cdiloben gamoZebnon MMmmarTvelobis optimaluri
varianti, rTuli marTvis sqema daSalon martiv “mdgenelebad”, rom
yovelive amis safuZvelze administraciam, rac SeiZleba swori gziT
ganaxorcielos sawarmos marTva.
saqarTveloSi mmarTvelobiTi sistema gansakuTrebuli
“fenomenia”, romelsac uamravi uaryofiTi movlena axlavs Tan. aris
SemTxvevebi, rodesac “administratori” (xelmZRvaneli) cdilobs, rac
SeiZleba meti uflebebi miiTvisos. erTpirovnulad gadawyvitos esa
Tu is sakiTxi (miuxedavad imisa, sworad esmis Tu ara). eSinia
odnavi Seferxeba sisusteSi ar CauTvalon. pirobiTi adminis-
tracia(gadawyvetilebis mimRebi, romelic xSirad ori-sami kacisgan
Sedgeba)A nacvlad imisa, rom ama Tu im sapasuxismgeblo sakiTxis
gadawyveta SromiTi amxanagobis (koleqtivis) monawileibiT iqnas
mofiqrebuli, cdilobs saqmis kursSi, an saerTod ar Caayenos
TanamSromlebi, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba mxolod zerele
ganmartebebs dasjerdes. erTi kategoriis xelmZRvaneli amas akeTebs
pirovnuli sisustis gamo, meore kategorias privilegiebis
demonstrirebis xibli klavs. asea Tu ise, rac ufro didia sawarmo,
rac ufro rTulia marTva, miT ufro meti Zalisxmeva, sizuste da
TanamSromlebis keTilganwyobis mopovebaa saWiro. yvelafris codna
da pasuxismgeblobis aReba (miT umetes energetikul sawarmoSi) erTi
kacisTvis, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, amitom unda gadanawildes ramdenime
pirze, an pirTa jgufze. erTi Zveli sibrZne gvaswavlis: ”visac surs iyos sxvaze upiratesi, igi unda emsaxuros sxva danarCenebso”.
127
swored am sirTuleebis gamo aris mizanSewonili (rekomendi-
rebuli) SromiTi amxanagobis (koleqtivis) monawileoba sawarmos
(organizaciis) marTvaSi.
SeniSvna: sityva “koleqtivi” – araqarTulia da igi SevcvaleT
sityva – “amxanagoba”-Ti, romelic jer kidev me-12 saukuneSi S.
rusTavels aqvs naxsenebi: [37]
5.2. SromiTi koleqtivis daniSnuleba da marTvelobiT sistemaSi
misi monawileobis aucilebloba
energetikaSi mimdinare eleqtruli cikli rTuli procesia.
eleqtro sadgurebSi xdeba eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba, romelic
Semdgom qvesadgurebisa da eleqtrogadacemis xazebis saSualebiT
centraluri sadispetCero samsaxuris mier nawildeba Semsyidvelebze
(“Telasi”, “energo pro jorjia”, kaxeTis gamanawilebeli kompania,
pirdapiri xelSekrulebis mqone licenziatebi da a.S). mTel am
procesSi inJiner-teqnikuri personalis damsaxureba didia, xolo
raodenobrivad (Tavisi damxmare samsaxurebTan erTad), romelTac
jamSi SromiTi amxanagoba (koleqtivi) hqviaT, saSualod 80%-ze mets
Seadgenen. aqedan gamomdinare organizaciis sakvanZo sakiTxebis
gadawyveta SromiTi amxanagobis (koleqtivis) monawileobis gareSe
aSkarad didi Secdomaa.
saqarTvelos energetikis ganviTarebis istoriaSi ganvlilma
periodma TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa, rom iq, sadac SromiTi amxanagobis
(koleqtivis) azri ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli, qveyanam, dargma da
momxmareblebmac araerTxel izarales. am TvalsazrisiT dRevandeli
gadasaxedidan aSkarad Cans is darRvevebi, rasac saqarTvelos
energetikaSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi hqonda adgili, kerZod:
1. ar sruldeboda qveynis mTavari kanonis, konstituciis me-3 muxlis
moTxovna, romelic krZalavs erTiani energetikuli sistemis
daSlas da, rogorc strategiuli dargis sxvis sakuTrebaSi
gadacemas;
2. damaxinjebuli iyo energetikis kanonis moTxovna, romelic
gadamyidvel kompaniebsa da sxvadasxva momxmareblebs miRebuli
eleqtroenergiis safasuris srulad gadaxdas avaldebulebda;
3. energetikaSi finansuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis mizniT (2001-
2006w.w.) Seiqmna eleqtroenergiis sabiTumo bazari, romelmac
mdgomareobis gamosworebis nacvlad, energetikuli organizaciebi
saSualod 1,5 miliardi lariT azarala;
4. gauqmebuli iqna antimonopoliuri samsaxuri;
5. xelovnurad iqna Semcirebuli arsebuli simZlavreebi da
profesionali kadrebi;
6. wlebis ganmavlobaSi elenergia “korufciis” safuZveli gaxda;
128
7. tarifTan mimarTebaSi ar aris daculi erTis mxriv, elenergiis
mwarmoeblis, gadamcemis da dispetCeris interesebi, xolo meore
meores mxriv piriqiT, gamanawilebeli-gadamyidveli) kompaniebis
wilobrivi balansi, gaoTxmagebulia, ris gamoc yvelaze metad
iCagreba pirveli mxare da saboloo momxmarebeli (mosaxleoba,
mewarmeebi).
zemoT CamoTvlil sakiTxebze jer kidev 1990-2000 wlebSi,
maSindeli SromiT koleqtivebsa da e.w. “reformatorebs” Soris
midioda cxare kamaTi, Tumca uSedegod. SromiT koleqtivs, rogorc
mas medrove “reformatorebi”, diskreditaciis mizniT “xelSemSlel”
rgols uwodebdnen, ubralod daakargines funqcia, gamoTiSes
nebismieri sakiTxis ganxilvidan, yovelive aman saqarTvelos
energetika savalalo Sedegebamde miiyvana, kerZod: warmoeba 2-jer
Semcirda, moxmareba _ 2,8 jer, profesionali kadrebis ricxvi _ 1,8-
jer, 1 kilovatsaaTis Rirebuleba _ 3-jer (da metjer) gaizarda.
aris kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, rasac gansakuTrebuli
adgili ukavia mmarTvelobiT sistemaSi. es aris mesakuTresa da
SromiT koleqtivs Soris interesTa Tanxvedra, an konfliqti.
Wkviani mesakuTre (iqneba es saxelmwifo, Tu kerZo) cdilobs, rac
SeiZleba kargi samuSao pirobebi Seuqmnas inJiner-teqnikur
personals. zedmetad momWirne (Zunwi) ki cdilobs naklebi xelfasi
gadauxados, SromiTi normebis dacvaze ar izrunos, axali
teqnologiebis danergva-aTvisebaSi droulad fuli ar Cados da
sxva. aseT sawarmoSi xSiria profesionali kadrebis denadoba.
Sesrulebuli samuSao gacilebiT dabali xarisxisa da mudmivi
kamaTisa da gadabralebis sababi xdeba. administraciasa da SromiT
amxanagobas Soris ndoba TiTqmis aRar arsebobs, rac saboloo
Sedegebze uaryofiTad moqmedebs. aris iseTi SemTxvevebic (Tumca
iSviaTad), roca SromiTi amxanagoba, misTvis sasargeblo
mosazrebebs Zalad Tavs axvevs mmarTvels, sargeblobs
xelmZRvanelis gamoucdelobiT, rac aseve uaryofiTad moqmedebs
sawarmos qmediTunarianobaze. erTi sityviT, energetikuli
sawarmoebis sworad marTva (da aseve nebismieri organizaciis) didi
xelovnebaa da mas codna, gamocdileba da taqti sWirdeba. yvela
SemTxvevaSi, mTavari piroba, samarTlianobis principis dacva unda
iyos, rac erToblivi ZalisxmeviT ufro miRweva. energetikuli
organizaciis marTvis axali wesi warmoebis saboloo Sedegebzea
orientirebuli. administraciisa da SromiTi amxanagobis erToblivi
muSaoba azrTa gaziarebiT iwyeba. jansaRi msjelobis Sedegad
Camoyalibebuli gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia
maqsimumi warmatebis miRweva. aqve GgasaTvaliswinebulia is faqti,
rom roca administraciisa (mmarTvelis) da SromiTi amxanagobis
warmomadgenlebis erTobliv msjelobazea saubari, mxareTa Soris
129
codnisa da ganviTarebis donec (metnaklebad mainc) Sesabamisad
maRali unda iyos (codna da keTili neba ganapirobebs Sedegs).
miuxedavad warmodgenili dadebiTi da uaryofiTi movlenebisa,
erTi ram aSkaraa: administracia yovelTvis ecdeba mesakuTris
interesebi daicvas, xolo SromiTi amxanagobis warmomadgenlebi ki,
piriqiT – sakuTar interesebze zrunaven. aris kidev erTi cudi
SemTxveva, rodesac administracia da SromiTi amxanagobis
warmomadgenlebi (warmoebis xarjze) erTmaneTSi “rigdebian”, rac
sabolood cudad mTavrdeba. rom gamoiricxos aseTi faqtebi,
SromiTi amxanagoba damatebiT dacvis meqanizms qmnis da SromiTi
amxanagobis warmomadgenlebs meTvalyures uniSnavs (Zveli qarTuliT
mas “dasturi” hqvia), romelic arc sityvisa da arc kenWisyris
uflebiT ar sargeblobs (oRond sxdomebze daswrebis ufleba aqvs),
misi movaleobaa, Tu rame sworad ar iqna gadawyvetili, umalve
acnobos SromiT amxanagobas da mesakuTres. {38}
sakiTxebi romlis ganxilvaSic (SeiZleba) miiRos monawileoba
SromiTma amxanagobam, es aris:
1. wliuri angariSebis ganxilva.
2. mimdinare da momavali samoqmedo wlis gegmis ganxilva-
damtkiceba.
3. biujetis ganxilva-damtkiceba.
4. sagadasaxado davalebebis ganxilva, mogebis dazusteba da
ganawileba.
5. sawarmos teqnikuri mdgomareobisa da axali proeqtebis ganxilva-
damtkiceba.
6. inJiner-teqnikuri da damxmare personalis xelSekrulebebisa da
ricxovnobis gansazRvra, saxelfaso ganakveTis dadgena.
7. SromiTi pirobebis gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobebis ganxilva.
8. garemo dacvis sakiTxebis ganxilva.
9. SromiTi waxalisebisa da sxva materialuri daxmarebis
SesaZleblobis ganxilva-damtkiceba.
10. sapensio fondis Seqmnis ganxilva-damtkiceba.
11. “arapirdapiri” xarjebis gawevis SesaZleblobis ganxilva-
damtkiceba.
12. ganvlili wlis Semajamebeli (generaluri) sxdomis Catareba da
angariSgeba;
5.3. SromiTi amxanagobis Camoyalibebis wesebi
1. TiToeul organizaciaSi rogorc adgilobriv sawarmoebSi, aseve
mmarTvel aparatSi tardeba krebebi, sadac irCeven SromiTi
amxanagobis warmomadgenlebs (erTi organizaciidan, sawarmodan,
samsaxuridan, SeiZleba arCeul iqnas 2-3 wevri, imisda mixedviT, Tu
ra raodenobisaa organizacia). arCeuli wevrebi qmnian adgilobriv
sabWos, romelic Tavis rigebidan irCevs mmarTvelTa (did) sabWos
130
sxdomaze daswrebis uflebis mqone 3 wevrs, romelTagan 2 wevri
igulisxmeba sruluflebian wevrad, xolo mesame am oris
makontroleblad (dasturad). mmarTveli jgufi valdebulia angariSi
gauwios SromiTi “amxanagobis” (koleqtivis) samarTlian moTxovnebs.
Seuqmnas maT muSaobis normaluri pirobebi. Awarmoebis interesebidan
gamomdinare upriania, mesakuTrem mmarTvel jgufSi (xelmZRvanel
rgolSi) kandidatTa SerCeva-damtkiceba SromiTi amxanagobis
(koleqtivis) TanxmobiT Caataros.
2. mmarTveli jgufi drodadro angariSvaldebulia SromiTi
koleqtivis winaSe. man unda gaakeTos kvartaluri da wliuri
Sedegebis ganxilva. miiRos da gaiTvaliswinos SromiTi amxanagobis
mosazrebebi, ramac sabolood organizacias (sawarmos) dadebiTi
Sedegebi unda moutanos. aravis ara aqvs ufleba (maT Soris zemdgom
organoebs), SromiTi amxanagobis saqmiani mosazrebebi uaryos, maT
SeuZliaT sadao sakiTxebi (aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi) farTo
sazogadoebis msjelobis sagani gaxadon.
SromiTi amxanagobis (koleqtivis) rogorc “institutis” arseboba
sabWoTa periodSic SeimCneoda, magram igi imdenad formalur xasiaTs
atarebda, rom saboloo Sedegze raime arsebiTi gavlenis moxdena ar
SeeZlo. Ee.w. komunistur reJims maTi arseboba mxolod da mxolod
msoflios mowinave sazogadoebis TvalSi “demokratobanas”
saTamaSod sWirdeboda. Cvens mier warmodgenil SromiTi amxanagobis
“instituts”, nebismieri organizaciis sakeTildReod, gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba eniWeba. rogorc ityvian, aRdgeba Zveli sibrZne “xma
RvTisa da xma erisa”.
imisda mixedviT, Tu rogori warmatebuli weli hqonda, ama Tu im
energetikul sawarmos, fasdeba SromiTi amxanagobis da adminis-
traciis erToblivi Sromis Sedegebi.
5.4. ras SeiZleba velodoTASromiTi amxanagobebis,
rogorc institutis amoqmedebis Sedegad:
1. warmoebis organizaciis sworad dagegmvas; 2. sawarmo Secdomebis minimumamde dayvanas; 3. sawarmoSi momuSave TiToeuli wevris pasuxismgeblobis gazrdas;
4. usafrTxoebis wesebis maRal doneze dacvas;
5. sawarmos funqciidan gamomdinare maqsimaluri mogebis miRebas, rac
rogorc saxelmwifo biujetisaTvis, aseve TiToeuli inJiner-
teqnikuri personalisTvis da mTlianobaSi organizaciisaTvis
Semosavlebis gazrdis safuZveli gaxdeba.
zemoT ganxiluli masalidan aSkarad Cans, rom SromiTi
amxanagobis roli, rogorc organizaciisaTvis, aseve uSualod
momsaxure personalis uflebebis dasacavad gansakuTrebiT didia;
Aaqve davZenT, rom kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom SromiTi amxanagoba
131
xdeba araprofesionalizmisa da e.w. “korufciis” aRmofxvris erT-
erTi saukeTeso saSualeba.
energetikuli organizaciebis (zogadi) marTvis sqema #5.1
xelmZRvaneli rgolis arCeva
marTvis axal struqturaSi uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs
mmarTveli rgolis sworad SerCevas. Aam TvalsazrisiT kvlevis
Sedegad dadginda, rom mmarTveli gundisa da misi xelmZRvanelis
SerCevaSi SromiTi amxanagobis azris gaziarebas uaRresad didi
mniSvneloba aqvs. rogorc aRvniSneT, sawarmo SeiZleba iyos
saxelmwifo, kerZo an Sereuli (saaqcio) sakuTreba. mesakuTres
SeuZlia SromiT koleqtivs savaraudo kandidatebi warudginos,
romelic ganixilavs da Tavis azrs Camoayalibebs. SesaZlebelia
orive mxaris azri erTmaneTs daemTxves (rac kargi SemTxvevaa), an
piriqiT, koleqtivma mesakuTris mier warmodgenil kandidatTa sia
(mTlianad an nawilobriv) uaryos, sanacvlod sakuTari
kandidaturebi SesTavazos. asea Tu ise, pasuxismgeblobas orive mxare
inawilebs. mTavaria, sabolood orive mxarisaTvis misaRebi
kandidatebi SeirCes. gadamwyveti xmis ufleba mesakuTres eniWeba.
(Tumca valdebulia SromiTi koleqtivis azri gaiTvaliswinos)
xelmZRvaneli rgolis arCeva-damtkiceba yovelwliurad unda
xdebodes. am procesis gavla ar unda iyos rTuli. weliwadSi
erTxel moxdeba msurvel kandidatTa wardgena, romelic ganxiluli
adgilobrivi organizaci-
ebis, sadgurebis, qve-bis,
e.g.xazebis,
dispetCerizaciis
SromiTi amxanagoba
SromiTi amxanagobis
sabWo
saproeqto, samSeneblo, samonta-
Jo, el-gawyobis da sxvadasxva
energetikuli organizaciebis
SromiTi kamxanagoba
mmar
Tveli rgoli
“ser
vis c
entrebis
”,
(moms
axure) “ko
mpaniebi
s”,
Sual
uduri rgoleb
is
SromiTi
amxanag
oba
132
iqneba SromiTi amxanagobis did sabWoze, azrTa sxvadasxvaobis
SemTxvevaSi damatebiT dainiSneba kenWisyra. upiratesoba eZleva im
kandidats (kandidatebs), romelTac xmaTa umravlesi raodenoba
moipoves.
sawarmoSi xelmZRvaneli rgolis arCeva-damtkicebas, mesakuTris
daniSvnisagan gansxvavebiT, gacilebiT meti dadebiTi mxare aqvs,
vidre uaryofiTi. maT Soris:
a) izrdeba xelmZRvaneli piris (an pirTa) pasuxismgebloba,
rogorc SromiTi koleqtivis winaSe, aseve mesakuTris winaSe;
b) arCeuli xelmZRvaneli mudmivad cdilobs (Tavisi codniT,
adamianebTan urTierTobiT), iyos yvelasaTvis misaRebi;
g) arCeuli xelmZRvanelis SemTxvevaSi minimumamde SeiZleba iqnas
dayvanili korufciis elementi. SromiT amxanagobas eWvis
SemTxvevaSi nebismier dros SeuZlia sakiTxi didi sabWos
sxdomaze daayenos, sadac finansur jgufs miecema winadadeba
obieqturad Seiswavlos, gaanalizos da amis safuZvelze
gaakeTos daskvna. Aarsebobs mosazreba, rom, TiTqosda
yovelwliurad xelmZRvaneli rgolis arCeva sirTuleebTan
aris dakavSirebuli. A
am process Zalian martivad unda SevxedoT. yovelgvari zedmeti
daZabulobis gareSe, iniSneba SromiTi amxanagobis sabWos sxdoma,
sadac wardgenili kandidaturebi saxeldeba. Tu saWiroa kenWisyra
or-sam saaTSi mTavrdeba (cxadia igulisxmeba, rom SromiTi
amxanagoba, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi akvirdeba ama Tu im savaraudo
kandidatis gamocdilebas, adamianebTan urTierTobas, mizan-
dasaxulobas da a.S.). amdenad procesi ar unda garTuldes (Tu ra
Tqma unda xelovnurad ar unda vinmes mdgomareoba daZabos).
marTvis aseTi sistema, bunebrivia, garkveul cvlilebebs moiTxovs,
rogorc pirovnebebis, aseve saxelmwifo struqturebis, jer
mexsierebaSi da Semdeg praqtikul qmedebebSi. cxadia, SemdgomSi es
yvelaferi kanonSi unda aisaxos, rac aucilebel pirobas Seqmnis
praqtikul gamoyenebaSi. marTvis aseTi forma SemTxveviT ar
SegvirCevia, sabolood yvelaferi mimarTulia iqiTken, rom inJiner-
teqnikurma personalma, romelic SromiTi amxanagobis saxiT iqneba
warmodgenili, Tavi igrZnos am sawarmos ZiriTad Semadgenel
nawilad da vidre imuSavebs, Rirseuli adgili ekavos energetikuli
organizaciis marTvaSi. yvelaferi es unda aisaxos, rogorc
organizacias, aseve TiToeuli pirovnebis SemosavliT nawilSic, rac
saboloo jamSi, qveyanaSi ekonomiurad Zlieri organizaciebis
Seqmnisa da saSualo fenis Camoyalibebis wina pirobaa.
133
energetikuli sawarmoos marTvis axali sqema
sqema#5.2
xarisxis mesakuTre
marTvis
sistema
5.6. marTvis struqturaSi pirovnebis roli
da samuSao pirobebis Seqmnis aucilebloba
kvlevis Sedegebma daadastura, rom im organizaciaSi, sadac
kadrebi sworad ar iqna SerCeuli, yovelTvis Tavs iCens uaryofiTi
movlenebi. pirovnebis, rogorc ama Tu im dargis specialistis pirad
Rirsebebs, uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc TviT koleq-
tivTan urTierTobaSi, aseve organizaciis saboloo warmatebaSi.
rigiTobis mixedviT es Rirsebebi da moTxovnebi Semdegnairad
yalibdeba:
1. kanonis uzenaesoba da dacva; 2. miznobrioba;
mmarTveli
Efinansuri
mimarTulebis
samsaxurebi
Eteqnikuri
mimarTulebis
samsaxurebi
sxvadasxva mimarTulebis
samsaxurebi kadrebi,
iuridiuli,
sameurneo,… samsaxurebi
aRricxvis da a.S. SromiTi (koleqtivi)
amxanagoba
samdivno
saz.urT.samsax.
SromiTi (koleqtivi)
amxanagoba SromiTi (koleqtivi)
amxanagoba
K
mTavari sabWo
adgilobrivi
eqsploataciis
xelmZRvaneli
saproeqto, samSeneblo,
saremonto da gawyobis
sawarmoebis samsaxurebi
SromiTi
(koleqtivebis)
amxanagobis sabWo
adgilobrivi
eqsploataciis SromiTi
(koleqtivi) amxanagoba
SromiTi (koleqtivi)
amxanagoba dasturi
134
3. samarTliani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis unari da Semdgom maTi
dacva-gatana;
4. Sromis Tanamedrove kulturis damkvidreba;
5. “korufciis”, “proteqcionizmisa” da “klanurobis” aRmofxvris
miswrafeba da gamWvirvaloba;
6. kadrebis swori da obieqturi SerCeva; 7. pirovnebis saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba da patriotizmi;
8. teqnikuri siaxlis iolad Segueba da aTviseba;
9. axali Taobis (damsaxurebisda mixedviT), pasuxsageb samuSaoze
wardgena. warsuli dromoWmuli azrovnebis uaryofa;
10. profesionalizmi;
11. qmedunarianoba (aqtiuroba) rogorc teqnikuri sakiTxebis
gadawyvetaSi, aseve organizaciis sworad warmarTvasa da saerTod
moqalaqeobrivi valis pirnaTlad aRsrulebaSi;
12. mimtevebloba.
zemoT Camoyalibebul TiToeul Rirsebas, uaRresad didi
mniSvneloba aqvs da meorec iTxovs ganmartebas.
1. kanonis dacva da uzenaesoba:Aaqtiuri TanamSromeli rogorc
profesionali Tu sakiTxi uSualod mis dargs exeba, unda ecados
Rirseuli monawileoba miiRos, samarTliani kanonis SemuSavebaSi da
am kanonis moTxovnebis dacvaSi, ESromis da kulturis amaRleba
momavali Taobis ganviTarebis safuZvelTa-safuZvelia.
2. miznobrioba: TiToeuli TanamSromlis da gansakuTrebiT,
profesionalis moTxovnaa – hqondes maRali anazRaureba, rac
gulisxmobs pirvel rigSi pirovnuli da ojaxuri moTxovnilebis
(Tundac saSualo doneze) dakmayofilebas da Semdgom materialurad
SeZlebul mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas: hqondes kargi bina, aveji,
manqana, dasasvenebeli saxli da sxva fufunebis sagnebi. SeZlos
weliwadSi Tundac erTxel janmrTelobis Semowmeba, aRdgena da
dasveneba, mogzauroba, ojaxuri tradiciebis da dResaswaulebis
sasiamovnod Catareba da sxva.
ra unda iyos Semosavlis odenobis sazomi?
pirvel rigSi ama Tu im sawarmos (organizacias) TanamSromels
aucileblad sWirdeba im yofiTi sakiTxebis mogvareba, raSic mas
Tanxa exarjeba, maT Soris:
I rigi: a) arsebobisTvis sakvebis SeZena-damzadeba; b) silamazisa
da janmrTelobis uzrunvelsayoyofad Cacma-daxurva; g) mimdinare
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xarjebis gaweva (gadasaxadebis gadaxda, stumar-maspinZloba, tradi-
ciuli movaleoba da sxva); d) gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebis dafarva;
es aris is minimumi, rac yovelTviurad ama Tu im sawarmos
(organizaciis) TanamSromelma unda dafaros, Eanu SeinarCunos
cxovrebis saSualo done;
II rigi: meore rigi niSnavs: inJiner-teqnikuri personalis
Semosavlis, anu Tanxis dagrovebis SesaZleblobas; e.w. fufunebis
pirobebis Seqmnas, rac umravles SemTxvevaSi cxovrebis erT-erTi
mTavar mizania.
cifrobrivad Tu ramdeni unda iyos, Semosavali (xelfasi), ama Tu
im TveSi, es damokidebulia imaze, ramdenad cvalebadi iqneba zemoT
CamoTvlili moTxovnebis fasebi. Tumca, ZiriTadSi SeiZleba iTqvas,
arsebobs met-naklebad mudmivi xarjebi, ris safuZvelzec SeiZleba
orientiris gakeTeba.
Mmiznobriobis Semdgomi moTxovna es aris maRali Tanamdebobisken
swrafva, rac sami mizniT xdeba: erTi rogorc meti Semosavlis
miRebis wyaro, meore rogorc sakuTari Tavis gamoCenis survili
(ambiciuroba) da mesame dargisa da qveynis maRal doneze
ganviTarebaSi sakuTari SesaZleblobis gamovlenis survili da
TviT qveynis interesebidan gamomdinare aucilebloba.
3. samarTliani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis unary da maTi
dacva ama Tu im organizaciaSi xSirad dgeba sadao sakiTxebi
(rogorc dargis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, aseve inJiner-teqnikuri
personalis sworad CamoyalibebaSi), aris sxva movlenebic. swored am
dros. Tu pirovnebam samarTlianobis principiT imoqmeda da swori
gadawyvetileba miiRo, saqmisTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania,
miuxedavad imisa Tu ra mohyveba am principebis dacvas, SeiZleba
bevri vinme gaanawyenos, an SeiZleba bevric gadaarCinos da
organizaciac swor gzaze daayenos (gaaCnia rogori mxardaWera
eqneba). zogjer aris aseTi faqtebic, roca zemdgomi, “Cinovnikuri”
wris piradi interesebidan gamomdinare, adgili aqvs kanonis
darRvevas. am dros Tu SromiTi koleqtivi principulia, aucileblad
xmas aimaRlebs da Tavis uflebebs daicavs.
4. Sromis Tanamedrove kulturis damkvidreba samuSao
adgilze Sromis Tanamedrove kulturis dacva unda iqces TiToeul
TanamSromlis aucilebel moTxovnad. pirvel rigSi es aris: Sromis
disciplinis dacva, samuSaos Sesrulebis maRali done,
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TanamSromlebTan keTili damokidebuleba. siaxleebis aTvisebisken
swrafva. Ppiradi mowesrigebuloba da sxva.
5. “korufciis”, “proteqcionizmisa” da “klanurobis” aRmof-
xvris miswrafeba da gamWvirvaloba kacobriobis istoriaSi, adami-
anebs, rodesac saqme saxelmwifo (an sxva mesakuTris) fulTan
hqoniaT, umravles SemTxvevaSi daumsaxureblad fulis Sovnis
survili mudam Tanmdevi Tviseba yofila, rac Zalian bevr uaryofiT
movlenas iwvevda da iwvevs dResac. Tu ama Tu im dargis specialists
Tu “aSimSileb”, anu cud pirobebs Seuqmni, Tu ki gauCndeba
simdidris, anu fulis moxveWis saSualeba, didxans ar dafiqrdeba. am
problemis daZlevis erT-erTi mTavari wyaro maRali anazRaureba,
kargi samuSao pirobebi da am yvelafris dakargvis SiSi unda gaxdes.
qarTvelebSi gansakuTrebiT (jerjerobiT) fexmokidebulia “prote-
qcionizmi”, rac momavali TaobisTvis “daTvuri samsaxuris” gawevas
niSnavs. Aamdenad TiToeuli gamocdili specialistis mTavari prin-
cipi unda iyos: axalgazrda kacs (inJiners) ar gauwios daumsaxu-
rebeli “proteqcia”, ar SeuSalos xeli “profesionalad” Camoyali-
bebaSi. piriqiT, unda ecados, rac SeiZleba maRali zneobisa da
codnis mqone kacad Camoyalibdes.
organizaciaSi, romlis muSaobis principi Ria, yvelasaTvis
gasageb urTierTobazea agebuli da pirovnebebi gansakuTrebiT ki
xelmZRvanelebi, “karsukan damaluli” wesebiT ar “TamaSoben”, eWvis
sababi naklebad Cndeba, es ki jansaRi koleqtivis Tvisebaa.
6. kadrebis swori da obieqturi SerCeva energetikul organi-
zaciebSi, kerZod eleqtroenergetikaSi TandaTan Semodis axali
TanamSromlebis e.w. “satendero” pirobebiT miRebis wesi, rac udaod
win gadadgmuli nabijia. Tumca srulyofils ver davarqmevT.
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda eqceodes inJiner-teqnikuri perso-
nalis miRebis xarisxs, rac pirvel rigSi, Teoriuli da praqtikuli
codnis Semowmebas unda niSnavdes.
msxvil organizaciebSi saWiroa mudmivad arsebobdes swavleba-
gadamzadebis centri, rogorc Zvelis gaxsenebisa da axlis aTvisebis
saSualeba, rac udaod did daxmarebas gauwevs, rogorc
damqiravebels, aseve daqiravebulebs, an momaval inJinrebs.
7. pirovnebis saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba da patriotizmi
TiToeul TanamSromels unda axsovdes, rom igi, pirvel rigSi,
sakuTari qveynisa da xalxis msaxuria. SeiZleba mas muSaobis sauke-
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Teso pirobebi ar hqondes, magram eg ar aTavisuflebs movale-
obisagan. swori qmedebaa, roca pirovneba ibrZvis sakuTari pirobebis
gaumjobesebisaTvis, magram Tuki amas akeTebs Qqveynis zaralis
xarjze, yovlad miuRebelia. raRac mizezebis gamo, qveynis siyva-
rulze, mis ukeTes xvalindel dReze uaris Tqma danaSaulia.
8. teqnikuri siaxlis aTviseba da Segueba. Eenergetikis dargis
specifika, rom mudmivad axali teqnologiebis danergvas saWiroebs,
amaze aravin daobs, magram es procesi xSir SemTxvevaSi muSa-
mosamsaxureTa Semcirebas iwvevs. gonieri xelmZRvaneli profe-
sionali kadris “quCaSi” datovebas ar unda fiqrobdes. man unda
gamoZebnos e.w. “alternatiuli” dasaqmeba, sxva SemTxvevaSi ukmayofi-
leba gardauvalia. Tavis mxriv inJiner-teqnikuri personali
valdebulia, aiTvisos yvela is siaxle, rac mis samuSao sferosTanaa
dakavSirebuli. axali teqnologiebis saeqspluatacio normebis
Seswavla da momsaxureba, nebismier inJiners (visac Sexeba aqvs am
procesebTan), Tavisuflad unda SeeZlos.
9. axali Taobis dawinaureba. gamocdil SromiT koleqtivs da
mis xelmZRvanelobas, im axalgazrda inJiner-teqnikuri personalis,
romelTac TavianTi SromiT, codniT, praqtikuli da Teoriuli
muSaobiT, pativiscema daimsaxures da sasurvel “profesiul”
Sedegebs miaRwies, ar unda eSinodes waxalisebis da dawinaurebis.
ndobis mopoveba erTob samarTliani da gamarTlebuli unda iyos;
axalgazrda kadrebis waxaliseba, Tundac imitomaa saWiro, rom maTi
goneba moqnilia saqmisadmi damokidebuleba sul sxvaa, Tanamedrove
moTxovnebis doneze, codnis aTviseba da saboloo jamSi warmatebis
miRweva, axali teqnikis aTvisebasTan da axlebur azrovnebasTanaa
dakavSirebuli, rac Zveli Taobis garkveuli nawilisTvis saZnelo
saqmea.
10. profesionalizmi. aqtiuri profesionali (TanamSromeli), Tu
sakiTxi uSualod mis dargs exeba, unda cdilobdes umaRles doneze
aiTvisos is saqme, rac mas abaria. aqtiuri monawileoba miiRos,
sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi (kanonis SemuSavebaSi da kanonis moTxo-
vnebis dacvaSi). samarTlianoba, TiToeuli moqalaqis wmindaTa-wminda
movaleoba unda iyos. ESromis da kulturis amaRleba momavali
Taobis ganviTarebis safuZvelTa-safuZvelia.
11 pirovnebis aqtiuroba. energetikul sawarmoebSi xSirad
icvleba xelmZRvaneloba, Sesabamisad cvlilebas ganicdis ama Tu im
sawarmos muSaobis principebi, gegmebi da a.S., yvelaferi es uaryofiT
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gavlenas axdens wliur Sedegebze. swored am dros unda gamoavlinos
profesionalma kadrma (amxanagobam) sakuTari principuli damoki-
debuleba, organizaciis bedi erTi pirovnebis (vinc ginda iyos)
cvlilebebze ar unda iyos damokidebuli. SromiTma amxanagobam
(koleqtivma), romelic profesionali wevrebisagan Sedgeba, ar unda
dauSvas organizaciis raime formiT ukusvla. swored igi unda
gaxdes normaluri samuSao viTarebis SenarCunebis garanti. kvlevam
daadastura, rom rogorc ki SromiT amxanagobas (koleqtivs) funqcia
eZleva, maSinve iRebs pasuxismgeblobas Tavis Tavze. pirovnebis
samarTlian moqalaqeobriv aqtiurobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, ara
marto erTi organizaciisaTvis, aramed mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis,
rameTu moqalaqeTa aqtiuri damokidebulebis Sedegia swori
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiTi sistemis Camoyalibeba.
12.Mmimtevebloba.A adamiani, vinc ginda iyos, ra Tanamdebobazec
ar unda muSaobdes, am wuTisofelSi droebiTi stumaria, man gaci-
lebiT meti unda ifiqros ufalTan sulier daaxloebaze. RvTisnieri
adamiani yovelTvis ufro mimtevebelia. Mmimtevebeli adamiani
saqmesac mets akeTebs da TanamSromelTa siyvarulsac imsaxurebs.
amdenad es Tviseba Tu profesionali xar aucileblad unda
gagaCndes.
Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli msoflio adamianis uflebebs da
demokratiulobas qadagebs, maSin rodesac, aris organizaciebi sadac
SromiT koleqtivs, TiTqmis arafers ekiTxebian. SromiTi xelSek-
rulebis pirobebi aris calmxrivi, ise rom administracias nebismier
dros SeuZlia TanamSromeli samuSaodan gaanTavisuflos, an
xelfasi Seumciros. miuxedavad imisa, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi saqme
gadaecema sasamarTlos, arsebuli politikidan da kanonmdeblobidan
gamomdinare, procesebis 80% muSa-mosamsaxureTa wagebiT mTavrdeba.
Aam da sxva mraval mizezTa gamo mivediT im daskvnamde, rom SromiTi
amxanagobis (koleqtivebis) uflebebis aRdgenaze zrunva TiToeuli
TanamSromlis wmidaTawminda movaleobaa.
mexuTe Tavis daskvna
administraciuli marTva mTeli xelovnebaa. nebismieri
organizaciisaTvis da gansakuTrebiT, energetikuli sawarmosaTvis
Zalian sapasuxismgeblo da mniSvnelovani “rgolia”. im sawarmoSi
sadac marTvis swori meqanizmia Camoyalibebuli, gacilebiT naklebi
problemebia.
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istorias Tu gadavxedavT saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikam
gamoiara, rogorc sabWoTa (erTpirovnuli marTvis sistema), aseve
reformistuli periodi. Tumca, samwuxarod unda vaRiaroT, rom
dRevandeli mmarTvelobiTi sistema, didad ar gansxvavdeba sabWoTa
sistemisagan (isev erTi pirovnebis, an formalurad ramodenime
kacisagan Semdgari jgufis diqtaturaa damyarebuli). Tanamedrove
sawarmos (miTumetes energetikuli) marTva imdenad garTulda, rom
SeuZlebeli xdeba erTi an Tundac ramodenime pirovnebis xarjze
srulyofili administrirebisa da warmoebis ganxorcieleba.
eleqtroenergetikul sawarmoSi teqnikuri da fizikuri samu-
Saoebs (operaciebs), 70%-s SromiTi amxanagobis (koleqtivis)
warmomadgenloba asrulebs. gamomdinare aqedan, maTi damsaxurebis
ugulebelyofa yovlad miuReblad migvaCnia. sakiTxi exeba ormxriv
valdebulebebs da uflebebs. Tu es ori “fenomeni” ar aris gawona-
sworebuli, sawarmos srulyofili marTva TiTqmis gamoricxulia.
sazRvargareTis analogiuri sawarmoebis Seswavlis dros
davinaxeT, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebis (iaponia, germania, aSS)
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli organoebi gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas uTmoben sawarmoSi m. q. k-is maqsimalurad gazrdas,
rogorc ityvian Sedegi amarTlebs saSualebas. droa saqarTveloSic
dainergos marTvis axali sistemebi.
Ggasagebia, rom erTpirovnuli administrirebis zogierTi
xelmZRvanelisaTvis sawarmos marTvaSi jer kidev miuRebelia
SromiTi amxanagobis warmomadgenlebis monawileoba. vfiqrobT es
faqti gamosworebadia, mTavaria sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi
midgoma (droSi) ramdenad swrafad Seicvleba. saqarTvelo, rogorc
saxelmwifo, jer kidev ZiebaSia. Tavisuflebis moyvaruli eri, ver
egueba qveynis da miTumetes ekonomikis maxinji sistemebiT marTvas.
igi mudmiv ZiebaSia da vidre srulyofilebas ar miaRwevs ar
gaCerdeba. Aam Yyvelafris droulad mogvarebaSi, sazogadoebas da
mis TiToeul wevrs, gansakuTrebiT energetikosebs, didi wvlilis
Setana SeuZliaT. mTavaria rodis iqneba sazogadoebis, Tu
TiToeulis ara, umravlesobis mzaoba am amocanebis gadasawyvetad.
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Tavi VI. energetikuli sawarmoebis sakadro politika
6.1. axali kadrebis aRzrdis meTodika, marTvis axali
wesebis pirobebSi
gaxde inJiner-energetikosi erT-erTi rTuli amocanaa. Taname-
drove energetikuli sawarmoebis marTva mWidrod aris dakavSire-
buli, rogorc rTul teqnikur mowyobiloba-danadgarebis, aseve
ekonomikuri da iuridiuli sakiTxebis codnasTan. miaRwio am dargSi
codnis maRal dones udidesi warmatebaa, rac did SromasTan aris
dakavSirebuli.
ra mdgomareobaa saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi? sxvadasxva
mizezTa gamo, bolo periodSi energetikul sawarmoebSi kvalificiur
inJiner-teqnikuri personalis deficiti gaCnda. rac Seexeba axal
Sevsebas, statistikurad bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi axalgazrda
inJinerTa samuSaoze miReba katastrofulad Semcirda, rac aSkarad
energetikuli saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulTa dabali codnis
maCvenebelia. yovelive amis gamo aucilebeli gaxda kvlevis Catareba.
kvlevis periodSi (bolo 5 wlis manZilze) Cvens mier
Seswavlili iqna saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis energetikis,
telekomunikaciebis da sxva monaTesave (maT Soris quTaisis)
fakultetebis (garkveuli raodenobis) studentTa codnis done.
Catarebuli gamokiTxvebis Sedegad dazustda, rom axalgazrda
inJinerTa dabali momzadebis mizezi aris:
1. sajaro da umaRles saswavleblebSi reformebis dausrulebe-
li procesi;
2. uSualod studentTa mxridan swavlisadmi araseriozuli
damokidebuleba;
3. qveyanaSi Seqmnili mZime socialuri, ekonomikuri da politi-
kuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, araxelsayreli saswavlo
pirobebis arseboba (saxelmwifos mxridan arasakmarisi dafi-
nanseba, mosaxleobis gaRatakeba, saswavlo institutebsa da
sawarmoo organizaciebs Soris aqtiuri urTierTTana-
mSromlobis nakleboba) da sxva;
codnis donis kidev ufro amaRlebis mizniT “saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo eleqtrosistema” iZulebuli gaxda gaexsna swavleba-
gadamzadebis centri, romlis daniSnulebaa, saqarTvelos energosis-
temisTvis da uSualod ”sax. eleqtrosistemisTvis” mcodne inJinrebis momzadeba.
swavleba-gadamzadebis centrSi kursdamTavrebul studentTa
miReba sakonkurso wesiT warmoebs. konkursantebs winaswar (sami
kviriT adre) eZlevaT sakonkurso sakiTxebi. sakiTxebi SerCeulia maT
mier energetikis fakultetze Seswavlili sagnebidan. konkurs-
gavlili studentebi “sse”-Si gadian SvidTvian uwyvet Teoriul da
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erTTvian praqtikul swavlebas. programis damTavrebis Semdeg
gamocdebis warmatebiT Cabarebis SemTxvevaSi maT asaqmeben. centrSi
swavla ufasoa. leqciebs kiTxuloben mcodne da gamocdili leqtor-
maswavleblebi. swavlis periodSi studentebs, garda aucilebeli
teqnikuri sagnebisa, ekiTxebaT iuridiuli, menejmentis, finansuri da
zogadenergetikuli sagnebi. maTTvis Seqmnilia normaluri saswavlo
pirobebi.
energetikaSi axalgazrda kadrebis aRzrdas gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs. logika martivia: ucodinari inJiner-teqnikuri
personali, an TavisTavs avnebs, an sxvisi marcxis mizezi xdeba
(samwuxarod daSvebuli Secdoma xSir SemTxvevaSi sikvdilianobis
mizezi xdeba). amis daSvebis ufleba namdvilad ara gvaqvs. miT umetes
Tanamedrove teqnikis pirobebSi, aseTi movlenebi ar unda xdebodes.
unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi energetikul
obieqtebze aTeulobiT kaci damarcxda, maT Soris umravlesoba
gardaicvala.
dRevandel, jer kidev moqmed Taobas sakmaod didi
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba daugrovda, ramac unda uzrunvelyos
momavali Taobebis sworad aRzrda.
cxadia students swavlis normaluri pirobebi unda gaaCndes,
rac dafinansebasTan da swor saswavlo programasTan aris
dakavSirebuli.
nebismieri studentisaTvis dafinansebis moZieba rTulia. am
saqmeSi mas e.w. “avansis” wesiT, saxelmwifo, kerZo sawarmoo (rome-
lic momavalSi misi samuSao adgili gaxdeba) da mSoblebi unda
daexmaron. ratom aseTi ganrigi? saxelmwifo yvela SemTxvevaSi
dainteresebuli unda iyos, rom qveyanas ganaTlebuli, maRal-
kvalificiuri kadrebi hyavdes, romlebic momavalSi misi interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT dasaqmdebian. Tumca biujetis SesaZleblobebidan
gamomdinare sruli finansireba SeiZleba ver uzrunvelyos. nebismier
energetikul sawarmos (da aseve yvela im organizacias, visac
energetikis ganxriT sxvadasxva saxeobis inJiner-energetikosi
sWirdeba) interesebSi Sedis, drois ama Tu im periodSi, maRalk-
valificiuri energetikos-inJineri hyavdes, cxadia maTi momzadeba
sawarmos damoukideblad ar SeuZlia, amitom sawarmom unda
daukveTos umaRles saswavlebels. raodenoba aqac SezRuduli iqneba da ganisazRvreba moTxovnis mixedviT. rCeba mesame kategoria,
romelmac damfinansebeli an ver moiZia, an mxolod nawilobriv, am
SemTxvevaSi studenti iZulebuli iqneba, ojaxis, an sxva romelime
kerZo damfinanseblis xarjze uzrunvelyos swavlis safasuris
gadaxda.
damfinansebeli (saxelmwifo, kerZo sawarmoo, an individi),
umaRles-teqnikuri sasawavlebeli da studenti deben sammxriv
xelSekrulebas, sadac mkafiod iqneba Camoyalibebuli mizani,
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pirobebi da sagarantio normebi. TiToeuli damfinansebeli moTxov-
naSi uTiTebs, Tu ra saxeobis (mimarTulebis) specialisti unda
moumzados umaRlesma saswavlebelma. urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZve-
lze ganisazRvreba momzadebis dro da xarisxi. dafinansebis
uzrunvelyofis SemTxvevaSi, umaRlesi saswavlebeli iRebs valdebu-
lebas damkveTis moTxovnis Sesabamisad aswavlos da moamzados
maRalkvalificiuri specialisti (Cvens SemTxvevaSi inJiner-energe-
tikosi).
saswavlo procesis (rogorc Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli
swavlis) damTavrebis Semdeg, kursdamTavrebuli midis damfinan-
seblis sawarmoSi, gadis winaswar dadgenil sakvalifikacio
swavlebas da iwyebs muSaobas. sammxrivi xelSekrulebis pirobebidan
gamomdinare, axalgazrda inJineri, sakuTari xelfasidan yovel-
Tviurad iwyebs swavlisTvis aRebuli Tanxis dafarvas.
swavlebis aseTi forma, TiToeul mxares (students, damfin-
ansebels da umaRles saswavlebels) akisrebs did pasuxismgeblobas.
gansakuTrebiT didia umaRlesi saswavleblis daniSnuleba.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom moTxovna maRali codnis mqone specialistis
(inJinris) momzadebazea gakeTebuli, unda uzrunvelyos, rogorc
Teoriuli aseve sawarmo-praqtikuli swavlebis maRal doneze
Catareba.
saswavleblisTvis, roca amocana cnobilia, mas ufleba unda
hqondes abiturientTa miRebis wesi Secvalos, kerZod gamomdinare
iqidan, rom miznobrivad maRalkvalificiuri kadri unda moamzados,
maRali donis SerCevis saSualebac unda gaaCndes.
energetikis fakultetze Semomsvlel studentebs, vidre
misaRebi gamocdebi daewyebaT saSualeba unda hqondeT Sexvdnen
fakultetis warmomadgenlebs (leqtor maswavleblebs, warCinebul
studentebs). gaecnon swavlis programas, Teoriuli da
laboratoriuli samuSaoebis mimdinareobas. saSualeba mieceT
xilvadi CvenebebiT naxon ZiriTadi energetikuli obieqtebi (el.
sadgurebi, qvesadgurebi, e.g.xazebi). gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
auxsnan dargis daniSnuleba, sawarmoebis muSaobis principebi, maT
Soris finansuri mxare, (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Tanamedrove
axalgazrdebi maqsimalurad midrekilni arian swrafad dasaqmebaze,
materialuri da finansuri warmatebebis miRwevaze).
pirveli kursis pirvel semestrSi msmenelebi miRebuli iqnebian
zemoT ganxiluli gacnobiTi programis gavlis Semdgom, anu
gasaubrebis safuZvelze. vinc pirveli semestris masalas gamocdebis
Sedegebis mixedviT daZlevs, swavlas gaagrZelebs meore semestrSi.
vinc ver daZlevs, survilis SemTxvevaSi, meore wels kvlav eqnebaT
Cabarebis SesaZlebloba.
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am sistemiT fakultetis dekanati ecdeba SearCios misTvis
saWiro kontingenti, romelic momavalSi damkveTebis moTxovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT gaivlian srul saswavlo programas.
SeniSvna: aqac da sxvaganac igulixmeba maRali donis zneobrivi
da teqnikuri codnis mqone Sromismoyvare da Tavisi qveynis patrioti
axalgazrda kaci, radganac dargis da Sesabamisad qveynis
ganviTarebis udides mizans, mxolod maRali codnis da zneobis
mqone axalgazrdoba SeZlebs moemsaxuros.
6.2 dasaqmeba
kargi mcodne inJinris samuSaoze miReba ormxrivi mogebis
momtani unda iyos. mTavaria sawarmos mxridan rogori midgomebi
iqneba. pirvel rigSi samuSao adgili da pirobebi unda
Seesabamebodes Tanamedrove moTxovnebs (sisufTave, jansaRi
atmosfero, wesrigi, xelfasis odenoba). Semdgom inJinerma aucile-
blad unda igrZnos Tavi Semoqmedad, inJinruli codnis gamoyenebis
da ganxorcielebis avtorad, axali teqnikis aTvisebis da danergvis
Tanamonawiled. organizaciaSi axalgazrda specialistis mosvla
unda niSnavdes, “did ojaxSi” axali wevris momatebas. man Tavi
gariyulad ar unda igrZnos. masSi konkurents ki ara, aramed im
momavali Taobis warmomadgenels unda xedavdnen, romelmac droTa
ganmavlobaSi mTeli pasuxismgeblobiT unda Caibaros sawarmos awmyo
da momavali. Zveli da axali Taobis Serwyma maqsimalurad unda
waadges saqmes. bunebrivia axalgazrda specialists Tavidan ver
eqneba is unar-Cvevebi, rac saqmes da sazogadoebasTan urTierTobas
sWirdeba. es Cvevebi man TandaTan, Zveli specialistebis daxmarebiT
unda (aiTvisos) gamoimuSaos. xolo mas Semdeg, rac ukve srulad
aiTvisebs masze dakisrebul movaleobas, TviTonve unda gaxdes
sxvebisTvis kargi magaliTis mimcemi. samuSao procesis gaumjobesebis
organizatori. teqnikuri nawilis srulyofis TvalsazrisiT SeuZlia
axali winadadebebi waradginos. araa gamoricxuli rom mecnieruli
siaxle danergos da a.S. aqve gvinda erT mtkivneul sakiTxs SevexoT.
umaRlesi kursis damTavrebis Semdeg, kargi moswrebis
studentebs xSirad sTavazoben jer e.w. “magistraturaSi”, xolo misi
damTavrebis Semdgom (mokle droSi) “doqturanturaSi” Cabarebas. es
niSnavs Seudges mecnierul muSaobas. TavisTavad es cudi ar aris,
magram kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom studentma rac ginda kargad
daamTavros umaRlesi skolis Teoriuli kursi, Tu man garkveuli
codna da gamocdileba, praqtikul saqmianobidan ar aiTvisa
(igulisxmeba ori-sami wlis praqtikuli muSaobis gamocdileba,
romelime energetikuli an saswvlo-samecniero organizaciaSi
muSaoba), gansakuTrebiT im ganxriT ra mimarTulebiTac apirebs
mecnieruli kvlevebis Catarebas, kvlevis Sedegebi susti iqneba.
144
faqtiurad aseT dros xSirad xdeba sxvisi naazrevis gadmowera da
ara sakuTari kvlevebis Sedegad miRebuli daskvnebis mtkicebuleba.
mecnieruli muSaobisTvis axalgazrda specialisti unda momwifdes,
mas Sexeba unda hqondes, rogorc winamorbedebis miRwevebTan
(meTodebTan, sistemebTan da kvlevebis SedegebTan), aseve Tanamedrove
teqnikis da Teoriebis siaxleebTan. maT Soris bevr rameSi uSualod
sakuTari praqtikidan (gamocdilebidan) unda ixelmZRvanelos.
rogorc energetikaSi, aseve nebismier sxva dargSi, marTvis
axali wesebis SemoRebis Tanaxmad, erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli adgili
axalgazrda kadrebis aRzrdaSi, cxadia leqtor-maswavleblebs
ekuTvniT. sakmaod didia maTi wvlili. imisTvis, rom maRali donis
specialisti gaizardos, saWiro da aucilebelia swori saswavlo
programa da kargi momzadebuli leqtor-maswavleblebi. leqtor-
maswavlebelTa sworad SerCeva-momzadeba uaRresad sapasuxismgeblo
saqmea. maswavlebeli garda “sakuTari” sagnis Rrmad codnisa, unda
flobdes metyvelebis (gadmocemis) karg unars da studentebTan
muSaobis fsiqologias. man Tavis Tavze ki ar unda “moirgos”
saswavlo programa, aramed piriqiT, TviTon unda moergos mas.
pedagogika da pedagogiuri muSaoba yvela maswavlebelma unda
icodes. amasTanave swavlebaSi mudmivad is siaxleebi unda Sehqondes,
rac axali teqnikis danergviT da sxvadasxva Teoriebis ganviTarebiT
iqneba gamowveuli.
is, rom leqtor-maswavleblebma kargad unda imuSaon, amaze ori
azri ar arsebobs, magram erT-erTi mTavari sakiTxi normaluri
samuSao pirobebis Seqmnaa. kerZod, aris Tu ara leqciebis kursis
Sesabamisad, saleqcio auditoriebi mowyobili, (laboratoriebi,
TvalsaCinoebebi, kompiuteruli teqnika, praqtikuli samuSaoebis
Catarebis adgili). aris Tu ara pedagogTa anazRaureba Sesabamisad
uzrunvelyofili. erTi sityviT Tanamedrove swavlis programa,
damoukidebeli, mudmivad ganaxlebadi da axali mecnieruli
miRwevebiT gajerebuli unda iyos.
umaRlesi saswavleblis administarcias (dro da dro) neba da
saSualeba unda hqondes, Tavisi leqtor-maswavleblebi, romelime
sazRvargareTis maRali donis samecniero dawesebulebebSi miavlinos
(institutSi, universitetSi, laboratoriaSi). maswavlebeli, romelic
Tavis codnas mudmivad ar imaRlebs, male “berdeba”.
6.3. dafinanseba
energosistemis marTvis axali wesebidan gamomdinare, TiToeul
dargs da maT Soris aucileblad energetikas, sakuTari an Sereuli
dafinansebiT moqmedi, rogorc saSualo teqnikuri, aseve umaRlesi
saswavleblebi unda hqondes, sadac saswavlo programebis mTavari
moTxovnebi dargis da saerTo jamSi qveynis interesebidan gamom-
145
dinare unda xorcieldebodes. daTvladi unda iyos Tu romel
energetikul sawarmos, ra droSi, ra donis specialistis momzadeba
dasWirdeba. amis mixedviT unda izrunos ama Tu im energetikulma
sawarmom, (organizaciam) maTTvis saWiro mcodne specialistebis
(kadrebis) momzadebis dafinansebisaTvis. ase magaliTad, saqarTvelos
energosistemaSi daaxloebiT aTi aTasi specialisti muSaobs.
yovelwliurad energetikul sawarmoebSi, sxvadasxva mizeziT
saSualod 3 5 procenti `moZraobaSia”, anu Zveli kadri midis, axali
modis. amdenad sxvadasxva donis inJiner-teqnikuri personali
(saSualod samasi axali kadri) yovelwliurad unda momzaddes da
dasaqmdes. yovelive amaSi igulisxmeba, rogorc ZiriTadi
energetikuli organizaciebiTvis kadrebis momzadeba, aseve nebismieri
sxva dargis (mSenebloba, medicina, soflis meurneoba da a.S)
moTxovnebis dakmayofileba. Tanamedrove cxovrebis moTxovnebidan
gamomdinare energetikos-inJinrebze, moTxovna momavalSi kidev ufro
gaizrdeba. rac miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom xarisxiani momzadebis
procesi uwyvetad unda mimdinareobdes.
eris ganaTleba sawindaria TviT qveynis (saxelmwifos)
ganviTarebisa. gansakuTrebiT es exebaT “mcire” erebs. kacobriobis
istoriaSi cnobilia, rom mcodne, maRali zneobis mqone eri qmnis
maRal kulturas. sazogadoebas sTavazobs axal ideebs. eZebs Cixidan
gamosavals. aseTma erma icis, rom mTavari sakacobrio sakiTxi
mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis miRwevaa. gaunaTlebeli, Zalismieri
Tvisebebis mqone erebis Tvisebaa, samxedro Zlierebis mopoveba, sxvisi
teritoriebis da qonebis dapyroba-dataceba da saboloo jamSi
damoneba, an ganadgureba. samwuxarod aseTi qveynebi jer kidev
arseboben, Tumca msoflios mowinave sazogadoeba, aseT qveynebs sul
ufro metad akritikebs da vfiqrobT dadgeba dro, rodesac esa Tu
is “samxedro” qveyana sakuTar diqtats ver ganaxorcielebs. amdenad
qarTveli eris gadarCena ganaTlebaSi da maRali zneobis mopovebaSia.
maRali zneoba da ganaTleba TavisiT ar modis, mas didi Sroma da
keTili neba sWirdeba.
dRevandeli Taoba, istoriulad gadamwyvet droSi cxovrobs.
Tu ramdenad saRad Seafasebs movlenebs, miiRebs swor gadawyve-
tilebebs da maT cxovrebaSi ganaxorcielebs, amaze iqneba
damokidebuli rogorc dRevandeli, aseve momavali Taobebis bedi.
vilocoT rom dasawyevli Taoba ar gavxdeT.
6.4. Rvawlmosil eneregetikosTa dafaseba
qveynis ganviTarebis saqmeSi, eleqtroenergetikas uaRresad
mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. mis gareSe vercerTi sxva dargi ver
viTardeba. TviT energetikis ganviTareba calkeul specialistebzea
146
damokidebuli. es iTxovs mudmivad daZabul muSaobas. maT ar
patioben Secdomebs. es saqme aTmagi pasuxismgeblobaa.
usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT dargTa Soris, energetikis dargi,
erT-erTi rTuli sferoa. energetikosebi nebsiT Tu uneblied
sakuTar sicocxles “deben” sasworze. samwuxarod energetikas
yovelwliurad aTeulobiT specialistis sicocxle ewireba. samuSao
specifika mudmivad daZabulia, iTxovs did dakvirvebas da codnas.
amdenad am dargis specialistebis Sromis da Rvawlis dafaseba
aucilebelia.
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare,
pirvel rigSi dargi da dargSi momuSave specialistebi, sakuTar
fulad fondebs TviTon qmnian, romelic SemdgomSi xmardeba iseT
RonisZiebebs, rogoricaa damsaxurebul energetikosTa dafaseba,
momavali kadrebis aRzrda, sportuli da dasasvenebeli kompleqsebis
mowyoba da sxva. garda amisa, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani fondi, es aris
TanamSromelTa socialuri daxmarebis fondi, romelic mudmivad
zrunavs nebismier energetikosze da gansakuTrebiT pensiaSi gasul
yofil TanamSromlebze.
sabWoTa periodSi, TiToeuli sawarmo, an organizacia,
ZiriTadad saxelmwifo sakuTrebas warmoadgenda, mSromelTa
xelfasebidan garkveuli procentis dakavebis safuZvelze, kerZod
socialuri uzrunvelyofis dazRvevis fondis meSveobiT, xdeboda
pensiaSi gasuli TanamSromlebis pensiiT uzrunvelyofa, sadac
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo muSaobis staJi da sxva damsaxurebebi.
marTalia pensioneri amiT ver mdidrdeboda, magram minimalur
sayofacxovrebo moTxovnilebebs ikmayofilebda.
dRevandel sinamdvileSi arsebobs saxelmwifo pensia, romelic
ZiriTadad moxucebulobis asaks miRweul moqalaqeebs urigeben. am
pensiis msyidvelobiTi unari ufro mcirea, vidre sabWoTa periodis.
es Tanxa saarsebo minimumze dabalia, faqtiurad amas cxovreba ar
hqvia, es ufro gaZlebazea gaTvlili. eleqtroinJiners, romelmac
ormoci weli rTul samuSaoze gaatara, pensiaSi gasvlis Semdgom,
faqtiurad siRaribeSi uwevs cxovreba. amis gamo Rvawlmosil, asakian
TanamSromlebs eSiniaT pensiaze gasvla, maSin rodesac ganvi-
Tarebuli qveynebis analogiuri specialobis mqone TanamSromlebs
piriqiT uxariaT. maTi pensiis odenoba imdenad didia, rom garda
sayofacxovrebo pirobebis gaumjobesebisa, saSualeba eZlevaT
sxvadasxva qveynebSi imogzauron, Svilebs daexmaron, momvlelebi
daiqiraon, Raribebs daexmaron da sxv. erTi sityviT saamuri
cxovrebis, anu bednieri siberis dro udgebaT.
aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli saqarTvelos energosistemaSi da
saerTod qveyanaSi analogiuri pirobebis Seqmna? vfiqrobT, rom aris.
energosistemis marTvis axali wesebis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli
TanamSromeli, romelic dasaqmebuli iqneba energetikul sawarmoSi,
147
muSaobis dawyebis dRidan, rogorc minimumi aucileblad unda
zrunavdes sami ZiriTadi fondis: jandacvis, urTierTdaxmarebis da
sapensio fondebis Sesaqmnelad. am fondebis Seqmna SeiZleba, rogorc
administraciasTan urTierTobiT, aseve mis gareSec.
am fondebis finansirebis wyaro SeiZleba iyos:
1. TiToeli TanamSromlis Senatani. (yovelTviuri xelfasidan,
garkveuli procentis gadaxda).
2. (SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi) sawarmos wliuri mogebidan
garkveuli wili.
3. sxvadasxva sainvesticio fondi, sadazRvevo fondi, saxel-
mwifo xazina da a.S.
saxelmwifo diaxac dainteresebuli unda iyos Tavisi
moqalaqeebis keTildReobiT, im moqalaqeebis vinc saerTo dovlaTisa
da myari ekonomiuri bazis Seqmnas, mravali aTeuli weli moaxmara –
es maT daimsaxures.
aqvs Tu ara SesaZlebloba nebismier energetikul sawarmos,
daexmaros Tavis TanamSromlebs zemoT naxsenebi fondebis SeqmnaSi?
saxeobaTa mixedviT, eleqtroenergetikaSi sami saxis sawarmo
muSaobs: eleqtroenergiis warmoeba (generacia), eleqtrogadacema-
dispetCerizacia da gamanawilebeli, anu gadamyidveli kompania.
TiToeuli sawarmo Tavis Semosavals, warmoebuli, gatarebuli da
realizebuli eleqtroenergiis safasuris xarjze iRebs. nebismieri
maTgani mogebazea dagegmili. iyo wlebi (1993-2007), rodesac
energetikuli sawarmoebi Tavisi kuTvnili Semosavalis 30%-ze mets
ver iRebdnen. nergetikosebis saxelfaso davalianeba aTeul
milionebs Seadgenda. dRes es mdgomareoba Secvlilia. TiTeuli
sawarmo, TiToeuli TanamSromeli droulad iRebs srul kuTvnil
Semosavlebs. es ki imis saSualebas iZleva, rom SromiTi koleqtivis
gadawyvetilebiT, administraciasTan SeTanxmebiT, energetikul
sawarmosa da mis TanamSromlebs, SeuZliaT garkveuli Tanxebi,
survilis DSemTxvevaSi, sapensio fondSi gadaricxon. sapensio fondis
siZliere gansazRvravs TiToeuli pensioneris yovelTviur sapensio
Semosavals. rac ufro didi iqneba yovelTviuri da yovelwliuri
Senatanebi, miT ufro gaizrdeba fondebis Semosavali da TiToeuli
pensioneris sargo.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tu energetikuli sawarmoebi mogebaze
muSaoben, maT aucileblad SeuZliaT daexmaron sapensio fonds.
SesaZlebelia kanonSi damatebiTi cvlilebebis (debulebebis) Setana
gaxdes saWiro, rac sazogadoebisa da xelisuflebis keTil nebazea
damokidebuli.
kvlevis srulyofis mizniT, vidre uSualod saqarTvelos
energosawarmoebis TanamSrmlebis sapensio fondis SemuSavebaze
gadavalT, aucilebelia gavecnoT msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis
sapensio fondebis muSaobisa da moqmedebis principebs, rac aqtiurad
148
dagvexmareba saqarTvelos energetikaSi momuSave inJiner-teqnikuri
personalisTvis pensiiT uzrunvelyofis saukeTeso variantebis
sworad SerCevaSi.
sxvadasxva qveynebis magaliTebis ganxilvis Sedegad Cveni
yuradReba SeCerebuli iqna ramodenime maTganze. am TvalsazrisiT
erT-erTi gamorCeulia Ciles varianti, romelic magaliTi gaxda
laTinuri qveynebisa da aseve sxva qveynebis (yazaxeTis, poloneTis,
ungreTis, amerikisa da nawilobriv germaniis) sapensio fondebis
axali principiT Camoyalibebis saqmeSi, SeiZleba iTqvas faqtobrivad
“axali sityva” aRmoCnda.
1981 wels CileSi sapensio reforma Catarda. am dros qveyana
maRali inflaciiTa da saxelmwifo biujetis deficitiT xasiaT-
deboda. Sesabamisad sapensio anazRaurebac dabali iyo, umuSevrobam
piks miaRwia. safondo da sainvesticio fondebi TiTqmis ar
arsebobda. sawarmoebis umrvlesoba gadasaxadebs ver ixdida. am
rTul viTarebaSi mcodne adamianebma Seqmnes arasaxelmwifo sapensio
sistema, romlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi iyo Semdegi:
1. msurveli aucileblad saxelmwifo, an arasaxelmwifo sapensio
fondis wevri unda yofiliyo, sadac yovelTviurad gadaricxavda
xelfasis 10 %-s;
2. sapensio fondebis brunvis Sedegad Semosuli mogeba indivi-
dualuri angariSebis damatebiT wyaros warmoadgenda;
3. saxelmwifos mxridan dasaSvebad miaCndaT sagadasaxado
SeRavaTebiT sargebloba;
4. msurvels ufleba hqonda (aqvs) Tavisufali arCevani gaekeTebina,
Tu romel fondSi unda gawevrianebuliyo;
5. erTi fondidan meoreSi gadasvla Tavisuflad SeiZleba;
6. muSa-mosamsaxure TviTon wyvets, Tu rodis unda gavides pensiaSi;
7. yovel 4 TveSi erTxel sapensio fondis wevri misi fuladi
angariSis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb srul informacias iRebs.
postsabWoTa sivrceSi Ciles meTodis mixedviT, sapensio sistema
erT-erTma pirvelma yazaxeTma, Camoayaliba, romlis damaxasiaTebeli
faqtorebi Semdegia:
yazaxeTSi saxelmwifo sapensio fondi, sapensio anazRaurebis
saxelmwifo centrma Secvala, romelmac mTlianad moicva qveynis
sapensio saqmianoba.
saxelmwifo sapensio centris (SemdegSi ssc) muSaoba awyobilia
individualur sapensio angariSebze. es sistema ufro misaRebad
miaCniaT, vidre saxelmwifo fondSi yovelTviuri gadasaxadebis
gadaxda. sakontraqto pirobebSi ssc exmareba kerZo sapensio fon-
debsac.
yazaxeTSi arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondis muSaobas, fasiani
qaRaldebis erovnuli komisia aregulirebs, romelic axorcielebs
licenzirebas, aqtivebTan mimarTebaSi akontrolebs kompaniebis
149
muSaobas. yazaxeTis erovnuli banki aregulirebs im Semnaxveli
bankebis muSaobas, romlebic TanamSromloben sapensio fondebTan
(faqtobrivad menejeris rols asrulebs), Sromisa da socuzrun-
velyofis saministrosTan arsebuli, erovnuli sapensio samsaxuri,
akontrolebs da aregulirebs sapensio fondebis Sevsebas.
yazaxeTSi moqmedebaSia sapensio anazRaurebis saxelmwifo baza,
romelic uricxavs Tavis kuTvnil pensias yvelas, vinc sapensio asaks
miaRwia. sabaziso pensiis sistemis danergva xels uwyobs “samdonian”
sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemaze gadasvlas. pirveli done aris
sapensio bazis Seqmna, meore done - es aris pensiis danamati
“solidaruli” sistemidan. mesame done gulisxmobs keTili nebiT
damatebiT anazRaurebas da aseve sxvadasxva profesiuli kavSirebidan
sapensio gadaricxvebs.
germaniis sapensio modeli avstriis, italiis, safrangeTisa da
umravles dasavleT evropis qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. germa-
niaSi wlovani adamianebis sapensio dacvis principebi erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdeba, rogorc finansirebis meTodiT, aseve daxmarebis gawevis
formiT da TviT saorganizacio struqturiTac. principebis
sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad wlovan adamianTa sapensio dacvis sistema
ZiriTadad sam safexurs eyrdnoba.
pirvel safexurs ganekuTvneba yvela is (calkeuli) sistema,
romelic funqcionirebs sakanonmdeblo normebiT da savaldebulod
iTvleba zogierT gansazRvrul pirTa rgolSi. germaniaSi aseTi
tipis oTxi savaldebulo sistema arsebobs.
pirvel safexurs ganekuTvneba yvela is (calkeuli) sistema,
romelc funqcionirebs sakanonmdeblo normebiT da savaldebulod
iTvleba zogierT gansazRvrul pirTa rgolSi. germaniaSi aseTi
tipis oTxi savaldebulo sistema arsebobs:
1. kanoniT dadgenili sapensio dazRveva, romelic muSebisa da
mosamsaxureebisTvis aucilebel sistemad iTvleba;
2. moxeleTa sapensio uzrunvelyofa, romelic saxelmwifo moxeleTa
aucilebel sistemad iTvleba;
3. moxucebulobis daxmareba (pensia) fermerebisTvis (miwis
muSakebisTvis), romelic yvela fermeris (miwis muSakis) da maTi
ojaxis wevrebis aucilebel sistemad iTvleba;
4. profesiuli jgufebis (eqimebi, afTiaqarebi, veterinarebi, arqiteq-
torebi, advokatebi, notariusebi da sxva) sapensio uzrunvelyofa.
moxucebulobis meore safexuris dacvas ganekuTvneba is
kategoria, romelTa uzrunvelyofas sawarmoebi ganapirobeben. sawar-
moebi Tavis TanamSromlebs pensiaze gasvlis dros damatebiT
anazRaurebas uweseben.
mesame safexuri – es aris pensionerTa pensiis (danamatis)
gazrda arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondidan.
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germaniis samsafexurianma sistemam, romelic sxvadasxva dade-
biT meqanizms Seicavs, (kerZod Tanxebis ganawilebisa da Sevsebis
swor meqanizms) kargi avtoriteti moipova da gavrceleba hpova
mraval qveyanaSi.
6.5. sapensio aqtivebis gamoyeneba da marTva
Aarasaxelmwifo sapensio aqtivebi, romelic grovdeba sapensio
fondebSi, SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas sainvesticio moRvaweobis
gansaxorcieleblad. fondis administraciis muSaoba (Tavisi wevrebis
winaSe) did pasuxismgeblobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. maTi saqmianoba
mravalferovania, maT Soris:
1. investireba (arsebuli kanonis moTxovnebis mixedviT), romlis
daniSnuleba fondis wevrebis Semosavlebis kidev ufro gazrdaa;
2. gansazRvrul droSi saxelSekrulebo moTxovnebis Sesruleba,
romlis moTxovnaa wevrebisTvis erTjeradi sapensio gadaxdebis
ganxorcieleba;
3. sicocxlis bolomde pensiis dazRvevis anazRaureba, sikvdilis an
dainvalidebis SemTxvevaSi fondis wevrebsa da sadazRvevo orga-
nizaciebs Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebebis pirobebis mixedviT
anazRaureba;
4. profesiuli administraciebisa da sareklamo saagentoebis
momsaxurebis anazRaureba, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian sapen-
sio fondebis moRvaweobasTan da aseve kanoniT nebadarTuli
damatebiTi informaciebis gamoqveynebasTan;
5. sapensio fondebis aqtivebis marTvis periodSi, damsaxurebuli
TanamSromlebis saxelfaso anazRaureba da dajildoeba;
6. Semnaxveli personalis momsaxurebis saxelfaso anazRaurebis
gaweva;
7. sapensio fondebis muSaobis (gegmiuri) auditoruli Semowmebis
momsaxurebis gadasaxadebis gadaxda;
8. fasiani qaRaldebiT movaWre pirebis, aRricxvisa da
registrirebis, sapensio fondebis aqtivebis, sakuTrebis uflebisa
da sxva momsaxurebis anazRaureba;
9. sxvadasxva momsaxurebis anazRaureba, romelic gaTvaliswine-
bulia kanoniT arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondis normebiTa da
wesebiT. sxva miznebiT sapensio aqtivebis gamoyeneba ikrZaleba.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaxasiaToT
arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondebis Seqmnis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi da
buneba, kerZod:
1. sapensio fondis Seqmna TiToeuli normaluri qveynisa da
normaluri sazogadoebis aucilebeli piroba xdeba;
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2. sapensio fondis kargad (an Tundac damakmayofileblad)
muSaobis erT-erT aucilebeli da gadamwyveti faqtoria,
mudmivi finansuri wyaroebiT uzrunvelyofa;
3. finansuri wyaroebi damokidebulia sapensio fondis wevrTa
pirad Senatanebze, sainvesticio brunvidan miRebul
Semosavlebze, wliur mogebaze, msoflios sxvadasxva qveynisa
da saerTaSoriso saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebis daxmarebaze,
sakuTari saxelmwifos daxmarebaze, sapensio sadazRvevo
kompaniebis arsebobaze da maT muSaobaze.
saqarTvelos energetikuli sawarmoebis inJiner-teqnikuri
personalis is nawili, romelic sapensio asaks aris miRweuli,
moklebulia im sikeTeebs, rac msoflios mowinave qveynebis
pensionerebs gaaCniaT, amitom aucilebelia am mimarTulebiT
gatardes reformebi.
marTvis axali wesebis Tanaxmad, energetikul sawarmoebSi
momuSave inJiner-teqnikurma personalma saswrafod unda izrunos:
a) arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondis Seqmnaze:
b) sapensio sadazRvevo kompaniis Seqmnaze; g) damatebiTi finansuri wyaroebis mopovebaze.
Cvens SemTxvevaSi sapensio fondis Seqmnisa da dafinansebis erT-
erTi mTavari wyaro inJiner-teqnikuri personalis piradi Senatanebi
unda iyos., Tu ramdeni procenti unda gadairicxos yovelTviuri
xelfasidan, am sakiTxs erToblivad aTanxmeben momavali pensionerebi
da sapensio fondis administracia.
sxvadasxva qveynis magaliTze umetes SemTxvevaSi yovelTviuri
Sesatani Tanxis saSualo sidide xelfasis 10%-iT ganisazRvreba. es
gamocdileba aprobirebulia mraval qveyanaSi. Tumca Cvens SemTxve-
vaSi es sidide sxvadasxva faqtorzea (xelfasis sidide, mudmivoba,
premireba da sxva) damokidebuli. saqarTvelos energosawarmoebSi
momuSave inJiner-teqnikuri personalis yovelTviuri xelfasi
gacilebiT ufro naklebia, vidre evropisa da amerikis qveynebSi
momuSave analogiuri kadris. amitom mxolod xelfasis safuZvelze
arasaxlmwifo sapensio fondis Seqmna did efeqts ver iZleva.
Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad mivediT im daskvnamde, rom auci-
lebelia damatebiTi Semosavlebi, erT-erTi aseTi wyaro sawarmoos
wliuri Semosavlidan, kerZod, wminda mogebidan garkveuli
procentis gadaricxva unda iyos. ratom wminda mogebidan?
saqme isaa, rom ama Tu im sawarmom wlis ganmavlobaSi, Tu kargad
imuSava da maqsimumi Semosavali miiRo, amaSi ”lomis wili”, cxadia,
SromiT koleqtivs (mis TiToeul wevrs) ekuTvnis. aqedan gamomdinare
wevrebs ufleba aqvT, mesakuTres mosTxovon wminda mogebidan mogebis
wili.
Tu saqmes progresulad SevxedavT, nebismieri mesakuTre (kerZo,
Tu saxelmwifo), cxadia, dainteresebuli iqneba, rac SeiZleba meti
152
Semosavali, meti mogeba miiRos. Tu am mogebis sidide SromiTi
koleqtivis karg muSaobazea damokidebuli, mesakuTre yovelTvis
daTanxmdeba wminda mogebidan garkveuli procenti (procentis sidide
erToblivad unda ganisazRvros) inJiner-teqnikuri personalis sape-
nsio fondSi gadaricxos. es praqtika saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT ar
aris miRebuli, magram es aucileblad SemosaRebia. mas mravalmxrivi
dadebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs, efeqti sakmaod maRali iqneba.
arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondis finansirebis mesame wyaro
fondSi dagrovili Tanxebis kvlav brunvaSi e.w. investiciebis saxiT
gamoyenebaa. fondis administracias SeuZlia (wevrebTan
konsultaciebis da SeTanxmebis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi) dagrovili
Tanxebi mimarTos ama Tu im momgebiani saqmis dasafinanseblad,
saidanac SeuZlia kargi mogeba miiRos.: magaliTad romelime hesis
mSeneblobaSi da a.S.
meoTxe wyaro _ saerTaSoriso fondebTan TanamSromlobiT
miRebuli Semosavlebi SeiZleba gaxdes, (am meTods sazRvargareTis
arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondebi Zalian moxerxebulad iyeneben).
mexuTe wyaro _ arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondebis sadazRvevo
kompaniebis daxmarebaa. saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT didi masStabis
sadazRvevo sapensio fondebi ar Camoyalibebula, magram es sakiTxi
uaxloes momavalSi gadawydeba, anu drois ambavia.
meeqvse Tavis daskvna
rogorc wina Tavebis ganxilvis dros aRvniSneT, energetkuli
sawarmoos ganviTarebis safuZveli maRal kvalificiuri inJiner-
teqnikuri personalis momzadebaa.
eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis danergvis
warmatebiT ganxorcieleba swored kadrebis momzadebis xarisxzea
damokidebuli. dRes saqarTveloSi politikuri, ekonomikuri,
fsiqologiuri da TviT TaobaTa Soris gansxvavebuli SexedulebaTa
gamo, jer kidev ar aris Camoyalibebuli maRalkvalificiuri kadris
momzadebis srulyofili meTodika. cxadia amas dro sWirdeba, magram
ra qnan sawarmoebma da maT Soris enpergetikulma organizeciebma,
romelTac bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba iTqvas ar aqvT
saSualeba mcodne kadrebiT daakompleqton TavianTi sawarmoebi.
kadrebis deficitis mizezi aris Semdegi: TaobaTa cvla (rac yvela
qveyanaSi gardauvalia), reformebis Sedegad mravali specialistis
usafuZvlod daTxovna da mesame, inJinruli codnis aTvisebs
sirTule. maincdamainc ver vityviT, rom axalgazrdobas didi
survili hqondes es rTuli specialoba aiTvisos, miTumetes roca
ver xedavs, sakuTari Sromis dafasebis Sedegs, perspeqtivas da
gansakuTrebiT sapensio asakSi gadasvlis faqts, sadac ase Tu
gagrZelda, SeiZleba saarsebo wyaros gareSec ki darCes.
153
sayuradReboa rom eleqtroenergetikas yovelTvis gaaCnia rogorc
kadrebis momzadebis, aseve maRali anazRaurebis micemis da kargi
sapensio fondis Seqmnis finansuri SesaaZlebloba.
am TavSi martivad, magram mizanmimarTulad aris Camoyalibebuli,
rogorc kadrebis momzadebis sqema, aseve Rvawlmosil adamianTa
dafasebis SesaZlebloba. kamaTi, azrTa gacvla-gamocvla ra Tqma
unda SeiZleba, mTavaria energetikulma sazogadoebam (mecnierebma,
moqmedma energetikosebma, kanonmdebel da aRmasrulebelma
organoebma) bolosdabolos unda daZlion is mankieri Tvisebebi, rac
dRemde borkilad moyveba dargs.
KerT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi saqmea kadrebis momzadeba da
daostateba. oTxmocdTian wlebSi sabWoTa sistemidan gamosvla
rusebis siZulviliT ki ar iyo nakarnaxevi, aramed politikuri da
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis miRwevis mizniT. Tu Cvenma Taobam
dargebis ganviTarebaze ver izruna, ver dicva sakuTari uflebebi,
maSin ra gansxvavebaa diqtatori rusi iqneba Tu qarTveli.
axalgazrda kadrebis maRal doneze momzadeba da maTTvis
normaluri samuSao pirobebis Seqmna aucilebelia, Tundac im
faqtidan gamomdinare, rom saqarTveloSi energetikis ganviTareba
(romelic mcodne kadrebzea damokidebuli) gardauvalia. eleqtro-
energia ara marto pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, aramed
rogorc finansuri Semosavlis erT-erTi Zlieri wyaro.
gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis ZiriTad wyarod hidro resursi
rCeba, romelic amavdroulad ekologiurad sufTaa da SedarebiT
naklebi zianis miyeneba SeuZlia garemo bunebisTvis da mosaxle-
obisTvis (Tuki normebi iqneba daculi).
inJinruli codnis miReba da Semdgom aTeuli wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi am dargSi muSaoba didi sapasuxismgeblo da sapatio saqmea.
amitom am dargis muSakTa, rogorc samuSao pirobebi, aseve sapensio
periodi unda iyos dafasebuli da uzrunvelofili.
eleqtroenergetika nebismieri sxva dargis ganviTarebis erT-erTi
mTavari wyaroa, rac kidev ufro amyarebs sakuTar poziciebs.
axali sapensio sistemis Camoyalibeba diametralurad cvlis
energetikaSi momuSave kadrebis damokidebulebas. misi efeqti imdenad
didi iqneba, rom misabaZi magaliTi gaxdeba sxva dargebisTvisac,
amdenad es saqme saSuria.
154
saerTo daskvna
energetika rom qveynis ganviTarebis safuZvelia, amaze aravin
daobs. ufro metic, igi erovnuli usafrTxoebis rangSia ayvanili, ra mdgomareobaa saqarTveloSi. pirvel TavSi warmodgenili
dokumenturi masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergiis warmoeba daiwyo mecxramete
saukunis meore naxevarSi, ramac cxoveli interesi gamoiwvia.
uaxloes momavalSi eleqtroenergia gaxda nebismieri sxva dargis
ganviTarebis safuZveli. aRizardnen adgilobrivi kadrebi. qarTvelma
inJiner-teqnikurma personalma damoukideblad aiTvisa eleqtro-
sadgurebis, qvesadgurebis, eleqtrogadacemis xazebis proeqtireba,
mSenebloba, montaJ-gawyoba da eqspluatacia. 1950 wlisaTvis qveynis
erTiani energosistema miliard kilovatsaaTze met eleqtroenergias
gamoimuSavebda. saqarTvelom ganviTarebis piks 1989 wels miaRwia,
roca dadgmuli simZlavre 4000 megavats, xolo gamomuSaveba 14
miliard kilovatsaaTs aRemateboda. erTiani sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis Sedegad daiSala erTiani energosistemac. saqarTvelos
energosistema am faqts moumzadebeli Sexvda, ris gamoc arsebuli
simZlavreebi da Sesabamisad gamomuSavebac ganaxevrda. Sedegad,
Catarebulma reformebma dadebiTi Sedegi ver gamoiRo. generaciis
sadgurebisa da eleqtrosistemisadmi gadamyidveli kompaniebis
mxridan finansurma davalianebam 1,5 miliard dolars gadaaWarba.
saxelmwifo sakuTreba kerZo kompaniebs gadaecaT (garda eleqtro-
sistemisa). tarifebis sidide 1990 welTan SedarebiT 200%-iT (da
metiT) gaizarda. bolo 20 (oci) wlis ganmavlobaSi raime seriozuli
simZlavreebis aTviseba ar ganxorcielebula. eleqtroenergiis yidva-
gayidva ver gadavida Tavisufali bazris principze. administraciuli
mmarTveloba kvlav sabWoTa sistemiT xorcieldeba (erTpirovnulad).
profesiuli kadrebis deficiti yovelwliurad izrdeba. bunebrivia
aseT pirobebSi dargis gaZlierebaze laparaki zedmetia. saWiroa
fundamentaluri cvlilebebi.
warmodgenilma mecnieruma naSromma ganapiroba saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis damuSaveba. SemuSave-
buli iqna axali meTodebi da modelebi. TiToeuli maTgani Rrma
kvlevis Sedegia. naSromis mTavari amosavali wertili saqarTvelos
energousafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa iyo, romlis miRweva axali
simZlavreebis aTvisebaze, eleqtroenergiis Tavisufali bazris
principiT vaWrobaze, administraciuli marTvis axal modelze,
inJinerTa momzadebis axal meTodze, Rvawlmosil energetikosTa
arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondis Seqmnaze da jamSi, xelSemwyobi
politikis gatarebazea damokidebuli. TiToeuli sakiTxi, Tavisi
sirTulidan gamomdinare, seriozul Seswavlas da specialur
155
midgomas saWiroebda. gamomdinare aqedan, Catarda xangrZlivi kvleva,
ris Sedegadac TiToeuli Tavis mixedviT miviReT Semdegi daskvna:
1) saqarTveloSi axali simZlavreebis aTviseba hidroresursebisa
da naxSiris bazaze unda ganxorcieldes. eleqtrosadgurebis
mSenebloba unda Catardes geologiis da ekologiis normebis sruli
dacviT ise, rom gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
social-ekonomikuri interesebi. SenarCunebuli iqnas kulturuli da
sulieri memkvidreoba. axali simZlavreebis mSeneblobaSi, mTavari
roli saxelmwifos (rogorc aqciebis umetesi nawilis mesakuTres)
unda ekuTvnodes. mSeneblobis dafinansebaSi da Semdgom wilobrivad
sakuTrebis miRebaSi, upiratesoba sakuTari qveynis moqalaqeebs (da
maT Soris, energetikosebs) unda eZleodes. aseTi meTodi qveyanaSi
saSualo fenis Seqmnas Seuwyobs xels. axali simZlavreebis aTviseba,
mesame TavSi Camoyalibebul meTodikas unda emyarebodes, ris
mixedviTac yovel 5-10 weliwadSi saSualod 2,5 aTasi megavati unda
Seematos eleqtrosistemas, saidanac Semosavali saSualod 1,4
miliardi lari iqneba. dargidan Semosuli Semosavlebis didi nawili
qveyanaSi unda rCebodes.
2) dargis ganviTarebis saqmeSi erT-erT mtkivneul mxares
sawarmoebis administrirebis arsebuli forma warmoadgens, romelic
kvlav erTpirovnul gadawyvetilebebs efuZneba. meoTxe TavSi
warmodgenilia energetikuli sawarmoebis administrirebis axali
forma, rac sakvanZo sakiTxebis farTo masStabSi (inJiner-teqnikuri
personalis warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT) ganxilvas gulisxmobs.
marTvis aseTi forma energetikuli sawarmos teqnikur uzrunvel-
yofas da maqsimalur finansur mogebas niSnavs. marTvis aseTi wesi
sajaroobazea damyarebuli, rac korufcias da calkeul pirTa
interesebs gamoricxavs. mesame TavSi srulyofilad aris aRwerili
am sqemis muSaobis forma da upiratesoba.
3) eleqtroenergiis warmoebis mTavari daniSnuleba (pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT) momxmarebelTa moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaa, xolo
mwarmoebelTa (generacia, gadacema, dispetCerizacia, ganawileba)
interesi maqsimumi Semosavlis miRebaa. msoflio praqtikidan
gamomdinare, eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis sxvadasxva wesi
arsebobs. Cvens SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba Tavisufali bazris princips
eZleva. yidva-gayidvis kerZo saaqcio sazogadoeba mwarmoeblebs,
gadamyidvelebs da momxmareblebs (saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebis
safuZvelze) konkurenciis wesis pirobebSi srulad uzrunvelyofs,
rogorc misaRebi fasebiT, aseve maRali donis momsaxureobiT. am
SemTxvevaSi monopolizmi, uxarisxo denis miwodeba da momsaxurebis
dabali kultura miuRebelia. yidva-gayidvis aseTi meTodi dargis
ganviTarebis myari safuZveli xdeba.
4) swori administraciuli marTva, nebismieri sawarmos stabi-
luri ganviTarebis sawindaria. Tu TiToeuli wevris Semoqmedeba,
156
interesi da swrafva Tanxvedria mmarTveli rgolis gadawyve-
tilebebis, Sedegi yovelTvis ukeTesia. iseTi sakvanZo sakiTxebic,
rogoric sawarmos mizani, samuSaos specifikis Seswavla, kvartaluri
da wliuri angariSebis ganxilva, mogebis miReba da ganawileba,
sagadasaxado sistemis damuSaveba da xarisxis menejmentis danergvaa,
mxolod erTi kacis (vinc ginda iyos), an jgufis gadasawyveti ar
unda iyos. rac ufro meti warmomadgeneli miiRebs monawileobas (anu
erT sistemaSi mova) ise, rom qaosSi ar gadaizardos, miT ufro meti
optimaluri samoqmedo gegma da Sesabamisad kargi Sedegi miiReba.
5) Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi eleqtroenergetikuli sawarmoebis (da
aseve sxva dargebis) mudmivad mzardi winsvlis uzrunvelyofis
faqtori maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis (inJiner-teqnikuri personalis)
momzadebaa. Tu sawarmos (organizacias) am nawilSi Seferxeba aqvs, is
yoveldRiur konkurencias ver gauZlebs, amdenad am naSromSi
SemoTavazebuli swavlebis formis miReba warmatebis misaRwevad
aucilebelia. is vinc Tavis droze ar zrunavs TanamSromelTa
normaluri samuSao pirobebis Seqmnaze, maRali donis anazRaurebaze
da sapensio fondis Seqmnaze, warmatebebis didi imedi ar unda
hqondes. arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondebis Seqmna, romelic am Tavis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, aucileblad gadasawyvetia. am
sakiTxiT mesakuTre TviTon unda iyos dainteresebuli, rac
SemdgomSi sawarmos da mTlianobaSi dargis ganviTarebis erT-erTi
mastimulirebeli faqtori gaxdeba.
zemoT CamoTvlil sakiTxTa gadawyvetis Sedegad vRebulobT,
qveynis energetikis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas, kerZod, yovel
xuT-aT weliwadSi simZlavreebis mateba 2,5 aTasi megavatiT ganisa-
zRvreba, gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva Tavisufali
bazris principiT ganxorcieldeba, administrirebis swori forma
Camoyalibdeba, swavlebis da dasvenebis normaluri pirobebi
Seiqmneba da Tu yovelive amis politikuri neba iarsebebs, dargis
ganviTarebas win veraferi daudgeba.
157
sqolioebis nusxa:
[1] CogovaZe g. CixlaZe n. yiasaSvili g. saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikis istoria. Tbilisi. 1998. gv. 15 - 260 [2] saqarTvelos kanoni eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis
Sesaxeb. sakanonmdeblo macne. Tbilisi. 2007. gv. 1 - 25
[3] saqarTvelos kanoni eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis
Sesaxeb. sakanonmdeblo macne. Tbilisi. 2007. gv. 1 - 14
[4] “saqenergos” wliuri angariSebi. Tbilisi. 1995. gv. 10 - 178
[5] “semekis” eleqtroenergiis moqmedi tarifis struqtura
(dadgenileba) Tbilisi. 2006. gv. 2 - 15
[6] msxvil gadamxdelTa inspeqciis masalebi. Tb. 2003. gv 4.
[7] saqarTvelos kanoni eleqtroenergiisa da bunebrivi gazis
Sesaxeb. sakanonmdeblo macne. Tbilisi. 2007. gv. 1 - 42
[8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16] fircxelani n. satranzito
potenciali - usafrTxoebis garanti Tu potenciuri safrTxe.
samagistro naSromi. Tbilisi. 2010. gv. 15 - 90
[17] ComaxiZe d. saqarTvelos energetikuli usafrTxoeba.
Tbilisi. 2003. gv. 4 - 35 [18] ComaxiZe d. saqarTvelos energetikuli usafrTxoeba.
Tbilisi. 2003. gv. 41 - 171 [19] ComaxiZe d. saqarTvelos energetikuli usafrTxoeba.
Tbilisi. 2003. gv. 190 - 488 [20], [21] fircxelani n. satranzito potenciali - usafrTxoebis
garanti Tu potenciuri safrTxe. samagistro naSromi. Tbilisi. 2010.
gv. 19 - 67
[22] qaldani l. saluqvaZe m. samegrelos hava samegrelo zemo
svaneTi. Tbilisi. 2010. gv. 71 - 80
[23] solomonia o. dadiani m. cabaZe n. pataraia r. agribiSvili n.
saqarTvelos mdinareebis mcire hidroenergetikuli teqnikuri
potencielis kadastri. Tbilisi. 2006. gv. 14 - 480 [24] ComaxiZe d. saqarTvelos energetikuli usafrTxoeba.
Tbilisi 2010. gv. 50 - 75
[25] avtorTa jgufi: gamyreliZe e. WiTanava n. Ciqva l. goiSvili
b. aglaZe m. fircxelani m. arabuli k. cicqiSvili m. saqarTvelos
mTianeTis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis problemebi da maTi
gadaWris gzebi. Tbilisi. 2010. gv. 155 - 189
[26] rusTaveli S. vefxistyaosani. saqarTvelo. XII s. [27] verZeuli a. kavkasiis adaT-wesebi. Tbilisi. 2007. gv. 12 - 13
158
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. saqarTvelos konstitucia ¹1 mux. 3 gv. 2. Tb. 1995.
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