P-2019, O-2015

Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training: Tasks O-2015, P-2019

Ground Operations and Safety

Preflight

Emergency Egress

Flight Line

P-2019, O-2015

Safety — Three Rules

NEVER sacrifice safety to save time Use established procedures and checklists You may have to deviate from common

procedures — if you do, use common sense and prudent judgment. (See rule 1)

P-2019, O-2015

Aircraft Pre-flight– WALK AROUND– WINGS– FUSELAGE– PROPELLER– CONTROLS– LIGHTS– TIRES– OIL– FUEL– COWLING– TIE DOWNS– CHOCKS

P-2019, O-2015

What was missed on pre-flight?

P-2019, O-2015

Aircraft Pre-flight A safety check of the aircraft’s condition for flight

– Pre-flight is the pilot’s responsibility– Should be performed with a checklist– Pilot may request assistance of scanner or observer

The walk around portion is an inspection of structural components, equipment, and other essentials such as:

– Fuel and oil– Landing, taxi, navigation, and anti-collision lights– Tires and brakes

Additional pre-flight tasks (such as run up, radio checks, etc.) occur after the crew is buckled in.

P-2019, O-2015

Flightline Operations

P-2019, O-2015

Flight Line Purpose

Safety– Traffic (and pedestrian) control– Manage congested areas– Fire watch

Logistic assistance– Fuel– Ropes– Etc.

P-2019, O-2015

Aircraft Refueling Procedures

GROUND WIRE

FUEL CAPS

FUEL SUMP DRAINS

CHOCKS

P-2019, O-2015

Flight Line Operations Safety No Smoking Keep the area clean Use proper surfaces Never push or pull on propeller to move A/C Hats off on flight line Approach aircraft from the rear when

possible– If aircraft is facing you, walk out by wing

tip then walk behind strut to the door Seat belts and shoulder harnesses (<1,000’)

including when moving on the ground

P-2019, O-2015

Flight Line Operations — Taxi Fire bottle (extinguisher) is required for engine

start Only a CAP pilot or FAA-certified mechanic can

start, taxi, or otherwise operate CAP aircraft in ground operations

In congested areas — ensure wing tips are clear– Other aircraft– Objects on the airport– If in doubt, get a wing walker

P-2019, O-2015

Safety During Ramp Movements

Taxiing – all crewmembers looking for obstacles– Obstacle within six feet – get out and push– Obstacle within 6 to 10 feet – get a marshaller or “wing

walker”– No unnecessary talk (sterile cockpit)

Obey flightline hand signals– But use common sense – many linemen are inexperienced

P-2019, O-2015

SIGNALMAN’S SIGNALMAN’S POSITIONPOSITION

P-2019, O-2015

Flight line hand signals

Outward motion with thumbsPULL CHOCKS

Inward motion with thumbsINSERT CHOCKS

Circle with handSTART ENGINE

Hands out making a pulling motionCOME AHEAD

P-2019, O-2015

Flight line hand signals

Motion forward, pointing leftTURN LEFT

Thumbs upALL CLEAR - O.K.

Downward motion with palmsSLOW DOWN

Motion forward, pointing rightTURN RIGHT

P-2019, O-2015

Flight line hand signals

Hands crossed above headSTOP

Slash throat with fingerCUT ENGINE

Crossing hands over headEMERGENCY STOP

P-2019, O-2015

Safety during Taxiing

Taxiing – all crewmembers assist the pilot– Prevent collisions with other aircraft and vehicles– Help the pilot find and stay on the taxiway (bad

weather, low visibility, night on an unlighted airport)

Be familiar with airport signs and markings– Runway markings are white and taxiway markings

are yellow

P-2019, O-2015

Airport Signs and Airport Signs and MarkingsMarkings

Follow the yellow lines

Stay behind thedashed lines

Need ATC permissionto cross the solid lines

P-2019, O-2015

Airport Signs and Airport Signs and MarkingsMarkingsMandatory signs have a red background with a white inscription

May have a row of red stop bar lights embedded in the pavement.When illuminated, do not cross (even if given permission by ATC)

Location boundary signs have a yellow background with a black inscription

Visible from the runwayVisual clues to determine when you’re clear of the runway

P-2019, O-2015

Airport Signs and Airport Signs and MarkingsMarkings

Location signs have a black background with a yellow inscription

Direction signs have a yellow background with a black inscription

P-2019, O-2015

Airport-related ATC Airport-related ATC ClearancesClearances

Be familiar with ATC ground clearances that involve the airport signs and markings• Back up the pilot when taxiing

Controllers are required to get acknowledgement of all “hold short” instructions

Pilot/Observer should read back all clearances•“Cleared to taxi” or “Taxi” (implied

clearance)•“Cleared for takeoff runway 22”

P-2019, O-2015

Airport-related ATC Airport-related ATC ClearancesClearances

Meaning of clearances:•“Taxi to …” Cleared to taxi to any point

other than assigned takeoff runway. Cleared to cross all runways that intersect the taxi route. Does not authorize taxiing onto or crossing assigned runway.

•“Taxi to … hold short of …” Cleared to taxi, but enroute to taxi clearance limit must hold short of another taxiway or crossing runway.

P-2019, O-2015

Airport-related ATC Airport-related ATC ClearancesClearances

Meaning of clearances:•“Cross runway …” Cleared to cross the

runway crossing your taxi route and continue to taxi clearance limit.

•“Hold short …” Do not enter or cross the taxiway or runway specified by the controller. If there is a painted hold line, do not cross it.

•“Report position” Identify your location on the airport.

P-2019, O-2015

Egress

P-2019, O-2015

Emergency Egress

  

 

P-2019, O-2015

Normal Egress - Scanner Position (left rear)

Engine is off, propeller stopped Front seat crewmember typically open the door Check to make sure you have everything necessary for debrief Mission Pilot may pull seat forward while seated to allow

scanner to egress Remove headset, Unfasten seat belt, and step onto step on left

landing gear strut, then onto ground Be observant for other aircraft, propellers (turning and

stopped), flaps and ailerons (forehead height)

P-2019, O-2015

Normal Egress - Observer Position (Forward Right)

Check to make sure nothing will blow out the door when opened and that you have everything necessary for debrief

Open the door only after the engine is off and the propeller stopped. Pull up on armrest handle to open the door

Remove headset You may wish to pull seat forward while seated to allow

scanner to egress (if 4 crewmembers)– This will allow you to push the seat all the way back for easier

egress

P-2019, O-2015

Normal Egress - Observer Position (Forward Right) Continued

Push the seat back:– In Cessnas, this requires you to reach down to the left

and hold a small lever, while squeezing a bar under the front of the seat

Unfasten seat belt, and step onto step on right landing gear strut, then onto ground

Be observant for other aircraft, propellers (turning and stopped), flaps and ailerons (forehead height)

P-2019, O-2015

Normal Egress - Mission Pilot Position (Forward Left)

Complete engine shutdown checklist Check to make sure nothing will blow out the door

when opened and that you have everything necessary for debrief

Don’t forget to remove your headset! Egress the same as for Observer, except from left

door

P-2019, O-2015

Variation in Egress

Member owner non-Cessna aircraft will require modified egress methods

Many aircraft are low wing and may only have a single door on the left side

All crewmembers should be briefed prior to takeoff on how to open the door and egress the aircraft

P-2019, O-2015

Emergency Egress

May be due to fire, smoke or other condition that requires immediate egress

Mission Pilot is the crew commander - do not exit the airplane before he tells you to do so– Pilots: whenever possible you should brief you crew on what

you want them to do and how you will signal them to do it beforehand

– Front seat crewmembers should state if they will be pulling the seat up for the rear seat crewmembers to leave first or not

P-2019, O-2015

Emergency Egress (continued)

When given the egress order, egress the aircraft by normal methods, but as quickly as possible – Leave debrief materials and other equipment in the aircraft

Don’t forget to remove your headset! Once clear of the door proceed to an area well away

and aft of the aircraft Meet up with all of the crew to ensure everyone is

safe

P-2019, O-2015

Crash Egress Normal egress routes may be blocked

– A wing may be collapsed, door jammed, or the aircraft may be rolled over on its side or even inverted

Prior to impact door locks should be opened so that the door is ajar – During a crash landing, the fuselage may be deformed, having the door

ajar prevents the door from being permanently locked barring egress On land, once the aircraft has stopped, egress by the fastest

route possible– Be aware of dangers such as loose headset wires, sharp metal, spilled

fuel, etc.

P-2019, O-2015

Crash Egress (continued)

If doors are blocked, windows or baggage doors may be kicked out

Once clear of the door proceed to an area well away from of the aircraft

In a water ditching, stay belted in until a door or other egress route is open– Unbelting early will disorient you, possibly trapping you in the

aircraft

Meet up with all of the crew to ensure everyone is safe