Miracle of Respiration: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GERsMFWYZrw&feature=related

1. Identify and give the functions for each of the following: Larynx,Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Diaphragm & ribs,

Pleural membranes, and Thoracic cavity.2. Compare and contrast the mechanics of the processes of inhalation

and exhalation .3. Explain the relationship between the structure and function of the

alveoli.4. Explain the roles of the cilia and mucous in the respiratory tract.5. Describe the interaction of the lungs, pleural membranes, ribs, and

diaphragm in the breathing process.6. Explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating

the breathing centre in the medulla oblongata.7. Describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during

internal and external respiration.8. Distinguish between the transport of carbon dioxide and oxygen in

the blood by explaining the roles of oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, reduced hemoglobin, and bicarbonate ions.

_____ Alveoli_____ Bicarbonate ions_____ Breathing_____ Bronchi_____ Bronchioles_____ Carbaminohemoglobin(HbCO2)_____ Carbon dioxide_____ Carbonic anhydrase_____ Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO2)_____ Cartilage_____ Cellular respiration_____ Chemoreceptors_____ Cilia_____ Diaphragm_____ Epiglottis_____ Esophagus_____ Exhalation/Expiration_____ External respiration_____ Hemoglobin_____ Hydrogen ions_____ Inspiration/Inhalation

_____ Intercostal muscles_____ Internal respiration_____ Larynx_____ Lipoproteins (surfactant)_____ Medulla oblongata_____ Mucous_____ Nasal sinus_____ Nose hairs_____ Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)_____ Pharynx_____ Pleural membrane_____ Pneumothorax_____ Pulmonary capillaries_____ Reduced hemoglobin (HHb)_____ Sinus_____ Stretch receptors_____ Surface tension_____ Thoracic cavity_____ Trachea_____ Vocal cords

The right lung is slightly larger is slightly larger than the left.

Hairs in the nose help to clean the air clean the air we breathe, as well as warmingwarming it.

The highest recorded "sneeze speed" is 165 km per hour165 km per hour.

The surface area of the lungs is roughly the same size as a tennis tennis courtcourt.

Each red blood cell has about 200-200-250 million250 million Hemoglobin molecules.

The capillaries in the lungs would extend 1,600 km 1,600 km if placed end to end.

We lose half a litre half a litre of water a day through breathing. This is the water vapour we see when we breathe onto glass.

A person at rest usually breathes between 12 and 15 12 and 15 times a minutetimes a minute.

The breathing rate is faster in children and women faster in children and women than in men.

Lung breathing probably evolved about 400 million years 400 million years agoago.

http://video.about.com/lungdiseases/How-Lungs-Function.htm

The Nasal Sinus Nasal Sinus is surrounded by a lot of capillary beds capillary beds and mucous mucous glands. Because it is one of the major entry ways into the body it has many things to help keep us safe

1.1.Nose hairsNose hairs: with the aid of mucous, these hairs filter filter and trap debrisand trap debris. The debris that is trapped in this manner is discharged through the nose.

2.There are many white blood cells many white blood cells here to recognize and destroy foreign objects.

3.3.Histamines Histamines are released here as an allergic response when foreign irritants are encountered. This causes runny nose.

This is the common passageway for air air andand food food

This is a flap of tissue flap of tissue that covers the top of the tracheatrachea when swallowingswallowing to ensure that food enters the esophagus and not the lungs.

When the epiglottis is opened, the air is able to pass through the larynx (voice larynx (voice box) box) and into the trachea.

The larynx contains the vocal cords vocal cords (two tendons that adjust the pitch of sounds according to how taut they are).

When a guy goes through puberty, his vocal chords and voice box (larynx) grow largergrow larger, and begins to stick out at the front of the throat. This lump is called the Adam's AppleAdam's Apple.

Male vocal cords: 17 mm & 25 mm in length.

Female vocal cords: 12.5 mm & 17.5 mm in length.[1

This is the windpipewindpipe.

This passageway is held open by the presence of C-shaped rings of cartilagecartilage.

This is a protectiveprotective adaptation.

The trachea conducts air into the bronchi.bronchi.

•Cilia and mucus Cilia and mucus filter the air as it moves through the trachea.

•The mucous traps the dirt traps the dirt and other particles, and the cilia push it push it to the back of the throat throat so we swallow it into our digestive system

Cilia with pollen trapped by mucous.

Several things happen to the air on its way to the alveoli. It is: 1.Adjusted to Body TemperatureBody Temperature: By the time it arrives at the alveoli the air has been in contact with many tissues and is 37o C.

2.Adjusted to 100% humidity100% humidity. As inhaled air passes over the mucous passageways, it becomes saturated with water.

3.3.Cleansed of debris Cleansed of debris in a 2 part process. • Nose hairs and mucous in the nasal passageways. • Mucous and Cilia in Trachea and bronchi. *Note: cilia

do not filter!

The trachea splits into two bronchi two bronchi and takes the air into each lung.

These branches also have cartilagecartilage around them, for the same reason.

The bronchi conducts air into smaller branching passageways called bronchioles.bronchioles.

The bronchioles are branching passageways that carry air to its ultimate destination, the alveolialveoli.

These are the blind sac-likesac-like endings at the end of the bronchioles.

There are approx. 700,000 700,000 alveolialveoli in the human lung.

This is the site of gas exchangesite of gas exchange.

OO22 leaves the alveoli and moves moves

into the blood into the blood to be taken around the body.

COCO2 2 does the opposite and is

breathed outbreathed out.

Why are they so special?

1. NUMEROUSNUMEROUS: Each adult lung contains millionsmillions of alveoli. This provides lots of surface area surface area for the gases to be exchanged.

2. THIN WALLSTHIN WALLS: The walls of alveoli are only one cell thickone cell thick.

3. STRETCH RECEPTORSSTRETCH RECEPTORS: They have stretch receptors that signal signal when the alveoli are full alveoli are full enough (stretched). They send a message to the brain to start exhalationexhalation.

Why are they so special?

4.4.MOISTMOIST: They are very moist and this helps gas exchange.

•VERY RICH BLOOD SUPPLYVERY RICH BLOOD SUPPLY: They have a close association with many blood capillaries so oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged efficientlyexchanged efficiently.

•LINED WITH A LAYER OF LINED WITH A LAYER OF LIPOPROTEINS LIPOPROTEINS (surfactant) on their inner surface. This helps to maintain surface tension, thus preventing them from preventing them from collapsing collapsing and sticking together during exhalation.

This is a sheet of a sheet of musclemuscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

When you inhale it inhale it moves down.moves down.

When you exhale it exhale it moves up.moves up.

These are the bones that are connected to the vertebral column and sternum.These are INTERCOSTAL muscles INTERCOSTAL muscles between the ribs, which help to move the ribs…1.1.Up and out when we inhale.Up and out when we inhale.2.2.Down and in when we exhale.Down and in when we exhale.

Our control of the breathing process is only voluntary to a point.

The medulla oblongata medulla oblongata of the brain is sensitive to the concentration of carbon dioxide carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions and hydrogen ions in the blood.

When the concentrations of H+ and CO2 reach a critical level, reach a critical level, the breathing center in the medulla oblongata is stimulated stimulated and sends nerve impulses to the diaphragm and the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. intercostal muscles.

When the brain realizes there is too much COtoo much CO22 in our blood, it sends a message to the rib muscles and diaphragm to contract.contract.

The ribs move up and outribs move up and out, the diaphragm moves downdiaphragm moves down.

This creates more space more space in the lungs (negativenegative air pressure) and air rushes in air rushes in to fill that space.

This is called inhalationinhalation.

When the alveoli get too alveoli get too stretchedstretched (full of air), they send a message to the brain to stop stop inhaling.inhaling.

The brain tells the muscles to relax relax and the ribs move back down and indown and in, while the diaphragm moves back upback up.

This decreases decreases the amount of spacespace in the lungs and the air is pushed outpushed out.

This is called exhalationexhalation.

See a Working Respiratory System: http://www.smm.org/heart/lungs/breathing.htm

These are membranes that enclose the lungsenclose the lungs.

The outerouter pleural membrane sticks closely to the walls of the sticks closely to the walls of the chest chest & the diaphragm.

The innerinner pleural membrane is stuck to the lungsstuck to the lungs. The two lie very close to each other.

The pleura allows the surface of the lungs to slide slide over the body over the body wall easilywall easily, without abrasion.

The pleura seals off the thoracic seals off the thoracic cavity cavity so when the lungs inflate, a negative air pressure negative air pressure is created and this causes air to rush in.

These membranes also stick the lungs to the chest cavity walls, so when the ribs move out, so do when the ribs move out, so do the lungs.the lungs.

A puncturepuncture to the chest wall, piercing the pleural membrane (even without damaging the lung itself), will result in a pneumothoraxpneumothorax, or collapse of the lungcollapse of the lung.

In a situation like this, the negative pressure effectively draws air in through the puncture wound, putting pressure on the surface of the lung instead of inside it and the lung collapses.

Respiration is the set of processes involved with the conduction of oxygen to the tissuesconduction of oxygen to the tissues and the removal of the waste product CO2.

There are four aspects to respiration:

 1. BreathingBreathing: the inspiration and expiration of air.

 2. External RespirationExternal Respiration: gas exchange at the alveoli.

•Internal RespirationInternal Respiration: gas exchange at the tissues.

•Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration: mitochondria turn O2 and glucose into CO2 and H2O and ATP energy.

  Happens at the lungslungs.

It is the diffusion of OO22 into the into the pulmonary capillaries (bloodblood) and the diffusion of COCO22 and water into the and water into the

alveolialveoli to be exhaled with the air.

  Because there is a lot of CO2 returning to the lungs, and not very much in the alveoli, the COCO22 diffuses from [H] to [L] diffuses from [H] to [L] down its concentration gradient and moves into the alveoli moves into the alveoli to be breathed out.

Because there is a lot of O2 in the fresh air in the alveoli, and not much in the deO2 blood, the oxygen diffuses from [H] to [L] oxygen diffuses from [H] to [L] down its concentration gradient and into the bloodinto the blood.

  Conditions in the blood at the alveoli are: 

Under these conditions, hemoglobin lets go of COlets go of CO22 and starts to love oxygenlove oxygen.

As it leaves the lungs, 99%99% of hemoglobin is occupied with oxygen it is called oxyhemoglobinoxyhemoglobin.

Hemoglobin transports oxygen to the tissue cellsto the tissue cells.

BasicBasic: pH of ~7.4CoolCool: ~37o CLow (negative) pressure Low (negative) pressure

O2 + Hb HbO2

 Happens at the tissuestissues.

It is the diffusion of OO22 into into

the tissuethe tissue cells, and the diffusion of COCO22 and water and water

into the bloodinto the blood capillaries.

The CO2 is then returned to the heart and sent to the lungs to be removed during exhalation.

 

O2

CO2

  Conditions in the blood at the tissues are: 

Under these conditions, hemoglobin lets go of Olets go of O22 and starts to love COlove CO2 2 and Hand H++.

The oxygen diffuses into the tissue diffuses into the tissue spaces along with the water that is forced from the plasma due to blood pressureblood pressure.

AcidicAcidic: pH of ~7.3WarmWarm: ~38o CHigh pressure High pressure

HbO2 Hb + O2

 

OO22 + GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE

COCO22 + H2O + + H2O +

  At the venule end of the capillary bed, when water is drawn backwater is drawn back into the blood by osmotic pressureosmotic pressure, COCO22 enters the blood enters the blood.

Carbon dioxide can be transported in three ways:

1. Dissolved gas, 2. Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO1. Dissolved gas, 2. Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO22), 3. Bicarbonate ion (HCO), 3. Bicarbonate ion (HCO33-)-)

 Because the hemoglobin now loves the COloves the CO22, they join to form

carboxyhemoglobincarboxyhemoglobin.

CO2 also joins with waterwater to make the bicarbonate ionbicarbonate ion. There is an enzyme in the red blood cells called CARBONIC CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ANHYDRASE which catalyzes this reaction.

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

Carbonic anhydrase Carbonic anhydrase

CO2 + Hb HbCO2

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

Carbonic anhydrase Carbonic anhydrase

 

The extra hydrogen ion extra hydrogen ion from the water is now free. This is BAD as it is ACIDICACIDIC and can eat through the blood vessel walls.

So, hemoglobin acts as a bufferbuffer and joins with the hydrogen ion to make reduced hemoglobinreduced hemoglobin.

H+ + Hb HHb

 When the blood returns to the lungs, the conditions change again, and hemoglobin hemoglobin dumps COdumps CO22 and H and H++ & wants to pick up Opick up O22 again.

So all of the reactions happen in reversereverse.

HbCO2 CO2 + Hb

H+ + HCO3- H2CO3

CO2 + H2O Carbonic anhydrase Carbonic anhydrase

HHb H+ + Hb

  At this point, all that is left to be excreted at the lungs is water and water and COCO22.

So the CO2 diffuses into the alveoli diffuses into the alveoli and is exhaledexhaled.

The water will either:1. Be exhaledexhaled in the air

  2. Enter the alveoli to keep them moist moist 3. Remain in the plasma plasma

 

H2O + CO2

 

REVIEW OF RESPIRATION:

Transport of Oxygen: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXOBJEXxNEo&feature=related

REVIEW OF RESPIRATION:

Transport of Carbon Dioxide:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x26TWL3VKMg&feature=related

•Smoking causes lung cancer and emphysema

•Emphysema causes the alveoli to lose their elasticity

•People who have respiratory disease often have heart disease

•There are over 4000 chemicals in cigarettes

•Smoking also destroys the cilia lining in your respiratory system so that dirt and particles can’t be removed

SMOKING POSTER CHILD

http://www.tobaccofacts.org/poster/index.html

ANIMATION: WHAT SMOKING DOES TO YOUR BODY

http://www.mydr.com.au/default.asp?article=4215

ASTHMA: Over 20 million people have asthma in the US, and it's the number-one reason that kids and teens chronically miss school.

Asthma is a long-term, inflammatory lung disease that causes airways to tighten and narrow when a person with the condition comes into contact with irritants such as cigarette smoke, dust, or pet dander.

BRONCHITIS: Although bronchitis doesn't affect most teens, it can affect those who smoke.

In bronchitis, the membranes lining the bronchial tubes become inflamed and an excessive amount of mucus is produced.

The person with bronchitis develops a bad cough to get rid of the mucus.

COMMON COLD: Colds are caused by over 200 different viruses that cause inflammation in the upper respiratory tract.

The common cold is the most common respiratory infection.

Symptoms may include a mild fever, cough, headache, runny nose, sneezing, and sore throat.

CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF): CF is an inherited disease affecting the lungs. CF causes mucus in the body to be abnormally thick and sticky. The mucus can clog the airways in the lungs and make a person more likely to get bacterial infections.

PNEMONIA is an inflammation of the lungs, which usually occurs because of infection (bacteria or virus).

Pneumonia causes fever, inflammation of lung tissue, and makes breathing difficult because the lungs have to work harder to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.

You can prevent many chronic lung and respiratory illnesses by avoiding smoking, staying away from pollutants and irritants, washing your hands often to avoid infection, and getting regular medical checkups.

SLEEP APNEA: Although the automatic breathing regulation system allows you to breathe while you sleep, it sometimes malfunctions.

Apnea involves stoppage of breathing for as long as 10 seconds, in some individuals as often as 300 times per night.

This failure to respond to elevated blood levels of carbon dioxide may result from viral infections of the brain, tumors, or it may develop spontaneously.

A malfunction of the breathing centers in newborns may result in SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome).

ALTITUDE SICKNESS: As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases.

Above 10,000 feet decreased oxygen pressures causes loading of oxygen into hemoglobin to drop off, leading to lowered oxygen levels in the blood.

The result can be mountain sickness (nausea and loss of appetite).

Mountain sickness does not result from oxygen starvation but rather from the loss of carbon dioxide due to increased breathing in order to obtain more oxygen.