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First Published in Malaysia 2008 Copyright © Nutrition Section, Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2008 ISBN 978-983-42874-9-8 Published by: Nutrition Section Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia Level 7, Block E10 Federal Government Administrative Centre 62590 Putrajaya, Malaysia Tel. : 603-88834086 Fax : 603-88884647 Website : www.nutrition.moh.gov.my All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the publisher.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey was funded by the Ministry of Health through the
operating budget of three Divisions, the Family Health Development Division, the Food
Safety and Quality Division and the Health Education and Communication Division. This
survey was coordinated by the Nutrition Section of the Family Health Development Division.
The completion and success of this survey was due to the hard work and dedication of the
scouting team, survey team and the Technical Committee for the Malaysian Adult Nutrition
Survey. The latter was responsible for the development of the survey design and the survey
questionnaire, monitoring the quality of the survey data, analyzing the data and preparing
this report. Throughout this period the survey team and the Technical Committee members
showed a high level of professionalism and team spirit.
The Technical Committee comprised of members from several divisions in the Ministry of
Health, the Health Departments of the states of Johor and Selangor, the Public Health
Institute, the Institute of Medical Research, the Institute for Health Systems Research, as
well as academicians from the local universities. Their commitment and contribution is
highly acknowledged. We would like to acknowledge support from the Directors of the State
Health Department, Director of the Institute for Public Health, Director of the Institute of
Medical Research, Director of the Institute for Health Systems Research, Heads of
Departments of Nutrition and Dietetic, of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and Universiti
Putra Malaysia and the Dean, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia for their
support and cooperation.
Special thanks are due to the staff at the Nutrition Laboratory, Institute for Medical
Research for their help in the nutrient analysis of 41 food samples to supplement the data in
the current Malaysian Food Composition Tables, which was used in the analysis of certain
food items not in the database. This survey would not have been possible without the
understanding, commitment and participation of our respondents. We offer our deepest
gratitude to the nearly 7000 Malaysians who welcomed us into their homes and made this
Adult Nutrition Survey a success.
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The report of this survey has been written in nine volumes which are:
Volume 1: Methodology
Volume 2: General Findings
Volume 3: Nutritional Status of Adults Aged 18 to 59 Years
Volume 4: Meal Pattern of Adults Aged 18 to 59 Years
Volume 5: Dietary Intake of Adults Aged 18 to 59 Years
Volume 6: Physical Activity of Adults Aged 18 to 59 Years
Volume 7: Habitual Food Intake of Adults Aged 18 to 59 Years
Volume 8: Dietary Supplement Use among Adults Aged 18 to 59 Years
Volume 9: The Field Survey and Data Support Team
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VOLUME 1
Methodology
Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
Authors
Safiah Mohd. Yusof Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Siti Haslinda Mohd. Din Department of Statistics, Malaysia
Ahmad Mahir Razali Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi
Siti Fatimah Ahmad Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
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Technical Committee Members
Ahmad Ali Zainuddin Institute for Public Health Ministry of Health Malaysia
Ahmad Mahir Razali Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Azmi Md. Yusof State Department of Health, Johor
Fatimah Salim Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Fatimah Sulong State Department of Health, Negeri Sembilan
Jamal Khair Hashim State Department of Health, Selangor
Khairul Zarina Mohd Yusop Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Mirnalini Kandiah Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Universiti Putra Malaysia
Nor Azliana Mohamat Nor Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Norlela Mohd. Hussin State Department of Health, Selangor
Norimah A. Karim Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Poh Bee Koon Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Safiah Mohd. Yusof (Principal Investigator) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Siti Haslinda Mohd. Din Department of Statistics, Malaysia
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Technical Committee Members
Sabtuah Royali Health Education Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Tahir Aris Institute for Health Systems Research (IHSR) Ministry of Health Malaysia
Wan Abdul Manan Wan Muda Universiti Sains Malaysia
Zalilah Mohd Shariff Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Universiti Putra Malaysia
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Research Officers
Aida Azna Abu Hassan (from April 2002 until October 2003) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Asnah Laile Abdul Latif (from July 2004 until January 2006) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Fasiah Wahad (from November 2006) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Fatimah Zurina Mohamad (from April 2002 until October 2003) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Mohd Hasyami Saihun (from July 2004 until November 2007) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Norhasniza Yaacob (from September 2007) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Normah Haron (from February 2006 to April 2007) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Siti Fatimah Ahmad (from October 2003 until November 2007) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Siti Norazlin Mohd Ngadikin (from April 2002 until November 2007) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
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Research Assistants
Anim Zakiah Mokhter (from March 2007) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Azlina Aliyah (from August 2004 until April 2005) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Nik Fazlina Nik Mustafa (from October 2003 until July 2004) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Nor Ismawan Othman (from October 2003 until September 2004) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Siti Rohana Mohd Yunus (from October 2003 until April 2005) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
Zanarita Ariffin (from January 2004 until September 2006) Family Health Development Division Ministry of Health Malaysia
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Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
FOREWORD BY DIRECTOR GENERAL OF HEALTH MALAYSIA
This report and the results of the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003 mark the outcome of five
years of planning, development, field work and analysis. This was brought about by a successful
collaboration between the Ministry of Health and the local universities.
This report provides definitive information on the nutritional status of Malaysian adults. For the first
time, a detailed food and nutrient intake information of the adult population in various parts of the
country, whether urban or rural, and of the various ethnic groups. Findings from this survey of a
representative sample of the population indicate the magnitude of the nutrition problems in this
country, for example, the estimated number of adults who are overweight and obese, those who are
sedentary, not consuming adequate energy or over consuming calories from fats.
This report is timely, as it coincides with our 9th Malaysia Plan mid-term review, and thus provides
useful guidance in the development of policies regarding health, nutrition, food safety, agriculture and
trade. This will place Malaysia at par with the developed countries, an important milestone in our
quest for standard setting and evidence-based planning of programmes.
The information obtained from this survey is essential in keeping up with the changing eating habits
due to globalisation and urbanisation. I, therefore, hope similar surveys will be continued on a
regular basis, and that future surveys cover other age groups such as infants, children, adolescents
and the elderly.
The Ministry of Health Malaysia would like to congratulate the Family Health Development Division,
Ministry of Health Malaysia and everyone involved in making this study a success. Special thanks to
the Technical Committee for the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey, all State Health Departments and
universities for their commendable effort in coming up with this extremely important document for
planning of Public Health programmes.
Thank you.
Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Dr. Hj Mohd. Ismail Merican
Director General of Health Malaysia
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Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
FOREWORD BY DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL OF HEALTH (PUBLIC HEALTH)
The increase in diet-related diseases during the last few decades in Malaysia has prompted the
government to recognize the important role that nutrition plays in the promotion of good health. To
achieve the goal of healthy population, Malaysians must have access to a nutritionally adequate diet,
safe foods and a sustainable healthy living environment.
The publication of the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2003 would generate much interest
amongst all health and nutrition care stakeholders in the country. Data and information gathered by
these surveys are extremely valuable to all decision makers at the national, state and district level as
well as those interested in the nutritional status of the Malaysian population.
Results of the MANS 2003 can be utilised as indicators to evaluate the achievements of the targets
in the National Plan of Action for Nutrition (2006-2015). The outcome of this survey can also be used
to measure the impact of current nutrition intervention programmes as well as to plan future activities
to cater for the unique needs of the various target population. This report will serve as a useful
reference for future research and helps in improving the availability of local data sources.
I would like to take this opportunity to congratulate and thank the Director of Family Health
Development Division and the Principal Investigator MANS 2003, all those directly involved in the
conduct of the survey, the Technical Committee Members and research field survey teams for their
dedication and tenacious efforts in completing this survey and publishing this invaluable report.
Dato’ Dr. Hj. Ramlee Hj. Rahmat
Deputy Director General of Health (Public Health)
Ministry of Health Malaysia
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Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
FOREWORD BY DIRECTOR OF FAMILY HEALTH DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
I am very happy with the successful completion of this report of the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey
(MANS) 2003. I appreciate the concerted effort, persistence and endurance of the officers who have
been involved in this survey. I am extra proud of the report which is the first National Adult Survey of
its kind conducted in this country.
This survey provides the data for action and policies, as well as the direction for further research
efforts towards improving the nutritional well-being of the population in line with the objectives of the
National Nutrition Policy of Malaysia.
I believe this survey report is an important document to provide guidance in the implementation and
evaluation of nutrition programmes and activities in the country under the Ninth and Tenth Malaysia
Plans.
The results of this study have given us a more comprehensive and up-to-date picture of the
nutritional status, dietary intake and physical activity of the adult population as well as their use of
food supplements. The report will also be valuable in assisting with the decision making for research,
services or training.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank the immediate past Director of Family Health
Development Division Dato‟ Dr Narimah Awin, whose support was instrumental in making this study
a success. I must congratulate Datin Dr Safiah Mohd Yusof the Principal Investigator and the
research team members whom with passion, dedication and hardwork, have successfully undertaken
and completed this study. I would also like to thank all individuals and agencies who have directly or
indirectly, contributed towards the completion of this study.
Dr. Hjh Safurah Hj. Jaafar
Director of Family Health Development Division
Ministry of Health Malaysia
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Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
FOREWORD BY PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
A nutrition survey involves measuring multiple variables that are interrelated. Moreover, a person‟s
food intake or physical activity can change from time to time. However, this type of information and
others to asses the nutritional status of the Malaysian population is urgently needed to develop food
and nutrition policies, intervention and educational programmes as well as to monitor the country‟s
nutrition situation.
This is the first time that a cross-sectional nutrition survey has been conducted nationwide, covering
Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. The main objective of this survey is to determine the
nutritional status, food consumption and physical activity pattern of Malaysian adults from 18 to 59
years old.
It is my sincere wish that the results of this study be maximally utilized by all stakeholders of nutrition
and health services in the country, including programme managers of the Ministry of Health
Malaysia, academicians, food manufacturers, private health institutions and individuals concerned.
The results should be used for the betterment of the nation, directly or indirectly in nutrition planning,
prioritisation, research or training.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank the Director General of Health Malaysia, Tan Sri Dato‟
Seri Dr. Hj Mohd Ismail Merican for giving valuable support in this survey.
A note of gratitude goes to the Deputy Director General of Health Malaysia (Public Health), Dato‟ Dr.
Hj. Ramlee Hj. Rahmat as an advisor to Technical Committee for this survey for his patience,
understanding and guidance to ensure the success of this survey.
I would like to acknowledge support from the Director of the Family Health Development Division,
Directors of all the State Health Departments, Director of the Institute for Public Health, Director of
the Institute of Medical Research, Director of the Institute for Health Systems Research, Heads of
Nutrition Departments of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and Universiti Putra Malaysia and the
Dean, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia for their support and cooperation. Their
commitment and contribution is highly appreciated.
The completion and success of this survey was due to the hard work and dedication of the scouting
team, survey team and the Technical Committee for the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey. The latter
was responsible for the development of the survey design and the survey questionnaire, monitoring
the quality of the survey data, analyzing the data and preparing this report. Throughout this period
the survey team and the Technical Committee members showed a high level of professionalism and
team spirit.
This survey would not have been possible without the understanding, commitment and participation
of our respondents. I offer my deepest gratitude to the nearly 7000 Malaysians who welcomed us into
their homes and made this Adult Nutrition Survey a success.
Datin Dr. Safiah Mohd Yusof
Principal Investigator
Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
Family Health Development Division
Ministry of Health Malaysia
Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
Foreword by Director General of Health Malaysia viii
Foreword by Deputy Director General of Health (Public Health) ix
Foreword by Director of Family Health Development Division x
Foreword by Principal Investigator xi
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF APPENDICES
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 SCOPE OF THE SURVEY 3
1.3 SURVEY OBJECTIVES 3
1.3.1 General Objective 3
1.3.2 Specific Objectives 3
1.4 METHODOLOGY 4
1.4.1 Sampling design and sample size 4
1.4.2 The pre- survey 6
1.4.3 Selection of respondents 8
1.4.3.1 Eligible respondents 8
1.4.4 Logistic support 8
1.4.5 Data collection period 9
1.4.6 The survey team 9
1.4.7 Survey instrument 9
1.4.7.1 Survey questionnaires 9
1.4.7.2 The Album on Portion Sizes of Malaysian Foods 13
1.4.7.3 The weighing scale 14
1.4.7.4 The height measuring instrument 14
1.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SURVEY 14
1.5.1 Pre-test of the survey 14
1.5.2 Data collection 14
1.5.3 Data collection quality control 18
1.5.4 Questionnaire management 19
Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
Contents Page
1.6 DATA MANAGEMENT 19
1.6.1 Data entry 19
1.6.2 Coding 21
1.6.3 Data cleaning 21
1.6.4 Data analysis 22
1.7 REFERENCES 26
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS 28
ETHNIC GROUP 29
APPENDIX 31
Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Title of Tables Page
1.4.1 Distribution of the total selected number of EBs and LQs 6
1.4.2 Distribution of the total number EBs and LQs selected after the pre survey 7
1.4.3 Names of forms in the questionnaire 10
1.4.4 Weight of different types of rice and cooked rice in different household measurements
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Title of Appendix Page
A The questionnaire forms 32
B Sample page from the Food Photo Album 59
C List of food items analysed at the Institute for Medical Research 60
D List of physical activities carried out by subjects 62
E Type of non-mineral non-vitamin supplement 66
F List of physical activities grouped into light, moderate and vigorous-intensity categories
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Methodology
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Diet and nutrition are important factors in the promotion and maintenance of good health
throughout life. They play an important role in the development of chronic non-
communicable diseases (WHO, 2003). High cholesterol levels have been identified as the
primary cause of coronary heart disease. Research findings have also established that
certain cancers, for example cancer of the colon, prostate and breast are diet related and in
these cases, dietary fat can influence both the promotion stage as well as the progression
stage of the cancer (Sellers et al., 1993). Overall, epidemiological studies have revealed
that the populations consuming diets low in fat and red meat, but high in vegetables and
grains are at low risk for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and certain cancers.
Over the past three decades, as Malaysia has prospered, the lifestyle of Malaysians has
changed in numerous ways. During this time a sharp and steady increase has occurred in
the incidence of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. The National Health and Morbidity
Survey II (NHMS II), conducted by the Ministry of Health (MOH) in 1996 and 1997, showed
that 30% of the population (above 30 years of age) have possible hypertension and 8.2% of
the population above 30 years of age have diabetes, compared to only 6.3% in first National
Health and Morbidity Survey (Maimunah, 1997). The Malaysian NHMS II, in assessing the
nutritional status of adults, used the WHO (1998) BMI cut-off points, and found that the
prevalence of overweight and obesity were 16.6%, and 4.4% respectively.
Energy balance in an individual is not determined by intake alone. It is also affected by the
caloric output, i.e. by physical activity. From NHMS II (MOH, 1996), the national prevalence
of ever exercise and adequate exercise was found to be 30.9% and 11.6% respectively.
Exercise was considered adequate if the person had performed one of the following 10
types of exercise - jogging, brisk walking, cycling, rope skipping, swimming, rowing, team
sport, racquet sport and calisthenics sport for more than 3 times a week, each lasting for at
least 15 minutes.
Assessing dietary adequacy is essential in order to formulate nutrition recommendations
with respect to nutrient intake and dietary habits of populations. In the absence of
consumption data at the national level, various studies involving relatively small sample
sizes do provide some information on food consumption among Malaysians. It has been
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reported that the dietary intakes of household members from low-income group are deficient
in calorie, iron, calcium, folate, retinol and vitamin B complex. In contrast, studies among
higher income groups showed that the major sources of calories tend to be more diverse
including meat, fish, and seafood beside cereals, cooking oil and sugars (Zanariah et al.,
1986; Khor, Hsu-Hage & Wahlqvist, 1998).
Nutrition is a complex process and difficult to characterize, unlike smoking. An individual
can give almost accurate information on whether he or she is smoking or not smoking.
They too can tell how many cigarettes, they smoke per day and since when. A nutrition
survey is complex because of the multiple exposures that need to be studied, which are
usually interrelated. For example, every individual will have fat, fibre and vitamin A in his or
her diet, but the quantity and quality of foods eaten will vary between individuals. Moreover,
a person‟s food intakes can change from time to time.
Information about the nutrition of the Malaysian population is urgently needed to develop
food and nutrition policies, intervention and educational programmes as well as monitoring
the country‟s nutrition situation. The current survey involved several thousands of subjects.
We were faced with the challenge to adopt a methodology that is precise and at the same
time at low cost. This is the first time that a cross-sectional nutrition survey was conducted
nationwide, covering Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak.
The objectives of the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey highlight the scope of the survey.
The outcome of this survey would be used for the development of baseline information for
nutrition surveillance and implementation of food-based dietary guidelines for Malaysia. It
could also be used for the development food and nutrition policies, intervention and
educational programmes, as well as a reference for planning and implementation of future
surveys.
The Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003 used a sampling frame that had included
populations in six zones of the country. Approximately 7000 statistically selected adults
were interviewed in their homes between October 2002 and December 2003. The face-to-
face interview technique was used.
This report is the first volume of nine series of the entire survey report. It outlines the
objectives of the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003, its background, and describes the
methodologies that were used in the data collection. The process for data entry, data
coding, data cleaning and analysis is also explained in the report.
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1.2 SCOPE OF THE SURVEY
For this survey the following scopes had been included:
- Anthropometry
- Measuring the current weight and height, underweight, overweight
and obesity status.
- 24-hour diet recall
- Pattern of the three main meals, i.e breakfast, lunch and dinner
- Habitual physical activity
- 24-hour physical activity recall
- Frequency and amount of intake for various foods and drinks for the
past one year
- Pattern of intake of nutrient and food supplements for the past one
year
1.3 SURVEY OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 General objective
To determine the nutritional status, dietary pattern and physical activity pattern among
Malaysian adults aged from 18 to 59 years old.
1.3.2 Specific objectives
i. To describe the body size and weight status.
ii. To develop a database on the consumption of various food items.
iii. To assess meal pattern.
iv. To determine the energy and nutrient intake.
v. To evaluate the habitual food intake.
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vi. To determine the frequency of intake of nutrient and food
supplements.
vii. To assess physical activity pattern.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
1.4.1 Sampling design and sample size
The Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey was a cross-sectional population survey, being
conducted nationwide for the first time between year 2002 and 2003, covering Peninsular
Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. Geographically, the survey covered the whole of Malaysia,
both the urban and rural areas. It covered only households living in private Living Quarters
(LQs). The institutional households of those living in hostels, hotels, hospitals, prisons etc,
which constitutes about one percent of the total households in the country, were excluded
from the coverage of the survey.
a) Sampling Frame
The sampling frame was from the Department of Statistics‟ National Household Sampling
Frame (NHSF), which is made up of Enumeration Blocks (EBs) created for the 2000
Population and Housing Census. Enumeration Blocks are land areas with identifiable
boundaries, each containing about 80-120 LQs and about 600 persons. Generally all EBs
are formed within gazette boundaries, i.e. within „mukim‟ or local authority areas.
b) Sampling technique
A stratified random sampling with proportional allocation was used for this survey which
covered six zones in Malaysia. The zones were the Southern, Central, East Coast, and
Northern zones of Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak.
The first stage units of sample selection were the EBs while the second stage units were
the LQs within the selected EBs. At every stage of selection the units were selected with
equal probability within each level of the secondary stratum. On average the number of
LQs selected from each EB was eight.
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c) Sample size
The sample size required was based on the estimated prevalence of a nutrition related
variable, the level of confidence and the margin of error desired. The prevalence of
overweight adult population in Malaysia was chosen because it is about the only nutrition-
related variable for which information is available at the national level. This formula was
used:
where
n = required sample size
= value of standard normal distribution at desired confidence interval
p = estimated prevalence of the variable of interest
ε = relative precision required
Findings from the NHMS II (Fatimah et al., 1997) showed that the prevalence of overweight
and obesity among adult population was 21%. At 95% confidence interval and a 5% level
of precision, the sample size required for the survey was calculated as:
n =1.962 x (1-0.21)/(0.05)
2x0.21 = 5,780
Based on the results of NHMS II, the distribution of overweight and obesity in the study
subjects appeared to be relatively uniform, with no area of particularly high prevalence and
no area of particularly low prevalence. To account for a non-response rate of 50 percent,
the required sample size was increased to 8,670.
Allocation of sample size was assisted by the Department of Statistics. The allocation of
sample between strata within each area was based on the size of the stratum. The sample
size at the National Level is 1120 EBs. Depending on the size of each EB, about eight LQs
was selected from each EB. One adult from each household was randomly selected as the
study subject. If one LQ has more than one household, thus more than one adult was
selected to be interviewed in that LQ. The distribution of EBs and LQs selected as originally
planned by the Department of Statistics for the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003 is
shown in Table 1.4.1.
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Table 1.4.1: Distribution of the total selected number of EBs and LQs
1.4.2 The pre-survey
A pre-survey of the selected houses was conducted by Public Health Assistants and Staff
Nurses of the respective districts. The purpose of the pre-survey was primarily to scout and
locate the selected houses, and report on houses which had been demolished, destroyed,
did not exist or they were no longer considered as living quarters. During the pre-survey the
health staff made contact with a member of the household and explained to them about the
forth coming survey and requested their cooperation. The staff filled in the details of the
members of the household in a prepared form, which included the home address, telephone
number, name of each household member, ethnicity, age, gender and the language
spoken.
One form (Field-C) was used to fill in details of members in a household. In instances
where more than one household lived in the same house, separate forms were used. Every
house visited was tagged with a yellow card with the name of the survey and the EB code
number.
The distribution of the total number of Ebs and LQs selected after the pre-survey is shown
in Table 1.4.2.
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Table 1.4.2: Distribution of the total number of EBs and LQs selected after the pre survey
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1.4.3 Selection of respondents
One adult from each household was selected as the study subject using simple random
sampling. If one LQ had more than one household, thus more than one adult were
interviewed.
Details of the members from each household were entered in the computer and a master
list of all adults aged between 18 and 59 years old was made. A copy of the master list
was kept each at the central and state level. The name of the adult to be interviewed was
highlighted in both copies of the master list.
The respondents had been contacted by a survey team member (nutrition officer,
research assistant or nurse) through telephone to inform them about the team visit, and
arrange for an appointment to conduct the survey.
For respondents with no telephone contact, the team members made a visit prior to the
interview to arrange for a convenient time. On the other hand, some interviews were able
to be conducted during the first visit because the respondents were at home.
1.4.3.1 Eligible respondents
Those respondents who fulfilled the criteria below were eligible for the study:
i) Age between 18 and 59 years old
ii) A Malaysian citizen
iii) Not deaf, dumb or bed-ridden
iv) Staying in the living quarters for at least 2 weeks
1.4.4 Logistic support
A Senior State Nutrition Officer was appointed as the liaison officer for each state. His or
her responsibility was to promote the survey by conducting briefing sessions to all the
relevant officers at the state health department and at the district health offices. The
objective of the briefing sessions was to ensure that there was full support from all state
and district health officers. This support could be in terms of transportation and
accommodation for the survey team during the survey period. Their support had
contributed to the success of the survey.
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1.4.5 Data collection period
For Peninsular Malaysia, the survey was conducted from October 2002 until July 2003.
Sabah (including Labuan) conducted its survey from January until May 2003 and Sarawak
from July until December 2003. For Sabah and Sarawak, the survey started later than
Peninsular Malaysia due to festivals, fasting months and Hari Raya Puasa.
1.4.6 The survey team
Several survey teams were formed at each state. Each survey team comprised a nutrition
officer, one research assistant or a nurse and a number of survey scouts. The interviewers
for the survey were the selected nutrition officers, research assistants or nurses. Those
state nutrition officers themselves were appointed as the survey team leaders. While the
senior state nutrition officers were appointed as the state liaison officer as well as the state
survey supervisors. The supervisor‟s role was to prepare the state survey implementation
plan, survey schedule and work allocation for each survey team in a given area. The
supervisor also coordinated the logistics requirement for the survey teams.
They maintained a master list which contained the following information:
i) List of respondents to be interviewed
ii) Number of completed and incomplete interviews
iii) Number of refusals and non-contactable respondents
iv) Number of attempts to visit and the outcomes of the visits
The role of the survey team leader was to brief the interviewers about the tasks of the
interviewing day. At the end of each interviewing day they discussed with the interviewers
the outcome of their interviews. To ensure the quality of the interviewing session each
questionnaire was checked for completeness and, the open-ended responses were coded
correctly.
1.4.7 Survey instrument
1.4.7.1 Survey questionnaires
The survey questionnaire was designed based on the objectives of the survey and took into
consideration certain limitations and constraints. Limitations and constraints included
financial resources, capacity of MOH staff, and willingness and ability of household member
being interviewed to provide the desired information.
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The questionnaire was designed to be administered using face-to-face interviews by trained
personnel who visited respondents in their homes. They are pre-coded with few exceptions
where responses had to be written by the interviewers (Appendix A).
The questionnaire book contained five sections (Table 1.4.3).
Table 1.4.3: Names of forms in the questionnaire
Form A: Socio-demography
This form contained questions on the respondent‟s identification number (ID), socio-
demographic data i.e. sex, ethnicity, religion, marital status, date of birth, educational level,
occupation, individual income and family income. Questions on respondent‟s health status,
vegetarianism were also included in Form A. Female respondents were asked additional
questions such as pregnancy status and post-partum confinement status.
Form B: 24-Hour Diet Recall and Meal Pattern
This form was designed to assess the dietary intake of respondents 24 hours prior to
interview. This form consists of the identification number (ID) of respondent, date of
interview, name of respondent, and day of recall. All foods and beverages consumed on
the recall day were recorded in the tables according to the time taken, type of food eaten,
details of the food, quantity consumed and the amount eaten for each food. A separate
page was used to record alcohol consumption.
This format also contained information about meals taken, the place where meal was eaten,
source of the meal and the companion when meal was taken.
Questions were asked for breakfast, lunch and dinner and place where the meal was
consumed. The options for the places included home, office, canteen or cafeteria,
restaurant or hotel, hawkers or coffee shop and others.
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The place where the meal or food was prepared was also asked and the options included
home-prepared food, food bought from shops, restaurant food, hawker foods and others.
The options for companions when meal was taken were either with family members, friends
or alone.
Form C: Habitual Physical Activity and 24-Hour Physical Activity
The questions on physical activity were divided into two parts namely, Part 1 comprising a
brief habitual physical activity questionnaire, and Part 2 comprising a 24-hour physical
activity recall form. Part 1 was designed to complement the 24-hour physical activity recall
and to provide information on transportation for going to or from work or school, climbing
stairs, and also exercises or sports activities. Transportation included those that involve
“light intensity” physical activity namely public transportation, driving and riding a
motorcycle. Transportation that involves “moderate intensity” physical activity included
cycling and walking. Information on climbing stairs included number of flights climbed at
home, at work, in school and other places (15 steps = 1 flight; 7 steps = ½ flight). The
questions on exercise was designed to obtain information on the types, frequency and
duration of the three most frequent exercises carried out during two weeks prior to the
interview.
The 24-hour physical activity recall form (Part 2) was designed in a table format in five-
minute intervals to obtain information on physical activity and body position when the
activity carried was out. Respondents were asked to recall all activities done on the day
before, starting from 12 midnight of the previous day until 12 midnight of the day before the
interview. Activities were recorded at five-minute intervals to obtain a full one-day physical
activity pattern.
Form D: Anthropometry
This form contained information about the respondents, i.e. name, weight and height. There
are spaces for three measurements of weight and height. The measurement for weight is in
kilogram and height in centimetres.
Form E: Frequency of Food Intake and Frequency of Supplement Intake
a) Frequency of Food Intake
This form is universally known as the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The form had
listed 126 food items which were categorised into 15 food groups. There were four main
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columns in the FFQ. The first column contained list of food items while the second column
described the frequency of intake by day, week, month, year or not eaten at all. The
frequency of intake was based on the habitual food intake during the past year. The third
column described the serving size of each food item while the fourth column described the
number of servings consumed each time the food item was eaten.
The 13 food groups included in the FFQ are listed below;
A. Cereals and cereal products (17 food items)
B. Meat and meat products (12 food items)
C. Fish and seafood (12 food items)
D. Eggs (4 food items)
E. Legumes and products (4 food items)
F. Milk and milk products (6 food items)
G. Vegetables (10 food items)
H. Fruits (20 food items)
I. Beverages (11 food items)
J. Alcoholic beverages (5 food items)
K. Confectioneries (8 food items)
L. Spreads (6 food items)
M. Condiments/Miscellaneous (11 food items)
N. There were additional questions on the use of sugar, cooking oil and salt by the
members of household in a month.
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b) The Frequency of Supplement Intake
This form was designed to obtain information on the intake of vitamin and mineral
supplements and the intake of non-vitamin and non-mineral supplements. A total of 15
types of vitamin and mineral supplement and 11 types of non-vitamin and non-mineral
supplement were listed in this questionnaire. Reasons for taking the supplements were pre-
coded into eight options. There was a column to state the frequency of intake for each type
of supplement.
1.4.7.2 The Album on Portion Sizes of Malaysian Foods
An album describing the portion sizes of common Malaysian foods (MOH, 2004) was
specially developed for this survey. It is referred to as the Food Photo Album. A sample
page from the Food Photo Album is shown in Appendix B. It contains photographs of
several locally available foods, either cooked or raw. Its purpose was to help the
respondents to identify and relate to the interviewers the type of food and the amount they
eat. For example, in this photo album, photographs of cooked rice were shown in different
portion sizes, which include a full plate, a bowl, a „senduk‟ (scoop) and a cup. This was
thought to be important because rice is a staple food in Malaysia and they are eaten in
various serving measurements.
There are 186 types of food in the Photo Album showing 55 types of raw foods and 131
types of cooked foods. These foods are shown in various serving sizes such as cup, bowl,
spoon, plate, whole or parts of the food, piece or cut. Table 1.4.4 shows an example of the
weight of various types of rice and the weight of cooked rice in different types of household
measures.
Table 1.4.4: Weight of different types of rice and cooked rice in different household
measurements
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1.4.7.3 The weighing scale
„Seca‟ digital platform scales (Model 880) were used to measure weight. The scales were
able to measure up to 200 kilograms. These scales were calibrated every morning before
measurements were done using standard weights of 10 kilograms. The scale was placed on
a hard and level surface when weighing the respondent.
1.4.7.4 The height measuring instrument
A portable Seca body meter (Seca 208) taped to a vertical wall and perpendicular to a level
floor was used for height measurements. The tape was graded in centimetre with one-
millimetre divisions. This portable body meter was very light (200 gm), small and was able
to measure up to 200 centimetres.
1.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SURVEY
1.5.1 Pre-test of the survey
A pre-test of the survey was done concurrently with training of the supervisors and
interviewers in Pangkor district. The questionnaire was tested on a random sample of the
community to assess its comprehensiveness, clarity and duration of questioning by
conducting mock interviews. This part of the interview was under the supervision of the
facilitators who were members of the technical committee for the survey. As a result of the
pre-test, the order in which the formats were administered was rearranged.
The Food Photo Album was also pre-tested during this session. The interviewers did not
find any difficulties in using the album, therefore there were no changes made.
During this pre-test session the duration of interview was determined. This duration included
the time taken to interview and measure weight and height. As a result of this pre-test it
was found that the duration varied according to different types of respondents.
1.5.2 Data collection
All information was obtained by face-to-face structured interviews conducted in the
residence of the respondents. At the beginning of the interview each respondent was asked
to sign a consent form agreeing to take part in the survey. This was to ensure that
respondents took part in the survey voluntarily.
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All interviews were conducted in Bahasa Malaysia. In situations where the respondent was
not able to understand Bahasa Malaysia, the interview was conducted in their respective
mother tongue in the presence of an appropriate interpreter. However, only a minimum
number of interviewing sessions were conducted in other languages.
For Form B (24-hour diet recall), it was carried out through an interactive interview
conducted in 4 stages as below (Gibson and Ferguson, 1999):
Stage 1: Recall of time and the type of food and beverages consumed
During this stage, the interviewer requested the respondent to recall the time at which he
had his food, beginning from midnight a day before the interview. The information was
recorded according to the times that the meals or foods were consumed (column „a‟). The
time was divided into four blocks:
Block 1: Morning meal or breakfast: between 12 am and 11 am
Block 2: Afternoon meal or lunch: between11 am and 3 pm
Block 3: Afternoon tea: between 3 pm and 6 pm
Block 4: Evening meal or dinner: between 6 pm and 11.59 pm
In addition, the foods eaten at each time block were also recorded in the appropriate
column (column „b‟). At this stage further probing was avoided. However, if the respondent
volunteered with the information on the amount eaten, then the information was recorded.
An example of the interview at this stage is shown below:
Stage 2: Detailed description of food and beverages consumed
The interviewer went through in detail the list of foods recalled at Stage 1 and probed
further the description of these foods with respect to ingredients, cooking methods, whether
the foods were purchased or cooked, brand names, recipes etc. This information was
recorded in column „c‟.
To enhance the accuracy of the information provided by the respondent, the interviewer
used the Food Photo Album and household measures such as glasses, plates, bowls, cups,
1. Sir/Madam, did you eat or drink anything before going to bed last night?
2. Yesterday, after you woke up, at what time did you first eat and/or drink?
3. What did you eat and or drink?
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spoons and ladles to help the respondent to identify and estimate portion sizes and weights
of foods they recalled having eaten. In addition, information on the cost of purchased food
was also obtained. Wherever possible, the actual weight of the food was recorded if a
sample of that food was available in the household. The amount of food eaten was then
recorded into column „d‟.
Stage 3: Review of foods eaten and weights recalled
At this stage, the interviewer reviewed the detailed intake recorded together with the
respondent. It was used as a check for both the respondent and interviewer. The
interviewer reviewed what was eaten in a chronological order and asked the respondent if
anything else was eaten, besides the foods recorded. The portion sizes were once again
clarified. The respondent was given time to recall again the foods and drinks that he may
have omitted or failed to recall in Stage 2.
Stage 4: Conversion of portion sizes to weight in grams
This was the final stage in which the data on portion sizes of all foods and drinks consumed
by survey respondents were converted into grams. The data in grams were recorded in
column „e‟.
Information on alcohol consumption was obtained only for non-Muslim respondents. The
type and amount of alcohol consumed was recorded. Alcohol containing drinks include
wine, whiskey, brandy, beer, toddy, local brews, Dom, rum and tuak (rice wine). An
example of an interview on alcohol consumption is shown in the box below:
In Form C the information on physical activity, respondents were first asked on their usual
mode of transport for going to work or school and the total time for travelling. Questions on
climbing up stairs either at home, office or elsewhere were also asked. Besides that they
were asked on their participation in exercise for the purpose of recreation, sport, health or
fitness during the two weeks prior to the interview.
For the 24-hour physical activity, the respondents were asked to recall all activities done the
day before, starting from 12 midnight the previous day until 12 midnight the day before the
interview. Activities were recorded at 5 minute-intervals to obtain a full one-day physical
activity pattern.
1. Sir/ Madam, did you take any alcohol containing drinks last night?
2. What were they?
3. How many glasses did you drink?
4. Apart from the ones, which you identified, did you take any other drink?
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Meanwhile the weight and height of adults were taken by trained personnel working in
pairs using standard procedures (Form D). Respondents were measured in their
residence in light clothing without any footwear or heavy personal items. All female
respondents were asked if they were pregnant. If pregnant their weights and heights were
not measured. However, postnatal mothers were included as respondents. Body weight
was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg while height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm.
Measurements were made by the one of the interviewers and recorded by the other. If a
person was not able to stand unaided, their weight and height were not measured. When
a measurement was not taken, the reason for this was recorded. Any characteristic that
may have affected the accuracy of the measurement was recorded (e.g. loss of legs, high
headgear or high hairstyle). The order of measurement was weight followed by height.
For weight measurement the respondent was asked to stand on the weighing scale with
the feet together, arms hanging loosely by the side and head facing forward. Two
measurements were made to the nearest 0.1 kg and recorded. The respondent was
asked to step down from the scale between each measurement. If the two measurements
differed by more than 0.5 kg, a third measurement was made.
For height measurement the respondent was measured with bare foot. He or she was
asked to stand with their feet flat on the floor and heels together. The respondent‟s back
was as straight as possible, the arms hanging loosely by the side. The head must be
positioned so that the line of vision was parallel to the floor. The respondent was asked to
take a deep breath without moving the head. The body meter was glided down gently onto
the respondent‟s head with enough pressure until it touched the skull. Two measurements
were made to the nearest 0.1 cm. The respondent was asked to step away from the body
meter after each measurement. If the two measurements differed by more than 0.5 cm,
then a third measurement was made.
For Form E, (Part 1), respondents were asked on the frequency of intake of each food
item. There were five options for frequency of intake categories. These options would
reflect the frequency of intake answered by the respondents as the number of times per
day, number of times per week, number of times per month, number of times per year or
never. The respondent was required to answer only one option. However for food items
which were consumed on a seasonal basis, for example during the fruit seasons or festive
seasons, the respondents would respond to the frequency of intake at that time (for
example eating rambutan three times a week for a month only) as well as the duration of
that pattern of intake.
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Respondents were also requested to specify on the number of servings consumed each
time they ate the food. Each food item listed was given a standard serving size based on
the Food Photo Album which had pictures of various foods, their portion sizes and weights
in grams.
Meanwhile, for the foods which were not shown in the photo album, household
measurements were used. These household measurements included various sizes of
bowls, plates, cups, glasses and spoons. The weights of foods in these household
measures were listed and were used as a guide in the conversion of food serving sizes to
weights in grams. The serving size was based on the medium size.
Form E (Part 2) focussed on use of vitamin and mineral (VM) supplements and non-vitamin
and non-mineral (NVNM) dietary supplements during the last one year. Respondents were
asked to show the packaging or label of the supplement. For each category of supplement
their reasons for taking were asked.
1.5.3 Data collection quality control
Steps were taken to ensure and monitor the quality of data collection. These included:
i) Members of the survey team were trained and monitored
A five-day training session was conducted in Pulau Pangkor for the state
supervisors, survey team leaders and interviewers of Peninsular Malaysia. This
training included briefing on the questionnaires, detailed instructions on filling the
questionnaires using the manual developed for the survey. It also included
lectures and demonstrations on techniques of interviewing, standard method of
measuring weights and heights, use of the Food Photo Album developed for the
survey and use of household utensils for food measurement. A classroom practice
was carried out by using the survey questionnaire. A similar training was
conducted later for Sabah and Sarawak interviewers who consisted of nutrition
officers, research assistants and health nurses.
The team leaders in addition were given training on method of supervision,
fostering teamwork, quality control of the survey. Scouting teams were briefed by
senior state nutrition officers on the survey and locating households identified in
the EB maps provided by Department of Statistics. The training also had included
components of team building to develop team spirit among members of the survey
team.
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ii) The survey team leader carried out field editing by checking all questions to ensure
the responses were filled into the questionnaire, before end of the interviewing
session in the selected living quarters.
iii) Survey data were monitored by the secretariat located at the head quarters in
terms of completeness of the questionnaire, actual number of received
questionnaires and the expected number of living quarters in each EB.
iv) The weighing scales and height measuring instrument used in the survey were
standardized and calibrated to ensure the validity of the measurement.
1.5.4 Questionnaire management
The questionnaire books from the same EB were tied together into a bundle. The bundles
were attached with identification sheets containing the EB number and the total number of
questionnaire books (Maimunah et al., 1998). These EB bundles were despatched to
headquarters by a survey team member weekly. The bundles from Sabah and Sarawak
were despatched by air cargo or courier services.
As soon as the bundles arrived, the research assistants checked the consistency of the EB
numbers with the master list and the total number of questionnaires received. The bundles
were stored according to state and zone.
1.6 DATA MANAGEMENT
In this survey the data management process consisted of data entry, data cleaning and data
analysis.
1.6.1. Data entry
All survey questionnaires were sent to the Family Health Development Division, MOH for
central data entry. This was to ensure quality control and close monitoring of the process.
This phase of the survey was managed by the central team headed by the Principal
Investigator assisted by two Nutrition Officers and five research assistants.
The data entry process was performed in three phases. The first phase was for data from
Forms A, B (Part 2), C (Part 1), D and E (Part 1 and Part 2). These data entries were
performed by 20 data key punchers at the Public Health Institute Computer lab from August
to December 2003, and continued at the Family Health Development Division from January
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until September 2004. The activities continued at the Public Health Institute Computer lab
again from October to December 2004. A research assistant was appointed as manager to
the operation centre who supervised the data entry process by the data key punchers. All
data were entered twice to ensure accuracy of entry. The data entry screen was created
using the software Epi-Info 6. The central team performed quality checks on the
questionnaires.
The second phase of data entry was captured from Form B (Part 1), the 24-hour diet recall.
Before the data was captured the completeness of the information in the Form was
checked. If the foods were listed in the Food Photo Album the amount eaten were
converted into weights in gram. If not listed in the album, types of food as listed below were
weighed:
a) Those foods cited in household measures
b) For fruits and vegetables with uncommon serving sizes
c) Foods (inclusive of yong tau fu) sold in food outlets
Meanwhile, for drinks bought from food outlets, their sugar, milk and sweetened condensed
milk content were also measured.
This 24-hour diet recall data was entered using dietary analysis software, Nutritionist Pro
(First Data Bank, USA). This software was used to analyse for energy and other nutrient
intake. Food data bases utilised in the analysis included USDA Food Database, Malaysian
Food Composition Tables (both were available in the Nutritionist Pro software), Singapore
Food Composition Guide, ASEAN Food Composition Tables and The Composition of
Chinese Food.
For local mixed cooked dishes that did not have nutrient information from any of the food
data bases, local recipe books were used to identify at least two recipes for each dish.
These recipes were analysed for energy and nutrient values and the average of these
values were entered into Nutritionist Pro software to be used as a standard for dietary
analysis of the food. For example, two recipes of fish curry (gravy) were obtained and the
ingredients were analyzed for energy and nutrient values (per 100 gram). The average
values of the two recipes were then used as the standard for analysis of fish curry.
For processed and packaged foods that have energy and nutrient information on their
labels, the information was entered into the Nutritionist Pro software for dietary analysis
of these foods. Nutrient estimates were based exclusively on consumption of foods.
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Vitamin and mineral supplements did not contribute to the nutrient intake levels of this
dataset. For foods where the recipe or nutrient contents were not obtainable from any
sources at all, samples were sent to the Institute for Medical Research Food Lab for nutrient
analysis. The foods analysed are listed in the Appendix C. Later, all processed data from
Nutritionist Pro were converted to SPSS data base format for further analysis.
In phase three of data entry, the physical activity data from Form C (Part 2) were entered
into Microsoft Excel worksheets and tabulated for each type of physical activity carried out,
and totalling 1440 minutes for all activities done in a day. The activities were also grouped
into the following categories: sleeping, resting, working, household chores, village-type
activities, child care activities, personal care activities, praying, religious activities, social
activities, transportation-related activities, activities related to moving about, watching
television, recreational activities, light-intensity sports, moderate-intensity sports, heavy-
intensity sports, eating, personal errands, and miscellaneous activities (Appendix D). In this
phase of the data entry data were entered only once. Since the responses were entered as
text and uncoded it was impossible to have a 100 percent match per response if entered
twice. Therefore to ensure the quality of the data, a 100 percent check was done on all
entered responses. This means every single data entered was being matched with the
original questionnaire. All processed data from Microsoft Excell worksheet were converted
to SPSS data base format for further analysis.
1.6.2. Coding
All the open-ended responses in this survey were coded into predefined categories. Its
main purpose was to classify the data into meaningful and useful categories (United
Nations, 1988). For example, for 24-hour physical activity recall, if the respondent stated an
activity such as singing in the sitting position, it was classified as resting (refer to Appendix
3). Another example is in Form E (Part 2), question 6 on the type of non-mineral and non-
vitamin supplement intake, the respondents were allowed to give answers other than those
listed. These responses were added to the existing listing. For example, Tongkat Ali, Kacip
Fatimah, Gamat and Habatus Sauda were not in the original list but were put as an
additional category (refer to Appendix E).
1.6.3 Data cleaning
Data cleaning is an important part of data processing to ensure that the errors were
minimised and the results were fit for use. This process consisted of two activities which
were data checking and data editing. The data editing process was usually done
immediately after data checking. The most important part of data cleaning was to detect the
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“missing” values. These “missing” values were verified by checking the questionnaire or
re-contacting the interviewer or the respondents (Biemer & Lyberg, 2003).
The data captured from the questionnaire were then subjected to five kinds of checks.
These were range checks, checks against reference data, skip checks, consistency checks
and typography checks (Munoz, 2005).
Range checks were intended to ensure that every variable in the survey contains only data
within a limited domain of valid values. For example, sex can be coded only as “1” for men
and “2” for women. Therefore only values “1” and „2” should be entered in the data base.
By doing the range checks we were able to detect the impossible entries.
Checks against reference data were required when the data from two or more closely
related fields can be checked against external reference label. For example, height and
weight data were checked against the WHO standard reference table. Any value of the
standard indicator (weight or height) that fell more than three standard deviations from the
norm was tagged as a possible error.
Skip checks were done to verify whether the skip patterns had been followed appropriately.
In Form A of this survey, question 17 on months of pregnancy should only be responded by
those who answered “yes” to question 16 (which is status of pregnancy). Consistency
checks were done to verify that values from a question were consistent with values from
another question. For example, question 16 of Form A should only be answered by female
respondents.
A typical typographical error may occur due to the transposition of digits, for example
entering 12 rather than 21 for respondent‟s age. For this survey, typography checks were
done by having the data entered twice. Besides those checks mentioned, duplication of
records were checked by matching the identifiers. The identified records were only deleted
upon confirmation of exact duplicates.
1.6.4. Data analysis
According to Glewwe and Levin (2005), before any figures are generated to be put into
tables and graphs, the data must be prepared for analysis. This involves three tasks:
checking the data to remove observations that maybe highly inaccurate; generating
complex (derived) variables; and thoroughly documenting the preparation of the “official”
data set to be used for all analysis. In this survey, food consumption data (from Form E,
Part 1 of the questionaire), were examined for outliers as well as the extreme values. If the
extreme values were unreasonable or illogical the data were excluded from analysis.
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In the 24-hour physical activity recall data, the activities were reclassified into three
categories of intensity of activities, namely light, moderate, or vigorous-intensity activities as
described by Ainsworth et al., (2000). Appendix E shows the list of activities that were
regrouped into these categories. This variable was used as a “new” variable for analysis.
Another example was “other types” of NVNM dietary supplements that were mentioned by
respondents and they were reclassified as Traditional Herbs. These include Akar Kayu,
Jamu, Makjun, Chinese Herbs, Herbal leaves and Indian herbs (even though these are not
considered as dietary supplements).
This survey was based on a complex, multi-stage sample design. Data analysis for this
survey took into account the complex survey design, and the sample weights. The purpose
of weighting the sample data was to allow us to produce estimates of statistics (mean,
standard error, confident interval) that would have been obtained if the entire sampling
frame had been surveyed (Levy & Lemeshow, 1999). Sample weights are used to produce
correct population estimates because each respondent does not have the same chance of
being selected. The sample weights compensate for unequal probabilities of selection and
adjustment for non-response and non-coverage.
Hence, sample weighting was used to:
1. Compensate for unequal probabilities of selection among subgroups such as age,
sex and ethnicity;
2. Reduce bias due to non-respondents because of the fact that they may be different
from those who participate;
3. Bring sample data up to the dimensions of the target population totals;
4. Compensate for the inadequacies in the sampling frame such as omissions of
some LQs that did not exist or they were no longer LQs or had been demolished or
destroyed;
5. Reduce variance in the estimation procedure by using supporting information that
is known with a high degree of accuracy.
Sampling weights are automatically computed while drawing a complex sample. The
weights are ideally corresponding to the frequency that each sampling unit represents in the
target population. Therefore, the sum of the weights over the sample should estimate the
population size. For example sample element i was selected with probability . Then the
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sample element i represent 1/ elements in the population. Hence the weight will be
w = 1/ . For example, a sample element selected with probability represents 10
elements in the population. Table 1.4.5 shows the sampling weights used for different
zones.
Table 1.4.5: Table of sampling weights for each zone
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Weights were also calculated to adjust for non-response. Non-response is a failure to obtain
observations such as measurements or other responses from some respondents selected
and designated for the sample. The source of this failure may be due to the respondents not
being at home; refused to be interviewed, incapacity or inability to responds or they were
not found. This non-response refers to eligible respondents only and it excludes the
ineligibles but it included vacant dwellings and household without the specified kinds of
population elements. The non-response rate was be computed for responses and non
responses among the eligible only.
Calculation for total weight that incorporated unequal selection of probabilities and non
response was:
Later, weighting for post stratification was done to make sure the weighted sample
distribution conform to a known population distribution. The calculation for post stratification
weight will be:
For example, if known population of female aged 25 to 64 and and staying in Northern zone
are 12,800,100 and total weighted samples are 11,325,553 then the post stratification
weight would be:
The final weight that adjusts for post stratification would be:
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1.7 REFERENCES
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Biemer PP & Lyberg LE (2003). Introduction to Survey Quality. John Wiley & Sons
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Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2005). Labour Force Survey Report. Malaysia
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Gibson RS & Ferguson EL (1999). An interactive 24-hour recall for assessing the
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Glewwe P & Levin M (2005). Presenting simple descriptive statistics from household survey
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Khor GL, BH Hsu-Hage & ML Wahlqvist (1998). Dietary Practices in nutritional transition:
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Levy PS & Lemeshow S, 1999. Sampling of Populations; methods and Applications.
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Maimunah AH (1997). General Findings of the NHMS II. Public Health Institute, Ministry of
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Maimunah Hamid, Narimah Awin, Rugayah Hj. Bakri et. al. (1998). The National Health
and Morbidity Survey, Vol. 1: The Scope and Methodology of the Survey.
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MOH (1996). Exercise among adults aged 18 years and above. A report of The National
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MOH (2004). Album Saiz Sajian Makanan Malaysia. Kajian Pengambilan Makanan
Malaysia. MOH, Putrajaya
Muñoz,J (2005). A guide for data management of household surveys. In Household
Survey in Developing Countries and Transition Countries, Chapter XV. United
Nations, New YorkSellers
Sellers TA, Gapstur SM, Potter JD, Kushi LH, Bostic RM, & Folsom AR (1993). Association
of body fat distribution and family histories of breast and ovarian cancer with risk of
post menopausal breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 138:799-803
United Nations, 1988. Manual on Training of Statisician. Economic and Social Commission
for Asia and the Pacific. United Nations, New York.
WHO (1998). Obesity : Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic.Report of a WHO
Consultation on Obesity. Geneva
WHO (2003). Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/
FAO expert consultation. WHO Technical Report Series: 916, Geneva.
World Health Organisation (1998). Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global
Epidemic.Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity. Geneva
Zanariah J, Yunos J, Noor Rehan A et al (1986). Food Intake in Selected Towns and Rural
Areas of Peninsular Malaysia Report No. 106 MARDI, Serdang.
28
Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
Operational definition of terms
Exercise: Physical activity undertaken for the purpose of recreation, sport, health or
fitness during the two weeks prior to the interview.
VM supplements were defined as mineral, synthetic nutrients, and vitamins sold singly or
in mixtures in controlled dosages form such as sachets, capsules, liquids, lozenges,
powders or tablets.
NVNM dietary supplements were defined as products with health claim that are made
from natural food or food derivatives, for example garlic and bee-pollen.
The BMI was calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared
(World Health Organization, 1998)
24-Hour Diet Recall: A quantitative estimate of all foods and beverages a subject
consumes the previous day, covering 24-hour duration from midnight to midnight.
24-Hour Physical Activity Recall: A quantitative estimate of all types of physical activity
during the previous day, covering 24-hour duration from midnight to midnight.
Enumeration Blocks are geographically contiguous areas of land with identifiable
boundaries.
A household is defined as a person or group of related or unrelated persons who usually
live together and make common provision for food and other essentials of living.
Living Quarters is defined as any structurally separate and independent enclosure which
is constructed as (or converted to) quarters intended for living purpose.
Urban areas are gazetted areas with their adjoining built-up areas which has a combined
population of 10,000 or more.
Rural areas are gazetted areas with a population of less than 10,000 person and non-
gazetted areas.
Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
29
Ethnic group
Melayu (include Jawa, Banjar and Bugis)
Chinese
Indian (include Punjabi, Telegu and Malaylee)
Orang Asli Peninsular Malaysia (PM)
Sabah Bumiputera (Include Bajau, Dumpas, Dusun, Idahan, Iranum, Kadazan, Kwijau,
Lotud, Mangkaak, Maragang, Minokok, Melayu Brunei, Murut/
Lunbawang, Paitan, Rumanau, Rungus, Sulu/Suluk, Sino-native,
Tambanuo, Tidong)
Sarawak Bumiputera (Bidayuh/Dayak Darat, Bisaya, Iban/ Dayak Laut, Kadayan,
Kajang, Kayan, Kelabit, Kenyah, Melanau, Orang Sungei, Penan,
Punan (nomad)
Other Bumiputera (Orang Bumiputera lain, Thai/ Siam)
APPENDIX 1
Methodology
Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
KAJIAN PENGAMBILAN
MAKANAN MALAYSIA
2002 / 2003
Nama Peserta :
i
Nama Penemu Bual :
Tarikh Temu Bual :
Waktu Mula Temu Bual :
Waktu Tamat Temu Bual :
Jawatankuasa Teknikal Kajian Diet
Kementerian Kesihatan
Malaysia
APPENDIX A
MEMULAKAN TEMU BUAL
Penemu bual hanya ada sesaat atau dua sahaja bagi menyakinkan penghuni untuk bekerjasama. Gunakan masa ini dengan sebijak boleh.
Penemu bual mesti sentiasa mempunyai dan mempamerkan keyakinan diri.
Peringatan Kepada Penemu Bual
ELAKKAN dari menggunakan perkataan yang boleh menggalakkan penghuni enggan bekerjasama seperti "Adakah anda sibuk?" "Boiehkah anda meluangkan masa beberapa minit?" atau "Sudikah anda menjawab beberapa soalan?"
Layan penghuni yang keberatan menjawab atau menolak untuk ditemu bual dengan cara bijaksana.
JANGAN cepat putus asa, tekankan beberapa kali mengenai kepentingan dan kegunaan maklumat yang dikumpul. Kenalpasti punca sebenar penghuni keberatan bekerjasama. Dapatkan masa yang lebih sesuai untuk ditemu bual jika perlu.
Penemu bual hendaklah SENTIASA berkelakuan dan bertutur dengan hormat dan penuh sopan
santun.
JANGAN memaksa penghuni.
MENGAKHIRI TEMU BUAL
Contoh ucapan penutup
Berbudi bahasalah sepanjang masa
" Saya ucapkan berbanyak terima kasih atas kerjasama Encik/Puan........ menjawab soalan-soalan tadi. Maklumat yang diberi amat berguna kepada Kementertan Kesihatan Malaysia dalam usaha memperbaiki lagi perkhidmatan kesihatan. Semua maklumat ini akan dirahsiakan dan maklumat peribadi Encik/Puan........................... tidak akan diketahui oleh orang lain. Terima kasih sekali lagi. Salam/selamat tinggal".
PENUTUP
Contoh memulakan temu bual
"Selamat pagi/petang............ [Puan, Encik, Mak Cik, Pak Cik, Kakak (yang mana bersesuaian)]. Saya...…………(nama, dan tunjukkan kad Pengenalan Diri/I.D.), dari Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. Kami sedang menjalankan kajian mengenai pengambilan makanan dan aktiviti fizikal di Malaysia. Saya amat menghargai sekiranya Encik/Puan dapat membantu dengan menjawab beberapa soalan. Maklumat yang dikumpulkan dalam kajian ini akan dirahsiakan (SULIT) dan akan hanya digunakan untuk memperbaiki program kesihatan. Harap dapat Encik/Puan.……….. memberi sedikit masa untuk membantu Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia.
PENGENALAN
Bahagian Pembangunan Kesihatan Keluarga
Jabatan Kesihatan Awam (Public Health Dept.)
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia
(Ministry of Health Malaysia)
Tingkat 1, Komplek Pejabat-Pejabat Kesihatan No.Telefon: 03-26946601
Jalan Cenderasari, No.Fax: 03-26946570
50590 Kuala Lumpur. Kawat: MINHEALTH, KUALA LUMPUR
PERSETUJUAN
KAJIAN PENGAMBILAN MAKANAN MALAYSIA 2002 / 2003
Saya telah diberi jaminan bahawa segala hasil kajian akan dirahsiakan serta
maklumat tentang peserta tidak akan didedahkan mahupun secara lisan atau bukan
lisan.
Saya telah diberi penerangan tentang kajian ini. Segala persoalan saya telah diberi
jawapan yang memuaskan.
Saya setuju untuk mengambil bahagian dalam kajian ini.
Tandatangan : .........................................................
Nama Peserta : .........................................................
No.K/P : .........................................................
Nama Penemu Bual : .........................................................
Tarikh : .........................................................
BORANG A
KAJIAN PENGAMBILAN MAKANAN
MALAYSIA 2002/2003
SOSIODEMOGRAFI
ID Peserta
Negeri Daerah Banci BP TK No. Isirumah
BAHAGIAN A KETERANGAN DIRI RUANGAN KOD
Tandakan (√ ) dalam kotak yang berkenaan.
1. Negeri:................................................
2. Daerah Pentadbiran:................................................
3. Strata:
1.
2.
1. Bandar Metropolitan
2. Bandar Besar
3. Bandar Kecil
4. Luar Bandar / Kampung
3.
4. Jantina:
1. Lelaki
2. Perempuan
5. Bangsa/Kumpulan Etnik:................................................
4.
5.
6. Agama:
1. Islam
2. Buddha
3. Hindu
4. Kristian
5. Lain-lain
6.
[A-1]
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
BORANG A
KETERANGAN DIRI RUANGAN KOD
7.
Status perkahwinan
1. Bujang
2. Berkahwin
3. Bercerai/berpisah
4. Balu/Duda
7.
(Tuliskan angka atau maklumat seperti yang dinyatakan oleh peserta)
8.
9.
10.
11.
Tarikh lahir
Taraf pendidikan:................................................
Pekerjaan:..........................................................
Pendapatan sebulan peserta:
RM: ................................
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Pendapatan sebulan isirumah:
a. Pendapatan isteri/suami
b. Pendapatan anak/ibu/bapa
(yang tinggal bersama)
c. Kiriman wang dari anak/ibu/
bapa
d. Pencen
e. Rumah sewa/kenderaan sewa
dan Iain-Iain
f. Pendapatan sebulan isirumah
(JumlahNo. 11 + No. 12)
= RM………………...
= RM………………...
= RM………………...
= RM………………...
= RM………………...
= RM………………...
12.
13. Bilangan ahli isirumah: orang
13.
1
9
[A-2]
1
9 hari bulan tahun
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
A
KETERANGAN DIRI RUANGAN KOD
(Sila nyatakan samaada "Ya" atau "Tidak" bagi soalan yang
berkenaan)
14. Adakah Encik/Puan mengalami masalah kesihatan berikut?
A. Kanser/barah 14a.
B. Diabetes/kencing manis 14b.
C. Darah tinggi 14c.
D. Penvakit buah pinggang 14d.
E. Penyakit jantung 14e.
F. Pekak 14f.
G. Bisu 14g.
H. Terlantar sakit teruk 14h.
I. Penyakit lain, nyatakan 14i.
15. Adakah Encik/Puan seorang vegetarian? (Tidak memakan daging atau sumber haiwan)
15.
(Soalan 16,17,18 dan 19 perlu ditanya kepada peserta wanita sahaja)
16. Adakah Puan sedang hamil? (Jika "Ya", sila ke Soalan 17. Jika "Tidak", sila ke Soalan 18)
16.
17. Sudah berapa bulankah kandungan Puan? bulan 17. bulan
18. Adakah Puan sedang berada dalam pantang lepas bersalin? 18.
Ya Tidak (Jika “Tidak”, berhenti di sini.)
19. Sudah berapa harikah Puan telah mula berpantang? hari 19. hari
[A-3]
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
BO
RA
NG
B
KA
JIA
N P
EN
GA
MB
ILA
N M
AK
AN
AN
M
ALA
YS
IA
2
002
/20
03
ING
AT
AN
DIE
T 2
4 J
AM
DA
N P
ER
IHA
L M
AK
AN
AN
BA
HA
GIA
N 1
: B
OR
AN
G IN
GA
TA
N D
IE
T 2
4 J
AM
ID P
es
ert
a
Ne
ge
ri
Da
era
h
Ba
nc
i B
P
TK
N
o.
Isir
um
ah
1.
Ma
ka
nan
/ M
inu
ma
n
Ta
rik
h t
em
ub
ua
l:
Na
ma
pe
se
rta
:
Ha
ri in
ga
tan
: 1
. Is
nin
2
. S
ela
sa
3
. R
ab
u 4
. K
ha
mis
5
. J
um
aa
t 6
. S
ab
tu 7
. A
ha
d (
Bu
latk
an
ha
ri in
ga
tan
)
Ko
d h
ari
in
ga
tan
:
a.
Ma
sa
P
AG
I b
. M
ak
an
an
/ m
inu
ma
n
c.
Pe
nje
las
an
bah
an
te
rpe
rin
ci
ma
ka
nan
/ m
inu
ma
n
d.
Be
rap
a b
an
yak
d
ima
ka
n / d
imin
um
e.
Bera
t m
akan
an
(g
ram
/m
l)
[B-1]
Kajia
n P
engam
bila
n M
akanan M
ala
ysia
2002/2
003
BO
RA
NG
B
BA
HA
GIA
N 1
B
OR
AN
G IN
GA
TA
N D
IE
T 2
4 J
AM
1.
Ma
ka
nan
/ M
inu
ma
n
a.
Ma
sa
T
EN
GA
HA
RI
b. M
ak
an
an
/ m
inu
ma
n
c.
Pe
nje
las
an
bah
an
te
rpe
rin
ci
ma
ka
nan
/ m
inu
ma
n
d.
Be
rap
a b
an
yak
d
ima
ka
n / d
imin
um
e.
Bera
t m
akan
an
(g
ram
/m
l)
[B-2]
Kajia
n P
engam
bila
n M
akanan M
ala
ysia
2002/2
003
BO
RA
NG
B
BA
HA
GIA
N 1
B
OR
AN
G IN
GA
TA
N D
IE
T 2
4 J
AM
1.
Ma
ka
nan
/ M
inu
ma
n
a.
Ma
sa
P
ET
AN
G
b. M
ak
an
an
/ m
inu
ma
n
c.
Pe
nje
las
an
bah
an
te
rpe
rin
ci
ma
ka
nan
/ m
inu
ma
n
d.
Be
rap
a b
an
yak
d
ima
ka
n / d
imin
um
e.
Bera
t m
akan
an
(g
ram
/m
l)
[B-3]
Kajia
n P
engam
bila
n M
akanan M
ala
ysia
2002/2
003
BO
RA
NG
B
BA
HA
GIA
N 1
B
OR
AN
G IN
GA
TA
N D
IE
T 2
4 J
AM
1.
Ma
ka
nan
/ M
inu
ma
n
a.
Ma
sa
M
AL
AM
b. M
ak
an
an
/ m
inu
ma
n
c.
Pe
nje
las
an
bah
an
te
rpe
rin
ci
ma
ka
nan
/ m
inu
ma
n
d.
Be
rap
a b
an
yak
d
ima
ka
n / d
imin
um
e.
Bera
t m
akan
an
(g
ram
/m
l)
[B-4]
Kajia
n P
engam
bila
n M
akanan M
ala
ysia
2002/2
003
BO
RA
NG
B
BA
HA
GIA
N 1
B
OR
AN
G IN
GA
TA
N D
IE
T 2
4 J
AM
1.
Ma
ka
nan
/ M
inu
ma
n
a.
Ma
sa
T
AM
BA
HA
N
b. M
ak
an
an
/ m
inu
ma
n
c.
Pe
nje
las
an
bah
an
te
rpe
rin
ci
ma
ka
nan
/ m
inu
ma
n
d.
Be
rap
a b
an
yak
d
ima
ka
n / d
imin
um
e.
Bera
t m
akan
an
(g
ram
/m
l)
[B-5]
Kajia
n P
engam
bila
n M
akanan M
ala
ysia
2002/2
003
BO
RA
NG
B
BA
HA
GIA
N 1
B
OR
AN
G IN
GA
TA
N D
IE
T 2
4 J
AM
2.
Min
um
an
Be
ralk
oh
ol
a.
Ma
sa
b. J
en
is m
inu
ma
n
c.
Pe
nje
las
an
bah
an
te
rpe
rin
ci
min
um
an
/ j
en
am
a
d.
Be
rap
a b
an
yak
d
imin
um
e.
Bera
t m
inu
man
(m
l)
[B-6]
Kajia
n P
engam
bila
n M
akanan M
ala
ysia
2002/2
003
BORANG B
ID Peserta
Negeri Daerah Banci BP TK No. Isirumah
BAHAGIAN 2 BORANG PERIHAL MAKAN
1. Adakah Encik / Puan mengambil sarapan, makan tengahari dan makan malam semalam?
2. Di mana Encik / Puan makan?
3. Encik / Puan dapat makanan itu dari mana?
4. Semalam Encik / Puan makan sarapan, tengahari dan malam bersama siapa?
1. Waktu makan 2. Tempat makan 3. Daripada mana
makanan didapati
4. Makan bersama
siapa?
Sarapan
Ya
Tldak Kod B2
Kod B3
Kod B4
Kod B1
Makan Tengahari
Ya
Tldak Kod B6
Kod B7
Kod B8
Kod B5
Makan Malam
Ya
Tldak Kod B10
Kod B11
Kod B12
Kod B9
Kod Kod Kod Kod
Ya - 1 Di rumah - 1 Disediakan di rumah - 1 Sendiri - 1
Tidak - 0 Di pejabat - 2 Beli di kedai - 2 Bersama keluarga - 2
Di kantin / kafeteria - 3 Beli daripada penjaja
- 3 Bersama rakan - 3
Restoran / hotel - 4 Lain-lain, nyatakan - 4
Warung / kedai kopi - 5
Lain-lain, nyatakan - 6
[B-7]
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
BORANG C
KAJIAN PENGAMBILAN MAKANAN
MALAYSIA 2002/2003
AKTIVITI FIZIKAL
ID Peserta
Negeri Daerah Banci BP TK No. Isirumah
BAHAGIAN 1 AKTIVITI FIZIKAL LAZIM RUANGAN KOD
1. Adakah Encik/Puan pergi ke sekolah / bekerja di luar rumah?
a) Ya (sila ke soalan 2)
b) Tidak (sila ke soalan 4)
2. Bagaimana Encik/Puan pergi dan balik ke sekolah/tempat kerja setiap hari?
3. Berapa jumlah tempoh masa untuk pergi dan balik untuk setiap pengangkutan? (silla isikan jawapan dalam kotak dibawah)
2. Aktivtti Tandakan ( √ )
3. Jumlah masa diambil pergi-balik (minit)
a. Menaiki bas/LRT/ Komuter
b. Menaiki kereta/ memandu
c. Menunggang motosikal
d. Menaiki basikal
e. Berjalan kaki
f. Lain-lain, nyatakan
4. Biasanya, berapa kali Encik/Puan naik tangga dalam sehari?
5. Berapa tingkat setiap kali?
Tempat 4. Berapa kali 5. Berapa tingkat
a. Rumah
b. Tempat belajar
c. Tempat kerja
d. Tempat-tempat lain
6. Dalam dua minggu yang tepas, adakah Encik/Puan bermain sukan
atau melakukan senaman?
a. Ya (sila ke soalan 7)
b. Tidak (sila ke Bahagian 2)
2a. 3a.
2b. 3b.
2c. 3c.
2d. 3d.
2e. 3e.
2f. 3f.
4a. 5a. .
4b. 5b. .
4c. 5c. .
4d. 5d. .
6. (sila rujuk buku kod)
1. (sila rujuk buku kod)
[C-1]
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
BORANG C
BAHAGIAN 1 AKTIVITI FIZIKAL LAZIM RUANGAN KOD
7. Apakah aktiviti sukan/senaman yang dilakukan itu?
(3 jenis aktiviti yang utama sahaja berdasarkan jadual di bawah)
8. Berapa kali dalam seminggu untuk setiap aktiviti?
9. Berapa lamakah setiap kali Encik/Puan bermain sukan/senaman
tersebut? (sila isikan jawapan dalam kotak di bawah)
7. Aktiviti sukan 8. Kekerapan seminggu
9. Tempoh masa setiap kali (minit)
a.
b.
c.
Jenis aktiviti fizikal / senaman
Aktiviti Kod Aktiviti Kod
Badminton 01 Joging 14
Berbasikal 02 Ping Pong 15
Berenang 03 Mendaki gunung 16
Berjalan pantas 04 Qi Gong 17
Bola jaring 05 Ragbi 18
Bola keranjang 06 Senamrobik 19
Bola lisut 07 Sepak takraw 20
Bola sepak 08 Silat 21
Bola tampar 09 Skuasy 22
Bowling 10 Taekwando 23
Gimnasium 11 Tai Chi 24
Golf 12 Tenis 25
Hoki 13 Lain-lain 26
[C-2]
7a. 8a. 9a.
7b. 8b. 9b.
7c. 8c. 9c.
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
BO
RA
NG
C
ID
Pe
se
rta
N
eg
eri
D
ae
rah
B
an
ci
BP
T
K
No
. Is
iru
ma
h
BA
HA
GIA
N 2
B
OR
AN
G IN
GA
TA
N A
KT
IV
IT
I F
IZ
IK
AL
2
4 J
AM
Ta
rik
h t
em
ub
ua
l:
Na
ma
pe
se
rta
:
Ha
ri in
ga
tan
: 1
. Is
nin
2
. S
ela
sa
3
. R
ab
u 4
. K
ha
mis
5
. J
um
aa
t 6
. S
ab
tu 7
. A
ha
d (
Bu
latk
an
ha
ri in
ga
tan
)
Ko
d h
ari
in
ga
tan
:
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
12.0
0 t
gh
mala
m
posis
i
1.0
0 p
ag
i
posis
i
2.0
0 p
ag
i
posis
i
3.0
0 p
ag
i
posis
i
4.0
0 p
ag
i
posis
i
5.0
0 p
ag
i
posis
i
6.0
0 p
ag
i
posis
i
7.0
0 p
ag
i
posis
i
8.0
0 p
ag
i
posis
i
9.0
0 p
ag
i
posis
i
10.0
0 p
agi
posis
i
11.0
0 p
agi
posis
i
P
etu
nju
k :
T =
tid
ur
D =
du
du
k / n
aik
kere
ta / p
an
du
kere
ta
J =
Jala
n
AP
= a
kti
vit
i p
eri
bad
i (m
an
di, g
oso
k g
igi, b
uan
g a
ir d
ll)
B =
bari
ng
B
D =
berd
iri
L
= b
erl
ari
T
NT
= T
uru
n n
aik
tan
gg
a
S =
Sem
ban
yan
g
BK
= M
en
un
gg
an
g b
asik
al
C =
men
ca
ng
ku
ng
K
ajia
n P
engam
bila
n M
akanan M
ala
ysia
2002/2
003
[C-3]
BO
RA
NG
C
BA
HA
GIA
N 2
B
OR
AN
G IN
GA
TA
N A
KT
IV
IT
I F
IZ
IK
AL
2
4 J
AM
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
12.0
0 t
gh
hari
posis
i
1.0
0 p
eta
ng
posis
i
2.0
0 p
eta
ng
posis
i
3.0
0 p
eta
ng
posis
i
4.0
0 p
eta
ng
posis
i
5.0
0 p
eta
ng
posis
i
6.0
0 p
eta
ng
posis
i
7.0
0 m
ala
m
posis
i
8.0
0 m
ala
m
posis
i
9.0
0 m
ala
m
posis
i
10.0
0 m
ala
m
posis
i
11.0
0 m
ala
m
posis
i
Petu
nju
k :
T =
tid
ur
D =
du
du
k / n
aik
kere
ta / p
an
du
kere
ta
J =
Jala
n
AP
= a
kti
vit
i p
eri
bad
i (m
an
di, g
oso
k g
igi, b
uan
g a
ir d
ll)
B =
bari
ng
B
D =
berd
iri
L
= b
erl
ari
T
NT
= T
uru
n n
aik
tan
gg
a
S =
Sem
ban
yan
g
BK
= M
en
un
gg
an
g b
asik
al
C =
men
ca
ng
ku
ng
Kajia
n P
engam
bila
n M
akanan M
ala
ysia
2002/2
003
[C-4]
BORANG D
ID Peserta
Negeri Daerah Banci BP TK No. Isirumah
*Ciri- ciri khas peserta: ....................................................................................
1. Nama Peserta: ............................................................................
2. Berat(kg)
i) . kg
ii) . kg
iii) . kg
3. Tinggi (cm)
i) . cm
ii) . cm
iii) . cm
Pengukuran Indeks Jisim Tubuh (IJT) / Body Mass Index (BMI)
Berat(kg)
Tiggi x Tinggi(m2)
Klasifikasi
IJT / BMI < 18.5 IJT / BMI 18.5 - 24.9 IJT / BMI 25.0 - 29.9 IJT / BMI ≥ 30.0
= Kurang Berat Badan = Normal = Berlebihan Berat Badan = Obes
KAJIAN PENGAMBILAN MAKANAN
MALAYSIA 2002 / 2003
PENGUKURAN ANTROPOMETRI
IJT/BMI =
[D-1]
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
BORANG E
KAJIAN PENGAMBILAN MAKANAN
MALAYSIA 2002 / 2003
KEKERAPAN PENGAMBILAN MAKANAN DAN SUPLEMEN
ID Peserta
Negeri Daerah Banci BP TK No. Isirumah
BAHAGIAN 1: BORANG KEKERAPAN PENGAMBILAN MAKANAN
Kod
Jenis makanan
Kekerapan pengambilan Ukuran
Sajian (Pilih satu Jenis ukuran sahaja)
Berapa banyak sajian setiap kali
makan
Berapa kali
sehari
Berapa kali
seminggu
Berapa kali
sebulan
Berapa kali
setahun
Tidak makan
A. Bijirin dan hasil bijirin
A1 *Nasi
Pinggan
Mangkuk cina
Cawan
Senduk
A2 Bubur nasi
Mangkuk Sedang
Cawan
Senduk
A3 *Pulut
Mangkuk cina
Cawan
Senduk
A4 Mee kuning/mee siput/
mee segera
Pinggan lengkung
Pinggan
Mangkuk cina
Senduk
A5 Mihun/kueh teow/laksa/
laksam
Pinggan lengkung
Pinggan
Mangkuk cina
senduk
A6 Loh shi fun Mangkuk cina
A7 *Pasta Pinggan
Senduk
A8 *Sagu
Potong
Cawan
Sudu
A9 *Roti Keping
A10 Roti bun Biji
A11 *Roti canai Keping
A12 Capati Keping
A13 Tosai Keping
A14 *Bijirin sarapan pagi Cawan
Mangkuk cina
A15 *Bijirin tersedia perlu dibancuh Mangkuk cina
Cawan
A16 Pizza Potong
A17 *Jagung Tongkol
Cawan
[E-1]
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
BORANG E
Kod
Jenis makanan
Kekerapan pengambilan Ukuran
Sajian (Pilih satu Jenis ukuran sahaja)
Berapa banyak sajian setiap kali
makan
Berapa kali
sehari
Berapa kali
seminggu
Berapa kali
sebulan
Berapa kali
setahun
Tidak makan
B. Daging dan hasil daging
B1 Ayam Ketul
B2 Lembu / kerbau Kotak mancis
B3 Kambing Kotak mancis
B4 Daging burger Keping
B5 Sosej / hotdog / frankfurter Ketul
B6 Nugget Ketul
B7 Bebola ayam/ketam/udang Ketul
B8 Itik Ketul
B9 *Ham Keping
B10 *Bacon Keping
B11 *Luncheon meat Keping
B12 *Babi (Bagi peserta bukan Islam) Kotak mancis
Kod
Jenis makanan
Kekerapan pengambilan Ukuran
Sajian (Pilih satu Jenis ukuran sahaja)
Berapa banyak sajian setiap kali
makan
Berapa kali
sehari
Berapa kali
seminggu
Berapa kali
sebulan
Berapa kali
setahun
Tidak makan
C. Ikan dan makanan laut
C1 *Ikan laut Keping
Ekor
C2 *Ikan air tawar Keping
Ekor
C3 Ikan bilis Sudu makan
C4 *Ikan dalam tin Ekor
C5 *Kekerang Sudu makan
C6 Udang basah Ekor sederhana
C7 Sotong basah Potong sederhana
C8 Sotong kering Keping sederhana
Potong sederhana
C9 Ketam Ekor
C10 *Ikan kering Keping
Ekor
C11 Bebola ikan/kek ikan Bebola
KetuI
C12 Keropok lekor KetuI
[E-2]
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
Kod
Jenis makanan
Kekerapan pengambilan Ukuran
Sajian (Pilih satu Jenis ukuran sahaja)
Berapa banyak sajian setiap kali
makan
Berapa kali
sehari
Berapa kali
seminggu
Berapa kali
sebulan
Berapa kali
setahun
Tidak makan
D. Telur
D1 Telur ayam Biji
D2 Telur itik Biji
D3 Telur puyuh Biji
D4 Telur masin Biji
Kod
Jenis makanan
Kekerapan pengambilan Ukuran
Sajian (Pilih satu Jenis ukuran sahaja)
Berapa banyak sajian setiap kali
makan
Berapa kali
sehari
Berapa kali
seminggu
Berapa kali
sebulan
Berapa kali
setahun
Tidak makan
E. Kekacang dan hasilnya
E1 *Kekacang Sudu makan
E2 Tauhu Keping
E3 Tempe Keping
Sudu makan
E4 Kacang tanah Sudu makan
Kod
Jenis makanan
Kekerapan pengambilan Ukuran
Sajian (Pilih satu Jenis ukuran sahaja)
Berapa banyak sajian setiap kali
makan
Berapa kali
sehari
Berapa kali
seminggu
Berapa kali
sebulan
Berapa kali
setahun
Tidak makan
F. Susu dan hasil tenusu
F1 Susu segar / UHT Cawan
Gelas
F2 Susu tepung Sudu makan
F3 Susu sejat / cair Sudu makan
F4 Susu pekat manis Sudu makan
F5 Yogurt / lassi / tairu Cawan
Sudu makan
F6 Keju Keping
[E-3]
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
Kod
Jenis makanan
Kekerapan pengambilan Ukuran
Sajian (Pilih satu Jenis ukuran sahaja)
Berapa banyak sajian setiap kali
makan
Berapa kali
sehari
Berapa kali
seminggu
Berapa kali
sebulan
Berapa kali
setahun
Tidak makan
G. Minuman
G1 *Sayuran berdaun hijau Cawan
G2 *Sayuran kacang Cawan
G3 *Sayuran berubi Cawan
G4 *Sayuran kobis Cawan
G5 *Petola / labu / timun Cawan
G6 *Sayuran asin/kering Cawan
G7 Ulam-ulam Cawan
G8 Putik jagung Sudu makan
G9 *Cendawan basah / kering Cawan
G10 Taugeh Cawan
Kod
Jenis makanan
Kekerapan pengambilan Ukuran
Sajian (Pilih satu Jenis ukuran sahaja)
Berapa banyak sajian setiap kali
makan
Berapa kali
sehari
Berapa kali
seminggu
Berapa kali
sebulan
Berapa kali
setahun
Tidak makan
H. Buah-buahan
H1 Betik Potong
H2 Jambu batu Keping
H3 Limau manis tempatan Biji
H4 Mangga Potong
H5 Nenas Potong
H6 *Pisang Biji
H7 Tembikai Potong
H8 Belimbing Biji
H9 Nangka Ulas
H10 Epal Biji
H11 Oren/mandarin Biji
H12 Pir/lai Biji
H13 Anggur Biji
H14 Durian Ulas
H15 Rambutan Biji
H16 Longan segar Biji
H17 Laici segar Biji
H18 Tembikai susu Potong
H19 *Buahan dalam tin Potong
H20 *Buahan kering Potong
[E-4]
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
Kod
Jenis makanan
Kekerapan pengambilan Ukuran
Sajian (Pilih satu Jenis ukuran sahaja)
Berapa banyak sajian setiap kali
makan
Berapa kali
sehari
Berapa kali
seminggu
Berapa kali
sebulan
Berapa kali
setahun
Tidak makan
I. Minuman
I1 Air kosong Gelas
I2 Teh Cawan
I3 *Kopi Cawan
I4 *Minuman bercoklat Cawan
I5 Minuman bermalt (horlick / nesto malt)
Cawan
I6 *Sirap Kordial Gelas
I7 *Jus buah-buahan Cawan
I8 Minuman bergas Gelas/Tin
I9 Air kacang soya Gelas
Kotak
I10 Minuman botani/herba Gelas
Kotak
I11 *Minuman bertenaga Gelas
Kotak
Kod
Jenis makanan
Kekerapan pengambilan
Ukuran
Sajian (Pilih satu Jenis ukuran sahaja)
Berapa banyak sajian setiap kali
makan
Berapa kali
sehari
Berapa kali
seminggu
Berapa kali
sebulan
Berapa kali
setahun
Tidak makan J. Minuman beralkohol
khusus bagi peserta bukan Islam
J1 Syandi Tin
J2 Bir
Gelas
Tin
Botol
J3 Wain Gelas wain
J4 *Spirit Gelas
J5 *Likeur Gelas
[E-5]
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
Kod
Jenis makanan
Kekerapan pengambilan Ukuran
Sajian (Pilih satu Jenis ukuran sahaja)
Berapa banyak sajian setiap kali
makan
Berapa kali
sehari
Berapa kali
seminggu
Berapa kali
sebulan
Berapa kali
setahun
Tidak makan
K. Konfeksi
K1 *Kuih tempatan Ketul
K2 Kek Potong
K3 Biskut Keping
K4 Gula-gula Ketul
Potonq
K5 Aiskrim (susu) Cawan
Scoop
K6 *ABC (air batu campur) / ais / lolipop
Mangkuk
Batang
K7 Agar-agar / jeli / kastard Cawan
Potong
K9 Snek / keropok / kerepek Keping
Kod
Jenis makanan
Kekerapan pengambilan Ukuran
Sajian (Pilih satu Jenis ukuran sahaja)
Berapa banyak sajian setiap kali
makan
Berapa kali
sehari
Berapa kali
seminggu
Berapa kali
sebulan
Berapa kali
setahun
Tidak makan
L. Sapuan roti
L1 Jem Sudu teh
L2 Sri kaya Sudu teh
L3 Mentega Sudu teh
L4 Majerin Sudu teh
L5 Mentega kacang Sudu teh
L6 Krim keju Sudu teh
Kod
Jenis makanan
Kekerapan pengambilan Ukuran
Sajian (Pilih satu Jenis ukuran sahaja)
Berapa banyak sajian setiap kali
makan
Berapa kali
sehari
Berapa kali
seminggu
Berapa kali
sebulan
Berapa kali
setahun
Tidak makan
M. Perencah / perasa
M1 *Gula Sudu teh
M2 *Madu Sudu teh
M3 *Sambal belacan Sudu makan
M4 *Budu Sudu teh
M5 *Cencalok Sudu teh
M6 *Kicap pekat Sudu teh
M7 *Kicap cair Sudu makan
M8 *Sos cili / tomato Sudu makan
M9 *Sos tiram Sudu teh
M10 *Sos ikan Sudu teh
M11 *Petis / *heko / *otak udang Sudu teh
[E-6]
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
BORANG E
PENGGUNAAN GULA, MINYAK DAN GARAM RUANGAN KOD
N. Penggunaan gula oleh ahli isirumah
N1. Berapa banyakkah keluarga ini menggunakan gula dalam sebulan?
..................... kg
N2. Biasanya gula sebanyak itu digunakan oleh berapa orang?
................... orang
O. Penggunaan minyak oleh ahli isirumah
O1. Berapa banyakkah keluarga ini menggunakan minyak masak dalamsebulan?
...................... kg
O2. Biasanya minyak sebanyak itu digunakan oleh berapa orang?
...................... orang
P. Penggunaan garam oleh isirumah
PI. Berapa banyakkah keluarga ini menggunakan garam dalam sebulan?
....................... kg
P2. Biasanya garam sebanyak itu digunakan oleh berapa orang?
....................... orang
[E-7]
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
ID Peserta
Negeri Daerah Banci BP TK No. Isirumah
BAHAGIAN 2 SUPLEMEN RUANGAN KOD
Q1. Dalam tempoh satu tahun yang lepas, adakah Encik/Puan makan
apa-apa ubat / vitamin / mineral. (Tandakan √ ) a) Ya (sila ke soalan Q2)
b) Tidak (sila ke Soalan Q5)
Q2. Apakah jenis vitamin/mineral yang diambil? (Tidak perlu bacakan senarai) Minta bekas / botol daripada
peserta untuk mengesahkan jenis vitamin / mineral, boleh terima jawapan lebih daripada satu).
Q3. Apakah sebab Encik/Puan mengambilnya?
Q4. Berapa kerapkah Encik/Puan mengambilnya?
Q1 (sila rujuk buku kod)
Q2. Jenis
(Bulatkan pada abjad
Jenis vitamin / mineral
yang diambil)
Q3. Sebab pengambilan
(rujuk kod di bawah, buiatkan angka bagi sebab
pengambilan, jawapan boleh lebih daripada
satu, maksimum empat sebab)
Q4.
Kekerapan
(rujuk kod di
bawah)
a. Multivitamin dan Multi mineral
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
b. Multivitamin dan zat besi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
c. Vitamin A/ Karatenoid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
d. Vitamin B kompieks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
e. Vitamin B12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
f. Vitamin C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
g. Asid folik/ B6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
h. Vitamin B kompieks + Vitamin C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
i. Vitamin D dan Kalsium
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
j. Zat besi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
k. Kalsium 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
i. Vitamin E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
m. Zink 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
n. Zink + B kompieks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
o. Selenium 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
* Jangkamasa pendek (berapa lama, nyatakan?)
Q2a Q3a Q4a
Q2b Q3b Q4b
Q2c Q3c Q4c
Q2d Q3d Q4d
Q2e Q3e Q4e
Q2f Q3f Q4f
Q2g Q3g Q4g
Q2h Q3h Q4h
Q2i Q3i Q4i
Q2j Q3j Q4j
Q2k Q3k Q4k
Q2l Q3l Q4l
Q2m Q3m Q4m
Q2n Q3n Q4n
Q2o Q3o Q4o
Kod sebab pengambilan: 1- Atas arahan doktor 2- Kesihatan (bukan arahan
doktor) secara am 3- Tambah tenaga 4- Kecantikan 5- Penurunan berat badan 6- Tambah ingatan 7- Penurunan kotesterol
8- Tidak pasti/ tiada jawapan Kod kekerapan: 1- Setiap hari 2- Lebih dari sekali seminggu 3- Seminggu sekali 4- 1 hingga 3 kali sebulan 5- Sekali sekala (jangkamasa
pendek)
[E-8]
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
BAHAGIAN 2 SUPLEMEN RUANGAN KOD
Q5. Dalam tempoh satu tahun yang lepas, adakah Encik/Puan
mengambil apa-apa suplemen makanan? (Seperti minyak ikan,
lesitin, evening primrose oil, jus buah noni dan Iain-Iain) a) Ya (sila ke soalan Q6)
b) Tidak (sila berhenti sini, temubual tamat)
Q6. Adakah Encik /Puan mengambil bahan berikut (bacakan senarai
suplemen makanan di bawah. Minta bekas/botol daripada peserta
untuk mengesahkan jenis suplemen)
Q7. Apakah sebab Encik/Puan mengambilnya?
Q8. Berapa kerapkah Encik/Puan mengambilnya?
Q5 (sila rujuk buku kod)
Q6. Jenis
(Bulatkan pada abjad
Jenis vitamin / mineral
yang diambil)
Q7. Sebab pengambilan
(rujuk kod di bawah, buiatkan angka bagi sebab
pengambilan, jawapan boleh lebih daripada
satu, maksimum empat sebab)
Q8.
Kekerapan
(rujuk kod di
bawah)
a. Minyak Ikan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
b. Pati Ayam 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
c. Pati Ikan Haruan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
d. Pil Bawang Putih 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
e. Jus Buah Noni 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
f. Hasil Madu Lebah / Royal Jelly
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
g. Evening Primrose oil 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
h. Lesitin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
i. Spirulina 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
j. Gingko Biloba 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
k. Lain-lain, nyatakan
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
* Jangkamasa pendek (berapa lama, nyatakan?)
Q6a Q7a Q8a
Q6b Q7b Q8b
Q6c Q7c Q8c
Q6d Q7d Q8d
Q6e Q7e Q8e
Q6f Q7f Q8f
Q6g Q7g Q8g
Q6h Q7h Q8h
Q6i Q7i Q8i
Q6j Q7j Q8j
Q6k Q7k Q8k
Q6l Q7l Q8l
Q6m Q7m Q8m
Q6n Q7n Q8n
Q6o Q7o Q8o
Kod sebab pengambilan: 1- Atas arahan doktor 2- Kesihatan (bukan arahan
doktor) secara am 3- Tambah tenaga 4- Kecantikan 5- Penurunan berat badan 6- Tambah ingatan 7- Penurunan kotesterol 8- Tidak pasti/ tiada jawapan
Kod kekerapan: 1- Setiap hari 2- Lebih dari sekali seminggu 3- Seminggu sekali 4- 1 hingga 3 kali sebulan 5- Sekali sekala (jangkamasa
pendek)
[E-9]
Kajian Pengambilan Makanan Malaysia 2002/2003
Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
59
APPENDIX B
Sample page from the Food Photo Album
Nasi Putih = 4 senduk = 1 pinggan
Nasi putih dalam pelbagai ukuran
60
Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
APPENDIX C
List of food items analysed at the Institute for Medical Research
No. Malay name English translation
1. Roti sardin, kuah kari, kuah dhall,
sambal bilis
Sardine bread, curry gravy, dhall gravy, dried anchovy cooked in chili sambal
2. Roti tisu, sambal bilis Tissue Bread, dried anchovy cooked in chili sambal
3. Keropok sayur tanpa sos Vegetable cracker without sauce
4. Nangka muda Unripen jackfruit
5. Pucuk mengkudu Mengkudu shoot
6. Ikan seludu mentah Seludu fish, fresh
7. Pekasam ikan mentah Fermented fish, uncooked
8. Kuih cakar ayam Kuih cakar ayam
9. Jeruk kelubi Preserved kelubi
10. Jeruk cermai Preserved cermai
11 Asam kulit limau Preserved lime rind
12. Buntut ayam mentah Bishop’s nose (chicken) , fresh
13. Bakso Meat ball soup
14. Keropok lekor goreng (tanpa sos) Fried fish keropok (without sauce)
15. Keropok lekor mentah Fish keropok , uncooked
16. Pau inti kacang merah Red bean dumpling
17. Keropok beras Rice cracker
18. Cucur tepung kosong Wheat fritter plain
19. Pekasam ikan goreng Fermented fish, fried
20. Umbut kelapa Coconut shoot
21. Pucuk daun meranti Meranti shoot
22. Acar buah Pickled mixed fruits
23. Tapai ubi kayu Fermented tapioca,
24. Mini popia (inti ikan) Mini spring roll (fish)
25. Aiskrim Cornetto Cornetto brand ice cream
26. Sup mee kolok Mee kolok soup
27. Mee kolok goreng Fried mee kolok
28. Kuih celorot Kuih celorot
Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
61
No. Malay name English translation
29. Sabong Sabong
30. Umbut lalis Lalis shoot
31. Umbut apong Apong shoot
32. Umbut nanas Pineapple shoot
33. Terung masam Sour eggplant/brinjal
34. Tabaloi Tabaloi
35. Kuih cincin Kuih cincin
36. Sagu goreng Fried sago
62
Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
APPENDIX D
List of physical activities carried out by subjects
No.
Responses
Grouping of activities Activity Body position
1. Sleeping Sleeping Lying down
Sleeping
2. Resting, reading, listening radio, patting a child to sleep
Lying down supine or on the front
Resting
Singing (karaoke), resting at work, playing PC games at home, patting a child to sleep, caring for a child
Sitting
3. Mechanic working under a car
Lying down Working
Tailoring, sewing, typing, teaching extra class, giving tuition, cleaning boat engine, attending lecture, writing
Sitting
Cooking, farming, fishing, assembly, queuieng, packing tools, watering plants
Standing
Walking on the beat (policeman)
Walking
Gardening
Squat
Lifting boxes and other things
Lifting
Climbing trees to pick coconuts, or other fruits
Climbing
Diving
Diving
Rowing a boat
Rowing
Yoga, taichi, qi-gong Light-intensity sports
Working (athletes, sports trainers)
Golfer, bowling, walking competition
Moderate-intensity sports
Playing football, tennis, squash, weight lifting
Heavy sports
Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
63
No.
Responses
Grouping of activities Activity Body Position
4. Personal activity Showering, brushing teeth, defecating, dressing, cleaning up
Personal activity
Washing clothes, ironing clothes, baking cookies, cleaning store room, cleaning prayer room, sewing, cutting cloth, knitting, caring for older or sick relative
Sitting 5. Household chores
Cooking, washing car, making bed, helping out in the kitchen, cleaning up backyard, showering disabled relative, burning rubbish
Standing
Sweeping, tidying up the house, carrying water
Walking
Shopping, marketing, lifting flower pots, carrying basket
Lifting objects
Scrubbing the floor, painting
Squat
Solat Muslim / Friday prayer
6. Praying
Praying while sitting
Sitting
Praying while standing
Standing
Praying while kneeling
Kneeling
7. Reciting Al-Quran, chanting, listening to religious talks, giving religious talks, helping out in the mosque, bathing corpse
Sitting Religous activities
Getting ready to pray, visiting grave
Standing
Walking
64
Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
No.
Responses
Grouping of activities Activity Position
8. Chatting, dating, attending to guests, listening to talks, visiting, playing draughts/chess/poker cards, gambling, attending meeting, playing monopoly, preparing a feast
Sitting Social activities
Chatting with neighbour, chatting on the phone, watching movies/concerts/play, barbequing, dancing, dragon/lion dancing, playing with younger siblings at home
Standing
Attending to guests at kenduri, attending to husband, gotong-royong, walking on the beat (rukun tetangga)
Walking
9. Breastfeeding, playing with baby, massaging baby’s feet, caring for children, accompanying child on first day of school, feeding child, teaching a child
Sitting Child care
Waiting for school bus with child, preparing child’s milk, waking up child, waiting for child to come home
Standing
Carrying child
Walking
Playing with child
Running
10. Chopping coconuts, sharpening the cleaver, molding cleaver handles, carving wood, plucking vegetables
Sitting Village work
Plucking coconuts, sawing trees, chopping trees, stacking wood, hoeing, feeding livestock, building fences, gardening, mending nets, shooting squirrels, fixing house, cleaning aquarium, mixing cement
Standing
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No.
Responses
Grouping of activities Activity Body Position
Herding cows, plucking vegetables, chopping rattan/wood, lifting rattan/wood, stacking rattan/wood, shoveling, picking fruits
Walking
Climbing tree
Climbing
Looking for snails at the river
Stooping
11. Waiting for public transport, sitting inside vehicles
Sitting Transportation
Standing in bus/commuter, waiting for public transport
Standing
Cycling
Rowing
12. Standing
Moving about Getting from one place to another : around the house, from the kitchen to living room, from office desk to toilet, etc.
Walking
Running
TNT-climbing up and down stairs
13. Watching TV while lying down or sitting
Lying down Sitting
Watching television
14. Lying down at the park
Lying down Recreation/hobby (leisure activity- out door)
Playing computer games, chess, refereeing a competition, watching people play football or badminton
Sitting
Relaxing by the beach or at the park, fishing, picnicking at the waterfall, sunbathing, sight-seeing with motorcycle, making a kite
Sitting
Taking photographs, playing snooker, photo copying
Standing
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APPENDIX E
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67
APPENDIX F
List of physical activities grouped into light, moderate and vigorous-intensity categories
No. Old variables (Physical activity and body position) New variable (Intensity of
physical activity category)
1 Sleeping
2 Resting - lying down
3 Resting - sitting
4 Working - lying down
5 Working - sitting
6 Working - standing
7 Working - light intensity sports
8 Working - squatting
9 Household chores - sitting
10 Household chores - standing
11 Household chores - squatting
12 Village-type activities - sitting
13 Village-type activities - standing
14 Pray - solat
15 Pray - sitting
16 Pray - standing
17 Pray - kneeling
18 Child care activities - sitting
19 Child care activities - standing Light
20 Personal activities
21 Religious activities - sitting
22 Religious activities - standing
23 Social activities - sitting
24 Social activities- standing
25 Transportation - sitting
26 Transportation - standing
27 Watching television/video
28 Recreational activities - lying down
29 Recreational activities - sitting playing games
30 Recreational activities - sitting recreation
31 Recreational activities - squatting
32 Recreational activities - standing
33 Light intensity sports
34 Meal time - sitting
35 Meal time - standing
36 Personal errand - sitting
37 personal errand - standing
38 miscellaneous - sitting
39 miscellaneous - walking
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Volume 1: Methodology Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003
No. Old variables (Physical activity and body position) New variable (Intensity of
physical activity category)
40 Working - walking
41 Working - lifting objects
42 Working - rowing a boat
43 Working - moderate intensity sports
44 Household chores - walking
45 Household chores - lifting objects
46 Household chores - walking
47 Household chores - stooping
48 Child care activities - walking Moderate
49 Religious activities - walking
50 Social activities - walking
51 Transportation - cycling bicycle
52 Activities related to moving about - walking
53 Moderate-intensity sports
54 Recreational activities - walking
55 Meal time - walking
56 miscellaneous - walking
57 Village-type activities - sitting
58 Working - climbing
59 Working - diving
60 Working – heavy-intensity sports
61 Child care activities - running Heavy
62 Activities related to moving about - running
63 Activities related to moving about – climbing up and down stairs
64 Recreational activities - running
65 Heavy intensity sports