*The NOnA Detector~62 m15.4 m~15 kT total mass, off axisTotally Active granular liquid scintillator designOutstanding ne pattern recognition & measurement

NOnA Tasks at CaltechCaltech Initiated or Responsible for Many Key Aspects of NOnAHardwareElectronics/DAQ ManagementAPD TestingPVC TestingFiber TestingVertical Slice TestsCritical Performance measurement for CD3ASoftwareInitial Framework DevelopmentSubshower Package Adapted from MINOSPhoton Transport simulationSupernova SensitivityAPD/Electronics Response SimulationOne Cell0.7mm WLS Fiber

Vertical Slice ResultsNow using prototype APD and Front-End Board for readoutFunctionally equivalent to final design componentsSeveral months of data taking have yielded excellent results, testing several cells at onceAverage light Yield: 35 pe/muon for 300ppm dye concentrationExpectation was 25pe:Exceeded expectations*

Electronics Response Simulation:Readout Filter Optimization (Toolkit)*Input (black) It includes signals at 50,60, and 150 clock ticksOutput (red) The output of the shaper, determined by rise-time and fall time. This also has Gaussian distributed amplifier noise added.DCSOut (blue) A simple Dual-Correlated Sample filter picks out signals at 50,60, possibly 150, depending on threshold.Convolution (Magenta) A more advanced filter; convoluting perfect signal with an interpolated output signal. Useful for precise timing when signals are isolated, but doesnt resolve double pulses well.Optimal Filter: in ~1 Year

MINOS

ADR Grant: Prototyping Next-Generation Megaton-Scale Neutrino Detectors ADR grant: covered technician salary (part time) and equipmentFocus on further development of water/plastic scintillator systemsAims: high light output; low cost per kiloton (projected savings: 80 - 90% Soln: 1 cubic meter tank detector Scintillator strands replaced granules of earlier designEasier to get high quality scintillator, no circulation system requiredMore realistic configuration for larger detectors, but more difficult to construct Construction complete in mid-2007 Promising preliminary results Scintillator Strands1 Meter Cube Prototype

MINOS

*Successful Initial Results; OulookThis is a promising new technologyMore R&D is necessary to optimize the design and construction techniquesWe plan to apply for further ADR funding A paper is in the worksConstruction is completeInitial results show light that the output is essentially the same as MINOS: 6 pe/cm of scintillator

MINOS

MINOS/NOnA GroupBudget Request Faculty (HN, Peck), Research Scientist (Leon Mualem), Tolman Fellow (Ryan Patterson), 3 Grad. Students (Himmel, Ochoa, Orchanian), Technician (Trevor) Doug Michael tragically passed away in 2005 ~$ 130k cut from MINOS Budget in 2007-2008Barish and Peck are Emeritus, Zheng and Howcroft leftNew in 2007: Research Scientist L. Mualem, Tolman Fellow R. Patterson (50% on Grant), Grad Student M. Orchanian Although smaller, the group remains strong: Caltech has established crucial, central roles in both MINOS operations and physics, and NOnA R&D and constructionWe request the minimum needed: $ 564k for FY2009 on the DOE Grant [This is + $ 27k from FY08; Still ~$ 100k Less than FY06]

MINOS

MINOS/NOnA Group PayoffMINOS and NOnA Leading ContributionsMINOSAntineutrino Oscillation Analysis and RHC Runne Optimized Analysis for 1 3 Oscillationsn - n Transition AnalysisCC Analysis for Neutrino 2 3 OscillationsNOnA Key Detector Design and Development Studies Leadership of Electronics and DAQ Vertical Slice Test, Leading in to CD3A Analysis for More Sensitive Tests of 13

MINOS

Backup Slides on Antineutrinosin MINOS

MINOS

The Antineutrino-PID Method [Ochoa] For each event, calculate the product of probabilities that event comes from the nu or nubar distributionsThe nubar-PID parameter is given by:Increase NuBar-PID cutEfficiencyPurity Observe very clear separation: Very high purity with good efficiencyFit significance cut:Note: Efficiency measured w.r.t. all true CC antineutrinos

MINOS

*Very interesting physics can be done with antineutrinos:Very strong involvement of Caltech group in these areas. 1) n oscillation analysis: A large CPT-violating region still unexplored90%, 95%, 99% and 3 CPT violating regions still allowed by global fit (except LSND)M.C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Maltoni and T. Schwetz (hep-ph/0306226) 2) nn transitions: have never been looked for before in atmos sector.

Some models beyond the SM predict them (i.e. Langacker and Wang, Phys. Rev. D 58 093004). Could fully explain the atmospheric neutrino results (Alexeyev and Volkova, hep ex/0504282)Antineutrino physics 3) Measurement of Beam nes: important for ne analysis

MINOS

*Approx. 6% of our beam is made of muon antineutrinos. Unique advantage: both MINOS detectors are magnetized.Allows us to separate neutrinos and antineutrinos on an event-by-event basis.1x1020 POTAmplified spectrumDifficulty: not many events in osc. peak regionMCAntineutrinos in MINOS Difficulty: not many events in osc. peak region

MINOS

FluggNew Monte CarloOld Monte CarloBeam systematics Working to update the beam Monte Carlo from Geant3 to Geant4.Use Flugg to run the new geometry in Fluka, a more trusted physics simulationGeant-Fluka PhysicsGeant 4 PhysicsFluggGeant 3 GeometryGeant 4 GeometryFluka GeometryFluka Physics

MINOS

Rate differences come from : (FHC/ advantage in parentheses) N CC cross section (+100%) n/p ratio in detector (+15%)+ versus - production in the target (+30% near energy peak) CC efficiency (-5% near energy peak)Rate Comparison, FHC & RHCRHC anti-neutrino and FHC neutrino osc. measurements differprimarily in event rate.

2.9X more events/proton inFHC/ mode (below 6 GeV)

MINOS

Left: FHC/ and RHC/ sensitivities for same exposures (stat only) Right: Same number of events below 6 GeV (i.e. 2.9 Times more RHC than FHC exposure) Rate is indeed the primary difference Reversed Horn Current Mode Sensitivity*

MINOS

Antineutrino OscillationWorld ReachRed = MINOS reversed-mode oscillation sensitivityBlack = Combined post-FY2010 sensitivity from MINOS atm. (most exposure scaling) MINOS FHC anti-neutrino sample Super-K, with either......sqrt(N) Super-K scaling...current published Super-KSituation assuming SK is already systematics limited

MINOS

Backup Slides on MINOS ne Appearance Analysis

MINOS

Apply muon removal (MR) to both data and MCApply ne selection on both. Use differences in both samples to reweight the NC expectation in the ne analysis. Use Muon Removal (MR) to assess the hadronic backgrounds:ND databefore MR after MR

(NN selected events) # of NC events in ne analysis # of ne candidates in MR data # of ne candidates in MR MC # of ne candidates that are NC in MC MR reweighting removed the ~60% overall normalization discrepancy Muon Removal Method

MINOS

Need to tag antineutrinos coming from m+ decay. Use fact that antineutrino spectrum is practically the same independently of the beam configuration:

Irreducible background in ne analysis: intrinsic beam nes Nearly all come from m+ e+ + ne + nmLow energy (LE) pseudo-medium energy (pME)pseudo-high energy (pHE)MCMCMCMost antineutrino parents just go through the center of both hornsBeam nes from antineutrinosWork led by Caltech, in collaboration with BNL

MINOS

Only m+ component changes significantly when running in pME or pHE !The Technique:Scale pME (or pHE) and LE data to same POT and take the difference pMELE(pME-LE)TRUE at 1e18 POTFit with using shapes from the MC: Corrections due to differences in the antineutrinos from p- and K-Preliminary result obtained with 1.6x1019 POT of pHE data: Beam nes from antineutrinosBeam ne rate = 1.57 0.37(stat) 0.41 (syst) times the tuned MC expectation

MINOS

The MCNN PIDA MCNN PID is constructed from the best 50 matches information: Using: 1) fracCC = fraction of best 50 matches that were e CC with y

Overview of Detector R&DNOnAPerform light output tests to understand the components of the scintillator system [Ongoing] PVC extrusions, liquid scintillator, WLS fiberVerification of scintillator system performance using a NOnA APD [Ongoing]Photon production and transport Monte Carlo [Ongoing]Tests and Optimization of the Electronic Readout[Ongoing]Personnel Jason Trevor, Leon Mualem + undergraduate

NOnA Scintillator System Each cell an extruded TiO2 loaded PVC tube with ID 60mm x 39mm x 15.7m long Cells are filled with mineral oil scintillator which is read out at one end with a U-loop WLS fiber running to a multi-pixel APDKuraray 0.7 mm WLS Fiber Light output requirement determined by achievable noise on the APD amplifier. The current estimate of minimum required Light Output is ~20-25 photoelectronsOne Cell0.7mm WLS FiberR&D at CaltechComposition of the PVC cell wallsLiquid scintillator compositionFiber diameter and dye concentrationFiber positionIntegration testing

NOnA APD PhotodetectorSi Avalanche PhotodiodeCustom design to match two-fiber aspect ratioBare die mounted to PCB via gold bump thermo-compression

NOnA Test SetupIncreased trigger sizes. More than triple the rate, no effect on precision.Testing apparatus is otherwise unchangedIncreased throughput of system; limited by sample preparation time, instead of trigger rate.

NOnA Extrusion tests

NOnA Extrusion ResultsTests of recent extrusions show high and consistent light output compared to previous recipes.Recent extrusions have also extruded well mechanically. This is CRITICAL to integrity of the detector: the PVC is the structure

Background and Supernova Sensitivity Studies [LM]NOnA is a search for a small signalUnderstanding and correctly modeling the background is importantWork at Minnesota demonstrated the need for an overburdenThis work also showed potential for Supernova detection with the overburdenNew framework is nearly in place to simulate the backgrounds properly, and to determine Supernova signal sensitivity

Find the SuperNOnA~15min of data With typical ~10s supernova signal100ms time bins1m OVERBURDEN

NOnA Software / AnalysisCreated the Framework used for NOnA software development and TDR analysisThis base now being expanded to add featuresCreated the Subshower analysis package for MINOS, ported to NOvA frameworkShowing promising results by Bernstein@FNALNeeds to be carried through to a complete analysisCreated Photon propagation code Generally useful for understanding light collection and detector performanceValidation with actual test data continues

NOnA Software at CaltechWe developed a set of lightweight libraries (SoCal) to allow people to access NOnA data and information in C++/ROOT. This has now been further developed into a full-fledged framework. SoCal consisted of:Data format for NOANOvA geometry and electronics connection mapEvent display packageDetector & Electronics response simulation toolsFull (and up to date) documentation.Tools to help people write further packages.Used by the collaboration to develop reconstruction and analysis used for TDR and foundation of new frameworkSoCal Caius Howcroft

NOnA Photon Propagation Detector SimulationDetector simulation code that models the light output of the scintillator, the collection of WLS fiber and the propagation to the APD, PhotonTransporterTracks individual photons and correctly deals with wavelength dependent absorption, reflection and emission coefficients.Has been used to understand results from the Caltech test-stand and in production MC.Accurately reproduces features of measured light collection in a cell Caius HowcroftCharged ParticleSimulated CellWLS FibersPhoton

MINOS

Backup Slides on Prototyping Megaton-Scale Neutrino Detectors

MINOS

*Proof of Principle19cm x 19cm x 13cmConstructed using left-over MINOS scintillator + WLS FiberWater and scintillator granules were circulated by small pumpsLight output in this prototype was lower than the nominal goal for a practical large detector, butThe scintillator was of poor qualityThe prototype was too small losses were still dominated by absorption in the walls Solution: Scale up volume by a factor of 200

MINOS

*Completed 1m3 Detector

MINOS

*Readout TopologyTank is divided into eight regionsAll WLS fibers from a given region are routed to one of eight phototube boxes Muon triggers are centered over the inner four regions Inner regions are 30cm x 30cmMuon Triggers are 18cm x 18cm65207431 Meter1

MINOS

*1m3 Prototype Preliminary Analysis01234567

MINOS

Backup Slides on Caltech Group Activities Past and Present

MINOS

Ryan PattersonMINOSJoined Caltech as a Richard C. Tolman Fellow in September 2007Central involvement in the e analysis (including critical work on PID, near/far systematics, code infrastructure)Advanced Caltech's reversed horn current studies; has brought the ideas to full proposal form (now part of MINOS long-range plan)Has taken lead in tackling the MINOS computing bottleneckNOABrings event simulation and reconstruction expertise to Caltech's NOA efforts

MINOS

Leon MualemNOnA Leading role in Data Acquisition system, readout electronics, and Avalanche Photodiode detectorsResponsible for critical measurements of detector performance underway at CaltechR&D on optimization of APD and electronics operational parametersSimulation of detector sensitivity to supernova neutrinosSimulation of cosmic ray backgrounds to nue appearance and supernova detectionMINOSConstruction expert, working on publication of detector construction and performance paperCoordinates production of half of all required MINOS Monte-Carlo simulation on Caltech farm

MINOS

Juan Pedro OchoaMINOSResponsible for the Veto Shield: modeling, reconstruction, precise calibration; operationsAnti-neutrino physics:Developed particle identifier (PID) for n selectionStudied potential for neutrino-antineutrino transitionsStudy of sensitivity to n oscillations in normal and reversed horn current running modes. ne Appearance (Thesis Subject): Measured beam nes using antineutrinos from m-decayDeveloped Monte Carlo Nearest Neighbor (MCNN) method to optimally select ne charged current eventsSystematic studies for ne analysisBatch production of files of interest to the ne group on the Caltech farm.

MINOS

The MINOS Veto Shield [Ochoa]Veto Shield Timing:

Single hit resolution remains at 4.2ns. All data periods are now covered.

Veto Shield Maintenance and Operation: Calculate efficiencies on plank by plank basis.

Useful for locating bad cables, light leaks and dead channels.

Bad cable ! (now fixed)

MINOS

Atmospheric Neutrino Studies: Using the Veto Shield (Ochoa)Caltech has been looking at ways to improve the current atmospheric neutrino selectionUpward going events carry a lot of information about oscillations; as is evident from the latest analysis Current upward going selection is based on hit-timing along the trackAdditional information can come from timing of veto shield hits, improving the 1/b resoln, and reducing the background in the upward going event sample. Ochoas precise veto shield time-calibration a key step t/s

distance along trackHits along trackVeto shield hitGradient = 1/particle velocity

MINOS

Alex HimmelMINOSA Lead role in the Antineutrino groupSolely responsible for the antineutrino transition analysisHelped write the extrapolation software frameworkHelp to maintain common resources: code base, files, etc.Various short-term tasks: writing fake data code, validating special monte carlo runs, etc.Work in the Beam Systematics GroupThe effects of added Helium in the beamlineDownstream antineutrino production systematicUpdating the beamline Monte CarloADR Megaton-Scale Prototype Detector Data Analysis

MINOS

Jason TrevorNOnA detector R&D [with Leon Mualem]Testing of the various NOnA -type extrusions in order to establish a relationship between light yield and the reflectivity of the extrusion cell walls.Measurement of of WLS fiber characteristics. In particular we are looking at the relationship between dye concentration and attenuation length.Perform light yield measurements for a minimum ionizing muon passing through a baseline NOA cell near the U-bend in a full length (~33m) WLS fiber loop. Prototyping Next-Generation Megaton Detectors Design, construction and testing of a hybrid water/plastic scintillator detector prototype.

MINOS

Caius Howcroft (to 2007)MINOSCentral involvement in the group looking for ne appearance in the n beam. In particular the modeling of Neutral Current backgrounds Atmospheric neutrinos - using the MINOS far detector to test CPT invariance for neutrinos Antineutrinos - Looking for appearance in the beam and research into future anti-neutrino runningCentral role in the running of the experiment: MINOS Ex-com, Publications committee and speakers committeeNOnA used results of in-house NOnA scintillator R&D to create a Monte Carlo simulation of light output in the completed NOnA detectors

MINOS

Old: Atmospheric cosmic neutrino+antineutrino resultsCaltech (Howcroft) had a central role in the first MINOS physics publication.

MINOS

Proton Intensity and Barrier RF Stacking R&D [Zheng; to 2006]Doug Michael originated and leads the conceptual development of the FNAL proton intensity programPart of Caltech's involvement, in collaboration with Fermilab Beam Division, is Barrier RF Stacking (an alternative to slip stacking)Utilizes HV pulses as barriers to stack & squeeze the beamTwo schemes are being studied: on-momentum injection and off-momentum injectionBarrier RF Stacking on-momentum injection study has made a lot of progress over the yearSuccessfully stacked two Booster batches and reached 8.3e12 at 120 GeV (60% Increase) Barrier RF Stacking off-momentum injection study demonstrates stacking is possible even with one barrierHardware system for 2nd barrier has been assembled and will be installed One of several Proton Intensity projects involving Caltech

MINOS

Shower Reconstruction and ne Analysis [HZ, CH; to 2007]The Caltech 3D Shower and Subshower packages for ne event ID and reconstruction have become the standard for MINOS. Based on PH distributions in 2D, SubShowers are formed and IDed, then combined into 3D showers ne discriminants developed at Caltech, with Cambridge, provide improved performanceNew technique to optimize the ne ID capability using full event-by-event shower pattern matching against ne event templates, has been developed and is now being successfully applied [CH, PO]

MINOS

NOnA Software R&D at Caltech [CH, HZ; to 2007]Our group built the first software framework, and participated in the development of NOnA detector simulation & event reconstruction software Photon production and propagation simulation software based on detector R&D measurements done locally Patterson will work with Howcroft to continue these effortsInitial Simulations at Caltech (Howcroft, Zheng), building on MINOS ne reconstruction work, showed remarkable pattern recognition capability

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