ministry of environment pilot program for the conservation ... · pdf filepilot program for...

Ministry of Environment

Executive Secretariat

Department for Coordination of Policies for the Amazon

Pilot Program for the Conservation of Brazilian Rainforests

Publications catalogue of the Pilot Program for the conservation of

brazilian rainforests17 years of work in the amazon and atlantic forests

Federative Republic of BrazilPresident - Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

Vice-President – José Alencar Gomes da SilvaMinistry of EnvironmentMinister – Carlos Minc Baumfeld

Executive SecretariatSecretary – Izabella Mônica Vieira TeixeiraDepartment for Coordination of Policies for the Amazon Director – Mauro Oliveira Pires

Pilot Program for the Conservation of Brazilian RainforestsCoordinator – Nazaré Lima Soares

Ministry of Environment

Executive Secretariat

Department for Coordination of Policies for the Amazon


Brasília, 2009

Publications catalogue of the Pilot Program for the conservation of

brazilian rainforests17 years of work in the amazon and atlantic forests

Executive Secretariat - Secex

Department for Coordination of Policies for the Amazon - DAAM


SEPN 505 bloco B. Edifício Marie Prendi Cruz, 2º andar. Asa Norte

70.730-542. Brasilia - DF.

Tel.: 55 61 3105-2093

Fax: 55 61 3274-7704

E-mail address: [email protected]

Text: Marli Teresinha dos Santos

Editorial Coordinator: Larissa Ribeiro Barbosa

Support: Pilot Program Coordination Team

Cover, layout and electronic editing: Extrema Comunicação

Guidance to bibliographic standardization: Ibama

Helionídia Carvalho de Oliveira

© Ministry of EnvironmentNot for sale

Catalogue Item Publication Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources

C357 Catálogo de publicações do Programa Piloto para Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil: 17 anos de atuação na Amazônia e Mata Atlântica /PPG7. – Brasília: MMA, 2009.

220 p. ; 29 cm. DVD.

Bibliografia

1. Catálogo (publicação). I. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. II. Secretaria Executiva. III. Programa Piloto para Proteção das Florestas Tropicais – PPG7. IV. Título.

CDU(2.ed.)504

The authors are solely responsible for the concepts and opinions disclosed herein.

ACRONYM: MEANING

AAFI Indigenous Agroforestry Agents

AAV Volunteer Environmental Agents

ABANNE Meeting of Anthropologists from North and Northeast Regions

ADA Development Agency

AM Amazonas State

AMA Monitoring & Analysis Project

AMF Forestry Management Areas

APA Alternative Farmers Association

APRuRAM Rolimourense Rural Farmers Association for Mutual Assistance

ASC Agroforestry

ASP Silvopasture Agroforestry

ASPAC Silves Association for Environmental and Cultural Preservation

BCDAM Amazon Shared Database System

BNDES: Brazilian Development Bank

CAtIE Tropical Agronomy Research and Teaching Center

CCA Amazon Central Corridor

CCMA Atlantic Forest Central Corridor

CDS Sustainable Development Center – University of Brasilia

CEC Community Statistics Center

CENA Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture - University of Sao Paulo

CENA Capacity-building Needs Diagnosis

CENAFlOR National Forestry Training and Capacity-Building Center

CENtRu Rural Worker Education and Culture Center

CGtt General Council of the Ticuna Tribe

CIF Fuste Identification Class

ClA Alcântara Launch Center

list of Acronyms

CONDESSA Consortium for the Socio-environmental Development of the BR 163 Highway

CPt Land Pastoral Commission

CtI Indigenous Studies Work Center

DBH Diameter at Breast Height

DlIS Integrated and Sustainable Local Development

DRP Participatory Rural Diagnosis

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMBRAPA Brazilian Agricultural Research Company

EEZ Ecological-Economic Zoning

FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization

FASE Federation of Social and Educational Assistance Bodies

FBDS Brazilian Foundation for Sustainable Development

FEtRAGRI State Federation of Agricultural Workers

FINEP Brazilian Innovation Agency

FlONA National Forest

FNMA National Environment Fund

FNO North Region Constitutional Fund

FNS National Health Foundation

FuNAI National Indigenous Foundation

FVPP Live, Produce and Preserve Foundation

G-7 Group of the most industrialized countries on Earth

GPD Environmental Preservation Group

GRANAV Live Nature Environmental Group

GtA Amazon Work Group

GtZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbit – German Technical Cooperation

IARA Amazon Institute for Environmental Resources Management

IBAM Brazilian Municipal Administration Institute

IBAMA Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources

IBGE Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics

ICV Life Center Institute

IFC Continuous Forestry Inventory

IIEB International Education Institute of Brazil

IMAZON Amazon Institute of Man and the Environment

IMt Amazonas Institute of Tropical Medicine

INAM Amazon Nature Institute

INCRA National Institute for Colonization and Land Reform

INPA Amazon National Research Institute

INPE National Space Research Institute

IPAM Amazon Environmental Research Institute

IPE Individual Protection Equipment

IPEA Applied Economic Research Institute

ISA Socio-environmental Institute

ISPN Society, Population and Nature Institute

JACAREx Joint Amazonian Carbon Experiment Project

MACOE Manaus Atmospheric CO2

Experiment Project

MDA Ministry of Agrarian Development

MDtx Movement for the Development of Transamazônica and Xingu

MEB Basic Education Movement

MFC Community-based Forestry Management

MMA Ministry of Environment

MPEG Emílio Goeldi Museum of Pará

MPSt Movement for the Survival of Transamazônica and Xingu

Sl Sustainable Livelihood

NAEA Amazon Advanced Studies Center of the Federal University of Pará

OEMAS State Environmental Bodies

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

PA Pará State

PDA Demonstration Projects

PDPI Indigenous Demonstration Project

PFC Cerrado Fruits Project

PFN National Forests Program

PFNM Non-Timber Forestry Products

PGAI Integrated Environmental Management Project

PlANAFlORO Rondonia National Forestry Plan

PNF National Forests Program

PPG7 Pilot Program for the Conservation of Brazilian Rainforests

PPtAl Indigenous Lands Project

PRCA Regional Environmental Capacity-building Plan

PROAMBIENtE Program for the Socio-Environmental Development of Family-based Agriculture

PROARCO Emergency Fire Prevention & Control Project

PROFOR 163 Strenghthening Social Participation in the BR 163 Plan Project

PROMANEJO Forest Resources Management Project

PROtEGER Amazon Fire Prevention and Mobilization

PROVáRZEA Flood Plain (Varzea) Management Project

PES Payment for Environmental Services

RADAM Radar in the Amazon Project

REBRAF Brazilian Agroforestry Network

REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forestry Degradation

RESEx Extractive Reserves Project

RFC Cerrado Fruits Network

RFt Rain Forest Trust Fund

RIMA Environmental Impact Report

RMA Atlantic Forest NGOs Network

RPPN Natural Heritage Private Reserves

SAF Agroforestry System

SASOP Rural Grassroots Organizations Support Service

SCA Amazon Coordination Secretariat

SCM Mamirauá Civil Society

SEAtER Acre State Technical Assistance and Agroforestry Extension Secretariat

SIPAM Amazon Protection System

SlAPR Rural Properties Environmental Licencing System

SNuC National Conservation Unit System

SPC&t Science and Technology Subprogram

SPRN Natural Resources Policy Project

SQA Environmental Quality in Human Settlements Secretariat

ACt Amazon Cooperation Treaty

Il Indigenous Land

uFAM Federal University of Amazonas

uNIFAP Federal University of Amapá

uNIPOMA Santarém Integrated Environmental Policing Unit

uNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

uPA Annual Production Unit

WWF World Wildlife Fund

SuMMARY:

Introduction .......................................................................................................... 15

The Pilot Program for the Conservation of Brazilian Rainforests ........................... 17

Abstracts – publications by the Subprograms and projects ................................... 17

1.AMA - Monitoring & Analysis Project .................................................................. 19

2.Ecological Corridors – Ecological Corridors Project ........................................... 37

3.GTA – Amazon Working Group and the projects GTA Institutional Strenghtening, Support to GTA Institutional Development and Capacity-building to Prevent Forest Fires in the Amazon (Proteger II) .......................................................................... 45

4.PDA – Demonstration Projects .......................................................................... 53

5.PDPI - Indigenous Demonstration Project ......................................................... 69

6.PPTAL - Indigenous Lands Project .................................................................... 79

7.ProManejo – Forest Resources Management Project ....................................... 83

8.ProVárzea - Flood Plain (Varzea) Management Project ....................................123

9.RMA – Atlantic Forest NGOs Network – RMA Capacity Building and Institutional Development Project ..........................................................................................177

10.SPC&T - Science and Technology Subprogram .............................................181

11.SPRN - Natural Resources Policy Project ...................................................... 213

14 15

INtRODuCtION

To keep the knowledge and experiences gained through the Pilot Program for the Conservation of Brazilian Rainforests (PPG7) alive, the Ministry of Environment has assembled this catalogue bringing together abstracts of publications of different PPG7 subprograms and projects. The full publica-tions are also provided in digital form (attached hereto).

The Pilot Program generated a large number of technical and scientific studies that supported the design of environmental public policies focused on sustainable development. In its 17 years of existence, the Pilot Program has implemented 26 subprograms and projects which contributed to expand knowledge of the Brazilian Amazon and Atlantic Forest environments. It committed resources to five lines of action: experimentation and demons-tration; conservation of protected areas; institutional strengthening; science and technology for sustainable development; lessons learned and knowled-ge dissemination.

Most subprograms and projects are concluded and a few are about to be consolidated. The great challenge now is to retain the knowledge acquired during these 17 years of intensive activity, which contributed to the esta-blishment of environmental guidelines and guidance, such as new tools for management and social control, and the strong environmental commitment built at different government spheres.

This catalogue presents abstracts of the studies published – about 250 wor-ds each, and the shortest ones with about 120 words. The abstracts depict the key topics of the publication, using the same language as the original text. With it, readers can decide about reading or not the entire article or book.

16 17

the Pilot Program for the Conservation of Brazilian Rainforests

The Pilot Program (PPG7) was established in 1990 during the Houston Convention which gathered the G-7 countries to protect the Brazilian Rain-forests. It was ratified during the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) – the so-called Rio 92. There was a global wave against the deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest. Governments and the civil society were working together to find solutions to combine conservation of the Amazon Rainforest and Atlantic Forest and the sustainable use of their natural resources, while improving the living conditions of local populations.

Seventeen years later, amidst negotiations and implementation of 26 Subro-grams and projects, the Pilot Program reports successful experiences and challenges that should be publicized. The Program has carried out countless studies, learning many lessons about the socio-environmental management of Brazilian forests. The Pilot Program played (and still plays) a core role in the establishment of sustainable development-oriented public policies, notably due to the amount of knowledge generated and the incentives and capacity for social mobilization of its many subprograms and projects.

The PPG7 is a Brazilian government initiative in partnership with the inter-national community. It is being considered one of the largest multilateral co-operation Programs linked to an environmental theme of global relevance. Funding came from the G-7 countries, Netherlands and the European Union. Funds were complemented by Brazilian Federal and state governments, together with civil society. The World Bank managed the Rain Forest Trust Fund (RFT), created to receive the contributions of different donators.

Abstracts – publications by the Subprograms and ProjectsThe abstracts briefly show the main points of the publications, including the initial problem, methodology, main findings and conclusions. These were di-vided into subprograms and projects, in alphabetic order, and are classified starting with the most recent.

18 19

1AMA

Monitoring and Analysis Project

The AMA Project was created in 2000 to play a key role in the PPG7, organizing lessons learned from projects and subprograms through monitoring, studies, analyses and dissemination of lessons. The Project worked with the identification and analysis of strategic les-sons, aiming at disseminating these as inputs to the formulation of public policies.

AMA was implemented by the Ministry of Environment along three lines of action: 1) technical assistance and capacity-building in moni-toring and assessment tools, emphasizing impact analysis and kno-wledge systematization as tools to manage projects and generate inputs for public policies; 2) carrying out studies and analyses on in-novative initiatives of the Pilot Program and other strategic topics re-lated to the sustainable development of the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest; 3) dissemination of lessons learned and other strategic know-ledge of the Pilot Program through publications and the organization of debates, seminars and other events to exchange experiences and dialogue with public policies agents.This project, linked to Pilot Program Coordination, produced 24 publi-cations.

20 21

AMA1

WUNDER, S. (Coord.). Pagamentos por serviços ambientais: perspectivas para a Amazônia legal [Payment for environmental services: perspectives for the Legal Amazon]. 2. ed. rev. Brasilia: MMA, 2009. 144 p. (Série Estudos, 10)

According to the literature, Payment for Environmental Services (PES) is a voluntary transaction, where a well-defined environmental service, or use of the land that could ensure that service, is purchased by at least one buyer from at least one supplier, provided that the supplier guarantees service delivery. Almost all the existing PES comprise environmental services linked to four categories: 1) carbon retention and capture; 2) biodiversity conservation; 3) water services conservation; and, 4) landscape conservation. This study focuses on the opportunities most common in the Amazon, i.e., PES linked to biodiversity and carbon. Local PES is direct payments to service providers, as in the Forest Allowance Program (Programa Bolsa Floresta) in the State of Amazonas, and the Program for the Socio-Environmental Development of Family-based Agriculture (Proambiente) of the Federal Government. International PES take place when a country or administrative entity is paid to implement policies focused on environmental services provision. International PES are being discussed in terms of avoided deforestation or Reducing Emissions from Deforestation or Forestry Degradation (REDD). The high deforestation rates and the prevalence of command and control policies ineffective in reducing environmental degradation suggest the need to apply PES to the Brazilian Amazon. However, PES have economic, cultural, institutional and information requirements. Such pre-conditions can be fulfilled, but the institutional pre-condition – mainly regarding land ownership – is the most critical impairment. Nonetheless, the Amazon has huge potential for providing environmental services related to biodiversity and carbon retention in natural forests, despite the inexistence of demand at the international level to support PES arrangements at a regional scale in the Brazilian Amazon.

AMA2

ASCHER, P.; VALARELLI, L. L. Monitoramento de Impacto: uma proposta metodológica [Impact Monitoring: a methodological proposal]. Brasilia: MMA, 2008. 80 p. (Série Monitoramento & Avaliação, 4)

The publication proposes an alternative and practical method to build an impact monitoring system. The basic premise of this methodological proposal is that monitoring is mainly aimed at learning. The first part of the book introduces the characteristics, intentions and logic of the

sustainable development projects, the rationale and monitoring needs during implementation, as well as the different types of monitoring used in project management. The second part discusses different approaches to project management and guidelines or strategies to design the project’s monitoring and evaluation system. The third part develops, step-by-step, an example of how to build an impact monitoring strategy using a fictitious case related to a sustainable agriculture project. Moreover, there is one chapter on issues related to the universe of indicators, focusing on the procedures for formulation and constructing project monitoring-related indicators.

AMA3

SAUER, S. (Coord.). Experiências inovadoras em prevenção e controle de queimadas na Amazônia brasileira [Innovative experiences in slash-and-burn prevention and control in the Brazilian Amazon]. Brasilia: MMA, 2007. 96 p. (Série Estudos, 9)

The main aim of this study is the comparative analysis of the efficiency of different strategies for slash-and-burn prevention and control in the Brazilian Amazon adopted by the projects Reviving (Reviver), Fire-free Farming (Roça sem Queimar), Fire: Chronic Emergency (Fogo: Emergência Crônica) and Protect (Proteger), thus contributing to the formulation and implementation of public policies for slash-and-burn prevention and control. The concern over the indiscriminate use of slash-and-burn techniques and their consequences resulted in many governmental and non-governmental initiatives in Amazon. The four projects have effectively implemented and developed a wide array of actions that provide an alternative to the use of fire, such as fire-free farming; beekeeping and fish farming; planting of agroforestry systems; recovery of degraded areas; intensive use of pasture; construction of breeding sites, among others. The effectiveness derivded from some strategies employed to implement the actions: a) use of the existing organizational structure; b) implementation of a process for dialogue and engagement of leaderhip and social organizations of family farmers in the activities developed by the projects; c) local government involvement; d) complementarity of actions developed by some projects, including with government programs. One of the largest gaps found in all the four projects analyzed is the lack of proper and consistent technical assistance. Other gaps are: lack of scientific research capable of offering alternatives to small crops; and the existence of lines of credit based on chemical-mechanical production. The study concludes that each project has particular characteristics and, therefore, the replication of strategies depends, among others, on discussing with the local actors to be targeted by the projects. Drawing on the projects’ experience, the main areas to be fostered would be: readjusting the lines of credit; encouraging technical assistance; providing managerial and market training to family farmers in Amazon.

22 23

AMA4

GUERRA, R.; ASCHER, P. Estratégias e métodos de monitoramento em projetos de proteção das florestas tropicais brasileiras [Monitoring strategies and methods in Brazilian Rainforest protection projects]. Brasilia: MMA, 2006. 214 p. (Série Monitoramento & Avaliação, 3)

The publication contains different articles that depict the rich monitoring knowledge acquired by the PPG7 projects. The publication’s first article was written by the AMA Project providing readers with a general view on the evolution of monitoring and evaluation activities in the Pilot Program projects, as well as providing some clues on how to achieve effective and functional monitoring systems. The second article, by the Demonstration Projects (PDA), discloses lessons learned in the creation of participatory monitoring systems. The third text presents an experience of the Indigenous Demonstration Project (PDPI) which followed 70 small projects by Indigenous organizations in the Amazon. Is also discloses experiences of the Natural Resources Policy Project (SPRN), of the Family Farmers Mobilization and Capacity-building Project to Prevent Forest Fires in the Brazilian Amazon (Proteger), showcasing the participatory monitoring that involved 1,684 families in the 53 municipalities in the area reached by the project. There are also many lessons learned from the Flood Plain Management Project (ProVárzea) and from the monitoring of the first stage of the Science and Technology Subprogram (SPC&T). The last article depicts another monitoring method, aimed at observing changes in biodiversity protection and conservation, implemented by the Ecological Corridors Project.

AMA5

HOLLIDAY, O. J. Para sistematizar experiências [Systematizing experiences]. Translated by: Maria Viviana V. Resende. 2. ed., rev. Brasilia: MMA, 2006. 128 p. (Série Monitoramento & Avaliação, 2)

One of the main challenges faced by public policy programs is the dissemination and expansion of successful experiences, and the incorporation of lessons learned that should be translated into policies to foster a new development model. Therefore, systematizing experiences is a pedagogical political challenge of the utmost relevance. Within the scope of the Pilot Program for the Conservation of Brazilian Rainforests, systematization is considered to be a relevant tool that contributes to face the challenges posed, since such experiences bring crucial lessons that could be disseminated, as well as serving as potential inducers of sustainable public policies. The book approaches the difficulties faced by systematization, giving some clues and theoretical and methodological

reflections as operational systematization guides, ensuing from practical experiences. This publication intends to enable critical thought and serve as a tool to plan experience systematization processes, as well as fostering the dissemination of lessons learned.

AMA6

INSTITUTO DE PESQUISA AMBIENTAL DA AMAZÔNIA – IPAM. A grilagem de terras públicas na Amazônia brasileira [Public land grabbing in the Brazilian Amazon]. Brasilia: MMA, 2006. 108 p. (Série Estudos, 8)

The study analyzes the main problems of Federal land and environment bodies. It assesses the main measures that could be adopted by both the Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) and the National Institute of Colonization and Land Reform (Incra) to legalize the occupied areas and to set criteria to allot public lands in the Brazilian Amazon. The central case studies were the region of São Félix do Xingu and part of the area along the BR-163 highway – both in the state of Pará. The Amazon has become the site of disputes among many players, with different interests that entail problems for the disputes over land and natural resources. To crown it all, there are consistent violations of indigenous rights, traditional peoples’ land and squatters. Hence, the study emphasizes the struggle against land grabbing and rural violence cannot be perceived as a short-term policy, nor can it be based only on occasional and disconnected actions. Another relevant issue when it comes to rural properties in the Amazon (small, medium and large) is the consistent effort that should be made to strengthen social and environmental protection. Within this context, two important aspects related to the struggle against land grabbing in the Amazon come up: the development of criteria to legalize small, medium and large plots; and the criteria to allot public lands, giving priority to small family property.

AMA7

SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTE – ISA/ CENTRO DE VIDA INSTITUTE – ICV. Sistema de licenciamento ambiental em propriedades rurais no estado de Mato Grosso: análise de sua implementação [Rural property environmental licensing system in the state of Mato Grosso: implementation analysis]. Brasilia: MMA, 2006. 177 p. (Série Estudos, 7)

Since 1999, the state of Mato Grosso has implemented an innovative system of deforestation control and monitoring at rural properties, known as the

24 25

Rural Property Environmental Licensing System (SLAPR), incorporating remote-sensing technology and the aim of integrating the activities of deforestation monitoring, licensing and surveillance. The work proposed by the Ministry of Environment, through the AMA and the PPG7 Projects, intends to analyze SLAPR, assess its effectiveness and identify the main causes and links with deforestation. The analyses provide inputs to implement control and licensing systems at rural properties in the other states of the Legal Amazon, based on the assessment of legal and land-related aspects, inspection and accountability, institutional aspects of management and transparency; technological aspects and mechanisms of support to control deforestation under the responsibility of other Federal Government sectors. The multi-disciplinary team in charge of the study (composed of teams from the Centro de Vida Institute – ICV and the Socio-Environmental Institute – ISA) participated in seminars and meetings, held workshops and interviewed many members of public institutions working in the state of Mato Grosso. Among these, farmers, geo-processing consultancy firms, non-governmental organizations. Moreover, it collected, produced and analyzed data, a study on the applicable laws, and documentary analysis of legal and administrative processes. The improvement of environmental management systems in rural properties in the Amazon, as well as the monitoring and control of deforestation in the region, are contributions that could be observed.

AMA8

ALMEIDA, A. W. B. de. Os quilombolas e a base de lançamento de foguetes de Alcântara: laudo antropológico [Quilombolas and the Alcântara rocket launch center: an anthropological report]. Brasilia: MMA, v. 1, 2006. 212 p.

The anthropological report discloses the findings of a survey carried out among remaining quilombo communities in the municipality of Alcântara, state of Maranhão, requested by the General Prosecutor’s Office after the institution of a Civil Inquiry to investigate likely irregularities observed during the implementation of the Alcântara Launch Center (CLA). The communities have pursued their rights to the territory and ethnical-racial self-determination since the 1980s, when the CLA began to be built. Considering that the mandatory displacement actions affect the black rural communities, the decision was favorable to the legal suit. After the public hearings in Alcântara and Sao Luís, which pointed out inconsistencies in the EIA-Rima, notably regarding the anthropic and ethnical relations, the survey was prepared, and arguments were developed to fulfill the requirements that guide the survey and field work, involving secondary sources, map production and on-site data collection. For exposition purposes, the final official report was divided in two parts. The first one focuses on the links between the basic principles of scientific investigation and the procedures required to produce the so-called expert evidence - studies that ground

and provide input to the findings. During the visits to settlements aimed at identifying communities and establishing links between historical fact and collective identity, field work was not carried out at the institutional sites of political or economic leadership, but with persons of a singular social position: the elders. Hence, the report stands for historical contextualization and demographic records of the installation of quilombos in Alcântara, as well as defining the territory according to inhabitants’ description and on-site verification.

AMA9

ALMEIDA, A. W. B. de. Os quilombolas e a base de lançamento de foguetes de Alcântara: laudo antropológico [Quilombolas and the Alcântara rocket launch center: an anthropological report]. Brasilia: MMA, v. 2, 2006. 145 p.

The anthropological report discloses the findings of a survey carried out among remaining quilombo communities in the municipality of Alcântara, state of Maranhão, requested by the General Prosecutor’s Office after the institution of a Civil Inquiry to investigate likely irregularities observed during the implementation of the Alcântara Launch Center (CLA). For exhibition purposes, the final result was divided in two parts. The second one is an applied and more direct response to the requirements formulated by prosecutors, an analytical effort to provide input to the corresponding arguments. In the Dispatch, the Prosecutor outlined the eleven requirements to be developed by the expert which, despite having guided the experts’ works and been answered throughout the data analysis in the first part, are are directly answered to in the second part which adds as annexes the most relevant document and archive sources, as well as the photographic record.

AMA10

TONI, F.; PACHECO, P. Gestão ambiental descentralizada: um estudo comparativo de três municípios da Amazônia brasileira [Decentralized environmental management: a comparative study of three municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon] Brasilia: MMA, 2005. 73 p. (Série Estudos, 6)

The document is the final report of the “Analysis of innovative experiences in decentralized environmental management at the municipal level”, carried out by the PPG7 AMA Project. Some municipalities stand out for their work

26 27

in the environmental area; some as a direct response to the few support policies of the Federal Government, such as those implemented through the Natural Resources Policy Project (SPRN); others, at their own initiative. This study compares the experiences of three municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon – Juína, in the state of Mato Grosso; Itaituba and Marabá, in the state of Pará. The work approaches in a reflexive way the experiences in decentralized and shared environmental management, considered as innovative by the Ministry of Environment. The work aims at getting to know the factors that lead to higher or lesser involvement of municipal governments with environmental management, and identify the lessons learned about decentralized and shared environmental management at Federal, State and Municipal levels. It also highlights the duties and functions within the scope of the legislation in force. The study uses five parameters of analysis: 1) physical structure and human resources of the municipal environmental departments; 2) environmental management policies, programs and tools used in the municipalities; 3) development of the municipal environmental legal framework; 4) popular participation in the development of environmental policies; and, 5) articulation between government bodies and NGOs involved in environmental management. Hence, the report contributes to thoughtful consideration about the existing innovative experiences in environmental management that demystify some ideas about decentralization.

AMA11

BARBANTI JÚNIOR, O. Políticas de desenvolvimento sustentável no Acre: contribuições do SPRN [Sustainable development policies in Acre: contributions by the SPRN]. Brasilia: MMA, 2005. 59 p. (Série Estudos, 5)

The study investigates how and to which extent the public policies on environmental management decentralization in the state of Acre were subsidized, analyzing the contribution of the Natural Resources Policies Project (SPRN) of the PPG7. The most noticeable contributions of the SPRN that have positively influenced the establishment and implementation of public policies and private organizations’ policies in the state of Acre have to do with environmental management, notably zoning and monitoring related to the introduction of geo-referencing and use of satellite images during the licensing and surveillance processes. The stakeholders were identified, characterizing a methodological difficulty, since former members of local NGOs started working in the state government, obscuring the dividing line between civil society and government. However, public participation has promoted the social insertion of rubber tapers and indigenous peoples, as well as involving the Federal Prosecutor’s Office, the Judiciary and the private sector. Neither the state nor municipal Legislative Powers seem to have been involved. The

mainstreaming of agroforestry management practices in Acre’s SEATER rural extension, incorporating the lessons learned from occasional initiatives of agroforestry extension developed by NGOs and social movements in the state and other Amazon regions, should also be highlighted. Many capacity-building activities were carried out using the methodology known as Participatory Rural Diagnosis (DRP), and strategic and development plans were formulated. That brought about changes to the bureaucratic and autocratic concepts found in the classic systems of rural extension.

AMA12

SANTOS, M. Aprendizados do Projeto de Manejo dos Recursos Naturais da Várzea – ProVárzea [Lessons learned from the Flood Plain Management Project]. Brasilia: MMA, 2005. 53 p. (Série Estudos, 4)

The study explains how and to which extent ProVárzea contributed to a more specific and coherent public policy related to the management and use of Flood Plain natural resources in the Amazon, with emphasis in two areas: fishery agreements and land regulation in flooded forests. The study interviewed individuals linked to the Project in Pará, Amazonas and Brasília, and analyzed the documents on ProVárzea’s creation. The main problems faced at this stage were the lack of flood plain management, natural resources degradation, fishery-related conflicts, the lack of land regulation and uncoordinated actions at the different government levels in the Amazon. The initial documents warned about the development process in the region which was and is causing gradual degradation of the area, environmental problems and social conflicts. The fishery agreements stand for rules established by the community, assisted by environmental bodies, to control fishery in a given region. ProVárzea is not the only generator of the process of constructing agreements. Social movements and NGOs have participated, even before the Project was established. However, ProVázea advanced the process in some years. flood plain residents have no land tenure. The intended degree of institutionalization is the establishment of legal rules that allow granting the right to use flood plain lands, through a multiple stage process. ProVárzea invested in technical studies on the matter and social mobilization to discuss the issue, but has not yet generated any legal rules. The next stage would be institutionalizing ProVárzea in government bodies; otherwise, all the knowledge generated will be underused.

28 29

AMA13

VERÍSSIMO, A. Influência do Promanejo sobre políticas públicas de manejo florestal sustentável na Amazônia [Promanejo’s influence on sustainable forestry management public policies in the Amazon]. Brasilia: MMA, 2005. 49 p. (Série Estudos, 3)

The overall concept of the Forest Resources Management Project (ProManejo) aimed at expanding the managed forest area, inhibiting the high ratio of predatory timber exploitation in the Amazon. ProManejo reached important results in the scope of public policies, being conceived as a decentralized management project. To assess the aspects that have contributed to ProManejo success, the study highlights three policies: creation of the National Center on Forestry Training and Capacity-building (Centro Nacional de Treinamento e Capacitação Florestal - Cenaflor); participatory management of Tapajós Flona through the Consultative Council in the Pará Unit and the Forest Credit Program of the Amazônia Bank (FNO). Another highlight was the definition of problems to be solved and government and non-governmental actors, including: timber dealers, exporters, purchasers, traditional populations, indigenous peoples, self-employed professionals in the forestry sector, and core actors involved in the process. To assess more deeply the aspects that have effectively contributed to ProManejo success, the key actors were interviewed in the cities of Brasilia, Manaus, Santarém and Belém. Moreover, the project documents and publications were reviewed, and a field visit was carried out to Tapajós National Forest to observe the local impact ensuing from participatory management. Activities were developed from July to October 2004.

AMA14

LITTLE, P. E. Projetos Demonstrativos - PDA: sua influência na construção do Proambiente [Demonstration Projects – PDA: their influence in the creation of Proambiente]. Brasilia: MMA, 2005. 63 p. (Série Estudos, 2)

The study is part of a more comprehensive study called “Pilot Program Impacts on public policies and lessons learned about the mainstreaming processes of the Monitoring & Analysis Project – AMA” (Impactos do Programa Piloto sobre as políticas públicas e aprendizados sobre processos de ‘Mainstreaming’ do Projeto de Apoio ao Monitoramento e Análise (AMA)”. The study presented herein makes a qualitative analysis of the social processes related to the development of public policies with socio-environmental components, notably the survival of rural family-based farmers in the Amazon. The study recovers the process of formulating and implementing the Socio-Environmental Development of Family-based Agriculture Program (Proambiente). One of

the innovative aspects brought by Proambiente was the implementation of 12 Pioneer Units of Family-based Agriculture and Extractive Activities. The Demonstration Projects’ main approaches are typically experimental in nature, in the fields of: forestry management; recovery of degraded areas; agricultural production; fruit growing; environmental management; Extractive Activities; natural areas preservation; fishery; agroforestry systems; and, natural medicine. Five kinds of influence by the PDA were identified in relation to Proambiente, and to the stronger incentive for sustainable production practices among family-based farmers: 1) The Amazon Work Group (GTA), which involved civil society participation in the creation of the PDA; 2) support to experimental productive spaces, notably regarding the implementation of agroforestry systems – management/recovery; 3) the PDA provided local associations and organizations with an opportunity to translate the community’s ideas into projects; 4) as in the trans-Amazon region, it provided enabling powers to consolidate a political and environmental line of action, based on sustainability; 5) the PDA financed the first two years of the Proambiente Technical Team - an essential step toward consolidating the proposal as a whole.

AMA15

SAUER, S. Prevenção de incêndios florestais na Amazônia: lições aprendidas no Projeto Proteger [Forest fire prevention in the Amazon: lessons learned from the Proteger Project]. Brasilia: MMA, 2005. 63 p. (Série Estudos, 1)

The Amazon Fire Prevention and Mobilization (Proteger) was established within the scope of the formulation and implementation of the Emergency Fire Prevention and Control Project (Proarco), which was formulated and coordinated by Ibama. Proteger Project aimed at organizing the mobilization of family-based, extractive and indigenous farmers to protect the Amazon ecosystems. Through educational processes, it has intensively worked on the concept of sustainability capable of contributing to reduce fire and increase control over the use of slash-and-burn. Another aspect was the incentive for communities and leaders to exchange experiences on many alternative sustainable production practices in the Amazon region. The lessons learned by all were of utmost relevance, since indiscriminate use of fire is one of the most serious problems found in the region. Thus, the insertion of social groups involved has strengthened their links and facilitated the work of Proteger. The Amazon Work Group (GTA) was in charge of Proteger Project national coordination. The main components of the project were: social mobilization; fire-free sustainable production; and, environmental education.

30 31

AMA16

MAY, P. H. et. al. (Org.). Instrumentos econômicos para o desenvolvimento sustentável na Amazônia brasileira: experiências e visões [Economic tools for sustainable development in the Brazilian: experiences and views]. Brasilia: MMA, 2005. 124 p.

This publication gathers the presentations and debates held during the Seminar “Economic Tools for the Sustainable Development of the Amazon” (Instrumentos Econômicos para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Amazônia) in 2002. The texts attempt to deepen the discussions on concepts and methods to use economic tools to foster environmental protection and the sustainable use of natural resources in the Brazilian Amazon, notably regarding the forestry sector. The conclusions presented in the book point out that the use of economic tools in an isolated and static way seldom brings about positive effects. It is crucial to understand the context to be influenced by the traditional mechanisms of inducing economic actors behavior - such as subsidies, fees or rules – and innovative mechanisms aimed at compensation for environmental services rendered to either the local or global community. Economic tools can encourage and guide social agents, but these are not supposed to replace complementary actions related to regulation, capacity-building and provision of information.

AMA17

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA/ BRAZILIAN AGROFORESTRY NETWORK – REBRAF. Políticas públicas e financiamento para o desenvolvimento agroflorestal no Brasil [Public policies and financing for agroforestry development in Brazil]. Brasilia: MMA/SCA, 2005. 30 p. (CD-ROM)

Agroforestry systems (SAF) are alternatives to land use, combining agricultural crops or pastures and forestry species. Most of the Brazilian NGOs dealing with rural development are disseminating SAF use, with positive impacts on family income, recovery of degraded areas and generation of environmental services. The adoption of SAF in Brazil is expanding but, nonetheless, reports many failures that demand increased financial support and innovative measures in public policies if these are to be remedied. To define participatory strategies to hasten and improve agroforestry development, the national seminar Public Policies and Financing for Agroforestry Development in Brazil was held from August 18 to 20, 2004, in Brasilia. The main topics discussed in the event were: partnerships, market, food security, credit, environmental services, and legislation. The event was organized into thematic working groups tasked with the development of concrete and

feasible guidelines to optimize agroforestry development in Brazil. This publication brings together the main findings of those groups, as well as the recommendations for further steps.

AMA18

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA. x Reunião do BCDAM: Sistema de Bases Compartilhadas de Dados sobre a Amazônia. [10th BCDAM Meeting: Amazon Shared Database System], 2004, Porto Velho. Brasilia: MMA/SCA, 2005. 24 p. (CD-ROM)

The event was held by the Ministry of Environment in Porto Velho, state of Rondonia, June 1-3, 2004. It aimed at improving the relations between technicians from institutions that work to generate and use the data and information required to get acquainted with and monitor changes in the Amazon. Thus, it gathered for the tenth time the Coordination Committee of the Amazon Shared Database System (CCS/BCDAM), sponsored by the Pilot Program for the Conservation of Brazilian Rainforests, through AMA. The main objectives of the event were to: monitor the development, improvement and formalization of the System; consolidate partnerships and joint actions between the Amazon Coordination Secretariat (through BCDAM) and the Managing and Operational Center of the Amazon Protection System (Censipam); discuss shared problems; recommend solutions; and, establish joint actions in thematic areas. The meeting was a step forward in the process of developing and improving the Amazon Shared Database System, and enhancing integration among the collaborating institutions.

AMA19

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA. Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas tropicais do Brasil: relatório de progresso, 2001-2004 [Pilot Program for the Conservation of Brazilian Rainforests: progress report]. Brasilia: MMA/ SCA, 2005. 151 p.

The document presents an assessment of the main achievements, impacts and lessons learned in the Pilot Program for the Conservation of Brazilian Rainforests from 2001 to 2004. It also discloses some reflections about the further implementation steps within the context of strategic initiatives, like the Sustainable Amazon Plan – PAS. The study involved teams from the Pilot Program and AMA. It describes the Pilot Program, citing its main objectives, institutional arrangements and projects portfolio (it also

Instrumentos Econômicospara o Desenvolvimento Sustentável na Amazônia

32 33

presents their progress). The document shows the increasing need for stronger partnerships to overcome new challenges. However, it highlights the importance of recognizing that its activities need time to be fully implemented, and results are long-term ones, outlining a strategy for the future or “new stages” of the Pilot Program for the Amazon and Atlantic Forests. Another issue is the emphasis on the pursuit of strategies to protect ecosystems, together with the establishment of enabling conditions for the sustainable development of the regions involved.

AMA20

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA / BRAZILIAN INSTITUTE OF MUNICIPAL MANAGEMENT – IBAM. Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos na Amazônia: a metodologia e os resultados de sua aplicação [Integrated Solid Waste Management in the Amazon: methodology and results]. Brasilia: MMA/SCA; Ibam, 2005. 72 p.

The project on Integrated Solid Waste Management in the Amazon was developed under coordination of the Ministry of Environment, through the Amazon Coordination Secretariat (SCA) and the Environmental Quality on Human Settlements Secretariat (SQA) from November 2001 to January 2004, with technical support from the Brazilian Municipal Administration Institute (Ibam) and resources from the Federal Government in partnership with the Dutch Government. The improper disposal of solid waste that affects not only the cities outskirts, where these are typically disposed, but mainly the large water network that has presented clear signals of damage due to the disposal of non-degradable and cumulative materials of waste, is a serious impact found in the Amazon Region environment. Hence, dully approaching the issue is an essential strategy to protect the forest, improve the population’s quality of life, and regional sustainable development. Each state in the Legal Amazon appointed cities to integrate the project, based on the needs identified and potentials to host, develop and execute the project based on participatory management, and to socialize and disseminate the knowledge acquired. The short- and medium-term proposed results could be expanded to the long run, replicating the successful model in other municipalities in the Amazon region and, expanding capacity-building processes to experts in other municipalities.

AMA21

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA. Monitoramento e avaliação de projetos: métodos e experiências [Project monitoring and evaluation: methods and experiences]. Brasilia: MMA/SCA, 2004. 243 p. (Série Monitoramento & Avaliação, 1)

One of the objectives pursued by the AMA Project, developed within the scope of the Pilot Program, is to strengthen the projects’ monitoring and evaluation systems, to allow for analysis of strategies and path adjustments, promote collective education and expand the scope of its impacts. The monitoring and evaluation system used for to generate knowledge and social learning is a powerful tool for projects to improve decision-making processes, adjusting the means of intervention. In this light, AMA delivered many capacity-building and technical advisory activities. This book ensues from the workshop on experience exchange: methods and experiences related to monitoring and evaluation held in 2002 to report how the projects were using the tools focusing on sustainable development, both within the Pilot Program and beyond. The book includes eight texts that summarize different experiences in monitoring and evaluation. Besides detailing the tools employed, the texts discuss the importance of such processes for the development of the projects. The publication intends to serve as input for building monitoring and evaluation systems.

AMA22

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA. Construindo a sustentabilidade: lições aprendidas no Projeto Proteger [Building sustainability: lessons learned from the Proteger Project]. Brasilia: MMA/AMA, 2002. 25 p. (Série Textos para Discussão, 1)

The study presents a summary of the vision of AMA Project’s team and collaborators on many lessons experienced during the years together with the Pilot Program partners. Some essential topics related to the outputs of the activities should be highlighted. For example, the building of Agendas for Sustainability allied to participatory processes to promote local development on sustainable grounds, and the Positive Agendas aimed at reducing deforestation indexes and recovering the areas. Among the positive lessons learned, the opportunities for shared management between federal and state bodies, local governments, and other local social actors are some of the successful examples. The importance of Ecological-Economic Zoning (EEZ) was confirmed as an essencial means to achieve regional development, and its contribution to the formulation of public policies on sustainable grounds. Regarding traditional populations, the knowledge acquired from the valuing of their knowledge regarding their surroundings is outstanding. Therefore, the conversion of innovative

34 35

experiences into public policies – one of the main components of the Pilot Program – was achieved. The results also ensue from interaction, strengthening and integration of research institutions from the Amazon region and, above all, by civil society participation.

AMA23

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA / WORLD BANK. lessons from the rain Forest: experiences of the Pilot Program to conserve the Amazon and Atlantic Forests of Brazil. Brasilia: MMA; World Bank, 2002. 49 p.

PPG-7 is a joint initiative by government and society in partnership with the international community aimed at developing strategies focusing on the protection and sustainable use of the Amazon and Atlantic Forests. It was a key factor of changes considering local populations lifestyles. After all, currently the main priority for Brazil is to reduce deforestation. The publication includes case studies on the Pilot Program components, considering subprograms and projects: for the protection and management of Conservation Units and indigenous lands, PPTAL, Resex, Atlantic Forest and Ecological Corridors Projects were implemented; experiences and demonstrations based on community initiatives ground the implementation of the PDA, ProManejo, ProVárzea and Proteger; institutional strengthening to expand environmental decentralization policies, with the participation of NGOs including SPRN, GTA and RMA; Science and Technology Subprogram to improve knowledge about ecology and sustainable rainforest management, working on the Science and Directed Research Centers; finally, regarding identification and dissemination of strategic lessons, the AMA project was implemented. Initial financing was granted by the G-7 countries, complemented by contributions by the Brazilian government and NGOs. Moreover, the World Bank managed the fund established to channel contributions, and supplied technical assistance to the program.

AMA24

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA. Causas e dinâmica do desmatamento na Amazônia [Deforestation causes and dynamics in the Amazon]. Brasilia: MMA/ SCA, 2001. 436 p.

The book contains 23 articles by different authors, presented during the technical seminar “Deforestation Causes and Dynamics in the Amazon” held in September 2000, by the Ministry of Environment. The seminar discussed issues related to understanding the functioning of rainforests, the dynamics of its ecosystems, and the impact of economic activities on the natural resources basis, as well as initiatives adjusted to the protection of Brazilian rainforests. The first set of topics aim at discussing the economic dynamic and deforestation in the Legal Amazon region, with the contribution of Professor Bertha Beker of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Aristides Monteiro Neto from Ipea; Franciso de Assis Costa from NAEA; and Donald Sawyer from ISPN. Marcelo Afonso from INCRA; Telma Krug from INPE; and Humberto Candeias Cavalcanti from IBAMA discuss the links between deforestation and anthropic relations. The second set of topics are related to the environmental, economic and social consequences of deforestation in the Amazon, with contributions by Professor Enéas Salati from FBDS; Philip M. Fearnside from INPA; Carlos Nobre from Inpe; Ricardo Bomfim Machado from MMA/SBF; Emeleocípio Botelho de Andrade from Embrapa and Eugênio Arima from Imazon. The third set of topics focuses on flora protection tools, and includes Ubiracy Craveiro de Araújo from the Federal Prosecutor’s Office; Alisson José Coutinho; Frederico de Moura Muller, Special Secretary for the Environment of the state of Mato Grosso; and, Roberto Smeraldi from the Amigos da Terra NGO. The last set discusses public policies, sustainable development and strategies to revert the deforestation process in Amazon with contributions by Yolanda Ramalho and Pedro Bara Netto of BNDES; Eliana Zacca from Sudam; Raimundo Deusdará Filho from MMA/SBF; Ronaldo Serôa and Mario Menezes from MMA/SBF.

36 37

2Ecological Corridors

Ecological Corridors Project

The Ecological Corridors project started in 2003, its objective was to protect large areas considered to be of exceptional biodiversity in the Amazon and Atlantic Forests. The project aims at protecting those areas by connecting and integrating the Conservation Units found at different levels - Federal, State and Municipal – with private areas and indigenous lands. The work is an attempt to reduce or prevent the fragmentation of ecosystems located in those areas, connecting them through biodiversity corridors.

The corridors are expected to achieve effective protection of nature, connecting protected areas and other areas with different land uses. The Project launched a new conservation paradigm, replacing the model based on isolated protected areas for the management of areas at the regional level. Rather than administrative political units, the corridors are large geographic areas defined by biological criteria for planning and conservation purposes. The criteria are based on scientific knowledge, such as the presence of key species relevant in the global, regional and local context. The priority corridors are the Atlantic Forest Central Corridor and the Amazon Central Corridor, implemented with participatory planning strategies that include Federal and State governments, civil society and those locally in charge of natural resources conservation actions. The Ecological Corridors Project has published 12 studies.

38 39

CE1

LIMA, R. X. de. (Org.). Corredores Ecológicos: experiências em implementação de corredores ecológicos [Ecological Corridors: experiences in implementing ecological corridors]. Brasilia: MMA/SBF, 2008. 80 p. (Série Corredores Ecológicos, 1)

The publication is composed of ten articles that briefly discuss the lessons and contributions ensuing from the Ecological Corridors project experience, to provide inputs to policies on planning and land organization. The project was divided into two stages. The first one comprised investments such as Management Plans and investments in different categories of Conservation Units, purchasing equipment, supporting the assembling of councils, and the development of management plans, with emphasis on the expansion of the National Nature Conservation Units System in the territories of Amazonas, Espírito Santo and Bahia. The second phase, in turn, scheduled investments to consolidate the concept of ecological corridor. In the CCMA it relied on the participation of 200 institutions in the local socio-environmental area, and resulted in the creation of functional ecological corridors in the states of Espírito Santo and Bahia. The biological conservation tools tested as a pilot in the Central Atlantic Forest Corridor (CCMA) and in the Central Amazon Corridor (CCA) show that the MMA should establish continuity in the management of those territorial macro spaces, so that other examples of large corridors can be managed as such.

CE2

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA. Corredores Ecológicos: experiência de planejamento e implementação [Ecological Corridors: experience in planning and implementation]. Brasilia: MMA/ SBF, 2007. 57 p.

This publication reports on the four years of execution of the Ecological Corridors project, considering how the establishment of partnerships between government and civil society can assist the environmental management of territories. The project aimed to conciliate natural resources conservation and economic alternatives for local populations, testing different conditions to implement the Central Atlantic Forest Corridor (CCMA) and the Amazon Central Corridor (CCA). The prioritization of the CCMA in the states of Espírito Santo and Bahia was due to the high degree of vulnerability and fragmentation of the region’s ecosystems, as well as the availability of data. Regional meetings are held to learn about successful local experiences, acknowledging local actors and articulating with working groups, characterizing the participatory way as a process to legitimate the project for local society. The Integrated Plan on Inspection and Monitoring proposed to integrate the partner institutions was characterized by environmental education actions and the assembling

of groups and cooperatives to carry on sustainable activities, such as ecotourism and ecological agriculture. Another measure adopted that has strengthened ecological corridors consolidation was conservation in private lands, by acknowledgement of Private Natural Heritage Reserves (RPPN) as efficient measures to ensure the insertion of isolated fragments into territorial planning for conservation and sustainable development.

CE3

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA; INTERNATIONAL CONSERVATION – IC; SOS MATA ATLÂNTICA FOUNDATION. O Corredor Central da Mata Atlântica: uma nova escala de conservação da biodiversidade [The Central Atlantic Forest Corridor: a new scale of biodiversity conservation]. Brasilia: MMA, 2006. 46 p.

This publication intends to assist experts and the general public to understand what ecological corridors are. The book reports the experience of the Central Atlantic Forest Corridor, which comprises an 8.5 million ha area where actions on natural resources conservation are being developed through the consolidation of Conservation Units, environmental restoration, inspection and monitoring. By showing this reality, the text emphasizes the importance of the territorial management of ecological corridors, highlighting the need for broad social participation in this process, from planning to the implementation of actions. This approach is expected to be a new and promising contribution to dynamic and integrated landscape management, thus expanding the achievements and consolidating the biodiversity conservation results in the Atlantic Forest and Brazil, assisting the Country to protect its natural heritage and fulfill the goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

CE4

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA. Documento base para a elaboração das diretrizes operacionais da Fase II do Corredor Central da Mata Atlântica (CCMA), Projeto Corredores Ecológicos. [Preliminary instructions to write the Operational guidelines for the Phase II of the Central Atlantic Forest Corridor, Ecological Corridors Project].Brasilia: MMA/ SBF, 2005. 147 p.

This document aims to lay the ground for developing operational guidelines for the Phase II of the Ecological Corridors Project. The result is a collective document that counted on a wide range of individual and institutional contributions, in addition to broad use of the literature. The text recommends actions and defines Focal Areas for Project intervention. The

40 41

Focal Areas are the priority areas where the specific actions of Phase II will be developed. These are mainly characterized by reducing or abolishing pressures on biodiversity, and actions aimed at establishing connectivity. Each focal area was described and analyzed, and threats and opportunities defined. The text brings synoptic charts with the organized information about these priority areas.

CE5

SILVA, F. A. Q.; PINHEIRO, M. R. Oficina de Planejamento da região do alto rio Solimões (Benjamin Constant) [Planning Workshop for the Upper Solimões River Region (Benjamin Constant)]. Manaus GTA, 2005. 32 p. (Cadernos das Oficinas Participativas para Elaboração do Plano de Gestão do Corredor Central da Amazônia, 12)

On March 29 and 30, 2005, in Benjamin Constant, state of Amazonas, the representatives of organizations and communities from the Upper Solimões River gathered to participate in the Workshop on the Central Amazon Corridor Management Plan Planning. The report describes the activities developed in that period, which were mainly aimed at building the proposal of the Central Amazon Corridor Management Plan. The Ecological Corridors Project, the Workshops on the Central Amazon Corridor (CCA) Management Plan and the issues raised during the Diagnosis Workshop were presented. The applied activities were another relevant point. These aimed at enabling participants to build their own visions for the CCA.

CE6

SILVA, F. A. Q.; PINHEIRO, M. R. Oficina de Planejamento da região do alto rio Solimões (Fonte Boa) [Planning Workshop for the Upper Solimões River Region (Fonte Boa)]. Manaus GTA, 2005. 40 p. (Cadernos das Oficinas Participativas para Elaboração do Plano de Gestão do Corredor Central da Amazônia, 11)

On March 7 and 8, 2005, in Fonte Boa, state of Amazonas, the representatives of organizations and communities from the Middle Solimões River gathered to participate in the Planning Workshop for the Central Amazon Corridor Management Plan. The general purpose of the workshop was to create a proposal for the Central Amazon Corridor Management Plan, and discuss and establish the action strategy for the inspection, surveillance and monitoring system, trying to establish partnerships to implement the

plan. The workshop assessment registered the participants’ opinions. A list was prepared with suggestions for the next meeting. Among other issues, it highlighted the need of inviting more community members, indigenous peoples and government representatives.

CE7

SILVA, F. A. Q.; PINHEIRO, M. R. Oficina de Planejamento da região do médio rio Solimões (tefé) [Planning Workshop for the Middle Solimões River Region (Tefé)]. Manaus GTA, 2005. 44 p. (Cadernos das Oficinas Participativas para Elaboração do Plano de Gestão do Corredor Central da Amazônia, 10)

The Amazon Central Corridor Management Plan should serve as a navigation chart to implement the Central Amazon Corridor Project (CCA) defining strategies, activities and guidelines for the project’s investments. The booklet presents the report of the Participatory Planning Workshop for the Middle Solimões River. The workshop was held on March 3 and 4, 2005, in Tefé (state of Amazonas) and brought together representatives from organizations and communities of the Middle Solimões River. Among others, the meeting aimed at building a "vision" for the corridor and the Management Plan strategies, in an attempt to build alliances to reach their objectives. In the final assessment of the workshop, participants highlighted as positive points the technical team’s assistance, and the overall interaction. However, the short time for discussion was one of the most recurrent aspects in the reports of negative points.

CE8

PENA, J.; PINHEIRO, M. R. Oficina de Planejamento da Região do rio Negro (Novo Airão) [Planning Workshop for the Solimões River Region (Novo Airão)]. Manaus GTA, 2005. 32 p. (Cadernos das Oficinas Participativas para Elaboração do Plano de Gestão do Corredor Central da Amazônia, 9)

The PPG7 Ecological Corridors Project’s main objective is on-site conservation of Brazilian rainforest biological diversity by integrating different protected areas through “ecological corridors”. This publication ensues from the technical cooperation provided by the Amazon Work Group (GTA) to the Ecological Corridors Project – Central Amazon Corridor, and to implement the Central Amazon Biosphere Reserve. The booklet contains the report of the Planning Workshop for the Negro River Region (Novo Airão), held from April 2 to 3, 2005, in Novo Airão, state of Amazonas. It gathered representatives of organizations and communities

42 43

of the Lower Solimões River to participate in the Planning Workshop for the Central Amazon Corridor Management Plan. The report briefly describes all activities carried out during the meeting. In the final part, the assessment highlights as one of the positives points the intensive participation of organizations, and the consensus on the main problems, which contributed to foster the debates.

CE9

PENA, J.; PINHEIRO, M. R. Oficina de Planejamento da região da Capital (Manaus) [Planning Workshop for the Capital area (Manaus)]. Manaus GTA, 2005. 28 p. (Cadernos das Oficinas Participativas para Elaboração do Plano de Gestão do Corredor Central da Amazônia, 8)

The Amazon Central Corridor Management Plan will serve as a navigation chart to implement the Central Amazon Corridor Project (CCA) setting out strategies, activities and guidelines for project investments. This booklet presents the report of the Participatory Planning Workshop for the Capital (Manaus) area, held between February 28 and March 1 in Manaus (state of Amazonas). The core objectives were the establishment of strategies to solve the problems identified during the diagnosis meetings, and consider means to strengthen the positive points found in the area. The document highlights many positive points of the workshop, such as the availability of a forum to enable all participants to voice their ideas, suggestions and claims.

CE10

PENA, J.; PINHEIRO, M. R. Oficina de Planejamento da região do rio uatumã (Presidente Figueiredo) [Planning Workshop for the Uatumã River Region (Presidente Figueiredo)]. Manaus GTA, 2005. 36 p. (Cadernos das Oficinas Participativas para Elaboração do Plano de Gestão do Corredor Central da Amazônia, 7)

The Ecological Corridors Project aims at on-site conservation of Brazilian rainforest biological diversity by integrating different protected areas through “ecological corridors”. This publication ensues from the technical cooperation provided by the Amazon Work Group (GTA) to the Ecological Corridors Project – Central Amazon Corridor to implement the Central Amazon Biosphere Reserve. The booklet contains the report of the Planning Workshop for the Uatumã River Region (Presidente Figueiredo), (state of Amazonas), February 22 to 23, 2005. It gathered representatives from

organizations and communities of the Uatumã River to establish strategies to solve the problems identified during the diagnosis workshops, and strengthen the positive points of the region. The end of the document sets the next steps to be taken and an assessment of the workshop, highlighting the participation of community members and institutions as an exercise in democracy, awareness-building and civism.

CE11

PINHEIRO, M. R. Consolidação dos relatórios das oficinas de diagnóstico do Corredor Central da Amazônia [Consolidation of the reports of diagnosis workshops on the Central Amazon Corridor]. Manaus MMA/ Ecological Corridors Project, 2004. 81 p. (Technical Document)

The PPG7 Ecological Corridors Project’s main objective is the on-site conservation of Brazilian rainforest biological diversity by integrating different protected areas through “ecological corridors”. The Central Amazon Corridor (CCA) is almost completely located in the state of Amazonas, in the central Amazonas River basin, occupying an area of about 40,000,000 ha. Among others, the project includes the development of the Central Amazon Corridor Management Plan to guide the corridor implementation process, setting out the strategies and activities to consolidate the CCA, and the main investment guidelines. The methodology adopted to in the CCA Management Plan reflects the reality of those living in the area in order to effectively contribute to the region’s conservation and development. The Plan guides the development and conservation dimensions that will impact the corridor, contributing to the formulation of territorial organization guidelines, in coordination with regional economic and social development. The mobilization and participation of regional social actors in the design of the Management Plan were perceived as ideal conditions to successfully carry out the activity.

CE12

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Projeto Corredores Ecológicos [Ecological Corridors Project]. Brasilia: MMA/PPG7, 2002. 147 p. (Technical Document)

The Ecological Corridors Project is part of the Pilot Program for the Conservation of Brazilian Rainforests – PPG7. It aims at enabling diversity conservation based on the management of large areas through ecological

44 45

3GtA

Amazon Work Group and the GtA Institutional Strengthening and Amazon Fire Prevention and

Mobilization (Proteger II) projects

The GTA was established in 1991 to bring together different members of social movements to monitor Amazon-oriented actions and policies, and to follow-up on the Pilot Program when it was being prepared. The GTA is composed of over 600 civil society organizations, representing rubber tappers, babaçu palm and Brazil nut extractive workers, and rural workers, among other local communities. The GTA published 11 studies.

Institutional GtA

The Amazon Work Group Institutional Strengthening Project started in 2002 to qualify the participation of civil society organizations in the design of public policies for the Amazon region. Thanks to the number of partnerships, GTA became an important tool for dialogue among different entities, governments, multilateral agencies and international donors. The institutional strengthening project invested in four lines of action: 1) monitoring of Amazon-oriented public policies with annual diagnoses of public policies during the entity’s regional meeting, when the leaders discuss the matter and exchange experiences; 2) transparency and financial and administrative management, with the Project’s support to establish a financial management system, exchange information, and reach the institution’s goal; 3) institutional independency, through the creation of an administrative fund and a mobilization plan; 4) institutional communication, developing a mechanism to exchange experiences, and creating internal and external communication capabilities.

Proteger I and IIAmazon Fire Prevention and Mobilization Project – Proteger – was implemented in 1998, in response to the emergency situation that affected the Amazon that year, as a consequence of the El Niño, which caused droughts and uncontrollable forest fires. The project developed an educational campaign in many communities, informing

corridors in the Amazon and Atlantic Forests, using Conservatiion Units as the main tool to provide biodiversity conservation. The PPG7 Technical Secretariat, together with Ibama, established the Technical Working Group (GTT) comprising representatives of the Ministry of Environment and environmental entities from the states of Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais, in addition to Funai, GTA and RMA, to adjust and monitor the project. The project intends to involve relevant actors to prevent or reduce forest fragmentation and increase the connectivity between protected areas. Regarding the strategies, the Central Amazon Corridor (CCA) aims at ensuring connectivity between protected areas through activities aimed at maintaining and expanding conservation areas, and supporting policies on natural resources sustainable use. The Central Atlantic Forest Corridor (CCMA), in turn, ensures protection to relevant residual forests and gradually increases the connection between isoleted portions of the landscape through the control, protection and recovery of forest cover. To this end it established management structures to foster the implementation of strategies for biological diversity conservation in public and private areas, including indigenous lands, with the participation of different public and private agents, promoting long-term sustainability.

46 47

the risks of slash-and-fire techniques during the dry season, and teaching techniques for forest fire prevention. The purpose was to train local leaders who could train other persons and organize the so-called “puxiruns ambientais” which are groups of persons mobilized and trained not only to fight fires, but also to work on prevention and environmental education. Proteger, coordinated by GTA, has developed activities as a network of partners in eight states (Acre, Amazonas, Roraima, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Pará, Tocantins and Maranhão) and 134 municipalities.

Proteger II – started in 2001 – continued the actions carried out by Proteger. In this stage, the challenge was to build alternatives to minimize the use of fire in agriculture and some extractive activities. Direct involvement by the local populationremained a crucial objective. In 2003, the Project was incorporated into the “Green Roads (Estradas Verdes) consortium, ensuring its continuity until 2007. Proteger II worked in three areas: 1) environmental education; 2) social mobilization; 3) fire-free sustainable farming. In the first stage, the Project trained 12 thousand community leaders, and 120 thousand persons were estimated to have benefited from the Project all over the Legal Amazon. The Project was considered to be an example of successful cooperation between official agencies, non-governmental organizations and the local community.

GtA - Institutional

GtA1

AMAZON WORKING GROUP - GtA Pelo futuro da Amazônia [For the future of the Amazon]. Brasilia: GTA, 2002. 31 p.

The Amazon territory houses about 20 million individuals, comprising about 180 indigenous peoples and millions of rural and extractive workers. Despite this and many other differences, there is a strong tendency to homogenize the way how social and environmental issues are approached in the Amazon. Another critical issue approached is the land issue, since problems of that nature affect riparian peoples, indigenous peoples, extractive workers and family-based farmers. The implementation of big projects in some Amazonian regions also bring about some discussions because of the migratory pressure to the main cities, and irrational consumption of natural resources. The material highlights the delayed implementation of the commitments undertaken by the Brazilian government in 1992, during the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio-92), notably Agenda 21, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Framework Convention on Climatic Changes. The document rejects the current development model responsible for the current rates of environmental devastation, threatening local communities through the installation of huge hydroelectric projects, indiscriminate ore extraction, monocultures and irrational exploitation of timber resources. It also criticizes the financing of projects with high social and environmental impact in the Amazon. The conclusion emphasizes the partial or non-compliance with international agreements on sustainable development.

GtA2

AMAZON WORKING GROUP - GtA A Amazônia na Agenda 21 brasileira [The Amazon in the Brazilian Agenda 21]. Brasilia: GTA, 2001. 39 p.

The GTA Network is one of the main representatives of organized civil society in the Legal Amazon. In this study, GTA presents the local interest shown in participating in the design of local agendas in the Brazilian Amazon, highlighting that it has promoted the exchange of information and experiences of community-based projects all over the region. The group always knew that the design of the Amazonian Agenda 21 would be a great challenge, and that it would have to go a long way before defining the models to achieve the region’s sustainability, where natural resources can be conserved and explored. Hence, it was established that the efforts to implement an agenda of that nature should comprise a script

48 49

of sustainable development actions capable of ensuring the human and social empowerment of local communities. Emphasis was also placed on popular consultation of representatives of rubber tappers, extractive workers, family-based farmers, indigenous peoples, rural and urban workers, coconut breakers, fishermen and every segment that complement the huge local human diversity. To expand the preparation process and reach of Agenda 21 in the Brazilian Amazon, the document briefly presents the general aspects related to the development and objectives of both the Global and Brazilian Agenda 21, and background information on the Greater Amazon Agenda 21 Project – launched in June 1997. The Greater Amazon Agenda 21 aimed at incorporating the concept of sustainable development into the Amazon Cooperation Treaty (ACT), facilitating the integration and harmonization of a set of national, bilateral and multilateral policies, mechanisms and actions related to the sustainable development of the Amazons that make up the greater Amazon.

Proteger II - Amazon Fire Prevention and Mobilization Project

GtA3

AMAZON WORKING GROUP - GTA / MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT - MMA. Fazendo gênero na Amazônia: ações pela inclusão e igualdade [Making gender in Amazon: actions for inclusion and equality]. Brasilia: GTA; MMA/PPG7, 2005. 52 p.

The book reports the activities developed from 2004 to 2005 by the Pilot Program and Project initiative. The initiative ensued from the need of overcoming the inexistent gender approach in the PPG7 subprograms and projects. The work was developed based on the pursuit for the topic’s cross-section nature to promote the participatory preparation of proposals and strategies to integrate a gender perspective to the Pilot Program. The book presents topics discussed in workshops on the Pilot Program and Gender initiative, like what is gender, the importance of approaching gender, and how the Pilot Program approaches the gender issue. During the workshop some good practices were identified to improve and expand the actions to promote women’s participation and/or empowerment. Those practices should serve as raw material to outline a proposal of action to the PPG7, aiming at integrating the gender approach in a cross-sector way.

GtA4

AMAZON WORKING GROUP - GtA Farmácia Mãe Natureza [Mother Nature Drugstore]. Brasilia: GTA/Proteger Project, 2005. 18 p.

The document results from the Proteger Project developed by the Amazon Working Group. It aims at cooperating to acknowledge and preserve biodiversity, as well as recovering popular culture at the quilombola communities of Boa Vista Cuminá, Cachoeira Pancada, Espírito Santo, Jauari, Santa Terezinha, São Sebastião and Tapixana in the municipality of Oriximiná in the state of Pará, which use medicinal plants to produce medicine and food. It reports the result in the form of specific recipes for each disease commonly found in the region. The study derives from a course delivered by the project instructor to the communities’ children, youths and adults, considering the knowledge acquired through contact with elder women from the same community.

GtA5

AMAZON WORK GROUP - GtA Manual Operacional: o nosso caminhar [Operational Manual: our path]. Brasilia: GTA, v. 5, 2004. 44 p.

The manual presents in a simple and practical yet relevant way general information on the Proteger II Project. It reports historical aspects of Proteger, the financing agencies and other responses inherent to its development. The document also reports the Proteger action sites, listing the municipalities in all the Legal Amazon states, pointing out actions and the persons involved. This fifth volume recorded information on the achievements and challenges faced. The work highlights the importance of counting on the participation of everyone: instructors, coordinators, partners and every community involved , since the knowledge shared, the time devoted to the project and, above all, everyone’s commitment were the major driving force to achieve success.

GtA6

AMAZON WORKING GROUP - GTA Manual Operacional: como trabalhar a comunicação. [Operational Manual: how to work on communication]. Brasilia: GTA, v. 4, 2004. 74 p.

The material compiles and analyzes information gathered from 15 workshops about the Proteger Project communication, held from July to December 2002. Altogether, the workshops gathered 430 participants

50 51

within the GTA network. The manual reports the communication strategy developed to increase the visibility of the project’s second stage – Proteger II – and multiply the effects of the three components: social mobilization; environmental education; and sustainable production. It discusses from the selection of a logo capable of translating the project’s mission to the possibilities of expanding dissemination. Radio was selected as the main communication strategy for the project, and the manual presents the reasons for that choice. It also brings statements and testimony on the many female experiences that originated a magnificent “bank of voices”.

GtA7

AMAZON WORKING GROUP - GTA Manual Operacional: como trabalhar com mulheres. [Operational Manual: how to work with women]. Brasilia: GTA, v. 3, 2003. 50 p.

The book provides information on the GTA and gender aspects in the Proteger Project. The GTA is a network that comprises 512 civil society entities, organized in 16 regional offices distributed throughout the nine states in the Legal Amazon. In the field of public policies for the Amazon region, GTA is an important articulator of proposals by grassroots social movements of its representative entities, and aims at meeting the demands and needs of those organizations. In May 2001, the network restarted Proteger Project activities, giving priority to the introduction of a gender perspective. It encourages women’s participation at all levels, both at different executive positions and in community participation. The study gathers the research covering these activities. Data were collected from activity reports by state and regional monitors and coordinators, as well as other documents of the Project itself. The manual shows numeric data on the effective participation of women in different activities, as well as other data for every municipality involved in the Project. Proteger II also attempted to collectively build the concept of gender among female leaders. The work presents some of those experiences related to the discussion of the concept. As a result of these and other discussions, new aspects that could contribute even more to the Project are presented.

GtA8

AMAZON WORKING GROUP - GTA Fogo bom é fogo controlado: prevenção aos incêndios florestais. [A good fire is one under control: forest fire prevention] Brasilia: GTA, 2003. 24 p.

The study presents clear and objective illustrations on the need for learning to control fire. Other points highlighted by the educational illustrations are the main causes of accidental fires, and the need for community organization to prevent those fires (informing about licenses to burn and the mobilization of neighbors for community burning when required). The conclusion emphasizes the need for education and prevention, warning about the risks of forest fires. The GTA is a network that comprises 512 civil society entities, organized in 16 regional offices distributed throughout the nine states in the Legal Amazon. GTA aims at following-up public policies oriented to the Amazon, and promote the participation of local populations in the execution of those policies.

GtA9

AMAZON WORKING GROUP - GTA Manual Operacional: plano de trabalho e atividades. [Operational Manual: working plan and activities]. Brasilia: GTA, v. 2, 2002. 24 p.

The Operational Manual Volume I presented information describing the main components of the Proteger Project, while this volume II itemizes each activity oriented to the good performance of the project, concerned about ensuring the efficiency of the process at each stage. The Amazon Working Group is the agent in charge of coordinating the Proteger II Project, through the National Project Coordination. The projects are executed in the states by institutions with great insertion and capacity of mobilizing the target audience. The general lines that determine project activities are as follows: social mobilization; fire-free sustainable farming; and, environmental education. The “Puxiruns Ambientais” to be assembled by volunteer community groups that will define the priority activities, working rules, responsibilities and rights, will be mobilized to work in different situations, including environmental education. The project is expected to foster a large number of educational materials on each achievement to disseminate the different experiences in the states, and expand the access to information of farmers and other groups. Proteger II also has a Monitoring Plan that reflects indicators that enable fulfilling its goals.

52 53

GtA10

AMAZON WORKING GROUP - GTA Manual Operacional: instruções gerais. [Operational Manual: General Instructions] Brasilia: GTA, v.1, 2002. 32 p.

The Proteger Project is carried out by the GTA. The state/regional executing agents are the State Federations of Agriculture Workers (Fetagri) in the states of Acre, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia and Tocantins; the Land Pastoral Commission (Comissão Pastoral da Terra - CPT) in Roraima; and the Rural Worker Education and Culture Center (Centru) in Maranhão. The Proteger I Project was implemented from July 1998 to December 1999, when courses on controlled fires were delivered in 322 municipalities of the Legal Amazon. It aimed to significantly reduce the occurrence of forest fires. One of the goals for that action was training monitors to work as multipliers of information and guidance. The Proteger II Project is based on the principle of ensuring the participation of beneficiaries at all stages: preparation, execution, monitoring and evaluation. The constant challenge is to find methods capable of inserting the target audience in the process of preparing the activities. Proteger II is financed with PPG7 resources, complemented by a counterpart contribution by the Ministry of Environment, in addition to other sources.

GtA11

FIGUEIREDO, C. Cadê a vida que estava aqui? O fogo queimou! [Where’s the life that was here? It was burned away!] 2. ed. Brasilia: GTA, 2000. 31 p.

This book tells the story of the fire that ravaged almost one third of the state of Roraima in 1998. The publication intends to disseminate the lessons learned by those who had losses caused by the fire, and use those experiences to provide input to debates on how to prevent fire losses. The stories were told by children and young High School students who suffered the tragedy. The book is a tool to foster debates at schools and communities.

4PDA

Demonstration Projects

The Demonstration Projects (PDA) started in 1995 to strengthen the capacity of non-governmental organizations and local community organizations in the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest to plan and implement innovative models for the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. The Project encouraged the local population to promote knowledge generation, develop sustainable technologies, and build new management and productive practices structures.

The PDA was implemented by the Ministry of Environment, benefiting over six thousand families during its existence. The main positive achievements of the PDA were the following: 1) improved management capacity and social capital construction of the community organizations and NGOs; 2) diversification of productive systems and improved natural resources management; 3) arise of new income sources to local community; 4) improved forestry management; and, 5) rural community’s awareness about the forestry importance to generate income and provide environmental services. The Project started a new phase in 2005, expected to be concluded by 2009, comprising three new lines of action: experiences consolidation; Atlantic Forest conservation; and, alternatives to deforestation and fires. In those years, the PDA launched 19 publications.

54 55

PDA1

FARIA, A. A. da C.; FERREIRA NETO, P. S. Ferramentas de diálogo – qualificando o uso das técnicas de DRP: Diagnóstico Rural Participativo. [Dialogue tool – qualifying the use of DRP techniques: Participatory Rural Diagnosis] Brasilia: MMA; IEB, 2006. 76 p.

This Guide aims at rescuing the role played by the dialogue tools developed by the Rural Participatory Diagnosis (DRP) to provide input to the action developed by mediators who want to promote collective, straight and productive dialogue. It employs tools like visual and interactive charts representing aspects of a given reality, gradually built by a group of persons participating in the discussion. The Spoken Map (Mapa Falado) is a drawing representing the space or territory object of discussion, and enabled broadly debating of different reality aspects. It is largely used as an exploratory technique at the initial stage of a diagnosis. The Seasonal Calendar (Calendário Sazonal) technique is a table where one of the axes is time. The Flow Graph is a set of cards arranged like a flow, which could have two representation logics: ways and causes-consequences. The Venn Graph is composes of circles of different sizes, arranged in such a way as to represent the existing links among them. This tool originates from the set mathematics, and was adapted to represent the links between different groups of a given society. The Comparative Logical Framework is a table where one of the axes represents the elements to be compared, and the other stands for the comparison/assessment criteria. The challenge posed to the tools is to enable a reflection capable of leading to a critical analysis of the reality, enabling an active posture in face of that reality.

PDA2

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Arte de ampliar cabeças: uma leitura transversal das sistematizações do PDA [Art of expanding minds: a crosswise reading of the PDA systematizations]. Brasilia: MMA/PDA, 2006. 52 p. (Série Sistematização, XI)This last volume of the PDA “Systematization” series can be considered as “crosswise”. That is because instead of being a story of systematized experiences, like the remainder volumes of this series, it is a sort of reflection on the set and a story of the path run. It is a sort of “meta-systematization”. It introduces three texts: the adventure story in the methodological viewpoint; a look on the singularity of specific points of different systematized experiences; and, a reflection on the process, in a text by Elza Falkembach (“Sistematização, uma arte de ampliar cabeças...”). The stories presented

deal with the place of experiences as possibility of establishing new links with production, with the market, the environment, persons, public policy. This is an aspect that should always be stressed: the way of doing different, the new, experimentation, changing relationships. These are new family relations built around the sustainability concept; new health and education parameters; new gender, generation and neighborhood relations. Life histories told drawing on these changes.

PDA3

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Wyty Catë: aliança para manter o mundo vivo e o Cerrado em pé [Wyty Catë: alliance to keep the world alive and the Cerrado standing]. Brasilia: MMA/PDA, 2006. 52 p. (Série Sistematização, XI)

The Cerrado Fruits Project (PFC) – whose economic thread is in the FrutaSã company – emerged as an alternative of sustainable management of natural resources in the Pre-Amazonian Cerrado, within a context of devaluation and environmental destruction. It started in 1993 and is partner to the Indigenous Work Center (CTI) and the Wyty Catë Association of Timbira Communities from Tocantins and Maranhão. The publication of the series “Sistematização: comunidades construindo sua sustentabilidade” (Systematization: communities building their sustainability) brought about the opportunity of building a written document. The Association and the CTI found it an interesting opportunity of publishing their experience, with two objectives: serve as educational material and promote reflection to the mentwajê and the Timbira School, and disseminate the initiative to the external audience. The PDA supported the elaboration of the written text by hiring specialized consultancy services. The consultancy carried out some interviews and a workshop with the mentwajê at the Timbira Pënxwyj Hëmpejxà Education and Research Center, in Carolina, Maranhão. The text drew upon documents produced by the Indigenous Work Center advisors, reports by the FrutaSã Plant, and by the Cerrado Fruits Project financing agents. The consultants organized the work and produced the final text. The basic texts of this story were written by the CTI team linked to the Cerrado Fruits Project. The texts report the experience in the light of some of its protagonists, whose reflections and visions of future are broadly discussed with the Indigenous. Among the many voices reported, it is worth mentioning the thought of some directors of the Wyty Catë (a Gavião Pykobjê, Jonas, and a Krahô, Hapyhi), showing their perspectives of life and perplexity in face of the kupen’s way of acting and thinking.

56 57

PDA4

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA APA – Tudo em Família: diversificação produtiva, defesa ambiental e geração de renda em Ouro Preto D’Oeste-RO. [APA – All in Family: productive diversification, environmental defense and income generation in Ouro Preto D’Oeste – Rondonia] Brasilia: MMA/PDA, 2006. 52 p. (Série Sistematização, IX)This publication was produced based on a process of systematizing the Alternative Farmers Association (Associação dos Produtores Alternativos – APA) experience, and intended to disclose the main lessons learned during the entity’s path. Its objective is toshow how productive diversification based on beekeeping and agroforestry consortia have improved the environmental conditions and quality of life of the individuals involved, changing the dynamic of their family life and contributing to revalue the role played by women and youths in the production. The APA was assembled by 29 farmers in 1992 to gather the family’s food safety improved and the pursuit for income generation alternatives. It gathers about 250 families from the municipalities of Ouro Preto D’Oeste, Nova União, Mirante da Serra, Urupá, Teixeirópolis and Vale do Paraíso – one of the most populated regions in Rondonia, with strong agricultural vocation. Based on the beekeeping – which is being successful and enabled the entity’s strengthening - APA expanded its range of activities. It promotes among its members the introduction of agroforestry consortia made by regional fruit trees like cupuaçu, araçá-boi, graviola; palm trees like pupunha and açaí; and forestry essences like freijó-louro, mogno, bandarra, andiroba, among others. The oldest areas, implemented in 1992, are already producing. Altogether, there are 500 ha reforested with about 800 thousand plants of 30 different species. The methodology employed to systematize it was composed by a meeting with participants to align and plan the activities to be held. Then, four regional meetings were held with the group of women to survey information and build the narrative. Moreover, there were four additional meetings with coordinators and the APA partners’ institutions to collect information and build the narrative. The meetings aimed at organizing the material gathered during the base events, besides the required analyses and complementation with interviews and documents.

PDA5

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Jaguatareí Nhemboé: caminhando e aprendendo com os Guarani comunidade de Guarani-Mbyá do Aguapeú. [Jaguatareí Nhemboé: walking and learning with the Guarani from the Guarani-Mbyá do Aguapeú community]. Brasilia: MMA/ PDA, 2006. 44 p. (Série Sistematização, VIII)

The Guarani Indigenous Land of Aguapeú occupies 4.372,10 hectares, at the coast portion in the Center-south coast of Sao Paulo, known as Baixada Santista. It is inserted in representative areas of the Atlantic Forest Biome, municipality of Mongaguá – south coast of Sao Paulo. In 2006 it housed 24 families, about 70 individuals. In this document the community reports the initial ideas and the gradual elaboration and execution of the project, in partnership with the non-governmental organization Indigenous Work Center (CTI), to deal with the increasing demand for visits to the settlement, in a coherent way. Regarding the physical structure prepared to the project, the following stand out: Culture House, panels, boat houses, boats, tails, garbage baskets on the settlement entry, handicraft works. To the indigenous community, the project provided significant learning opportunity to the group, both about the need of cooperating with institutional partnerships, and on the need of autonomy to the project to have it smoothly developed. According to them, another extremely positive point was the involvement of everyone in the discussion and implementation of the project, leading to strong social cohesion. Considering that the Guarani people – like most of the indigenous peoples in Brazil – orally transmit their knowledge, this was considered the best way to disseminate the project experience to other communities.

PDA6

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA FVPP: a história do movimento pelo desenvolvimento da Transamazônica e Xingu [FVPP: the history of the movement to the development of Transamazônica and Xingu] Brasilia: MMA/PDA, 2006. 64 p. (Série Sistematização, VII)

This narrative tells the history of social movements at Transamazônica and their development, which were transformed from claim and denouncement movements to movements of transformation and development of the reality of a region and a people. This history is marked by conquers and victories, but also for fights, losses and suffering; marked by chasing and murdering of fellows, and the building of a new concept on development. A development different from that to which the Transamazônica settlers were invited to join in and promote in the 1970’s. A development that does not mean deforesting, but that considers the interest, needs and dreams of farmers, and the

58 59

needs for preserving the forest. All that is summarized in a historical motto: “we want to live, produce and preserve”. The systematization aimed at promoting a process of debate and re-planning of organizations in the area reached by the Viver, Produzir e Preservar Foundation (FVPP), to support strategic actions to incorporate Legal Reserves to the production system, thus contributing to consolidate a diversified system in the region. The first experience selected to be systematized was the Project on Valuation and Conservation of Forestry Resources in the Legal Reserves of Lands of Small Farmers at the Municipalities of Pacajá and Medicilândia (Valorização e Conservação dos Recursos Florestais das Reservas Legais dos Lotes de Pequenos Agricultores dos Municípios de Pacajá e de Medicilândia). The focus identified to be deepened was the process of incorporating forest to the productive system, thus influencing the families’ everyday life in the economic and environmental aspects, strengthening local and regional organizations. However, as the systematization developed, the social movement history became very important, beyond the context wherein the systematization actions were carried out. So, the systematization period was expanded beyond the initial plans, and ended by fostering the recovery of the reasons that led the Movement for the Transamazônica Survival (Movimento pela Sobrevivência da Transamazônica - MPST) to become the Movement for the Development of Transamazônica and Xingu (Movimento pelo Desenvolvimento da Transamazônica e Xingu – MDTX) and pursue a “different development” where incorporating forest to the productive system is a key element.

PDA7

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Sabiá: a experiência com comercialização agroecológica. [Sabiá: the experience on agro-ecological trading.] Brasilia: MMA/PDA, 2006. 68 p. (Série Sistematização, VI)

This document is the narrative of some stories about the knowledge, lives, people building more sustainable ways of living together with the environment. The experience selected by the Sabiá Agro-ecological Development Center (Centro de Desenvolvimento Agroecológico Sabiá) was the participatory building of Agro-ecological Rooms in Recife and Serra Talhada Fair, where producers can trade directly with consumers, increasing the family income and, therefore, remain farming. The Sabiá Center and the Rural Workers Trade Union in the Municipality of Bom Jardim carried out a participatory diagnosis on the rural production in the municipality. After discussing the results, they concluded that the main problem for local farmers was the practice of a non-sustainable production system, in deep crisis and decline. Moreover, they have identified the lack of public policies oriented to family-based agriculture. In face of that, the Sabiá Center started an advisory process, focusing on awareness-building to change the production system, introducing the topic of agro-ecology with emphasis on the agroforestry agriculture. The main advances on the agroforestry work and trading at agro-ecological spaces deal with food safety; family units’

planning process; improved life quality through economic increase; health improvement; satisfaction with work; professionalization through new knowledge. The main conclusion of the group was that systematization is worthy not only for the products it generates, but also for the links established in its process and the possibility of identifying lessons and enabling individual and collective growth.

PDA8

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Apruram: produção, beneficiamento e comercialização dos produtos de sistemas agroflorestais. [Apruram: production, processing and trading of agroforestry systems’ products]. Brasilia: MMA/PDA, 2006. 68 p. (Série Sistematização, V)

This publication attempts to systematize the experiences of Rolim de Moura’s Rural Farmers Association to Mutual Assistance (Associação dos Produtores Rurais Rolimourense para Ajuda Mútua – Apruram) by recovering their histories. Apruram is made of seven associations and a formal group from the municipality of Rolim de Moura, in Rondonia. It was established in 1991 to serve as a central trading unit, to get farmers rid from middlemen. In 1995 it started working with the growing of fruit species seedlings, to diversify the production. That work started with a community initiative project, financed by the National Forest Plan of Rondonia (Plano Nacional de Florestas de Rondônia - Planafloro). The agroforestry consortia proved to be a feasible alternative to increase the family income. There are short-term results, like the annual crops implemented in the line spacing until they become shrubs. In the medium run, with the fruit or palm species; and, in the long term, with the timber species. The timber stands for a saving account to farmers, a financial and environmental investment. The report discloses statements by farmers proving the financial return of that investment.

PDA9

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Colônia de Pescadores Z-15: os acordos de pesca em Igarapé-Miri. [Z-15 Fishermen Colony: the fishery agreements in Igarapé-Miri]. Brasilia: MMA/ PDA, 2006. 44 p. (Série Sistematização, IV)

The municipality of Igarapé-Miri has 52,000 inhabitants, and is located in the mesoregion of northeast of Pará, micro-region of Lower Tocantins River, 78 km from the state capital. From 1999 to 2003, the Z-15 Fishermen Colony of Igarapé-Miri developed a small PDA-supported project focusing

60 61

on strengthening fishery agreements, as an initiative of community-based management of water resources. The thematic systematization axis to the work was the fishery agreements as economic, food and organizational alternative to artisanal fishermen. The work employed the methodology of surveying documents from the communities’ and the Colony’s on agreements, meetings and interview rounds in the communities, using resources like constructing the Time Line. The document presents alternatives to fishery agreements, and introduces communities in different stages of the process of elaborating the agreements. However, the work concludes with recommendations on the Z-15 Colony, emphasizing that the participation of all is a key element to strengthen the local social organization.

PDA10

MMINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Sasop: difusão de práticas e princípios agroflorestais no Baixo Sul da Bahia. [Sasop: dissemination of agroforestry practices and principles in the South End of the Bahia state]. Brasilia: MMA/PDA, 2006. 52 p. (Série Sistematização, III)

The document focuses on the dissemination strategies adopted by the Support Service to Popular Rural Organizations (Serviço de Apoio às Organizações Populares Rurais – Sasop) to promote a process of collective reflection on the strategies to disseminate the Agroforestry Systems (SAF), capable of re-focusing the practice and fostering the exchange of experiences among farmers. The methodology approached the narrative constructing; simplified systematization of individual experiences; exchange of experiences among farmers; and, the analysis of the narrative built. The simplified systematization was carried out through visitation to ten SAF management experiences, working with a script of questions through which families told a little about their experience and life history. The results and lessons of the participatory experimentation process in the implementation of Demonstration areas and dissemination of agroforestry principles and practices have contributed to generate knowledge on conservation, preservation and sustainable management of natural resources within the Atlantic Forest Biome. That enabled building awareness among farmers, involved communities, organizations representing family-based agriculture, and other regional players. The systematization has shown the evolution, besides providing a new moment for technicians and farmers to think over the practice, reaffirming or reformulating guidelines and strategies. It has also shown that farmers do not adopt a system, but appropriate principles and practices that are punctually introduced to their production systems, leading to changes in the existing subsystems and production system as a whole.

PDA11

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Cametá – acordos de pesca: uma alternativa econômica e organizacional. [Cametá – fishery agreements: an economic and organizational alternative]. Brasilia: MMA/PDA, 2006. 64 p. (Série Sistematização, II)

This work, just like the others in the same series, reports histories and knowledge from people who have built ways for sustainably co-existing with environment. Those experiences are supported by the PDA. The histories therein are told by the groups involved with the PDA projects from 2001 to 2003. The narrators are involved with fishery in the municipality of Cametá, state of Pará. Among other initiatives, the fishermen have sought for fishery and forestry resources conservation through “fishery agreements” or “preservation agreements”. The projects’ core topics approached issues like: water resources conservation, forestry management, and, family-based fish farming as strategies to value the riparian communities. The fishery agreements were strengthened as other institutions like Ibama, fishermen colony, NGOs and local governments started supporting them. Another highlight in the municipality of Cametá is the presence of 30 volunteer environmental agents accredited by Ibama, who largely contribute to surveillance and clarification among the community. The most impressive result is the fishermen’s awareness of the importance and need of fishery agreements to maintain their activity.

PDA12

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Terra Viva: estratégias, ações, resultados e desafios na disseminação agroflorestal. [Living Earth: strategies, actions, outputs and challenges to agroforestry dissemination]. Brasilia: MMA/ PDA, 2006. 56 p. (Série Sistematização, I)

In ten years, the PDA has supported about 320 institutions in the Amazon and Atlantic Forests. This work reports histories told by the groups involved in the project, and how they succeeded in building more sustainable ways of relating to the environment. Another outstanding aspect in the histories is the dialogue between traditional knowledge and new information. The work gathers eleven histories resulting from PDA-supported projects from July 2003 to March 2004. Partnerships were established with regional institutions to carry out the projects, enabling a permanent exchange between technicians and farmers aiming at strengthening the public policies that involve family-based agriculture and agro-ecology, as references to the national sustainable development. Those histories have contributed to

62 63

define the priority work of the “Terra Viva”, which was established to build awareness among the public power, technical assistance bodies and the official education system, to increasingly develop joint actions focusing on the sustainable development stages at the municipalities reached at the extreme south end of Bahia: Itamaraju, Prado, Itanhaém and Jucuruçu.

PDA13

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Estudos da Amazônia: avaliação de vinte projetos PDA. [Amazonian studies: assessment of 20 PDA projects] Brasilia: MMA/PDA, 2004. 134 p. (Série Experiências PDA, 5)

During its nine years of existence, the PDA has achieved the maturity of a project that emerged from its purpose of thinking over a different way of living together with and preserving the rainforests. Hence, the PDA launched an innovative way of analyzing and approving projects, gathering the government and civil society with same decision power, to the hard exercise of seeking balance among different regions, institutions, perceptions and needs. The 188 experiences were rather unique. Twenty Amazon projects were analyzed, and stand for much more than twenty Demonstration experiences. These represent experiences of different individuals who accepted trying a new way of living with the environment. The 20 projects represent many experiences promoted by the PDA in the Legal Amazon. The projects analyzed were selected based on three criteria: different experiences typologies and indicatives of significant lessons for the successes and failures. Moreover, it attached priority to experiences that had not been incorporated to other studies carried out by the PDA.

PDA14

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Estudos da Mata Atlântica: avaliação de doze projetos PDA. [Atlantic Forest studies: assessment of 12 PDA projects] Brasilia: MMA/PDA, 2004. 80 p. (Série Experiências PDA, 4)

The study was carried out in 2002, within the context of outlining the new PDA component exclusively focused on the Atlantic Forest. The immediate objective was to provide subsidies to the financing agents’ Assessment Mission of this new component, held in September 2002. The study proposed to check lessons, impacts and results achieved, trying to respond a basic question: should we go on? To carry it out, it was decided to perform a field assessment of twelve projects in different Atlantic Forest regions,

in August 2002. Projects from different Atlantic Forest areas (from Bahia do Rio Grande do Sul) were selected among a universe of 44 initiatives supported by the PDA in eight years. The projects’ selection tried to provide a representative sampling on the Atlantic Forest recovery, dealing with different ecosystems and audiences. The assessment comprised a wide array of activities that, as a whole, proposed new models for biome use and conservation, like secondary forests management, recovery of coastal ecosystems, recovery of degraded areas through SAF, expansion of protected areas around Conservation Units, recovery of water bodies, among others. Moreover, the projects selection considered the rich population’s diversity: quilombolas, artisanal fishermen, family-based farmers, urban area residents. The assessment showed how the investment was worthy in face of the clear benefits that remained to communities, families and the environment. The lessons learned also evidences that, despite some failures, the significant successes achieved could inspire a new way of living with the Atlantic Forest.

PDA15

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Implantação de tecnologias de manejo agroflorestal em terras indígenas do Acre. [Implementation of agroforestry management technologies in indigenous land in Acre] Brasilia: MMA/PDA, 2002. 76 p. (Série Experiências PDA, 3)

TheImplementation of Agroforestry Management Technologies in Indigenous Lands of Acre Project (Implantação de Tecnologias de Manejo Agroflorestal em Terras Indígenas do Acre) aiming at training Indigenous Agroforestry Agents (AAFI) and maintaining the path of indigenous teachers and health agents, started in 1996, with resources of the Pilot Program for the Conservation of Brazilian Rainforests (PPG7), through the PDA. It mainly focused on the Indigenous Lands environmental management, notably the management of some natural resources found in its ecosystem, to AAFI interacting with indigenous and non-indigenous populations in eight municipalities in the state of Acre and southeast portion of Amazonas, considering their bilingual literacy, and to those participating in indigenous schools as collaborators or teachers of natural resources management. The process and achievements are recorded on work journals which became publications that collect cultural and ecological knowledge of the indigenous peoples’ members. The AAFI are also tasked with solving, through negotiation and dialogue, external and internal problems related to hunting, fishery, use of natural resources and territorial surveillance work - a consistent exercise of political and educational action. To analyze the importance and complexity of the AAFI work, valuing, respecting and

64 65

encouraging the relations of those peoples and their environment, farming improvement is a continuation of what is done in forests, but with stronger intervention. The agents’ training is complemented by interchange visits or advisory travels to other indigenous peoples or similar projects, integrated to the curricular proposal as a sort of "Networked Knowledge".

PDA16

ASSUMPÇÃO, A. et. al. Sistemas agroflorestais em assentamentos de reforma agrária. [Agroforestry systems in agrarian reform settlements] Brasilia: MMA/SCA/PDA, 2002. 66 p. (Série Experiências PDA, 2)

This publication is the second volume of the PDA Experience Series that describes experiences on environmental protection and recovery in different regions of the Atlantic Forest realm: Pontal do Paranapanema, on the extreme west end of the State of Sao Paulo, and south part of the State of Bahia. The first part of this work refers to the activities developed and preliminary results achieved during the first fifteen months of execution of the Green Hug Project (Projeto Abraço Verde) developed in the Pontal to Paranapanema. The main objectives were to provide agro-ecological information to settlers, foster the implementation of agroforestry management practices in sites neighboring the forest fragments, and implement Demonstration agroforestry modules adapted to local culture and needs. The experience showed that ecosystems conservation could be achieved through eco-negotiations, i.e., the community participation and education, reliability, friendship and trust relationships, agro-ecological extension and surveys, adaptable management, additionally to responsive legislation and effective surveillance. The second part discloses relevant aspects related to the projects execution involving generation of new knowledge and development of change processes in the family-based agricultural production systems at the extreme south end of Bahia. Firstly, the work introduces the socio-environmental contexts of the coastal plain at the south extreme end of Bahia. Then, it describes the strategic and methodological elements developed and the main results achieved in the Riacho das Ostras settlement, municipality of Prado, nearby the National Discovery Park (Parque Nacional do Descobrimento). Finally, it presents some key topics to achieve the objectives, and the main challenges to build a regional model of sustainable development.

PDA17

PUFAL, D. V. de L. Agricultura agroflorestal: viabilidade econômica e estratégias de implantação [Agroforestry agriculture: economic feasibility and implementation strategies]. Brasília: UnB/CDS, 2002. 82 p. Master’s Degree Dissertation.

The objective of this thesis is to analyze the economic feasibility of a model of an agroforestry system – the Agroforest or Analogous Regenerative Agroforestry System – adapted to the context of family farming in Pernambuco. The model was disseminated by the Sabiá Agro-ecological Development Center, in partnership with farmer-disseminators trained in the experimental process. The present study consists of an analysis of four farms in different ecosystems of the Mata and Agreste zones of Pernambuco. The farms followed different strategies adapted to their resource availability and environment, but all had in common the fact of being engaged in a strong social organization, with customized technical assistance and organizing marketing in a large consumer center in the city of Recife. The results indicate promotion of food security, environmental recovery and economic feasibility on the basis of the integration of the agroforest with different production subsystems, such as beekeeping, raising of small animals and small-scale raising of large livestock.

PDA18

LEROY, J. P.; TOLEDO, G. T. Novo rumo para o desenvolvimento regional. [New path to the regional development] Brasilia: MMA/PDA, 2001. 63 p. (Série Experiências PDA, 1)

This publication launches the PDA Experience Series, approaching the Cerrado Fruits Project (PFC) executed by the Cerrado Fruits Network (RFC) which is composed of farmers and indigenous people that follow the principles of solidarity, respect to human beings and environment, and pursuit of sustainability, even under the pressures of mining, metallurgy and eucalyptus growing on one hand, and the soybean and cattle farming expansion fronts on the other hand. This document reports how a pilot program created through the gathering of different peoples to defend the Brazilian Rainforests can reach such remote areas in the Pre-Amazon, and contribute to create new sustainable economic alternatives to the

66 67

population. The PFC is composed of 11 subprojects in transition areas between the Amazon Forest and the Cerrado in the states of Maranhão and Tocantins. It aims at generating income to farmers who are members of the cooperative and, therefore, improve their living conditions, strengthen the organization of associations and cooperatives, fix people on rural areas, diversify production, preserve and value the Cerrado and peoples living in there, and opposing the model of predatory development. In its three years of activity, the PFC members and coordinators have acquired great experience trying to solve different problems posed during the processing and trading of production, which ended by leading to changes on the strategies.

PDA19

RUSSO, R. Avaliação de aspectos da sustentabilidade ambiental dos sistemas agroflorestais: um estudo de caso. [Assessment on environmental sustainability aspects of the agroforestry systems: a case study]. Brasilia: UnB, 2001. 54 p. Master’s Degree Dissertation.

This dissertation was submitted to the Forest Engineering department of the University of Brasilia in 2001, and aimed at assessing the environmental sustainability of agroforestry systems not in an isolated way, but as a component of the family-based agricultural property. Groups from initiatives based on the productive systems being implemented in the BR 364 axis, in the state of Rondonia, supported by the PDA and the Pilot Program, were selected to have their logical indicators framework analyzed. The indicators were defined based on an environmentally sustainable model, and hierarchically valuated in a Cluster analysis. The values achieved allowed for pooling projects for assessment and to obtain the distance between the expected results in the written projects, the results achieved during field execution, and the ideal theoretical model. It employed the Content Analysis to get information from the text, and Ethnographic Procedure to obtain field information. The expected results were very weak in terms of environmental information which was left out for information on income generation, thus limiting the thesis of replacement of a productive system for a more profitable one, disregarding that the system to be replaced could be the natural system, and failing in recommending measures to reduce that risk. The execution results are influenced by the adoption of the agroforestry component, in the farmer’s logic when focusing the agrarian system as a whole, and enabling the development of systems much closer to the ideal theory than those provided for in the projects.

PDA20

MANCIN, R. C. Estado e sociedade na busca do desenvolvimento sustentável em projetos demonstrativos. [State and society pursuing sustainable development in Demonstration projects]. Brasilia: UnB, 2001. 150 p. Master’s Degree Dissertation.

The study approaches the organized civil society’s participation in the PDA, part of the PPG7. The theoretical reference is based on the analysis of phenomena related to changes on the State role resulting from the emergence of neo-liberalism and globalization – processes that have brought about new agents and new social structures in different dimensions and contexts. The State crisis enabled new roles to the Non-Governmental Organizations, consolidating a new economic sector, the so-called Third Sector. The study's results show the success of introducing in the PPG7 a component of support to community projects, allowing for significantly expanding the insertion of the organized civil society sectors in the implementation of innovative experiences on natural resources management.

68 69

5

PDPIIndigenous Demonstration Project

The PDPI aims at seeking opportunities to generate economic, social and cultural sustainability to indigenous peoples in the Legal Amazon, while conserving the natural resources found in those indigenous lands. One of the Project’s specific objectives is to disseminate the knowledge acquired during the implementation of Demonstration projects to assist the outlining and reformulation of public policies responsive to the indigenous’ living conditions. The PDPI is being executed by the Ministry of Environment in partnership with the Coordination of Indigenous Organizations in the Brazilian Amazon (Coordenação das Organizações Indígenas da Amazônia Brasileira - Coiab). The Project has two fronts or main work components: 1) support to projects at local level in three thematic areas - protection to indigenous lands, sustainable economic activities, and cultural valuation; 2) support to institutional strengthening, supporting institutional structuring processes, political articulation and capacity-building to manage the Amazonian indigenous movement. The project started in 2001 and is about to be concluded. The Project launched 4 publications.

70 71

PDPI1

ALMEIDA, F. V. R. de. (Org.). Guia para a formação em gestão de projetos indígenas. [Guide book to indigenous projects management training]. Brasilia: Paralelo 15, 2008. 282 p.

The Guide ensues from the implementation of the Training Course to Indigenous Managers of subprojects supported by the PDPI/MMA, and aims at facilitating the use of that course in other contexts where it could be useful. The Guide provides the required information to build a general view on project management, notably on the problems surrounding the indigenous projects. The publication also provides pedagogical guidance to those willing to support its application and dissemination. In the introduction, the book deals with challenges posed to the indigenous manager, referring to the project cycle, characteristics of a social project, and discussing the specificities of indigenous projects. In Module 1 the book works on the place of indigenous projects, presenting some discussion texts like the Ethno-development and the market of projects, additionally to the pursuit for indigenous protagonism. The module 2 provides guidance on the elaboration of participatory diagnosis. The module 3 approaches projects elaboration, presenting opportunities and design, ways of organizing the ideas: from logical framework to the time of writing it. The module 4 deals with project implementation, monitoring and evaluation, reports, expenditures control, transparancy and good use of resources, additionally to rendering of accounts. The annexes work on the operational manual and the PDPI opinion givers manual, as well as information on the monitoring visits to the PDPI subprojects.

PDPI2

SOUZA, C. N. I. et. al. (Org.). Povos indígenas: projeto e desenvolvimento. [Indigenous peoples: project and development]. Rio de Janeiro: Contra Capa, 2007. 172 p.

The book presents eight texts by different authors on the topic of interface between indigenous communities and development projects. The authors were encouraged to discuss the topic as contribution to the 9th Meeting of Anthropologists from North and Northeast (IX Reunião de Antropólogos do Norte e Nordeste – Abanne) held in 2005, in Manaus, within the Workgroups Indigenous Peoples, Demonstration Projects and Development. Development is a relevant topic in the field of the complex relations between those peoples and the larger society agents. The discussions on the engagement in regional economic circuits, the appropriation of income generation and goods and services consumption mechanisms, the impacts of large enterprises, institutional strengthening, the elaboration of public policies and the implementation and execution of social interventions on the projects to or by indigenous peoples are thought through the development topic. The publication provides seven practical and theoretical topics on the matter: 1) link between indigenous peoples and the Brazilian state: conceptual and political issues; 2) projects market; 3) indigenous

participation; 4) protagonism and socio-cultural appropriation of projects; 5) concrete mechanisms of selection and approval of indigenous projects; 6) economy, purposes and management mechanisms in indigenous projects; and, 7) elements to think over the research on indigenous projects.

PDPI3

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Políticas públicas relacionadas aos povos indígenas no Brasil: processos e iniciativas em curso (situação até janeiro de 2005). [Public policies related to indigenous peoples in Brazil: ongoing processes and initiatives (situation as of January 2005)]. Manaus MMA/ PDPI, 2005. 91 p. (Work Paper, 1)

The Indigenous Peoples Demonstration Project (PDPI) aim at contributing with experiences to build public policies that are more responsive to indigenous peoples, trying to get acquainted to what has already been done in that sense. The existing fragmentation in such policies at the federal level gave rise to the illustrative notion of Indigenous Ministries - those with budgetary resources to deal with indigenous matters and demands. Moreover, it grounded the methodology of general mapping of what has already been done in terms of indigenous public policy. Hence, it decided for a short number of institutions and Programs approached at federal level, excluding the actions executed by Funai, and the health and education policies as well. The survey resulted in a document elaborated through means of consultations. Therefore, it refers to a dynamic reality that involves multiple actors. It concluded that actions are not aligned, there are no consistent recommendations, and the initiatives are not supported by knowledge and experience. However, there are demands and contributions, even if disconnected. Therefore, the report could be considered to be an initial step toward contributing to the constructing more responsive public policies to the indigenous peoples in Brazil.

PDPI4

ALMEIDA, F. V. R. de; SOUZA; C. N. I. Discutindo a noção de autonomia nos “textos” e “contextos” de projetos demonstrativos indígenas. [Discussing the notion of autonomy in the “texts” and “contexts” of Indigenous Demonstration Projects]. Manaus Acta Amaz., 2004. 20 p.

The text approaches the indigenous people’s autonomy, based on the experience gained with projects submitted to the PDPI. Based on the projects, the article discusses how different concepts of autonomy are expressed in the proposals and practical activities. According to the authors, the notion of indigenous peoples’ autonomy is broadly employed by many agents in the indigenous area. To the same extent, the notion does not imply one single understanding. There are different concepts, depending

DISCUTINDO A NOÇÃO

DE AUTONOMIA NOS

“TEXTOS” E “CONTEXTOS”

DE PROJETOS

DEMONSTRATIVOS

INDÍGENAS

72 73

on the ideology, interest and practice of those who use it. Approach the issue of autonomy in projects can be viewed in different angles: based on the sustainability of the actions, the access to resources (natural, human, financial resources), the capacity-building, etc. This text focuses on the issue of participation and, therefore, the analysis passes by the issue of authorship and conduction of projects, as well as the links between indigenous communities and organizations, their partners (governmental and non-governmental ones) and advisors. In the conclusion, the text states that within the scope of the PDPI-supported projects, where the relation between Funai and indigenous peoples and organizations is more relevant. The challenge posed is to have them contributing to strengthen the indigenous managerial capacity. Regarding the relations between the PDPI and indigenous representatives and organizations, the challenged posed by the PDPI “texts" is how to overcome indigenous practices that reinforce dependency, through means of consistent investment in capacity-building as a way to increase the indigenous protagonism. Ultimately, it affirms that the effective PDPI contribution to enhance practices to ensure indigenous autonomy could only be verified within the “context” of its practical implementation.

PDPI5

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS - PDPI Informações básicas e formulário para apresentação de projetos: PDPI – Projetos Demonstrativos dos Povos Indígenas. Basic information and projects submission form: PDPI - Indigenous People Demonstration Projects [S.l.]: MMA, [s.d.]

The book explains what is a PDPI – a project created to support activities developed by indigenous communities in the Legal Amazon. The text informs to whom the project resources are addressed; briefly introduces the initiative; presents the criteria and principles; shows the thematic areas and what cannot be supported. The project supports strengthening the way of living of each indigenous people, their culture, social and political organization, and their knowledge about environment. It encourages the development of sustainable economic activities, and also supports the protection of indigenous territories in the Legal Amazon, thus preventing the pressure exercised by timber dealers, miners or other intruders. Only regulated indigenous organizations or organizations made of non-Indigenous that support indigenous peoples are eligible to submit proposals to the PDPI. The second part of the book discloses the draft and the final forms with the required information to be sent to the PDPI to apply for resources.

6

PPtAlIndigenous lands Project

The PPTAL was executed by the National Indigenous Foundation (Funai) from 1996 to December 2008. The project has implemented actions oriented to ensure territory (identification, demarcation and regulation of land actions) to the non-predatory use of natural resources by the indigenous peoples. The Project’s general objective was: improve natural resources conservation in indigenous lands, and increase the indigenous people’s welfare through means of: I – legalization of indigenous lands in Legal Amazon; II – improve protection to indigenous populations and lands.

The Project implementation strategy was structured in four components: I) legalization of indigenous lands and the indigenou’s accompaniment of demarcations; II) surveillance and protection of Indigenous Lands (Surveillance Actions); III) studies and capacity-building (Capacity-building, Geographic Information System and Ethno-ecological Surveys); IV) support to the Project management (Support to the Project Execution, Monitoring, Dissemination, Deliberative Parity Commission).

In terms of protected areas through land legalization in indigenous lands, as of 2008 the PPTAL had demarked about 44 million hectares in the Legal Amazon, with 115 Indigenous Lands demarked. However, the Project has also worked on other areas, like studies development, elaboration of technical manuals, and delivery of training courses to staff members, aiming at promoting technical and operational improvement of Funai’s team. PPTAL has also fostered the indigenous participation in land demarcations; supported capacity-building; and provided technical contributions to develop projects on indigenous accompaniment of demarcations, and surveillance and protection actions to indigenous lands. Altogether, the Project has prepared 123 publications.

74 75

PPtAl1

QUEIROZ, R. C. de. trombetas-Mapuera: território indígena. [Trombetas-Mapuera: indigenous territory]. Brasilia: Funai/PPTAL, 2008. 312 p.

The book tells the history of the demarcation of the Trombetas-Mapuera Indigenous Land, of 3,970, 418 hectares, in the states of Pará, Amazonas and Roraima. An almost entirely preserved area, with no invasion of outsiders, where many different ethnical groups live, some of which in isolation. The people now living at the TI (Indigenous Land) Trombetas-Mapuera are called people of the Tarumã-Parukoto complex (Karapawyana, Waiwai, Katuena, Hixkaryana, Mawayana, Xowyana, Tikyana, Xereu, Tunayana, Kamarayana, Yaipîyana, Pianokoto, among others) and the isolated groups. They live at the surroundings of Trombetas, Jatapu, Anauá, Nhamundá and Mapuera Rivers basins. The Brazilian federal government is in the process of recognizing and legalizing the lands they have been occupying for decades. However, that is a time-consuming and complex process. The first work group created to demarcation dates back to 1976, but it was only in 2004 that the Funai President’s dispatch was published, recognizing the studies on identification and delimitation of the TI Trombetas-Mapuera. In the beginning, the book shows maps and image chart of the Indigenous Land. In the first part, it introduces the legalization history, problems and difficulties, and the conclusion of physical demarcation with some lessons learned and proposals. Then, it shows pictures of the people’s everyday life, and of the identification and delimitation process. The second part approaches the history of the territory social organization, with many statements by Indigenous peoples and the Funai team. By the end, the book tells the history of these peoples according to their own vision of world.

PPtAl2

SILVA, L. F. V. e. (Org.). Coletânea da legislação indigenista brasileira. [Collection of Brazilian Indigenous legislation] Brasilia: Funai, 2008. 818 p.

The Collection compiles the main laws, normative acts and international agreements that govern the relations between indigenous peoples and the Brazilian state. The publication also presents the Portuguese version of the UN Declaration on the Indigenous Peoples Rights, approved in 2007. The set of legal acts organized in the work was edited and updated to contemplate the acts published until September 2008, and the related legislation was not integrally transcribed, but only the main issues relevant to the indigenous thematic. The acts were arranged according to the following topics: basic legislation like the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Indignous Statute; citizenship; territory organization; environment; education; social security; Federal Government’s organization; ethno-development; advocacy and research. Additionally to those chapters, it has also organized a remissive and alphabetic index to facilitate research.

PPtAl3

NATIONAL INDIGENOUS FOUNDATION – FUNAI/ Indigenous Lands Project – PPTAL/ GERMAN TECHNICAL COOPERATION – GTZ. levantamento etnoecológico das terras Indígenas do Complexo Médio Purus I: Peneri/Tacaquiri, Água Preta/Inari, Catipari/Mamoriá, Seruini/Marienê e Tumiã. [Ethno-ecological survey of Indigenous Lands in the Medium Purus River Complex I: Peneri/Tacaquiri, Água Preta/Inari, Catipari/Mamoriá, Seruini/Marienê AND Tumiã]. Brasilia: Ministry of Justice/Funai, 2008. 168 p.

The book is an edition of the report on the ethno-ecological survey of Indigenous Lands (TI) in the Medium Purus River Complex I, approaching the use by and knowledge of indigenous populations about their territory and natural resources. The Medium Purus River Complex I comprises the Indigenous Lands Peneri/Tacaquiri, Água Preta/Inari, Catipari/Mamoriá, Seruini/Marienê and Tumiã on the southeast part of the Brazilian Legal Amazon, southward the State of Amazonas. Those TIs are distributed on both sides of the Medium Purus River, in the municipalities of Boca do Acre, Pauini and Lábrea, state of Amazonas. The Ethno-ecological field work was carried out for about 70 days from October to December 2000. The information gathered followed some basic topics: 1) space occupation and use; 2) knowledge and understanding about resources that are significant to the communities; and, 3) distribution in time and space, as well as the ways for exploring and managing such resources. The first part deals with social-historical aspects of the Apurinã, describing and analyzing some social organization-related items in the Complex. The second part presents the ranking and use of physical space and natural resources by the Complex residents, incorporating social and environmental aspects to the analysis. The last part summarizes the information discussed in the book, to think over the management of TIS in the Medium Purus River Complex I.

PPtAl4

NATIONAL INDIAN FOUNDATION – FUNAI/ Indigenous Lands Project – PPTAL/ GERMAN TECHNICAL COOPERATION – GTZ. levantamento etnoambiental das terras Indígenas do Complexo Macuxi-Wapixana: Anaro, Barata/Livramento, Boqueirão, Raimundão, Jacamim, Moskow, Muriru, Tabalascada e Raposa/Serra do Sol. [Ethno-environmental survey of Indigenous Lands in the Macuxi-Wapixana Complex: Anaro, Barata/Livramento, Boqueirão, Raimundão, Jacamim, Moskow, Muriru, Tabalascada and Raposa/Serra do Sol]. Brasilia: Ministry of Justice/Funai, 2008. 192 p.

The book discloses the ethno-environmental survey of the Macuzi-Wapixana Complex – the name that describes the set of Indigenous Lands (TI) in the region of Lavrado (savannas) in Roraima. The text contributes to improve the knowledge on the relation between indigenous peoples from Lavrado to the

76 77

environment, and how they use the natural resources to subsidize actions and initiatives on environmental and territorial management. The survey comprised nine TIs: Anaro, Barata/Livramento, Boqueirão, Raimundão, Jacamim, Moskow, Muriru, Tabalascada e Raposa/Serra do Sol. [Ethno-environmental survey of Indigenous Lands in the Macuxi-Wapixana Complex: Anaro, Barata/Livramento, Boqueirão, Raimundão, Jacamim, Moskow, Muriru, Tabalascada and Raposa/Serra do Sol]. The first part of the book presents and summarizes information on environment and the indigenous peoples from the Macuxi-Wapixana Complex as a whole. The general information is then followed, in the second part, by brief descriptions of each TI surveyed, complemented by maps and satellite images. The last part explores the relevance of the topics “environmental management and sustainability” to the reality and needs of the TIs and of the Macuxi-Wapixana Complex.

PPtAl5

NATIONAL INDIAN FOUNDATION – FUNAI/ Indigenous Lands Project – PPTAL/ GERMAN TECHNICAL COOPERATION – GTZ. levantamento etnoecológico das terras Indígenas do Complexo Médio Purus II: Paumari do Lago Marahã, Paumari do Rio Ituxi e Jarawara/Jamamadi/Kanamati. [Ethno-ecological survey of Indigenous Lands in the Purus Medium River Complex II: Paumari do Lago Marahã, Paumari do Rio Ituxi e Jarawara/Jamamadi/Kanamati]. Brasilia: Ministry of Justice/Funai, 2008. 207 p.

The publication discloses the ethno-ecological survey of Indigenous Lands (TI) in the Medium Purus River Complex II, which shows the cultural ecology of indigenous groups living in that region, focusing on local environmental knowledge and cultural practices related to environment. The information is complemented with information on climate, geo-morphology, pedology; limnology; botanic and zoology. The field work was developed from October to December 2000 at the following TIs: Paumari do Lago Marahã and Paumari do Rio Ituxi, of the ethnics Paumari and Apurinã; Jarawara/Jamamadi/Kanamati of the ethnics Jarawara and Jamamadi. The first part of the book presents a general overview on the Complex region, in the environmental, demographic, social, economic and historical lines. The second part brings general information on indigenous peoples in the Complex, including anthropological grounds. The third part introduces the information gathered in the field about the use of natural resources by indigenous communities. The last part presents the analysis of data on the Medium Purus River Complex II and recommended actions.

PPtAl6

NATIONAL INDIAN FOUNDATION – FUNAI/ INDIGENOUS LANDS PROJECT – PPTAL/ GERMAN TECHNICAL COOPERATION – GTZ. levantamento etnoecológico das terras Indígenas do Complexo Bacia do Rio Juruá: Kaxinawá da Praia do Carapanã, Kampa do Igarapé Primavera and Kulina do Igarapé do Pau. [Ethno-ecological survey of Indigenous Lands in the Juruá River Basin Complex: Kaxinawá da Praia do Carapanã, Kampa do Igarapé Primavera and Kulina do Igarapé do Pau]. Brasilia: Ministry of Justice/Funai, 2008. 214 p.

The book brings the ethno-ecological survey on the Indigenous Lands (TI) at the Juruá River Basin Complex, in the state of Acre. The work registered the indigenous knowledge on environment, and related social practices in the TIs Kaxinawá da Praia do Carapanã, Kampa do Igarapé Primavera and Kulina do Igarapé do Pau. In the first part of the book, it presents a draft environmental characterization of the Complex. In the second part, it describes the social aspects of indigenous groups in each area (Kulina, Kaxinawá and Ashaninka), the occupation and use of lands; distribution of natural resources and ways of exploration and management; traditional knowledge associated to the use of natural resources; and, territorial management. In the last part, it presents final remarks about the data surveyed to guide Funai and indigenous peoples in the planning of their territorial management.

PPtAl7

NATIONAL INDIAN FOUNDATION – FUNAI/ INDIGENOUS LANDS PROJECT – PPTAL/ GERMAN TECHNICAL COOPERATION – GTZ. levantamento etnoecológico Maku: Terra Indígena Paraná do Boá-Boá. [Maku ethno-ecological survey: Indigenous Land Paraná do Boá-Boá]. Brasilia: Ministry of Justice/Funai, 2008. 100 p.

The book discloses the results of the Maku ethno-ecological survey of the Indigenous Land Paraná do Boá-Boá, in the state of Amazonas. The field work was developed from January to March 2005. The study analyzed the processes and ways of socio-cultural, material and symbolic use of natural resources by the Maku people. In the first part of the book the study is introduced, in a perspective that tries to comprise changes in the activities promoted by the group regarding the socio-cultural framework. The second part brings general data on the TI location and the region. The third part

78 79

emphasizes the relations of the indigenous people with the environment. Firstly, it introduces the physical and biotic environments, like geology, climate, soil, fauna and flora. Then, it presents the social environment, with demographic, historical, territorial, ethnological and linguist data on the Maku. The ethno-ecology of the indigenous group is approached in the fourth part, through the analysis on everyday use of the environment in the two settlements of the TI, and the recent migrations of those settlement’s inhabitants. In the conclusions, it presents the Indigenou’s perception on their relation/interaction with the environment, and the main threats to the indigenous populations and their territory. It also outlines some recommendations on the indigenous work with the Maku.

PPtAl8

NATIONAL INDIAN FOUNDATION – FUNAI/ INDIGENOUS LANDS PROJECT – PPTAL/ GERMAN TECHNICAL COOPERATION – GTZ. levantamento etnoecológico Munduruku: Terra Indígena Munduruku. [Munduruku Ethno-ecological survey: Munduruku Indigenous Land]. Brasilia: Ministry of Justice/Funai, 2008. 194 p.

The book is the report of the ethno-ecological survey of the Munduruku Indigenous Land in the state of Pará. The study deals with aspects related to the Munduruku social organization, partially approaching social practices and the perception related to the territory and environment. The field works were developed from November to December 2004 and from January to March 2005. The first part presents data on the TI location, population, migrations and archeology. The second part tells the history of the contact of Indigenous with non-Indigenous since 1768. In the third part, it shows the cosmology and social practices, such as the old warrior expeditions to hunt the enemie’s heads. The fourth part presents aspects related to the Indigenou’s daily lives. Then, it describes the TI environmental characterization, the productive activities carried out by the Indigenous; natural resources use; and the production of food for consumption or trading. Finally, it presents some recommendations and actions to value the Munduruku’s culture and way of living.

PPtAl9

NATIONAL INDIAN FOUNDATION – FUNAI/ INDIGENOUS LANDS PROJECT – PPTAL/ GERMAN TECHNICAL COOPERATION – GTZ. Levantamento etnoecológico das Terras Indígenas do Complexo Tefé: Maraã/Urubaxi, Paraná do Paricá, Cuiú-Cuiú e Kumarú do Lago Ualá. [Ethno-ecological survey of the Tefé Complex Indigenous Lands: Brasilia: Ministry of Justice/Funai, 2008. 184 p.

The book discloses the results of the Tefé Indigenous Lands (TI) Complex ethno-ecological survey, in the state of Amazonas. The field works were carried out from October to November 2006 at the TI Maraã/Urubaxi, Paraná do Paricá, Cuiú-Cuiú and Kumarú do Lago Ualá of the Kanamari, Miranha and Madiha Indigenous. In the introduction, book emphasizes the regional ecology. The second part highlights the socio-cultural aspects related to ecology and the use of territory by the Miranha people. Then, the third and the fourth parts introduce the practices and ecological pace of the Kanamari people. The fifth part approaches the Madiha people, showing the dialogue between culture and environment. In the last part, the book presents the reflections and considerations on the ethno-ecological survey.

PPtAl10 ao PPtAl122

Collections of Indigenous lands Documents

The collections published gather documents that deal with the main acts that consolidate land regularization in Indigenous lands. It aims at unveiling the main documents that formally ensure the indigenous peoples the recognition of their social and cultural organizations, and rights on the lands that they traditionally occupy. The publications show specially selected registries to expand the visibility of formal acts on indigenous lands, like: 1) abstract of the final identification report, with the dispatch of the Funai’s president recognizing and approving the indigenous lands identification studies; 2) the Declaratory Ministerial Directive signed by the Minister of Justice, after the analysis and approval of the documents submitted by Funai, stating the land boundaries, the permanent ownership by the indigenous group, and ordering demarcation; 3) Homologation Decree signed by the President of the Republic confirming the physical land demarcation carried out by Funai; f) the register at the Notary Public Office of the District on the indigenous land situation; 5) register at the Union Heritage Secretariat of the Ministry of Finances and the map of the demarked indigenous land.

80 81

113 publications were launched in 2008 on the following indigenous lands: Paraná do Arauató; Hi Merimã; Fortaleza do Patuauá; Fortaleza do Castanho; Espírito Santo; Diahui; Deni; Cunhã-Sapucaia; Cuiú-Cuiú; Coatá-Laranjal; Catipari/Mamoriá; Camadeni; Cabeceira do Rio Acre; Boqueirão; Boa Vista; Barreirinha; Barata Livramento; Banawá; Balaio; Ariramba; Arara do Igarapé Humaitá; Apurinã do Igarapé São João; Apurinã do Igarapé Mucuim; Apipica; Anaro; Alto Tarauacá; Alto Sepatini; Alto Rio Negro; Água Preta/Inari; Acimã; Acapuri de Cima; Zo’é; Xipaya; Wai-Wai; Vale do Javari; Uneiuxi; Tupã-Supé; Tumiã; Tukuna Umariaçu; Trombetas/Mapuera; Torá; Tenharim Marmelos; Tenharim do Igarapé Preto; Tabocal; Tabalascada; Seruini/Marienê; Sepoti; Sapotal; São Sebastião; São Pedro do Sepatini; São Francisco do Canimari; São Domingos do Jacapari e Estação; Riozinho do Alto Envira; Rio Urubu; Rio Téa; Rio Paru D’Este; Rio Manicoré; Rio Jumas; Rio Bia; Rio Apaporis; Raimundão; Poyanawa; Porto Praia; Pinatuba; Peneri/Tacaquiri; Paumari do Rio Ituxi; Paumari do Lago Paricá; Paumari do Lago Marahã; Paumari do Lago Manissuã; Paumari do Cuniuá; Patauá; Parque do Tumucumaque; Paraná do Paricá; Paraná do Boá Boá; Padre; Nova Esperança do Rio Jandiatuba; Terra Indígena Muriru; Munduruku; Moskow; Miguel/Josefa; Médio Rio Negro II; Médio Rio Negro I; Mawetek; Matintin; Maranduba; Maraitá; Maraã Urubaxi; Lauro Sodré; Las Casas; Lago Jauari; Lago Marinheiro; Lago Capanã; Karuáya; Kumaru do Lago Ualá; Kulina do Iagarapé do Pau; Kayabi; Kaxinawá do Baixo Rio Jordão; Kaxinawá da Praia do Carapanã; Kaxinawá Ashaninka do Rio Breu; Kararaô; Kanamari do Rio Juruá; Kampa e Isolados do Rio Envira; Kampa do Igarapé Primavera; Jarawara/Jamamadi/ Kanamati; Jaminawa/Envira; Jaminawa do Igarapé Preto; Jaminawa Arara do Rio Bajé; Jacamim; Itixi-Mitari; Inãwébohona; Inauani/Teuini; Igarapé Grande; Capana.

PPtAl123

NATIONAL INDIGENOUS FOUNDATION - FUNAI levantamentos etnoecológicos em terras indígenas na Amazônia brasileira: uma metodologia. [Ethno-ecological surveys of indigenous lands in the Brazilian Amazon: a methodology]. Brasilia: Funai/PPTAL, 2004. 54 p. (Edited and updated version)

The document describes the methodology employed to develop the ethno-ecological investigation to the PPTAL studies, which consists of a practical and flexible tool to organize the information required to implement further projects on territorial management and development of indigenous communities, notably after the inclusion of the environmental component to the process of identification and delimitation of indigenous areas in Brazil. The changes reported in the document stand for referential adjustments to

the surveys carried out by multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural teams and the guidelines comprised in the updating of the Convention on Biological Diversity, notably regarding the access to traditional knowledge and biodiversity protection. The ethnological methodology is a multi-phase methodology that considers pooling in the areas of different indigenous communities to facilitate logistic arrangements in terms of time available and geographic proximity; collection of previous information on the area; selection of the field work team; feedback to the community; composition of final products, reports, maps and other medias to be used by the project’s fostering bodies. The participatory techniques regard local individuals as participants, rather than investigation subjects. Therefore, they participate in a large part of the survey, mainly in the field phase and feedback to the community. It translates an equalitarian approach on the links established among participants.

82 83

7

ProManejoForest Resources Management Project

The ProManejo, executed by Ibama, started in 1999 and ended in 2006. Its objective was to foster the development and adoption of sustainable forestry management systems in the Amazon region. It promoted activities that ensured income generation and improved living conditions to local populations, while preserving the environment. The Project fosters a sort of forestry management that takes into consideration and respects the mechanisms outlined aiming at ecosystems sustainability, to ensure continuity to the availability of natural resources in the future.

The Project established four lines of action: 1) strategic studies and analysis aimed at building directives to public policies, oriented to reduce the offer of products of predatory origin, while increasing the offer of raw materials from areas with sustainable management; 2) promising initiatives, with technical and financial support to communities and initiatives on forestry management, provided by companies that take into consideration the sustainability concepts; 3) monitoring and control, with the development and assessment of methodologies and mechanisms that contribute to control tree cutting, using technological tools like remote-sensing; 4) support to the Tapajós National Forest management, through incentive to innovative forestry management strategies.

Following are the main ProManejo achievements: 1) design of the national forests program; 2) development of guidelines to the first auction of concession or permit to use public forests; 3) establishment of lines of credit at the Banco do Amazônia to community-based forest management activities; 4) establishment of a national support forestry management center (Cenaflor); and, 5) assembling of a group and network to monitor the Brazilian forests dynamic in the Amazon.

84 85

Didactic

PM1

POKORNY, B. et. al. (Org.). Manual de Vistoria de Campo para Planos de Manejo Florestal Madeireiro na Amazônia. [Manual of Field Inspection to Wood Forestry Management Plans in the Amazon]. 2. ed. [S.l.]: Ibama/ProManejo, 2006. 108 p.

This manual presents, in a technical way, a new methodology to inspect the field forestry operations during the execution of a Management Plan, and results from field tests carried out by the team of the Bom Manejo Project and Ibama technicians in eight Forestry Management Areas (Áreas de Manejo Florestal – AMF) with ongoing management plans in the states of Pará, Rondônia and Mato Grosso. Inspection is one of the tools that should be used to promote the adoption of sustainable forestry management practices. In face of that scenario, identified in 2001, which considered the efficiency of actions of control and monitoring of forestry activities as independent from the existence of automated systems, but dependent on the institutional capacity of managing information and setting standardized procedures and methods to perform the duties, ProManejo within the scope of Component 3, redefined its execution strategy and incorporated the development of this new methodology. The procedures considered include assessment of field implementation, and aim at promoting gradual improvement of operations until reaching the standard expected by the environmental body. The expected results converge to the possibility of higher objectivity and standardization in the operations assessment. The process presents a complement to the measures being adopted by the government to improve the forestry operations quality in the Amazon, including reviewing the Forestry Management regulation and the outlining of technical guidelines to elaborate and analyze the Management Plans and Annual Operational Plans.

PM2

Forest Resources Management Project - ProManejo Cartilha do plano de manejo da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós: a transformação para conservar está em nossas mãos. [Booklet of the Tapajós National Forest management plan: transformation toward conservation is in our hands]. [S.l.]: Ibama/ProManejo, 2005. 34 p.

The booklet presents actions developed in the Tapajós National Forest Management Plan, through the eyes of the involved communities. In this material, those communities present the results of the knowledge exchanged with institutions, both governmental and non-governmental ones. The

information provided in the booklet also emphasizes the establishment of the Tapajós Flona on January 19, 1974, disclosing additional information, mainly about the National System of Conservation Units (Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação - SNUC) The Flona Management Plan reaches 110,559 hectares and was distributed in four nuclei: Ribeirinhos do Tapajós, Planalto, Aveiro and BR 163. In brief, the text reports how all the involved communities have incorporated and started applying the acquired knowledge to care and conserve their natural resources.

PM3

Forest Resources Management Project - Promanejo Floresta Nacional do Tapajós – DRP: Diagnóstico Rural Participativo. [Tapajós National Forest PRD - Participatory Rural Diagnosis] Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 60 p.

The Participatory Rural Diagnosis (PRD) was developed during the elaboration of the Management Plan to the Tapajós National Forest. This first PRD, narrated by Flonaldo and Flonabela, aims at giving a feedback on the results and proposals that emerged during the PRD, and serve as an everyday guide to residents in the Flona and surroundings. The PRD has reached its objectives, also promoting a sound information basis that served to build the Tapajós Flona Management Plan, then ensuing nice benefits to every community and to the forest, as well. Assisted by many entities, experts, consultants, students, partners and community groups, it gathered a large amount of information from June to September 2003, in the 29 communities part of the Tapajós Flona and in four surrounding communities, with the participation of more than 600 individuals.

PM4

FRANCO, F. S. Sistema de monitoramento participativo: Floresta Nacional do Tapajós. [Participatory monitoring system: Tapajós National Forest]. [S.l.]: Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 72 p.

Since 2001 ProManejo/PPG7 has implemented a monitoring and evaluation system. The system aims at monitoring the main actions developed during the Project’s two years of existence. It shows how the first stage was developed regarding the monitoring of ProManejo-supported community projects at the Tapajós Flona, with the initiatives of oils, SAF and caboclas workshops. This system improves the beneficiarie’s domain on actions and, therefore, deeper understanding and commitment to what had been planned. The system enables establishing of indicators and objectives to each project based on the community member’s viewpoint. The participatory monitoring system was developed from March 2003 to

86 87

March 2004, through means of four workshops, field activities and the joint development of methodological steps. Experience has shown that in some cases and aspects the indicators do not necessarily need to be parameters to be measured in figures. These could be only a script to be followed to monitor a discussion in regular evaluations during the project. Additionally to the technical supervision, the participatory monitoring can open a wide range of possibilities, articulations and motivations, besides making knowledge accessible to all stakeholders. Therefore, this system is expected to contribute to enhance the communities even more.

PM5

WAWZYNIAK, J. V. (Coord.). Velhinha do lago, Mãe do Igarapé e outros mitos da Floresta Nacional do tapajós. [Old Lake Lady, Igarapé’s Mother and other myths of the Tapajós National Forest]. 2. ed. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 50 p.

The book attempts to recover myths, stories, short-stories and legends of the riparian communities in the Tapajós National forest, thus valuing their culture and promoting more sensitive and committed posture regarding the adoption of sustainable natural resources management practices. The myths, through their representations of reality in the collective consciousness of the Flona’s inhabitants, show the meaning of nature to the group, build concepts on sustainable use, and emphasize relevant aspects to conserve the forest resources. Stories are told by individuals belonging to the Amazonian communities. Among others, the work aimed at promoting the local population’s self-recognition in the material produced. The engagement of social groups in activities oriented to raise ecological awareness is crucial to make the group perceive the valuing of their cultural symbols. The stories display mythological characters typical to the Tapajós region, revealing the close links between men and environment.

PM6

Forest Resources Management Project - ProManejo Manejo de trilha e interpretação ambiental. [Trail management and environmental interpretation] [S.l.]: Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 38 p.

This booklet, Trail Management and Environmental Interpretation, results from a training delivered to community members involved with ecotourism activity, in order to improve their knowledge and enhance the multiple forest uses. The courses are grounded on the ecotourism plan to the Tapajós Flona to support the activity’s ordering, diversifying the resident familie’s income source, respecting and valuing local culture, fostering

community participation and environmental conservation. The trails are the main focus of the ecotourism action, which are to be built considering the balance between landscape and the walking trace, since the impacts are physical, visual, sound and smelling-related, notably in the Conservation Units – natural environments typically weak or needing protection. The analysis of visual resources in the Conservation Unit zoning, as well as the implementation of trail system and analysis on topography, vegetation and hydrograph could allow for dividing the area in different landscape classes – information that could provide the first indications to outline the pathway.

PM7

Forest Resources Management Project - ProManejo Condutores de visitantes. [Visitors’ guide]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 32 p.

This Visitor’s Guide, results from a train course delivered to community members involved with ecotourism activities. The course was held in Alter do Chão and the communities of Paraíso and Prainha, in the Tapajós Flona, with the participation of community members trained to guide visitors on trails and tours through the communities in the region. The objective is to provide a general overview on the Conservation Units and the Tapajós National Forest, working on information about ecotourism, environmental education, the visitors guide's duty, and techniques to successfully guide a tourist in the forest, additionally to some educational dynamics presented during the course and that could be used with visitors, approaching safety-related aspects in natural environments. Actions like that improve the community member’s knowledge and increase the multiple use of forest.

PM8

FOREST RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROJECT - ProManejo Diretrizes simplificadas para instalação e medição de parcelas permanentes em florestas naturais da Amazônia brasileira. [Simplified guidelines to install and measure permanent parts in natural forests of the Brazilian Amazon]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 27 p.

The study presented by the Forest Dynamic in the Brazilian Amazon Monitoring Network, implemented by the Inter-Institutional Monitoring of Forests Growth Dynamic in the Brazilian Amazon (GT Monitoring) within the scope of IBAMA Forests Board, aimed at gathering information on the growth of natural forests, based on existing initiatives; generate a database

88 89

on the forests growth and productivity; expand the network to regions not contemplated with permanent parcels; promote discussion forums on the topic; and, disseminate existing knowledge on the forests dynamics. The methodology observes that the parcels to study the growth and production should be established in productive areas or those not subject to forestry interventions, to monitor the natural forest development. Demarcation should be permanent to facilitate locating the parcel, and the measures should be at every 1 year and, later one, from 2 to 5 years. The stem identification class (CIF) describes the different states of trees in the forest. To data processing purposes, the species should be identified and be assigned a corresponding code. The results contemplate simplified guidelines to establish and measure permanent parcels in the Amazon.

PM9

PEREIRA JÚNIOR, R. A. (Org.). Segurança e saúde no trabalho em atividades do manejo florestal: uso do equipamento de proteção individual (EPI). [Occupational safety and health in forestry management activities: use of Individual Protection Equipment – IPE]. Manaus Ibama/ ProManejo; Inam, 2003. 9 p. (Série Seu Manejo, 6)

The booklet, just like other issues of the series, also bring well designed illustration, and a character who narrates the information, named “Mr. Management”. This volume aims at building awareness among forest workers on the use of individual protection equipment (IPE) when performing forestry management activities. The document describes and introduces how the equipment is grouped in relation to the body’s parties. Pictures disclosed near the illustrations allow for better viewing the right use of the IPE. Another important advice has to do with the company’s obligation of providing the equipment for free.

PM10

PEREIRA JÚNIOR, R. A. (Org.). Segurança e saúde no trabalho em atividades do manejo florestal: eliminando atos inseguros, condições inseguras e riscos ambientais. [Occupational safety and health in forest management activities: abolishing unsafe acts, unsafe conditions and environmental risks]. Manaus Ibama/ ProManejo; Inam, 2003. 11 p. (Série Seu Manejo, 5)

Besides the rich illustrations and the positive presence of the main character, “Mr. Management”, the booklet also provides a glossary to expand the

instructions, explaining many terms that are crucial to understand the information. Another important issue emphasized by the booklet is the need of building awareness among all workers concerning work-related accidents prevention. It aims at showing that most of the situations require simple actions of priceless importance that contribute to implement work-related prevention actions in forestry management activities. It also advises about the dynamic nature of the forestry management, which is developed in open environment and, therefore, could lead workers to perform their duties in a disorganized way and, therefore, more exposed to risks.

PM11

PEREIRA JÚNIOR, R. A. (Org.). Segurança e saúde no trabalho em atividades do manejo florestal: Prevenção de acidentes de trabalho. [Occupational safety and health in forestry management activities: work-related accidents prevention]. Manaus Ibama/ ProManejo; Inam, 2003. 9 p. (Série Seu Manejo, 4)

The booklet with colored illustrations objectively shows the main items on work-related accidents prevention in forestry management activities. Accident prevention is not an isolated activity and, therefore, the material warns that complying with legal requirements is not enough. To prevent accidents, one should work directly on the productive process, trying to abolish risks and neutralize harmful effects. Additionally to the rich quality of images, the booklet counts on the participation of “Mr. Management” who builds awareness and foster forestry workers toward preventing accidents. It also introduces the PPRA – a program that establishes actions, activities and procedures that could facilitate the abolishment and/or neutralization of risks. It also informs on the Brazilian legislation and the classification of the work activities’ risk level, in a scale that ranges from 1 to 4.

PM12

PEREIRA JÚNIOR, R. A. (Org.). Segurança e saúde no trabalho em atividades do manejo florestal: informações básicas e importantes sobre acidentes do trabalho. [Occupational safety and health in forestry mangement activities: basic and important information on work-related accidents]. Manaus Ibama/ ProManejo; Inam, 2003. 11 p. (Série Seu Manejo, 3)

This series of booklets, formulated to disseminate the rules of occupational safety and health in forestry management activities, counted on the presence of a character, “Mr. Management” to provide information and assist building awareness among forestry management workers. Occupational safety and health demands access to basic information on typical accidents of their field of work. The objective of the booklet, which contains many illustrations,

90 91

is to inform forestry workers about what a work-related accident is, and what could cause it. There are also explanation charts with clear language, approaching the main agents (physicial, chemical, biological, ergonomic and mechanical ones) that cause work-related accidents in forestry activities.

PM13

PEREIRA JÚNIOR, R. A. Manual técnico de manejo florestal: guia gerencial para a produção responsável na Amazônia brasileira. [Technical forestry management: managerial guide to responsible production in the Brazilian Amazon]. Manaus Ibama/ ProManejo; Inam, 2003. 23 p. (Série Seu Manejo, 2)

The scientific sector of forestry surveys, private sector, governmental and non-governmental organizations working with environmental issues are carrying out works and disclosing in different ways their latest and most relevant experiences on native dry land forests management in the Brazilian Amazon. The experiences are important to develop new forestry management technologies genuinely compatible with the Amazon forest(s) and its social reality. The Amazon Nature Institute (Instituto Natureza Amazônica - Inam) presents in this manual the process of awareness-building and promotion of responsible forestry management in the Brazilian Amazon. This manual is oriented to owners, managers, forest engineers and technicians that conduct management plans or just coordinate operational management activities. This is not an operational manual. It is only a field guide to assist “forestry farmers” to understand the activities required to implement forestry management. Therefore, the content of this manual should be considered as guidelines, since the forestry management operational activities should be developed according to the characteristic(s) of the managed forest.

PM14

MMELLO, S. S. (Org). trilha-guia dos professores: contribuição dos parceiros para a rede municipal de educação de Belterra. [Guide-trail to teachers: partners’ contribution to the municipal education network in Belterra] Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2003. 28 p.

The Guide aims at summarizing the activities to be supported in 2003, according to the recommended lines of action: teacher’s training; material production; participatory monitoring and evaluation; direct support to students, among others, and thus support the building of a Participatory Political Project to each school belonging to the Fundamental Education

network in the municipality of Belterra. The Guide also presents a brief history of each partner, its principles and work at schools, contributing to improve education and life quality of citizens. Therefore, the activities should provide practical contributions of each partner to teachers through a consultation tool.

PM15

MELLO, S.; APEL, L. K. Fazendo educação ambiental na escola: primeiros passos. [Environmental education at in schools: first steps]. Manaus Ibama/ ProManejo; Belterra Local Government, 2002. 37 p.

This booklet is a training tool to educators willing to work on environmental issues at their schools. It was prepared to be presented during the Participatory Diagnosis Workshop in 2001, in Belterra, state of Pará, and counted on the participation of supervisors, instructors and teachers to discuss pedagogy and environment. The material approaches pedagogical processes of environmental discussion to be tought at fundamental schools, besides serving as a tool to plan environmental education activities.

PM16

Forest Resources Management Project - ProManejo Nazaré Construindo sua História. [Nazaré Building its History]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2002. 52 p.

Two characters tell the story: Flonaldo and Flonabela who live at the Tapajós Flona. The characters contributed to present in a simple but useful way, the information on the Quick Participatory Diagnosis (QPR), a tool of extreme relevance to the decision-making process regarding the Unit management. The work aimed at adjusting the technical language to a clear language. The following tools have assisted the information collection: Venn Chart, Assessment Framework, Daily Routine, Seasonal Calendar, Mapping, Histogram, Cross Walk, and Ordering Framework. The booklet presents the results of the QPR exercise in Nazaré. The Nazaré settlement is limited by the Tapajós River in the communities of Marai, Bragança, Tauari and, on the background, the Flona boundary area. It is 80 km far from Belterra, state of Pará, taking the BR-163 highway.

92 93

PM17

Forest Resources Management Project - ProManejo São Domingos construindo sua história. [Sao Domingos building its history] Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2002. 44 p.

The ProManejo Project is a pioneer in the participatory managmeent of the Tapajós Flona, with wide range of activities. The work is the beginning of a series that aims at providing communities, public bodies and civil society with broad and systematized knowledge on the everyday life of traditional populations. The booklet is an adaptation of the Participatory Rural Diagnosis Report (PRD) held in the community of Sao Domingos, state of Pará – a community belonging to Tapajós Flona. The objective was to translate the report’s more complex language into cleared and more objective information to be transmitted to the community. The PRD employs some interesting tools to be integrated to the study community, among which long talks with involved technicians and players, thus filling in the different spreadsheets required to collect data. It presents general data on the São Domingos community, like: location, background, transportation, health and education. More specific data on soil, vegetation and the forest itself are also presented. Extractive activities, fishery and hunting are key components of this work, because of their social and environmental dynamics. The booklet, which has all chapters illustrated with two characters holding regional features named “Flonaldo and Floribela”, concludes the material introducing the organizations and the links between associations, trade union offices and remainder social groups that comprise the entire community.

PM18

Forest Resources Management Project - ProManejo Floresta Nacional do tapajós: curso noções básicas de ecoturismo. [National Tapajós Forest: course on basic ecotourism notions]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2002. 39 p.

The manual ensued from a course on basic ecotourism notions, aimed at qualifying individuals to safely escort groups in an area known to him/her. The measures to be adopted in each visitation stage are described according to the trail walk procedures, camping, knots, care to injured individuals before the arrival of experts, considering factures, cuts, perforations, snake or scorpion bite, head or eyes injuries, unconsciousness or asphyxia and, finally, transportation from the accident site by firemen or rescue forces.

PM19

BRANCHES, F.; MACIEL, K.; SILVA, S. O que é ecoturismo. [What does ecotourism means] Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2001. 23 p.

The booklet ensues from the Basic Course of Ecotourism Guide, part of the ProManejo Ecotourism Plan at the Tapajós Flona, at the communities of Prainha I, Prainha II, Jaguarari, Maguari, Tauari and Itapuama. The text presents the community member’s concern about environment in relation to sorting garbage for recycling. It also explains the ecotourism’s interest for the environment in the region and all the required cares to carry out the activities, specially the guide’s actions, considering it as a source of alternative income to the population, promoting the local economy. And, finally, it observes ecotourism as an activity toward nature conservation and to value the community’s culture, provided that it does not bring impacts on the local population.

Management Policy and Forestry Marketl

PM20

MELLO, S. S.; MENDONÇA, P. R. Avaliação final das ações de educação ambiental na Floresta Nacional do tapajós. [Final evaluation of environmental education in the Tapajós National Forest]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2007. 84 p.

The Tapajós National Forest Conservation Unit – Tapajós Flona – was created in February 1974 and is located in the municipalities of Belterra, Aveiro, Rurópolis and Placas, state of Pará, in the Western Amazon. With an area of about 544 thousand ha houses about 1,700 families. Most of the traditional populations already lived in the area before it was created. Currently, the families are distributed in 29 communities. The Flona residents make their living mainly from fishery, extractive activities, hunting, cassava, corn, rice and beans cropping for their own consumption, additionally to community-based projects. The document presents an evaluation of the results and impacts of the Environmental Education actions in the Tapajós National Forest implemented by the ProManejo/Component IV – Environmental Education Subcomponent, from 2000 to 2004 at the municipal education network of Belterra and of the surrounding communities. The work’s proposal was to generate recommendations to improve and consolidate Environmental Education in that Flona, and provide guidelines to its implementation in other Flonas. The evaluation was based on the ex-post facto model, i.e., the posterior analysis of an intervention held in a given period of time, here from 2000 to 2004. The

94 95

precedent variable of the evaluation survey is the Environmental Education Program in the Tapajós Flona and the consequent variable are the planned changes, i.e., the expected results and impacts. The survey employed both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Regarding performance, the Program has reached its objective in an efficient and capable way. However, when it comes to results the objectives were partially achieved, mainly because of the discontinuity of the project from 2004 onwards, and the reported results are not yet sustainable ones, because of the tendency of reducing the successes achieved due to the lack of continuous incentive.

PM21

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Normas florestais federais para a Amazônia. [Federal forestry rules to the Amazon]. Brasilia: Ibama/ DBFLO/ ProManejo, 2007. 176 p.

This publication accounts for contributing to different actors in the field of environmental and forestry law, and students at large, besides contributing the forestry policy in the remainder countries of the Amazon Basin. The content gathers the Brazilian rules published at federal level, enforced by that time, referring to the forestry issue in the Amazon: Laws, Decrees, Normative Instructions, and Execution Rules. The book discloses two important moments and successes: the consolidation of a set of full rules, for the very first time, related to forestry management in the Amazon, ranging from technical rules to guidance to technicians from environmental bodies in their routine inspections and project analysis; and the conclusion of the Forest Resources Management Project – ProManejo, executed by Ibama within the scope of the Pilot Program for the Conservation of Brazilian Rainforests (PPG7) – a key partner to the large advances reached by forestry management in the last years.

PM22

ZIMMERMMAN, A. (Org.). Avaliação final do subcomponente Ecoturismo. [Final evaluation of the Ecotourism subcomponent]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2007. 80 p.

This evaluation aims at fostering a reflection about the actions implemented, its uses by beneficiary individuals, and the changes on the Tapajós Flona reality to structure ecotourism. This Subcomponent is part of Component IV – ProManejo’s Tapajós National Forest Management to develop actions to optimize the tourism potential. To achieve effectively shared and participatory management, the Ecotourism Subcomponent team created different instances and movements of dialogue and collective decision-making. Therefore, this evaluation’s methodology has considered both the analysis of primary data to check indicators through field interviews,

and the analysis of secondary data extracted from different pertinent data. The ProManejo was pioneer in the production and provision of promotional material about the Tapajós Flona, as well as in preparing booklets considering the community’s needs and characteristics. The pilot experience of the Ecotourism Subcomponent allowed creating a knowledge basis to advance toward structuring a Program of Public Use in the Tapajós Flona.

PM23

BONFIM, V. R.; SILVA, N. M. C. Mulheres e o manejo florestal: participação e sustentabilidade. [Women and forestry management: participation and sustainabilty]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2007. 28 p.

The publication is a reflection on equity and gender social relations in Community Forestry Management projects (MFC), particularly timber dealers, based on the results of a socio-environmental evaluation held in eight experiences supported by ProManejo. The assessment was developed from April to October 2007, deepening innovative elements to the MFC, among others, through gender and generation approach. The study comprised eight forestry management projects in four states in the Amazon region, three in Acre, two in Amazonas, two in Pará and one in Rondônia. The core objective was to socialize the results, thus contributing to the debate on equity, social gender relations in the MFC, as a core factor for its sustainability. The inclusion of women should be considered beyond the need of accumulating family income, but as the deepening of the discussion on more sustainable productive systems in the socio-environmental line. It concluded that women are yet to perform a core role in the activity, which could stand for an important contribution in the distribution of tasks, in a careful look into the family’s productive processes involving other activities than wood, and in the use and appropriation of natural resources.

PM24

MELLO, S. S. (Org). A gestão do conhecimento na Floresta Nacional do tapajós: compêndio das publicações apoiadas pelo ProManejo de 1999 a 2007. [Knowledge management at the Tapajós National Forest: compendium on publications supported by ProManejo from 1999 to 2007]. Santarém: Ibama/ProManejo, 2007. 105 p.

The publication presents an overview on the constructing of the Tapajós National Forest, ProManejo Component IV, during the eight years of work,

NORMAS FLORESTAIS

FEDERAIS PARA A

AMAZÔNIA

96 97

placing emphasis to the community participation as key element to social development and environmental conservation in a project that aimed at allying sustainable forestry management of a public forest, to the needs and experiences of local populations. It gathers the conceptual, organizational and legal grounds that explain and justify the set of activities that have collectively composed the project and influenced the Conservation Unit management. It intends to provide accessible and transparent information, thus contributing to the formulation of policies and overcoming the challenges posed by a National Forest in the Amazon region. Despite the many challenges to be overcomed, like the land issue, the managerial unit structuring, financial feasibility, expansion and qualification of local actor’s participation in management activities, expanded dissemination of the contribution to the society, the need for stronger integration among different initiatives to generate complementarity among projects and their articulation with conservation strategies, the positive results and impacts are unchallengeable. The result of that set of experiences accumulated in the Tapajós Flona is considered to be a reference to the action of those Flonas in the first Forestry District of Pará, providing subsidies to build the Sustainable Amazonian Program and, therefore, generated and still generates conceptual subsidies to the management of Flonsa in the Amazon – the main objective of the project.

PM25

FERREIRA NETO, P. S. Floresta Nacional do tapajós e o ProManejo: reflexões e aprendizados. [Tapajós National Forest and the ProManejo: reflections and lessons learned]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2006. 84 p.

The book presents a work on the systematization of an experience in the Amazon region, specially in a Conservation Unit. The Tapajós Flona was created in 1974, and it is located in the Medium Amazonas River region, state of Pará. It incorporates part of the areas of the municipalities of Belterra, Aveiro, Rurópolis and Placas, with about 11 thousand inhabitants distributed in 29 rural communities. In 1995 the Flonas Project became the ProManejo and the Tapajós Flona became one of its components. The actions developed during the ProManejo work in the Tapajós Flona have produced results, caused changes and found challenges to be faced. Drawing on those findings, the ProManejo carried out a systematization process to recover information and knowledge and, above all, to highlight lessons that people learned during the actions. The information obtained through documents and interviews were systematized, analyzed and discussed in workshops. The workshops were attended by representatives of governmental and non-governmental bodies, additionally to community organizations and communitie’s representatives.

PM26

FERREIRA NETO, P. S. Floresta Nacional do tapajós e o ProManejo: aprendendo com a prática e pensando o futuro. [Tapajós National Forest and ProManejo: learning by practice and thinking the future]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2006. 56 p.

Register of what happened at the Tapajós National Forest after the ProManejo implementation, since the first challenges, and even the divergences among involved actors, was of utmost importance. However, holding the constructing process demanded works to organize and document all pieces of information related to the experiences. Hence, the systematization aimed at gathering the stakeholders, supported by ProManejo, NGOs, government, communities and their organizations, to jointly reflect about the practice and paths run, identifying lessons, assisting the decisions on path adjustments, or keep the successes. However, systematization was also aimed at disseminating the lessons learned from Tapajós Flona among the Sustainable Use of Conservation Units. Eight workshops were held, additionally to visitations to projects and interviews with families and other project partners.

PM27

Forest Resources Management Project - ProManejo Iniciativas em manejo florestal na Amazônia: relatos de oito experiências apoiadas pelo ProManejo. [Forestry management initiatives in the Amazon: report of eight ProManejo-suppported experiences]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2006. 64 p.

This publication focuses on reporting the experience of different projects supported by ProManejo, Promising Initiatives component. The initiatives supported are spread in different states of the Amazon, in different and complex environmental and ecological, social, political and economic conditions, with different strategies of work. In the first stage, the “Promising Initiatives” component aimed at promoting and supporting the wood forestry management initiatives in public and private areas that could serve as regional models of Demonstration nature. 21 projects were supported focusing on the labor force capacity-building, technical assistance and forestry management survey, and on the community-based organization processes. The projects concluded or in final financial execution stage were the first ones selected. Of those, preference was attached to the ones providing information of higher quality. The method selected to obtain information to be used to reconstruct the process experienced by each initiative, was the time line – a tool that attempted to order the

98 99

facts in chronological order and obtain information on key aspects to the programs. Therefore, it promoted the historical recovery of most relevant factors in the executing agent’s view. A short monitoring process was carried out, approaching the gains in different aspects like management, capacity-building, technical assistance, inventory techniques and forestry management, processing and trading, among others.

PM28

MEDINA, G.; POKORNY, B. Avaliação financeira do manejo florestal comunitário. [Community-based forestry management financial assessment] Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2006. 6 p.

The document is an abstract of the work prepared during consultancy services on the pilot initiatives of community-based forestry management in the Brazilian Amazon supported by Ibama’s ProManejo. It discloses a financial assessment of the community-based forestry management initiatives, approaching the technical models adopted, required investments to implement the models, productivity reached and profits gained. It analyzed eight pilot initiatives of community-based forestry management considered to be the most promising ones, and with better documented information. These were divided in shorter and larger scales. According to the methodology, the shorter scale initiatives had annual production units of up to 50 ha, collective work, and explored less less than 250 m3 forest/year in a non-mechanized way. The larger scale initiatives had annual production areas bigger than 100 ha, with specialized work teams, and explored more than 650 m3 of forest/year in a mechanized way. The results reveal few possibilities for producers to generate financial benefits in the proposed models. It points out the urgent need for reviewing the understanding forest use by family-based farmers, to use the comparative advantages of family-based farmers to the forestry management and regional development. It concludes for the need of carrying out a critical analysis on the feasibility of the current community-based forestry management model, since the models analyzed report limited financial profitability, demanding high investments in implementation, tending to demand continuous subsidies.

PM29

INTER-INSTITUTIONAL MONITORING GROUP ON THE DYNAMIC OF FORESTS GROWTH IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON – MONITORING WG (Org.) Diretrizes simplificadas para instalação e medição de parcelas permanentes em florestas naturais da Amazônia brasileira. [Simplified guidelines to install and measure permanent parcels in natural forests of the Brazilian Amazon]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2006. 29 p.

The publication summarizes the technical guidelines to deal with permanent parcels, outlined on a document produced within the scope of the Bom Manejo Project (Sustainable Management of Commercial Scale Production Forests in the Brazilian Amazon). This is one of the outputs achieved by the Monitoring WG to implement the Network in regions that have not yet been contemplated with permanent parcels, also promoting discussion forums on the topic and disseminating the existing knowledge on the forests dynamic. The permanent parcels stand for demarked sampling units that are consisitently monitored, to learn about the behavior of forestry species and their dynamic processes, to study the growth and production, and should be established in productive areas of the property. However, parcels could be established in areas not subject to forestry interventions, to monitor the natural forest development. Parcels should be installed and measured prior to any intervention. Any variable to be collected at the arboreous stratum should characterize the stem identification class (CIF), the species identification, diameter, forestry situation, tree top lighting, and the Cartesian coordinates. Metadata are the pieces of information to be properly recorded, to consider the history of forest use at the site of the selected parcel, and the identification of the situation of individuals to be surveyed in the parcel.

PM30

PADOVAN, M. da P. (Coord.). Avaliação do manejo da Floresta Nacional de tapajós. [Evaluation of the Tapajós National Forest management] Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 90 p.

The Tapajós National Forest – or Tapajós Flona – was established in 1974, at the Medium Amazonas River region, westward Pará. It was the first conservation unit to be established in that category of management in Brazil, and has served as reference in the challenge of conciliating the need for socio-economic development and alternatives of conservation of natural and cultural richness in the Amazon. The conservation of large areas of high biological importance, like the Amazon Forest, demands a global conservation strategy, creating a mosaic of conservation units capable of matching areas of integral protection

100 101

PM32

Forest Resources Management Project - ProManejo uma visão da Floresta Nacional do tapajós (PA): Diagnóstico Rural Participativo (DRP) - junho a setembro de 2003. [An overview on the Tapajós National Forest (Pará): Participatory Rural Diagnosis (PRD) - June to September 2003]. Manaus: Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 81 p.

The Participatory Rural Diagnosis was an important action carried out in 2003, during the elaboration of the Management Plan to the Tapajós National Forest. Ibama, as the body in charge of administering this Conservation Unit, attempted to identify the most responsive methodology, capable of generating deeper and updated knowledge in relation to the communities living in the Tapajós National Forestand surroundings, always based on the participatory focus. The PRD is a methodological tool that besides promoting a wider range of knowledge among stakeholders, allows the communities to voice out their problems, expectations, needs and potentials, while enabling the planning of joint actions to solve the problems identified. The PRD allows a dialogue between community members and inter-disciplinare teams based on reflections and shared analyses, thus enhancing the involvement and commitment of local actors. It reported high participation level, involving 23 communities from the Tapajós National Forest, and 8 communities from the surroundings of that Conservation Unit, reaching about 600 individuals.

PM33

LENTINI, M.; VERÍSSIMO, A.; SOBRAL, L. Fatos Florestais da Amazônia. [Amazonian Forestry Facts] Belém: Imazon, 2003. 110 p.

The work purposes to summarize the main pieces of information available about the Brazilian Amazon forestry sector. The work is based on the data assumption crucial to understand and plan the forestry sector development. This document focuses on the timber sector. Firstly, it summarizes the general data on the territory, population, land and economic situation of the Amazon. Then it approaches the timber sector in relation to extractive production, transportation and industrial processing. The document has also dealt with management and forest certification status, ending with market information to wood products in the Amazon, additionally to timber extraction, processing and transportation costs.

with areas of sustainable use, building corridors that allow the species movement, increasing the potential conservation of wild life. Therefore, the evaluation process enables to identify the strong and weak points of resource management, pointing out priority actions, and allowing the gradual and consistent improvement of the conservation unit. This project on monitoring and evaluation of National Forest’s management is part of the set of actions being adopted toward the effective implementation of the conservation unit. It is the integral assessement of management conditions, using previously established standards and environmental, socio-economic and institutional sustainability criteria. The methodology developed drew upon analyses of environmental, socio-economic and institutional parameters, which led to the elaboration of a scale to measure the Flonás management level. According to the results, the Tapajós National Forest management quality level is 60% of the optimum and, therefore, it is a regular system. That is to say that the area holds the minimum management requirements, but presents failures that prevent from reaching the sustainable management, demanding several measures to remedy the problems.

PM31

SOARES, E. S. (Org.). Desafios, resultados, ameaças e oportunidades em uma unidade de conservação na Amazônia: Floresta Nacional do Tapajós. [Challenges, results, threats and opportunities in a conservation unit in the Amazon: the Tapajós National Forest]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 164 p.

This document briefly tells the history of the Tapajós National Forest, from its creation to these days. It is divided into ten chapters that approach the National Forest’s concept and objective; environmental, population, economic aspects; and, the land situation in the Tapajós National Forest and surrounding region. Moreover, the study characterizes the history and organizational and managerial structure of the Flona, besides introducing the activities and projects developed, emphasizing the major outputs, impacts, challenges and threats. Finally, the text points out conclusions and lessons learned during the process. The document ensues from the insight that getting acquainted to this history would allow for understanding the changes on public policies proposed to create, implement and maintain Conservation Units in the country. It also comes from the idea that failures and successes could offer useful knowledge to all those involved in the debate about the use of Brazilian forestry resources. Thus, the main objective of this publication is to subsidize the debate on the importance of assessing if the National Forests could become a priority public strategy to the preservation and use of Brazilian forestry resources, contributing to construct proposals that match socio-economic development and the conservation of natural and cultural wealth of the Amazon.

UMA VISÃO DA

FLORESTA NACIONAL

DO TAPAJóS (PA)

102 103

PM34

VIDAL, E.; GERWING, J. J. (Org.). Ecologia e manejo de cipós na Amazônia Oriental. [Ecology and management of lianas in the Eastern Amazon]. Belém: Imazon, 2003. 141 p.

The lianas abound in rainforests, where these play core roles to the ecosystem. Some species provide nectar and pollen to insects, birds and bats. It provides arboreous animals the means to move on the tree tops, besides having economic importance in the furniture industry or to medicinal use. Despite its importance, lianas are usually considered to be a plague in forests managed to timber extraction, because these can hinder the timber extraction and forestry activities. The professionals in the field of rainforest management have already recognized that forestry plans should consider the management of lianas. However, there is little information about this topic, which hinders the forest manager’s decision on forestry treataments (tratamentos silviculturais). Hence, the book aims at providing resources for forest managers and academic individuals interested in ecology and liana management. The book is organized in seven chapters. The last one summarizes some of the main findings of the studies specifically related to forestry management.

PM35

BARROS, A. C.; VERÍSSIMO, A. (Ed.). A expansão Madeireira na Amazônia: impactos e perspectivas para o desenvolvimento sustentável no Pará. [Expation of Timer exploration in the Amazon: impacts and perspectives to the sustainable development of Pará]. 2. ed. Belém: Imazon, 2002. 166 p.

The work aimed at gathering the results of five years of studies carried out by a group of researchers from Imazon on timber-related activities in the state of Pará. The case studies published in each chapter make up a diagnosis on the timber-related activity in the state, approaching its economic and social relevance, and its ecological impacts as well. The chapters show that ecological impacts ensuing from timber exploration are small in selective exploration, but they considerably increase when exploration is more intensive. The studies also disclose important secondary impacts associated to timber extraction on dry lands. For example, there is a tendency for timber roads invading the forest to become access ways to farmer migrants who have no land. Timber activity also changes the forest micro-climate, making it hotter and dryer, increasing the chances of forest fires. The study’s surveys were based on the regions of the municipality of

Tailândia, on the sides of the PA-150 highway; the Paragominas region – the largest timber pool in Brazil; mahogany exploration in the south portion of Pará; and Flooded Forest and dry land timber exploration, estuary and Lower Amazonas River Region.

PM36

BARRETO, P.; SOUZA JÚNIOR, C. Controle do desmatamento e da exploração de madeira na Amazônia: diagnóstico e sugestões. [Deforestation and timber exploration control in the Amazon: diagnosis and suggestions] (DraftVersion). Brasilia: MMA; Imazon, 2002. 32 p.

The report is part of ProManejo – Component III. The document approaches a diagnosis on the status of deforestation and timber exploration control in Amazon, providing suggestions to improve that control. It identifies progress on the control, like the approval of Law on Environmental Crimes; review of the management plans from 1996 onwards, which resulted in the cancellation and suspension of almost 85% of the plans; intensified field inspection and use of information technology; simplification of the licensing process by the state environmental body in Mato Grosso. It emphasizes that control is hampered by the lack of effective integration among actions by the federal and state governments. Among others, the work aims at restraining deforestation and the illegal timber exploration, and foster the adoption of proper forestry management techniques focusing on timber production, to reduce negative impacts on the forest structure. The report was anchored in information collected from literature, interviews with members of the environmental bodies involved, and data of those bodies in different states. Moreover, the management plans in three areas of Pará were subject to inspection monitoring.

PM37

ARIMA, E.; BARRETO, P. Florestas nacionais na Amazônia: consulta a empresários madeireiros e atores afins à política florestal. [National forests in the Amazon: consultation to timber entrepreneurs and actors related to forestry policy] Brasilia: MMA, 2002. 45 p.

The study results from a consultation carried out among timber entrepreneurs and actors related to forestry sector on the use and management of National Forests in the Legal Amazon. The National Forest Program, developed by the Ministry of Environment, served as starting point to the study. The questions asked to timber entrepreneurs through questionnaires approached the following topics: interest in raw materials from the Flonas; ways of

CONTROLE DO

DESMATAMENTO E

DA EXPLORAÇÃO

DE MADEIRA NA

AMAZÔNIA

104 105

managing those forests; which corporate characteristics could influence on their decision, like the size, kind of market to be reached, and raw material sources. A significant share of the entrepreneurs interviewed supported the idea of getting raw material from national forests and, regarding the administration models, the preferred one where the government is in charge of management. The study also discloses opinions from non-entrepreneur respondents on the most responsive models to manage the Flonas. Over 50% preferred the model where the company would be in charge of outlining and carrying out the management plan. The study was developed through questionnaires that were mailed or e-mailed, and face-to-face interviews in the states of Acre, Pará, Mato Grosso, Rondônia and Amazonas.

PM38

ARIMA, E.; VERÍSSIMO, A. Preços da madeira em pé em pólos madeireiros próximos de cinco florestas nacionais da Amazônia. [Prices of standing timber in timber pools surrounding five national forests in the Amazon] Brasilia: MMA, 2002. 29 p.

The study, developed within the ProManejo scope, provides accurate information on the costs of timber exploitation and on the prices of standing timber at timber pools of the Amazon. Five National Forests were prioritized to implement sustainable forestry management, to present information on costs of exploitation and industrialization of timber at the Flonas region. The National Forests Program (PFN) considered these areas as priority to implement management, and report the maximum potential values that timber dealers would pay for standing timber, in face of the current market conditions, and price and technology levels. The methology was based on interviews with timber industry owners or directors approaching timber exploration and processing characteristics and costs at timber pools surrounding the Flonas being surveyed. The result pointed out broad differences of timber price in the five Flonas surveyed. The highest prices for standing timber were found in Rondônia, due to stronger competition among timber industries and the reduced timber stock, showing that the capacity of affording timber from managed forest should widely vary in those regions. The abundance of timber in the market, as well as the facility of obtaining timber free from forestry costs restrain the capacity of charging prices higher than the market average prices. Therefore, the value of standing timber could be increased without damaging the current industries.

PM39

SOUZA JÚNIOR, C. M. de; VERÍSSIMO, A.; AMARAL, P. H. Identificação de áreas com potencial para a criação de florestas nacionais no Estado do Pará. [Identification of potential areas to establish national forests in the State of Pará] Brasilia: MMA, 2002. 37 p.

The National Forests (Flonas) account for less than 3% of the Amazonian territory. This study developed a methodology to identify potential forest areas to establish Flonas in the Amazon. The case study was developed in the state of Pará – the biggest producer of logs in Brazil. The areas with potential to establish Flonas were selected based on four analyses. First, the map of areas where timber exploitation was prohibited or restricted in the State (32% of the lands in Pará) was analyzed to find protected lands with no potential to establish Flonas. Then, it employed the map on kinds of vegetation to exclude areas with no forest cover (21% of the state). The third step was to analyze the anthropism degree in the forested areas of the state, matching data on human occupation (homes, ranches, farms, villages) and fire sites. It could observe that 21% of the forested areas in the State with vegetal cover were subject to anthropic activities and, therefore, had low potential to the establishment of Flonas. Finally, the residual areas (26% of the state) with higher potential to the establishment of Flonas were selected. Most of the potential areas to establish Flonas are under the economic reaching of timber activities; these are not protected areas; have favorable relief; have forest cover; and report low anthropic pressure. The municipalities with stronger potential to the establishment of Flonas are: Bagre, Portel, Monte Alegre, Oriximiná, Itaituba and Altamira.

PM40

ARIMA, E.; BARRETO, P. Rentabilidade da produção de madeira em terras públicas e privadas na região de cinco florestas nacionais da Amazônia. [Profitability of timber production in public and private lands in the region of five national forests in the Amazon] Brasilia: MMA, 2002. 49 p.

The increased demand for timber with environmental quality, jointly with the increased added value, pointed out increased market demand for products of managed origin. This study analyzed the contribution of five National Forests in the Amazon to supply timber in competitive market conditions. The work assesses the potential profitability of timber exploitation in the Flonas of Jamari and Bom Futuro in Rondônia; Caxiaunã and Tapajós in Pará; and Tefé, in Amazonas. ProManejo, more specifically its Component 1, is one of the tools provided for in the PNF to meet the thematic line

Preços da madeira em pé em pólos madeireiros próximos de cinco

florestas nacionais da Amazônia

106 107

“Market and Trading of Forestry Products”, thus ensuring the dissemination of technical knowledge that those disclosed in this study. Another objective was the analysis on how the production in public forests could become competitive in the region of the five aforementioned National Forests. First, the minimum amount payable for the standing wood in the managed forest was compared against the average market prices at the regions surveyed. Then, the net current value of timber production in the Flonas was estimated, considering the production costs and average market price. Finally, a strategy was designed to foster timber forestry management in the Amazon. The study has also approached the most profitable alternatives, comparing timber sustainable production in public forests, and the managed production in private forests.

PM41

FERREIRA, A. M. Benchmarking da comercialização de produtos florestais. [Benchmarking the forestry products trading] Brasilia: MMA, 2002. 86 p.

The study was developed within the scope of the Project Positive Agenda for Forestry Sector in Brazil (Projeto Agenda Positiva para o Setor Florestal no Brasil). It analyzes the mechanisms and factors that influence the trading of Brazilian forestry products, in an attempt to improve the sector participation in both national and international markets, according to the Ministry of Environment’s National Forests Program (Programa Nacional de Florestas – PNF) goals. The trading diagnosis disclosed a tendency toward increasing demand and reducing the supply of timber in some regions of Asia, which would entail stronger pressures on the Amazon Forest. In other countries, the existing policies to promote forestry products trading could be translated in measures of support to forestry and industrial activities through incentives and benefits granted by governmental programs, in opposition to Brazil, where the governmental bodies take on the sustaining and promotion of commercial interchanging, supporting industries and the forestry activity as a whole. The Brazilian credit incentives – considering tax collection, product ranking and establishment of average price – are oriented to increase exports. In producer countries, in turn, the measures are oriented to add value to products at domestic level, discouraging export of primary and semi-processed products. The effective adoption of mechanisms oriented to improve trading and aimed at providing the country with commercial competitiveness demands some changes at institutional level and on the legal tools.

PM42

BARRETO, P.; VERÍSSIMO, A. Informações e sugestões para a criação e gestão de florestas públicas na Amazônia. [Information and recommendations to establish and manage public forests in the Amazon]. Brasilia: MMA, 2002. 43 p.

Forestry industry remains as one of the major economic activities in the Amazon, contributing with 15% to 20% of the Gross Domestic Product in the states of Pará, Mato Grosso and Rondônia. However, most of the timber exploitation is predatory, affecting extensive forest areas in the region. One way to ensure sustainable use and conservation of forestry resources is to control the use of private forests. This is a hard task because of the high political and financial costs. A complementary strategy to forestry conservation would be the establishment of production public forests. Many countries employ that model to produce forestry goods and services under the State’s control. In that model, the state can directly manage the forest or assign the forest use to a private or mixed instution, for fixed time. The 1965 Forestry Code sets forth the establishment of public forests in Brazil. Currently, there are 46 National Forests (Flonas), and the Amazon houses almost the entire Flonas area (99.5%). In 1998 the Federal Government established the National Forests Program (Decree 2473, of January 1998) aimed at implementing sustainable management to those forests and promote the establishment of new additional areas. For that, it carried out many strategic studies. This report summarizes those studies, and also comprises: I – analysis on the minimum value payable for the timber from Flonas; II – analysis on the demand for establishing new Flona areas; III – methodology to select the areas; and, IV – a proposal on Flona assignment and management models in the Amazon.

PM43

GARCIA, J. D. Perspectivas estruturais da comercialização de produtos florestais. [Structural perspectives on forestry products trading] Brasilia: MMA, 2002. 71 p.

This document aims at contributing to the general purpose established in the cooperation agreement between the Ministry of Environment, Ibama and FAO to the Positive Agenda project to Forestry Sector in Brazil, presenting the main structural changes in the forestry sector both at national and international level that could affect the trading of products in Brazil. Consumer market is more demanding in quality than in price and, therefore, the corporations are concerned about improving the products quality, including by adding value to those. That concern gave rise to certification in environmental, and processing and standardization terms. Certification entails high costs to the company during the stage of obtaining and maintaining the certificate, and is not necessarily translated into expanded domestic market, but can potentially

108 109

contribute to the acceptance and sales of products in foreign markets. The social perspectives were presented as a panel, where factors that cause forest degradation were approached, like current production and consumption standards, poverty, poulation growth, poor environmental education, commercial terms, discriminatory trading practices and unsustainable policies of sectors like forestry, agriculture, energy and trading. The study concludes that the main focus regarding macroeconomic aspects in Brazil needs to reformulate the administrative, social security and tax structure to consolidate and foster the trading of forestry products, degrading the Amazon ecosystem to the lesser extent possible.

PM44

FERRAZ, C.; MOTTA, R. S. da. Concessões florestais e exploração madeireira no Brasil: condicionantes para a sustentabilidade. [Forestry concessions and timber exploitation in Brazil: sustainability determinant factors]. Brasilia: MMA, 2002. 52 p.

The study analyzes one of the most promising forestry alternatives in the Amazon: the system of public concessions to National Forests (Flonas). The material presents the factors that determine sustainability in that system, showing the advantages and variables that directly influences on the implementation success or failure. The document identifies deforestation indicators in Brazil; discusses the role of property rights on the forestry efficiency; analyzes the main failures and successful experiences of the concession system in the international scenario; and, establishes the determinant factors to that system in Brazil. The recommendations are important to analyze economic, environmental and social aspects, and should serve as important inputs to define a policy on sustainable development for the Amazon region. The reference points would be the profile of timber stock in the region; international experience; regional and international industrial timber exploitation standards; and, the governmental institutional capacity. The analysis specifically identifies the incentive systems to be adopted by the government to ensure that Flonas are feasible private activities, while playing their role as ecologically sustainable activity.

PM45

GROGAN, J.; BARRETO, P.; VERÍSSIMO, A. Mogno na Amazônia Brasileira: ecologia e perspectiva de manejo. [Mahogany in the Brazilian Amazon: ecology and management perspectives]. Belém: Imazon, 2002. 42 p.

For many years, the extraordinary commercial value of mahogany has fostered extraction in the Brazilian Amazon, more intensively since early 1970’s. As the timber exploitation is about to reach the last natural mahogany stocks in the south of Pará, southeast of Amazonas and Acre, the Brazilian environmental bodies have responded to the general concern about the commercial future of that species: i) reducing exports quotas since 1990; ii) prohibiting the authorization of new mahogany forestry management plans since 1996; and, iii) after discovering illegal exploitation practices in the south of Pará, in October 2001, it prohibited the transportation, processing and trading of that species. To guarantee the future of mahogany as a natural heritage and renewable natural resource, the technical information available should be translated in forestry management guidelines that meet public interests, are feasible to the industry, and can be audited by environmental bodies. This work describes the mahogany at all sites where it naturally occurs in South and Central Americas, emphasizing a survey that was recently carried out in Brazil.

PM46

GONÇALVES, V. A. levantamento de mercado de produtos florestais não-madeireiros: Floresta Nacional do Tapajós. [Survey on non-timber forestry products: Tapajós National Forest]. Santarém: Ibama/ProManejo, 2001. 59 p.

This study approaches the pre-investment activities within the ProManejo scope regarding the Tapajós National Forest. It aimed at subsidizing the Community-based Forestry Management subcomponent. Based on the outputs that have identified the market, the activities have built awareness and supported the organization of communities and forestry management practices in that Conservation Unit, thus diversifying the familie’s income. The methodology employed to collect data among old farmers and extractive works in the communities and middlemen and traders in the region was through structured and semi-structured interviews where the

110 111

potential of products could be observed, identifying the production by tree, estimated individuals by hectare according to the Forestry Management Plan. To identify potential trading channels in the regional market, the study interviewed formal and informal traders, and contacted by phone some civil society entities, governmental institutions, self-employed professional, additionally to some publications. The results point out a tendency toward diversifying forestry resources through multiple use, adding value, use of proper technologies, forestry management, proper survey with systemic focus, diversification of the current production systems and, in a more strategic plan, the need for restructuring the commercialization channels. The active market participation is associated to community organization in groups, associations or cooperatives, which demands investment in qualification and training.

PM47

GERVING, J. et. al. O Rendimento no Processamento de Madeira no Estado do Pará. [Timber Processing Output in the state of Pará] Belém: Imazon, 2000. 38 p. (Série Amazônia, 18)

The study analyzes the factors that influence logs process output in ten sawmills and two rolling mills in Paragominas, Pará, Eastern Amazon. Through a survey among 52 timber corporations, the tendencies on timber processing in the region were characterized. Processing to foreign market, for example, has reduced the timber yard companies output, since the quality required in that market allows only for minor defects on the processed wood. It observed a wide range of factors that influence logs processing output, like degradation during storage. The work methodology has also employed questionnaires to visualize from the age of processing equipment to the ratio of processed timber that is exported, and the kind of timber products produced by the companies in the region.

PM48

ANGELO, H. Implicações da certificação florestal na competitividade da madeira tropical brasileira no mercado internacional. [Implications of forestry certification on the Brazilian tropical timber competitiveness in the international market]. Brasilia: MMA, 1999. 29 p. (Série Documento de Trabalho, 14)

This work deals with the effect of forestry certification on the Brazilian exports of tropical timber, regarding competitiveness. It employed the Constant Market Share model and actual exchange and profitability rate indicators as methodological basis to explain in a clearer way the exports

of certified Brazilian tropical timbers. To measure certification-related social costs and benefits in exports, it employed Marshall’s economic concept. The certification effect on growth (competitiveness) of the Brazilian exports is significant, due to the lack of flexibility in the demand for exports. However, the incorporation of certification costs could reduce the export’s profitability and the exporter’s remuneration, meaning loss of competitiveness. Regarding the different types of timber products, the certification entails stronger impacts to more elastic products. Therefore, the certification or more industrialized produces entails more savings to the forest basis, when compared to products of low processing degree. If on one hand certification brings social benefits, contributing to reduce the forest basis losses and employing qualified labor force, on the other hand it entails social costs by reducing the consumer’s surplus and takes tropical timber consumers and producers away from the market.

PM49

ANGELO, H. Abertura das exportações brasileiras de madeiras tropicais em toras: um estudo de tendências. [Opening Brazilian exports of tropical timber logs: an assay on tendencies]. Brasilia: MMA, 1999. 19 p. (Série Documento de Trabalho, 12)

The work deals with the hypothesis of Brazil re-taking exports of tropical timber logs, and the implications of that trade on the reduction and loss of forest basis. It has simulated changes on the domestic and export-oriented supply and demanded to explain the behavior of Brazil if it reopens those exports. To measure the social costs and benefits of log exports, it employed Marshall’s economic concept. That re-opening is expected not only to increase the offer of logs in the international market, but also to reduce the log and tropical timber manufactured products prices. The Brazilian participation in that market would increase the supply of logs to international consumers, at lower prices. However, there is no perspective of reduced prices to consumers in the domestic market. Rather, prices are expected to increase because of the discrepancy between the domestic and the international markets. By opening the exports of logs, Brazil loses for the reduced consumer’s surplus, by the removal of consumers from the tropical timber market, and by the forest basis loss. In face of the analyses developed, the study recommends maintaining the policy that restricts exports of tropical timber logs until certification and management become usual practices in the forestry sector. However, specifically regarding National Forests and areas under concession, the log exports should be allowed as a way of increasing the economic profitability of sustainable timber management, and introduce less known species to the market.

112 113

PM50

MARIMON, B. S.; FELFILI, J. M.; MARIMON-JÚNIOR, B. H. Dinâmica de uma floresta monodominante de Brosimum Rubescens Taub. no Vale do Araguaia, Mato Grosso (1996-2004). [S.l.: s.n.], [s.d.]. 30 p.

(Dynamics of a monodominant forest of Brosimum rubescens Taub. in the Araguaia valley, Mato Grosso (1996-2004). – Patches of monodominant Brosimum rubescens Taub. (Moraceae) forest, occur at transitional zones between Cerrado and Amazon forests. Brosimum forests are classified as “Priority Areas” for conservation by the Ministry of Environment in Brazil. They have been exploited and are under threat. The dynamics of the woody community was monitored at Nova Xavantina-MT, Brazil (14º50’47’’S and 52º08’37’’W), from 1996 to 2004. In 1996, 60 (10x10m) plots were established where all woody individuals with dbh³ 5 cm were measured. In 2001 and 2004 measurements were repeated in these plots and the growth of some individuals were monitored in another area, logged and thinned in 1995. Parameters of dynamics and the Periodic Annual Increment (PAI) were calculated for the community and its main species. The PAI was 0.17 cm yr-1 over the eight-year period. The PAI of Brosimum rubescens was above the average for the forest community. The average mortality rate for the community was compensated by its recruitment. However, the main species showed a negative balance compared with the higher average mortality. The plasticity of B. rubescens seems to ensure the maintenance of the monodominance. The higher increment rates registered for individuals of B. rubescens growing at the logged and thinned area (dbh³ 20 cm= 0.34 cm yr-1 from 2001 to 2004 whereas at the undisturbed forest= 0.18 cm yr-1) demonstrated the heliophylous behaviour of the species suggesting that management practices would favour its growth. Occasional disturbances promoting the penetration of light into the forest seem necessary for the juvenile growth of that species.

PM51

AZEVEDO, C. P. de et. al. Efeito de diferentes níveis de exploração e tratamento silviculturais sobre a dinâmica do povoamento florestal remanescente. [S.l.: s.n.], [s.d.]. 59 p.

(Effect of Different Logging and Thinning Intensities on the Dynamics of the Remaining Forest Stand). This study was conducted with data from Projeto Bom Manejo (Embrapa/CIFOR/ITTO) – Sustainable management of production forests in commercial scale in the Brazilian Amazon, carried out by Embrapa Eastern Amazon in Monte Dourado Forest Company (Jari) area, Vitória do Jari, State of Amapá, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications. The applied treatments were combinations of logging intensities and thinning intensities. Three logging intensities (extraction of 15%, 25% and 35%) of total volume of the trees

with more than 60 cm of dbh were tested, followed of four levels of basal area reduction (0%, 30%, 50% and 70% of the original basal area). Stand development was monitored through 40 permanent sample plots of 1 ha each (36 logged and 4 unlogged). The stand was measured in 1984, logged in 1985 and remeasured in 1986, 1988, 1990, 1994, 1996 and 2004. All the trees with dbh = 20 cm were measured. The results showed that reduced impact logging was good for the forest, but not, necessarily, it stimulated the growth and it must take the longer cutting cycles of than the desirable thirty years.

PM52

GOMIDE, G. L. A. et. al. Processos dinâmicos em florestas neotropicais secundárias: estudo de caso na Amazônia Brasileira e na Costa Rica. [S.l.: s.n.], [s.d.]. 40 p.

This study analyzed and compared the floristic dynamics and composition of secondary forests in different phases of succession in Brazil (Jari Forest) and in Costa Rica (Arrozal Forest). Permanent sampling plots were set up and a continuous inventory was recorded during eight years. For the study of the forest as a whole, the species were classified either as group of short- lived intolerants, group of long- lived intolerants, and climax. The individuals were distributed by species, genus, and botanical family and analyzed in different periods. The phytosociological analysis used abundance, dominance, and frequency parameters. The results indicated that the growth rate of secondary tropical forests depends on the predominant ecological group, that trees less vulnerable to competition undergo greatest growth, and that group of short- lived intolerants species is very similar, despite differing time patterns. It was observed that the presence of remnants of the initial forest has great importance in recovery of species diversity in secondary succession. During monitoring two forests were in the second phase, however one of them, after 13 years, already presented characteristics of the third successional phase. The size of the areas and the colonizing process determine the diversity and speed of the recovery of species in secondary succession. Trees less vulnerable to competition have greater growth. In secondary succession there is a similarity between the variation pattern on mortality rates and recruitment among forests. This study also came to the conclusion that species of a same ecological group present similar behavior and that groups are markedly different among each other.

DINÂMICA DE

UMA FLORESTA

MONODOMINANTE DE

BROSIMUM RUBESCENS

TAUB. NO VALE DO

ARAGUAIA, MATO

GROSSO (1996-2004)

PROCESSOS

DINÂMICOS EM

FLORESTAS

NEOTROPICAIS

SECUNDÁRIAS

EFEITO DE DIFERENTES

NÍVEIS DE EXPLORAÇÃO

E TRATAMENTO

SILVICULTURAIS

SOBRE A DINÂMICA

DO POVOAMENTO

FLORESTAL

REMANESCENTE

114 115

PM53

FREITAS, J. V. de et. al. Inventário florestal contínuo em projetos de manejo florestal em escala empresarial na Amazônia Brasileira: estudo de caso do projeto Democracia, Manicoré, AM. [S.l.: s.n.], [s.d.]. 43 p.

(Continuous Forest Inventory in Forest Management Projects at Enterprise-based Scale in Brazilian Amazon: Study case of Democracia Project, Manicoré, AM). – A technical cooperation experience between Universidade do Amazonas and a forest enterprise on developing a continuous forest inventory system (CFI) is presented. Started in 2000, a methodology for installing and measuring permanent sample plots (PSP) was introduced and incorporated by the enterprise in its forest management plan, training was offered to the company team, and data of eighteen PSP were stored in a relational database specially designed for this purpose. The proposed activities for the IFC system are described, as well as the information flow focusing on data gathering and use. The results of data processing for one annual harvesting compartment are presented as example of product from the CFI system. The main achievements of the technical co-operation are discussed highlighting the importance of adding CFI to the forest management system as one of the regular activities.

PM54

D’OLIVEIRA, M. V. et. al. Manejo sustentável de florestas na Amazônia Ocidental: o estudo de caso da empresa S. T. Manejo de Florestas Ltda. [S.l.: s.n.], [s.d.]. 29 p.

(Sustainable Forest Management in Western Amazon: the study case of the company S.T. Manejo de Florestas Ltda.). – Logging costs, operational yields, forest dynamics (growth, ingrowth and mortality) and the damage to the residual forest, were evaluated in an industrial forest management operation in Western Amazon. The silvicultural system prescribes a 25 year cutting cycle, harvesting intensity of 20 m3 ha-1 cycle-1 and logging. Reduced Impact Logging techniques such as liana cutting and directional felling were applied. Adequate planning of the main and secondary roads, as well as the skidding trails, resulted in a reduction of 46.2 % in skidding time and in an increase of 232 % in skidding volume. Logging damage (including timber extracted) affected 12.1 % of the total basal area undamaged before logging. Three years after logging, mean annual ingrowth and mortality were 2.1 % and 3.9 % respectively. Periodic annual increment of the residual forest was 0.25 cm year-1.

PM55

D’OLIVEIRA, M. V.; OLIVEIRA, L. C. de; RIBAS, L. A. Dinâmica de florestas manejadas e não manejadas para a produção sustentável de madeira na floresta estadual do Antimary no Estado do Acre. [S.l.: s.n.], [s.d.]. 23 p.

(Dinamics of managed and non-managed tropical forest for sustained timber production in the Antimary State Forest, State of Acre). – Study on dynamics of three forest types vise bamboo forest, open forest and dense forest was carried out in annual coupes Tabocal, Chico Bocão and Jatobá and in the homesteads Poção e Dois Barracos in the Antimary Forest. The forests were logged in 1999 (Tabocal) and 2000 (Chico Bocão and Jatobá). No silvicultural interventions were applied on the homesteads areas. Different forest types showed significant differences in respect to timber production potential, diameter increment and mortality. The potential for sustainable timber production was lower in the bamboo forest compared to the other forest types. Logging damage and mortality were higher in Bamboo forest. The results indicate that dense forests and open forests are more appropriate sites for sustainable timber production. On these areas, the impact of harvesting on the residual forest was minimized by the use of reduced impact logging. Mortality rates 3 years after harvesting were similar to the non-managed forest.

PM56

FORESTRY MANAGEMENT SUPPORT PROJECT IN AMAZON - ProManejo Iniciativas promissoras em manejo florestal na Amazônia. [Promising forestry management initiatives in the Amazon] [S.l.]: Ibama/ ProManejo, [s.d.]. 82 p.

ProManejo started in 1999, being executed by the Ministry of Environment and Ibama. To develop its activities, the project was divided in four components: i) Strategic analysis to subsidize the public policies formulation; ii) support and promotion of promising forestry management initiatives; iii) development and test of a timber activity-oriented control and monitoring system; and, iv) support to forestry resources management, notably by traditional populations, at the Tapajós National Forest. Through the Promising Initiatives component, ProManejo has supported promising community and entrepreneur forestry management initiatives to generate Demonstration effects, besides supporting the processes of forestry management capacity-building and dissemination. When the component was first thought, there were almost no promising initiatives focusing on timber management in the Brazilian Amazon. The first stage supported 21 projects (community and entrepreneur management), providing training and building awareness among 4,600 individuals exclusively regarding the forestry management technical aspects.

DINÂMICA DE FLORESTAS

MANEJADAS E NÃO

MANEJADAS PARA A

PRODUÇÃO SUSTENTÁVEL

DE MADEIRA NA FLORESTA

ESTADUAL DO ANTIMARY

NO ESTADO DO ACRE

INVENTÁRIO

FLORESTAL CONTÍNUO

EM PROJETOS DE

MANEJO FLORESTAL

EM ESCALA

EMPRESARIAL NA

AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA

MANEJO SUSTENTÁVEL

DE FLORESTAS NA

AMAZÔNIA OCIDENTAL

116 117

The component is characterized by strong support to labor force capacity-building and technical assistance, besides also serving a survey on forestry management, and the community organization processes. The second stage should support 46 promising initiatives with different actions, like: capacity- and awareness-building; support to the establishment of forest engineering courses; community organization; and, consolidation of training centers. Those stages aim at reinforcing actions oriented to promote and support the adoption and expansion of forestry management experiences, either by strengthening the public and private institutions’ and organized civil society’s capacity, or by validating and disseminating knowledge on forestry management in the Amazon region.

PM57

BONFIM, V. R. limites e desafios para a sustentabilidade do MFC: avaliação socioambiental de 8 projetos de manejo florestal comunitário na Amazônia. [Limitations and challenges to the MFC sustainability: socio-environmental assessment of eight community forestry management projects in the Amazon]. [S.l.]: Ibama/ ProManejo, [s.d.]. 106p. (Final Report)

This report discloses the socio-environmental assessment of eight experiences on Community Forest Management (Manejo Florestal Comunitário – MFC) supported by ProManejo. The MFC has been strongly supported in the Amazon as an important strategy to refrain indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources, besides serving as a likely alternative to diversify, generate and expand income to many families. However, there are many limitations and challenges to be surmounted to effectively transform management in a sustainable activity to the rich socio-biodiversity found in that biome. The assessment was carried out analyzing secondary documents, maps, reports and meeting minutes, projects-related documents, bibliography on the topic, visits to organizations and families involved with the projects assessed and to ProManejo headquarters in Manaus to analyze documents, ask for clarifications and articulate with the involved organizations, besides following-up on the assessment, carrying out interviews with semi-structured scripts, dynamics employing participatory tools to collective meetings and photographic records. The assessment data systematization employed participatory tools, recovering the history, and thinking over the role of each actor, identifying the lessons learned. The main lessons to managers are related to the forest, education as a whole and the management itself. Regarding to field works – now to executing agents – lessons are more related to the intervention process and broader and more related to the conjuncture.

Reports

PM58

FORESTRY MANAGEMENT SUPPORT PROJECT IN AMAZON - ProManejo ProManejo: Relatório de Atividades, 2007 [ProManejo: 207 Activities Report]. Manaus: Ibama/ProManejo, 2008. 113 p.

This publication introduces the assessment of ProManejo activities carried out in 2007. The general conclusion is that ProManejo took a large step toward making forestry management come true in the Amazon. It supported forestry management projects and, through countless strategic partnerships with private and governmental sectors representatives at federal and state levels, as well as with social movements, has mobilized a critical mass advocating for management. Moreover, it has supported the implementation and consolidation of the National Forests Program, and the elaboration and definition of the Public Forests Management Law. One of the main challenges is the need of reaching small and medium sized private corporations working as semi-informal corporations. There are many factors, including forest diversity, clandestine supply, deforestation, and characteristics of those companies that make management an unattractive option to those producers. The project tried to reach those entrepreneurs through a strategy focusing on dissemination and training to technicians and staff members. ProManejo supported the establishment and consolidation of training centers, as well as the creation of the National Center of Support to Forestry Management (Centro Nacional de Apoio ao Manejo Florestal – Cenaflor). Cenaflor is mainly tasked with strengthening the initiatives focusing on forestry management training, and supporting and articulating development and forest extension activities. Another progress observed was the development of a system to monitor and control the timber production. Moreover, it has also solved the conflicts between Ibama and the population of Tapajós National Forest, implementing it as forestry exploitation unit, emphasizing on management.

PM59

MITLEWSKI, B. Proteção através do uso – manejo das florestas Amazônicas: sistematização e síntese integrada de documentos produzidos pelo ProManejo. [Protection through use – management of Amazon Forests: systematization and integrated synthesis of documents produced by ProManejo]. Brasilia: Ibama/ProManejo, 2007. 99 p.

This publication attempts to systematize and summarize the documents produced by ProManejo to partially re-build its history, concepts, methodology, results, impacts and vision of future that have marked the action of the PPG7 project. The systematization excludes the Project

118 119

Component 4, “Support to Tapajós Flona Management” since that is a very complex project that deserves its own systematization. That component is systematized in the publication “Knowledge management in the Tapajós National Forest” (A gestão do conhecimento na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós) – a compendium with the ProManejo-supported publications from 1999 to 2007. The work has not attempted to systematize the Project (or part of it); instead, it has selected the most relevant publications and documents. Although the intended review and synthesis of the texts produced within the ProManejo context presents tsome of the Project work results, the methodology used to this kind of systematization is mainly limited to summarizing the documents, integrating opinions and visions of technicians, collaborators, partners or beneficiaries of the Project just to supplement the work. The text starts by briefly introducing what did the ProManejo mean, its institutional context and structure, what had been planned and what was effectively executed. Then, it presents abstracts on ProManejo’s outputs by component.

PM60


This report discloses the activities performed and main results achieved by the ProManejo, which had been established within the PPG7 scope. The information is presented by project component: 01) studies and strategic analyses; 02) promising initiatives; 03) control and monitoring; and, 04) Tapajós Flona management. The main problems found refer to public policies that fostered deforestation (clearcut); lack of incentives/credit to forestry management (keep forest standing) and reduce the supply of predatory timber. In this regard, one of the main contributions of Component 01 was to the “Public Forests Management to the Sustainable Production” Law (Lei Gestão de Florestas Públicas para Produção Sustentável) elaboration, with decisive support in the stages of building awareness among players and decision-makers (public consultations), and to dissemination as well. Regarding Component 02 the impacts are considered to be intermediary, since one cannot state that the maneged area has expanded, neither that any eventual expansion entails exclusively from ProManejo. It developed a methodology of field inspection to assess the mechanized forestry management on Amazonian dry lands. This new methodology enables increased control and standardization regarding the forestry operations management.

PM61


Forestry Management has been definitely incorporated to the agenda of states, municipalities, the federal government, legislators, community members, initiatives and the organized civil society. ProManejo’s challenging work for six years has strongly contributed to change the posture in relation to forestry management practice and, above all, allowed changes to the public policies and institutions. The project performance and impact indicators can be measures in the short run. However, some are hardly identifiable and should be dully assessed in the long run. This report is an attempt to order, classify and record information about the project actions. The reflection on lessons learned is a consequence of that process. Despite the progress observed, protecting and sustainably using the Amazon forest remains a challenge. It is necessary to pursue the sustainable rural development. In this regard, the forest component cannot be considered as just “a jungle” waiting to be cut down. The ProManejo experience systematization could contribute even more to improve visions and practices on forest, sharing the knowledge acquired and incorporating lessons learned. In 2005, ProManejo has also discussed the constructing of forestry management proposals focusing on Incra Agrarian Reform Settlements, new proposals on more efficient procedures and control and monitoring tools to the forestry activity; Ibama’s replication and appropriation of experiences and lessons learned by the Project in the field of forestry management like, for example, the use of Tapajós Flona Management Plan elaboration methodologies, which are now reference to the outlining of management plans to other Conservation Units in the Amazon. The Project’s contribution in six years of execution should remain useful to the construction and execution of programs to support public policies aimed at forests conservation.

PROJETO DE

APOIO AO MANEJO

FLORESTAL

SUSTENTÁVEL NA

AMAZÔNIA

120 121

PM62


The report shows that, regardless the limitations that pose new challenges, ProManejo achievements, notably the progress in 2004, have built one of the main references to the constructing of a sustainable rural development. ProManejo outputs effectively prove how a public institution – Ibama – can implement, jointly with dozens partnerships and an efficient and motivated staff, a successful experience in the field of international cooperation. The Project provided several lessons learned that could assist the implementation of other projects. However, in a critical reality related to the need of effective presence of the organizations in charge of forestry management in the Amazon, jointly with other governmental institutions – notably in the field of agricultural frontier – the sustainability of actions developed by projects like ProManejo suffer several limitations. For Ibama, the main limitation refers to the short staff with technical capacity to work forestry management processes in the region. Another lesson to be considered is that the ProManejo components setup should have included the issue of support to the forestry management decentralization, lie other programs have done in the environmental licencing of pollutant sources, including the strengthening of environmental state bodies.

PM63


The year of 2003 had important implications to ProManejo. In the institutional side, the project was incoporated to Ibama’s Forests Board actions. Moreover, the Ministry of Environment and Ibama have established by the National Center of Support to Forestry Management (Cenaflor) to disseminate forestry management techniques through means of training, capacity-building and use of management systems at corporate, community and applied research levels. At the regional leve, forestry management has played core role to the definition of strategies aimed at reducing deforestation in the Amazon region. When it comes to project management, we could mention the ProManejo SM&A consolidation and the continued

measurement of performance and impact indicators. The novelty is that approximately 18 million Reals will be invested in capacity-building and technical assistance in forestry management, with additional resources granted by KfW. A wide range of partnerships – maybe the main reason for the project success – ensures the effective participation of different forestry sector stakeholders. The different participatory Commissions of the project ensure social control. Additionally to the aforementioned information, the report also presented the outputs detailed by component.

PM64


This publication presents a set of the ProManejo results in 2002, and the main challenges as well. It also makes reference to the monitoring and assessment systems implemented by the project in the last few years. It also records the main lessons learned which have served as tools to improve the project quality, the relationship with partners and, undoubtedly, the formulation of recommendations on the Amazon Forest use and protection. Started in 1999, ProManejo has tried and developed innovative strategies related to the sustainable management of Rainforests in the Amazon. Additionally to the contribution of showing forestry management usefulness to the region’s sustainable development, it is also worth mentioning the ProManejo works in the processes of interchange, articulation and dialogue about the region’s forest-linked issues.

PM65


The year of 2001 was of intensive activities to ProManejo. In that year, all components have consolidated their objectives. New foreseen and unforeseen challenges were posed, just like new problems and solutions, as well. The administrative and financial support, and the fulfilling of the demands poses by the supported productive proposals are doing well in the project management. ProManejo has different components and activities, involving productive, institutional, political, economic, social and environmental aspects. In that sense, the task of implementing these has

122 123

been a hard one. ProManejo proposals remain pertinent. Recent studies point out that forestry management as an alternative to rural development is, at least, a natural vocation of the Amazon. Moreover, that is the alternative that matches benefits from forestry production and the maintenance of forestry services. However, the effective rural development is only feasible when followed by positive social, economic and environmental indicators mainly related to those living and inhabiting the forest.

PM66

AMARAL, P.; MARQUES, R. B. C; BOROUNCLE, C. Sistema de monitoração e acompanhamento dos projetos apoiados no âmbito do componente Iniciativas Promissoras: relatório de atividades. [Monitoring and follow-up systems to projects supported by the Promising Initiatives component: activities report] Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2000. 38 p.

The publication shows a schedule of a system to follow-up and monitor the activities developed by projects supported by the ProManejo Promising Initiatives. This system draws upon the logical and normative framework to execute the proposed activities and a set of performance and impact indicators defined jointly with the projects. The project’s activities follow-up and assessment demand systematizing and monitoring actions. Therefore it developed, in partnership with the projects and supported by the Tropical Agronomic Survey and Education Center (Centro Agronômico Tropical de Investigação e Ensino – Catie) and the Amazon Men and Environment Institute (Instuto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia – Imazon), the design and implementation of a monitoring system to the projects supported, based on the ProManejo general objectives. Two workshops were held to systematize the lessons learned and encourage projects to adopt the monitoring system as a managerial tool, and a practice of assessment and control activities. The first workshop was held in May 2001, marking the initial stage of the discussion process, the methodology definition, and the constructing of a set of indicators. The second workshop, held in April 2002, served to review the system and define a joint work agenda with projects to implement the monitoring system.

8

ProVárzeaFlooded Forests Natural Resources

Management Project

The Flooded Forests Natural Resources Management Project (Projeto Manejo dos Recursos Naturais da Várzea - ProVárzea) was established in 2000 to set the scientific, technical and political grounds to the socially sustainable environmental conservation and management of natural resources in the Flooded Forests in the central region of the Amazon basin, with emphasis on fishery resources. The Project implementation strategy is based on the establishment of partnerships with the community and public and private entities that have legitimated and facilitated the progress and impact on the Flooded Forest of the Amazonas River. Ibama implemented the Project and edited 75 publications to disseminate it.

The Project established four lines of action: 1) carry out studies to support the development of policies specifically focused on the Flooded Forests ecosystems; 2) develop promising initiatives on the Flooded Forest natural resources management, strengthening root organizations that are essential to this work; 3) try the integrated monitoring and environmental assessment system, using a decentralized and participatory process in two pilot areas: Santarém in Pará and Parintins in Amazonas; 4) coordinate the projects actions in an articulated way.

The incentive to the establishment of fishery agreements at the riparian communities to the strategic management of fishery stock in the rivers and lakes is an outstanding result of the ProVárzea. Those agreements were negotiated and signed by community social agents, and is the major step toward solving conflicts. Another positive achievement of the Project is the institutionalization of environmental agent volunteers – local individuals trained to monitor natural resources. It has also contributed to build state and federal public policies, like the elaboration of the fishery law in the State of Amazonas. Moreover, the Project carried out many studies and recommendations to solve the problem of land ownership in the Flooded Forests environment.

124 125

Scientific grounds to the Flooded Forest Conservation

PV1

RASEIRA, M; et. al. (Org). ProVárzea/Ibama: resultados e impactos. [ProVárzea/Ibama: outputs and impacts]. Manaus Ibama/ PróVarzea, 2008. 48 p. (CD-ROM)

The book is available in Portuguese, English and Spanish. It discusses ProVárzea outputs and impacts at the Solimões / Amazonas Rivers central channels, in the states of Amazonas and Pará. The Project developed surveys, tried and supported management practices (fishery, timber, non-timber and agricultural); strengthened baseline organizations; and, promoted shared management and monitoring of the use of Flooded Forest natural resources. The ProVárzea has made investments in infrastructure and to build intellectual capital; but it has, nonetheless, invested in the dissemination of the experiences through notebooks, videos and technical documents. It promoted interchange of experiences and integration of knowledge. The publication contextualizes the Flooded Forest, the project, the strategic studies, the public policies subsidized by the studies, promising initiatives, monitoring and control, impact monitoring and assessment system, and communication impacts as well. The Project actions have influenced far beyond the geo-political frontiers, inspiring the Peruvian government to adopt similar actions to manage the Flooded Forest in that country. ProVárzea experience can also encourage other sustainable development initiatives in the Amazon ecosystem or other sites that experience similar difficulties and potentialities. The publication is followed by a CD-Rom with the Project publications.

PV2

RIBEIRO, N. V. Atlas da Várzea: Amazônia Brasil. [Flooded Forest Atlas: Brazilian Amazon]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2007. 135 p.

The publication is divided in four sections that firstly highlight the Flooded Forest geographic aspects such as relief, geology, vegetation, geomorphology, infrastructure implemented, geographic and political divisions, draining net, additionally to social and economic aspects of the meso-regions that make up the Flooded Forest. From the second section onwards, it publishes the results achieved in Strategic Studies, Promising Initiatives and Monitoring and Control.

PV3

ALBERNAZ, A. L. Conservação da Várzea: identificação e caracterização de regiões biogeográficas. [Flooded Forest Conservation: identification and characterization of bio-geographic regions]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2007. 354 p.

The book reports the results of the strategic study held by ProVárzea to identify and characterize the different Flooded Forest regions at the Amazon River, in terms of geomorphology and communities of plants and animals. The studies have provided the grounds to an ecological zoning capable of contributing to define important conservation areas of that environment and management systems responsive to local conditions. According to the text, up to now no highly generalized map has succeeded in representing bio-geographic regions in the Amazon adequate to the Flooded Forest. That is so because the Flooded Forest has double geological nature. It is a geological extension of the Andes, and also stretches over geological regions comprised by the Pre-Andean area, Amazon plain and, finally, the eastern coastal region represented by the estuary. A synthesis on the kinds of lives found in the Flooded Forests would be the first step toward explaining its bio-geographic characteristics. In bio-geographic and ecological terms the Flooded Forest is a combination of aquatic, terrestrial and arboreous species. The question posed here is to which extend the flora and fauna of the Flooded Forest are different or similar along the main stream of its main river, the Solimões/Amazonas. The book stands for the first step toward answering that question.

PV4

NESSIMIAN, J. L. et. al. Bases científicas para conservação da várzea – identificação e caracterização de regiões biogeográficas e indicação de áreas prioritárias para a conservação: sub-estudo entomofauna aquática. [Scientific grounds to Flooded Forest conservation – identification and characterization of bio-geographic areas and indication of priority conservation areas: sub-study on the aquatic entomofauna]. Manaus Ibama, 2004. 57 p.

The report presents information on the collection of aquatic insects in flooded areas of the Solimões and Amazonas River’s Flooded Forest. Based on that information, analyses are carried out trying to establish the general characteristics of that fauna, track the main taxons distribution. The analyse’s results are employed to discuss a vision on the existence of defined eco-regions in that system. Among the groups of aquatic insect’s studies, the orders Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera and Trichoptera were selected. The areas of study comprise the channel of the Amazonas River in the Brazilian territory in Tabatinga (Amazonas) and Gurupá (Pará), passing by the five geographic areas proposed: Gurupá – Paru River; Paru River – Urucará; Urucará – Manaus; Manaus – Tefé; Tefé – Tabatinga.

BASES CIENTÍFICAS

PARA CONSERVAÇÃO

DA VÁRZEA

126 127

Samplings were collected from 26 sites in those five geographic areas. The data from the identification and counting of the sorted material were tabulated and further inputted in a database, jointly with information about each collection site. The study has contributed to know the aquatic entomofauna at Solimões/Amazonas River’s Flooded Forest. This was the first survey standardized in 26 sites along a transaction of about 3,000 km. The five orders surveyed reported significant increase in the number of occurrences registered both at the Brazilian Amazon and in the Flooded Forest.

PV5

VENTICINQUE, E. M.; REGO, F. A. Relatório dos estudos relativos à araneofauna das várzeas do rio Amazonas. [Report of studies on the spider fauna in the Amazonas River Flooded Forests]. Manaus Ibama, 2004. 32 p.

The spider fauna in the Flooded Forest is poorly studied and there are few references on what is known about spiders in Amazonian flooded areas. According to the studies, the spiders are less aboundant in the Flooded Forests than in the periodically flooded and dry land forests (Adis et AL., 1984; Höfer, 1996; Borges e Brescovit, 1996). That is probably because of the environmental changes ensuing from water level variations which brings changes to micro-climate, humidity, availability of resources and primary productivity (Uetz, 1976). The study has collected 10,901 spiders from 33 families, and 4,340 adult spiders were found and used for identification. 105 spiders have been identified until the level of species, and the result showed strong tendency to reduced number of species from the Upper Solimões River to the mouth. The rich sampling found in the Amazonas River was almost twice as much that of the mouth. Another conclusion that the complexity of the vegetal structure and habitats heterogeneity are determinant factors to the spider fauna configuration. Thus, such factors must be considered when characterizing the environment to improve knowledge about the spider fauna in floodable areas, and to understand how Flooded Forests contribute to the diversity and wealth of the spider community in the Amazon.

PV6

NESSIMIAN, J. L. et. al. Bases científicas para conservação da várzea – identificação e caracterização de regiões biogeográficas e indicação de áreas prioritárias para a conservação: contribuição ao conhecimento da distribuição de árvores. [Scientific grounds to Flooded Forest conservation – identification and characterization of bio-geographic regions and recommended priority conservation areas: contribution to knowledge on trees distribution]. Belém: Ibama, 2004. 62 p.

The study on the contribution to knoweldge about tree distribution aimed

at investigating the trees distribution standards at broader scale, to try the validity of some geographic variables that could be used as proxies or surrogates to the distribution of arboreous species in the Flooded Forest when selecting priority conservation areas. The different bio-geographic regions in the Solimões/Amazonas Rivers channel were represented by two proposals on longitudinal dividing. The first one is the WWF dividing into ecoregions, and the second is the Radam vegetation map. The methodology to test the longitudinal variation in the composition of Flooded Forest forests species was through standardized samplings with the minimum variation as possible of topographic and successional processes effects. This work shows a general panorama on the distribution of trees and lianas species along the main Flooded Forest, and stressed the limitation due to the inaccurate identification of species. In the result, the indication of zones that mark the existence of different vegetal communities along the Flooded Forest, presented a distribution that does not match the proposed divisions.

PV7

CONSERVA, A. S. (Coord.). Bases científicas para conservação da várzea – identificação e caracterização de regiões biogeográficas: sub-estudo macrófitas aquáticas. [Scientific grounds to Flooded Forest conservation – identification and characterization of bio-geographic areas: sub-study on the aquatic macrophytes]. Belém: Ibama, 2004. 14 p. (Technical Report)

The study of aquatic macrophytes aimed at identifying and characterizing bio-geographic regions to provide subsidies to Flooded Forest conservation strategies, through botanic surveys on sites along the Solimões/Amazonas Rivers channel with similar and different environmental characteristics. In terms of diversity, the environmental behavior is homogeneous since the indexes do not report large variations to standard record, either on increase of reduction, along the collection sites. Regarding the community’s analysis through ordering method, most of the sites are pooled in the same area, and the composition of species in different points recorded similarity index. The results confirm the homogeneity of environments in relation to the macrophytes distribution. The results fail in presenting links to explain the distribution patter, even considering data such as depth and standardized connectivity. Moreover, these fail in justifying the dividing of Solimões/Amazonas Rivers Flooded Forests in bio-geographic areas of macrophytes, placing more emphasis to the aspect of uniformity of such environment, thus enhancing even more the need of extra care when defining management and conservation plans to those areas. Here, priority should be attached to the Upper Solimões River, since any drastic change on that environment will be reflected on the remainder areas because of their link through the main river channel.

RELATóRIO

DOS ESTUDOS

RELATIVOS à

ARANEOFAUNA DAS

VÁRZEAS DO RIO

AMAZONAS

BASES

CIENTÍFICAS PARA

A CONSERVAÇÃO

DA VÁRZEA

BASES

CIENTÍFICAS PARA

A CONSERVAÇÃO

DA VÁRZEA

128 129

BASES

CIENTÍFICAS PARA

A CONSERVAÇÃO

DA VÁRZEA

BASES

CIENTÍFICAS PARA

A CONSERVAÇÃO

DA VÁRZEA

PV8

ROSSETTI, D. de F. et. al. Evolução de paisagens no neógeno da Amazônia: implicações na origem e distribuição da biodiversidade. [Landscapes evolution in the Amazonian Neogene: implication on the origin and distribution of biodiversity]. Belém: Ibama, 2004. 26 p.

This work aims at introducing a geological map to the Amazonas River channel and vicinities, additionally to the discrimination and characterization of the Neogene sedimentary successions, by combining radar image analysis and sedimentologic information collected in field and in the laboratory. The investigation resulted in the characterization of five sedimentary successions formed in different deposition settings. The Iça formation has sedimentary aspects that allow attributing it to a continental environment of shallow, energetic and with high migration rates channels, typical to braided and anastomosed streams. The data presented point out gradual humidity increase, besides significant changes in the deposition settings, which played a core role in the development of the region’s landscapes, inducing to changes from the prevailing lacustrine physical environment to fluvial. Based on the results, it suggests that climatic and tectonic changes were crucial to the development of the Amazon landscapes in the Neogene and, therefore, to the increased level of stress in the biotic means. Such factors, more than the influence of geological arcs, marine transgressions or fluvial barriers seem to have been the main ones to the origin and current distribution of the Amazon biodiversity.

PV9

CHARVET-ALMEIDA, P.; ALMEIDA, M. P. de. Bases científicas para a conservação da várzea – identificação e caracterização de regiões biogeográficas: subestudo elasmobrânquios. [Scientific grounds to the Flooded Forest conservation – identification and characterization of bio-geographic regions: sub-study on elasmobranchii] Belém: Ibama, 2004. 45 p.

The sharks and rays are part of the Chondrichthyes Class and the Elasmobranchii Subclass which comprise fish with cartilaginous skeleton. This study introduces a brief survey on pre-existing information available in literature about cartilaginous fish, with record for occurrence in the region of Flooded Forest of the Solimões/Amazonas system channel and data gathered during the aquatic part of the expedition of the study “Scientific Basis to Flooded Forest Conservation identification and characterization of bio-geographic regions”. The field work enabled gathering information on elasmobranchii in the Solimões/Amazonas system’s Flooded Forest region. The data collected during the expedition corresponded to 75 samplings collected, 11 occurrence records, and 84 occurrence reports that could be effectively regarded. The information collected during this sub-study should be considered to be preliminary but of utmost relevance, because

of the lack of deeper studies on elasmobranchii. Obtaining such data is even more urgent when considering that the elasmobranchii life strategy is very different from that of other groups of fish, demanding extra care to management and conservation.

PV10

HONEGGER, R. W. H; HUTCHINGS, R. S. G.; SALLUM, M. A. M. Bases científicas para a conservação da várzea – identificação e caracterização de regiões biogeográficas: subestudo mosquitos: distribuição de Culicidae na várzea ao longo da calha do Rio Solimões/Amazonas. [Scientific grounds to the Flooded Forest conservation – identification and characterization of bio-geographic regions: Culicidae distribution along the Solimões/Amazonas Rivers channel]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 24 p.

More than 3,200 species of mosquito (Culicidae) have been described all over the world. The knowledge on the Culicidae biodiversity is usually of epidemiological interest, since it enables deeper understanding about the infectious agent’s transmission dynamic, and on the role played by Culicidae vectors, thus facilitating the adoption of control measures. However, in the ecological light the use of Culicidae as definer or indicators of the environment where these live has been proved. Studies show that some species or groups of species of Culicidae can serve as accurate bio-indicators of different levels of degradation in forestry environments. Considering the biological and ecological features of the mosquitos, the distribution of Culiciade species could be used as indicators of the potential geographic differentiation of the Flooded Forest environments in the Amazon. Therefore, the study aimed at inventorying the Culicidae in 50 different Flooded Forest sites along the Solimões/Amazonas Rivers channel. The results reported therein stand for the largest standardized inventory on Flooded Forest mosquitoes ever, identifying 58 taxons distributed among 25 different sites.

PV11

VASCONCELOS, H. L. de. Bases científicas para a conservação da várzea – identificação e caracterização de regiões biogeográficas: sub-estudo formigas: padrões de distribuição de formigas na várzea amazônica. [Scientific grounds to the Flooded Forest conservation – identification and characterization of bio-geographic regions: sub-study on ants – ants distribution patterns in the Amazonian Flooded Forest]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 34 p.

The report aimed at establishing the pattern of ant species distribution at the Solimões and Amazonas River’s Flooded Forest forests, based on the assumption that environmental changes ensuing from variations in the geomorphology and distribution of habitats along the river’s channel

EVOLUÇÃO DE

PAISAGENS NO

NEóGENO DA

AMAZÔNIA

BASES

CIENTÍFICAS PARA

A CONSERVAÇÃO

DA VÁRZEA

130 131

affect the specie’s distribution. According to the methodology applied, the sampling parcels were established in Flooded Forest forest with the minimum anthropic impact as possible. To every specie or morpho-specie registered in two or more parcels it determined the distribution amplitude, evidenced in the analysis that these are species of restricted geographic distribution. The diversity of ant species in the Flooded Forest forest was shorter than in other Amazonian forestry formations, notably the dry land forest where an equivalent or higher number of species is typically found in shorter areas. This can be attributed to the effect of period floods in the Flooded Forest, thus limiting the colonization of forest by ground species. It clearly differentiates three regions according to the differences in the composition of ant species and, therefore, the establishment of conservation units in each region is essential, allowing for the maintenance of every species. Establishing a unit in one single region would not comprise the remainder regions with relatively different fauna which would then be endangered. However, the data collected do not allow for establishing specific areas that should be converted in conservation areas.

PV12

ZUANON, J. et. al. Bases científicas para a conservação da várzea – identificação e caracterização de regiões biogeográficas: padrões de distribuição da ictiofauna na várzea do sistema Solimões-Amazonas, entre Tabatinga (AM) e Santana (AP). [Scientific grounds to the Flooded Forest conservation – identification and characterization of bio-geographic regions: patterns of fish communities distribution in the Solimões/Amazonas system’s Flooded Forest, from Tabatinga (Amazonas) to Santana (Amapá)]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 52 p.

The study was mainly aimed at analyzing the patterns of fish occurrence along the Solimões/Amazonas system’s Flooded Forest, attempting to assess the potential existence of a longitudinal zoning the distribution of those species. The analysis on the existence of potential different bio-geographic zones in the Flooded Forest is a key condition to define conservation strategies to that environment in the Amazon. The work gathered information on fish species distribution patterns along the Solimões/Amazonas Rivers’ Flooded Forest, obtained from three main kinds of source: published works on Taxonomic and Systematic review; database maintained by the Inpa researchers; and collections with standardized effort in beach and aquatic macrophytes environments, carried out during a great field expedition. Depending on the characteristics of the fish community and habitats shown, as well as on the presence of exclusive species, three great areas were proposed: the Flooded Forest upstream Manaus (the richest part in terms of species, housing the largest number of exclusive species and highest internal fish community similarity); the area between Almeirim and Santana (the most differentiated in terms of environment structure and dynamic, with the fauna marked by the presence of fish species typical to the estuary); and the intermediary area between the those areas (probably the less well known, under strong influence of the clear-water affluent rivers).

PV13

ALBERNAZ, A. L. et. al. Bases científicas para a conservação da várzea: identificação e caracterização de regiões biogeográficas e de áreas prioritárias para a conservação [Scientific grounds to the Flooded Forest conservation: identification and characterization of bio-geographic regions and priority conservation areas] (Integration Report). Belém: Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 28 p.

The study aimed at employing techniques of systematic conservation planning techniques, considered the investigation on the existence of different bio-geographic regions along the Solimões/Amazonas Rivers channel as the main contribution. It recommended some divisions, defined by physical characteristics. This study is the first attempt to try the existence of distinct areas and which would these be. It pursued the link between the recommended divisions and the species distribution through bibliographical surveys which have – with no exception – pointed out insufficient data and the need of carrying out field surveys, integrating ten sub-studies resulting from data collection. The results disclose strong evidences on the existence of regions that differ in biodiversity, although other groups have undergone gradual replacement of species, or replace with different limits. Therefore, to include most of the biological communities found along the Flooded Forest, the recommended Conservation Units should be distributed all along the Solimões/Amazonas system, notably downstream Manaus. One of the most enabling factors to planning is that less than 1% of the areas reported high values of irreplaceability. This result can define the top-down goals and provide higher flexibility to accommodate other relevant criteria such as ecological integrity, and favorable political and social conditions. Finally, one should bear in mind that the entire Flooded Forest could be considered to be one single system. Therefore, conservation should not be thought only as Conservation Units, but through the promotion of more sustainable ways of using it as a whole, placing special attention to areas closer to the headwaters, since the impacts upstream the river impact other areas of the basin.

PV14

ALBERNAZ, A. L. (Coord.). Bases científicas para a conservação da várzea: identificação e caracterização de regiões biogeográficas e de áreas prioritárias para a conservação [Scientific grounds to the Flooded Forest conservation: identification and characterization of bio-geographic regions and priority conservation areas]. Ibama/ ProVárzea/ MPEG/ FADESP, [s.d.]. 10 p.

This study aimed at employing conservation systematic planning techniques to contribute to the Amazon Flooded Forest environment conservation. It aimed not only at protecting the biological diversity, but also at maintaining important duties performed, and promoting the region’s environmental and

BASES

CIENTÍFICAS PARA

A CONSERVAÇÃO

DA VÁRZEA

BASES

CIENTÍFICAS PARA

A CONSERVAÇÃO

DA VÁRZEA

BASES

CIENTÍFICAS PARA

A CONSERVAÇÃO

DA VÁRZEA

132 133

In brief, the pirarucu management demands lakes characterization in three types: 1) Procreation or Preservation Lakes – nobody is expected to touch the waters; 2) Maintenance Lakes – serve to get food to the familie’s everyday livelihood; and, 3) Management Lakes – where fishery for trading is allowed, mediating the rules established by law and those agreed on through community-based treaties.

PV16

BOCARDE, F.; LIMA, N. Construindo Acordos de Pesca: experiências de gestão participativa em Parintins, Amazonas [Building Fishery Agreements: experiences on participatory management in Parintins, state of Amazonas]. Brasilia: Ibama, 2008. 28 p.

The publication works on the relevance of community-based management and fishery agreements as strategies to maintain fishery stocks in the Amazon. It brings information to facilitate the discussions, assist planning and actions by those interested in managing fishing activities through fishery agreements. In the first part, it explains what a fishery agreement stands for; then, it introduces the fishery history and development in the Amazon with the use of new technologies and changes in the political setting. The text shows the emergence of fishery agreements and their legalization by the command and control body, besides reporting on fishery agreements in the state of Amazonas. Moreover, it presents a case study on fishery agreements in Parintins, concluding with the lessons learned from that process.

PV17

LARROBLA, R. Domesticando o Monitoramento e Avaliação: guia para aproveitamento do monitoramento e avaliação, baseado nas lições aprendidas na execução de projetos que envolvem recursos naturais e comunidade. [Domesticating Monitoring and Assessment: a handbook to use monitoring and assessment based on the lessons learned from the execution of projects involving natural resources and community]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2008. 32 p.

The notebook serves as a guide to better use Monitoring and Assessment, drawing on the example of the ProVárzea and ProManejo projects implementation. The publication aims at reporting the data gathered from the project’s experiences, to assist the planning and execution of any Monitoring and Assessment system to new projects. Both the ProVárzea and the ProManejo have developed a monitoring system, with different criteria and results, facing theoretical and practical difficulties that required continuous decisions and prompt solutions. The systematization of that knowledge was gathered in a publication to assist other technicians with the monitoring and assessment of project’s results.

social sustainability. The methodological definition was anchored in the response to what would be more relevant in terms of species distribution. Therefore, it prioritized the longitudinal sampling, electing the most regular sampling sites along the Solimões/Amazonas channel. The inclusion of the perimeter modifier tended to pool the areas, pointing out the nuclei favorable to the establishment of larger Conservation Units. When the cost function was included, it changed some of the areas initially recommended, which could lead to reduced value of the areas closest to the cities whose biodiversity is already endangered. The results have expanded the knowledge on biodiversity and the detailed geological map at the Amazon western region. Moreover, it innovated offering the first opportunity of employing support algorithms to select priority conservation areas in the Brazilian Amazon, since up to then the best contributions included representativeness analyses.

Notebooks

PV15

DAMASCENO, J. M; MACHADO, J. O.; ALMEIDA, L. H. Manejo Comunitário do Pirarucu: organização e acordo resultam em fartura. [Community-based Management of the Pirarucu (freshwater cod): organization and agreement lead to abundance.] Manaus Ibama/ProVárzea, 2008. 28 p. (Iniciativas Promissoras, 5)

This notebook is a tool to publicize and disseminate the actions developed by the Participatory Community-Based Fishery Resources Management Program in Maiana Sector (Manejo Comunitário Participativo dos Recursos Pesqueiros no Setor Maiana). The project was developed by the Fonte Boa Municipal Institute of Sustainable Development (Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Município de Fonte Boa) and supported by the ProVárzea/ Ibama. The project has emphasized the community-based management of Pirarucu fishing – the biggest freshwater fish in the world. The indiscriminate exploitation of that species until early in 2000 brought about two serious problems: reduced number of animals in nature, endangering the species, and the deterioration of the riparian people’s quality of life, leading them to migrate to the cities. Therefore, the introduction and dissemination of community-based organization were toiled, also considering the strengthening of natural resources conservation actions and the permanence of traditional peoples in their lands. The first part of the notebook approaches the importance of getting the community organized, holding meetings to discuss the fishery situation. On the second part, it shows ways of dealing with conflicts and enter agreements, how the working areas should be defined, how the pirarucu stocks should be counted. The next part approaches the pirarucu characteristics, the defeso (time when fishing is prohibited), threats and management ways. The last part discloses the management system stages and how to enter fishery agreements, and assess the system implemented.

134 135

PV18

RASEIRA, M. B. Monitoramento Participativo de Acordo de Pesca: como avaliar a captura de pescado. [Participatory Management of the Fishery Agreement: how to assess the fishery capture]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2007. 24 p.

The publication shows how the ProVárzea has monitored some fishery agreements employing a simple and low-cost methodology. The proposal is to engage communities in the monitoring of the fishery agreements. In the last years many communities in the Amazon region have elaborated fishery agreements that set the rules for accessing and using the fishery resources in a given region or area. But little has been done to assess the actual effectiveness of the fishery agreements, notably regarding the increase of fishery productivity. The monitoring presented in the notebook could assess the results, allowing for adjustments to improve even more the fishery resources management.

PV19

SCHMAL, B. et. al. Óleos da Amazônia – os cheiros da floresta em vidrinhos: manejo comunitário de produtos florestais não-madeireiros e fortalecimento local no município de Silves-AM. [Amazonian oils – the forest scents in glasses: community-based management of non-timber forestry products, and local strengthening of the municipality of Silves, state of Amazonas] Manaus Ibama/ProVárzea, 2006. 28 p. (Iniciativas Promissoras, 4)

The notebook approaches experiences on non-timber forestry management, and local strengthening in the municipality of Silves, state of Amazonas. The analysis carried out by the Amazonian Green Life Association (Associação Vida Verde Amazônica – Avive) facilitates getting to know details on that management, and learn a little more about some of the species used: andiroba, copaíba, cumaru, breu and puxuri. The project develops the sustainable use of the region biodiversity among Avive’s female members and small farmers from 12 communities of Silves. The process involves processing branches, leafs, seeds and resin of aromatic and medicinal plants to extract scent oils to produce soap, candles, incenses, creams and aromatic sachets which are traded to other states and countries.

PV20

SANTOS, M. O Desenvolvimento Rural de Parintins – 2005 a 2012. [Parintins Rural Development – 2005 to 2012]. Manaus: Ibama/ProManejo, 2006. 28 p.

The notebook shows in simple language the result of the diagnosis carried out on the municipality of Parintins, Amazonas. It shows the actions proposed to reach 2012 with better rural development capable of better meeting the needs of the region farmers’ families. Those actions are part of the Parintins Municipal Plan on Rural Sustainable Development (Plano Municipal de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável de Parintins), which was prepared in a participatory way, containing data on the municipality reality regarding infrastructure, transport, communication, health, education and, above all, rural production. The actions recommended in the Plan are divided in four major areas: sustainable uses of natural resources; expansion of local production trading; incentive to social organizations; and, improvement of rural infrastructure.

PV21

IBAMA. PROVÁRZEA. Manejo comunitário de camarões. [Community-bases shrimp management] Manaus 2005. 27 p. (Coleção Cartilhas Iniciativas Promissoras)

The sub-project Community-based Management of Forestry and Fishery Resources in Flooded Forest areas in the Municipality of Gurupá (state of Pará) (Manejo Comunitário dos Recursos Florestais e de Pesca em Áreas de Várzea no Município de Gurupá (PA)) works jointly with the riparian populations on ways to use the forestry wealth that could entail benefits to local families, while conserving nature in the areas where they live. It is trying ways of using products like shrimp and forestry products like timber, açaí and andiroba. The notebook intends to continue disseminating that work. It evidences that the Amazonian resources conservation is also found in simple and efficient technologies. The material also warns about the significant reduction of freshwater shrimps in Brazil. Among others, the main reasons for that scarcity are: increased pollution; destruction of reproduction areas, and overfishing. In 1998 the families from the Flooded Forest area of the municipality of Gurupá, in the state of Pará, started adopting traps (called matapis) and breeding sites after observing for years the conditions for shrimps to survive in those devices. That is how the project on Community-based Management of Freshwater Shrimp (Manejo Comunitário de Camarão de Água Doce) was brought into existence. The project is now present in eight communities, involving about 150 families from the Gurupá islands. It is also being implemented in the municipalities of Abaetetuba, Igarapé-mirim and Cametá, in the Lower Tocantins River region, and already receives demands from other states. The notebook clearly shows how one can organize the shrimp production, and the potential benefits to participants and to the Flooded Forest environment at large.

136 137

PV22

IBAMA. PROVÁRZEA. Criação de abelhas sem ferrão. [Stingless beekeeping] Manaus Ibama/ProVárzea, 2005. 27 p. (Coleção Cartilhas Iniciativas Promissoras)

This notebook ensues from a team work developed by the sub-project Bees and Pollinization of Flooded Forests Plants [Abelhas e Polinização de Plantas da Várzea] which is part of the ProVárzea Promising Initiatives component. This sub-project aims at teaching riparian peoples of indigenous or non-indigenous community to keep stingless bees in wood boxes developed by the Bee Research Group of the National Amazonian Research Institute (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – Inpa). The wood boxes would allow bees to easily produce and reproduce, preventing cutting trees to collect honey. This manual intends to contribute with the dissemination of the stingless beekeeping technology in the Amazon. The notebook starts by introducing the main groups of stingless bees and the advantages of keeping them. Then it shows the different kinds of management; teaches how to manufacture the box; local preparation; how to capture the bees; the need for strengthening and multiplying the colonies; and, the best way of collecting and trading.

PV23

IBAMA. PROVÁRZEA. Projeto Pé-de-Pincha: parceria de futuro para conservar quelônios na várzea amazônica. [Pé-de-Pincha Project: promising partnership to conserve chelonians in the Amazonian Flooded Forest]. Manaus Ibama/ProVárzea, 2005. 27 p. (Coleção Cartilhas Iniciativas Promissoras)

This notebook ensues from a team work developed by the Pé-de-Pincha Project which is part of the ProVárzea Promising Initiatives component. The Pé-de-Pincha Project teaches local students, teachers and riparian populations to protect the chelonian eggs spawned on the beaches at the Solimões/Amazonas River’s Flooded Forest so that the eggs can produce offspring to nature. It also fosters the commercial raising in confinement. The project reaches about 68 Flooded Forest communities in seven municipalities of the states of Amazonas (AM) and Pará (PA): Parintins (AM), Barreirinha (AM), Boa Vista do Ramos (AM), Nhamundá (AM), Terra Santa (PA), Oriximiná (PA) and Juriti (PA). The notebook aims at contributing to disseminate the chelonian management technique developed by the Pé-de-Pincha Project to expand the chelonian population in the rivers. Today, the most threatening factors to the specie are as follow: larger number of fishermen; cattle farming in the Flooded Forest, damaging the chelonian nests; use to consumption and/or sale of eggs; natural predators; and, increased illegal trading of wild life.

PV24

IBAMA. PROVÁRZEA. A vida da piramutaba e da dourada. [The piramutaba and dourada lives]. Manaus Ibama/ProVárzea, 2005. 24 p. (Coleção Cartilhas Iniciativas Promissoras)

ProVárzea carried out a study on the piramutaba’s and dourada’s lives, also known as big migrating catfish. One of the main objectives was to warn population about the capture of very young fish, showing the specie’s life cycle. The target audience was mainly composed of artisanal and industrial fishermen who can contribute to preserve the migrating catfish. In the final remarks, the material discloses the need for a fishery management plan comprising the Amazon region as a whole, from Belém to Bolivia, Peru and Colombia – the sites where the piramutaba and dourada population circulates.

PV25

IBAMA. PROVÁRZEA. A posse da terra no ambiente de várzea: debates para uma possível solução. [Land ownership in the Flooded Forest environment: debates toward a likely solution]. Manaus Ibama/ProVárzea, 2005. 24 p. (Coleção Cartilhas Iniciativas Promissoras)

ProVárzea has carried out a study about the land ownership structure in floodable areas that shows how the legal rules deal with the mater, and how land ownership effectively takes place in the region. The study has recommended solutions for residents to have rights to use the land where they have been living for generations. The notebook points out the main issues approached in the study, didactically presenting the how land ownership works and is structured in Flooded Forest areas, as well as the proposals on land ownership legalization in those areas. The publication aims at subsidizing the communities and social agents involved in the debate on Flooded Forest land legalization.

PV26

IBAMA. PROVÁRZEA. A Pesca na Região Amazônica. [Fishery in the Amazon Region] Manaus Ibama/ProVárzea, 2005. 24 p. (Coleção Cartilhas Iniciativas Promissoras)

The notebook is mainly intended at showing the complex links between fishermen and the remainder persons involved with fishery, as well as the fishermen/environment relations along the Amazonas/Solimões Rivers channel. Generally speaking, the work approaches: fishery demand; agents involved in the fishery industry; socio-economic profile of the sector

138 139

stakeholders; and, environmental issues related to the fishery legislation. First of all, it developed studies to identify where most of the production is found, and most of the fishery is unloaded in the North region. Following were the outstanding sites: Belém, Abaetetuba, Santarém, Manaus, Tefé, Manacapuru, Parintins, Tabatinga/Letícia (the last two are municipalities with strongly interlinked commerce). Another aspect approached is the fishermen’s living conditions. It surveyed the main health conditions among different profiles of fishermen and boat owners in the region, stressing out that such conditions are worsened by the poor medical care in the region and by the incompliance to occupational safety rules. It also presents other day-to-day aspects: education, housing, water, electric power and waste. Regarding the fishermen’s concern about fishery resources conservation, the notebook discloses many suggestions like, for example, inspection on predatory fishery and guidance to the community to assist preserving lakes during the defenso (time when fishing is prohibited) period.

PV27

OVIEDO, A; VASQUEZ, R.; RUFFINO, M. L. Acordos de Pesca: a comunidade é quem faz. [Fishery Agreements: the community does it]. Brasilia: WWF Brasil, Ibama/ ProVárzea, 2003. 24 p.

The uncontrolled fishing in the Amazon causes fish reduction in rivers and lakes and the consequent scarcity of that important source of food to riparian communities. Moreover, it worsens the conflicts among fishermen. In the last few years non-governmental organizations, universities and governments have endeavored to build more formal management structures to reduce conflicts along the Amazonas and Solimões River channel. The work is partnership between the WWF Brazil and ProVárzea to disseminate the key role played by community-based management and fishery agreements to keep the fishery stocks in the Amazon. The material employs illustrations to show the importance of management to all the community members. Another aspect that is emphasized is the effort of communities that have already development management experiences by their own. Ibama has recognized the effort and enacted the Normative Instruction that rules the fishery agreements. It also presents important suggestions on aspects that should be approached in the agreements if these are to be legitimated.

PV28

DALLEY, B.; NERY, C. (Resp.). Iniciativas Promissoras. [Promising Initiatives] [S.l.]: Ibama/ProVárzea, [s.d.]. 40 p.

The notebook introduces – in English and Portuguese – the seven initiatives supported by the ProVárzea Promising Initiatives component up to then. Following are the projects supported: Project on Flooded Forest Natural Resources Conservation through Ecological Tourism and Participatory Management in the region of Silves, in the state of Amazonas; Community-based Management of Forestry and Fishery Resources in Flooded Forest Areas in the municipality of Gurupá, state of Pará; Flooded Forest Lakes Management Project in the Region of Tefé, in Amazonas; Artisanal Fishermen Capacity-building Center; Strengthening of Rood Institutions to the Participatory Management of Fishery Resources: Strengthening Communication and the Organization of Users and Institutions dealing with the Sustainable Use of Flooded Forest Natural Resources; Environmental Education and Sustainable Use of the Flooded Forest in the Ticuna and Upper Solimões River Indigenous Areas.

Fishery Statistics

PV29

THOMÉ-SOUZA, M. J. F. (Org.). Estatística Pesqueira do Amazonas e do Pará – 2004. [Fishery Statistics to Amazonas and Pará – 2004]. Manaus: Ibama/ProManejo, 2007. 74 p.

The Statistical Bulletin on Continental Fishery in the Amazonas and Solimões Rivers (Boletim Estatístico da Pesca Continental nos rios Amazonas e Solimões) provides consolidated data on fishery activities at the channels of those important water basins. The data are oriented to authorities and the civil society at large. From 2001 to 2004 the ProVárzea fishery statistics have monitored the data on fishery unloading, as a result of a joint effort by many institutions. The 2004 bulletin closes the publications cycle which started in 2001. In those years the structure assembled allowed hiring co-responsible institutions to collect data and input them to the central database, which was managed by ProVárzea. By middle 2005 the Project raised resources to survey data. But the end of the financial contributions of some institutions has brought collections to an end. It provides fishery information from 17 municipalities, nine of which in the State of Amazonas, and eight in the State of Pará. The document gathers data and information

140 141

on the capture of main fishery species in the region; fishery effort; fishery price; fishing fleet; fishing environments; and devices seized in the main markets and fairs of the municipalities reached by the ProVárzea. The Statistic Bulletin contributes to the formulation of sustainable use policies in the Amazon region, meeting the expectation of different segments involved with local fishing. In 2004 the bulletin confirmed the information provided in the prior years. The Amazonas state accounts for 70% of the total fishery unloaded, equivalent to 33 thousand tons of fishery. The main species unloaded in Pará were the mapará, dourada and pescada. In Amazonas, in turn, the main species unloaded were the jaraqui, pacu and curimatã.

PV30

RUFFINO, M. L. (Coord.). Estatística Pesqueira do Amazonas e do Pará – 2003. [Fishery Statistics to Amazonas and Pará – 2003]. Manaus: Ibama/ProManejo, 2005. 80 p.

The Statistical Bulletin on Continental Fishery in the Amazonas and Solimões Rivers (Boletim Estatístico da Pesca Continental nos rios Amazonas e Solimões) provides consolidated data on fishery activities at the channels of those important water basins. The data are oriented to authorities and the civil society at large. It provides fishery information from 17 municipalities, nine of which in the State of Amazonas, and eight in the State of Pará. Supported by the Ibama/Difap/CGREP and under the ProVárzea technical coordination, the existing databases were also used in other institutions. The document gathers data and information on the capture of main fishery species in the region; fishery effort; fishery price; fishing fleet; fishing environments; and devices seized in the main markets and fairs of the municipalities reached by the ProVárzea. The Statistic Bulletin contributes to the formulation of sustainable use policies in the Amazon region, meeting the expectation of different segments involved with local fishing. The Amazonian system is a peculiar region that houses complex factors and variables that determine the fishing characteristics, among which the changed to environment caused by the demographic growth of the Flooded Forest areas; innovative capture techniques; diffuse fishing; and, large number of vessels involved in the sector. The methodology employed was the filling-in of forms. Data consistence was analyzed, avoiding failures or recording errors. In 2003 the total unloading in the 17 municipalities along the Amazonas and Solimões Rivers reaches little more than 51 thousand tons, of which 37,289 t (72.6%) is from the state of Amazonas, and 14,061 t (27.4%) from the state of Pará.

PV31


The second fishery bulletin to the states of Amazonas and Pará ensued from a service contract between Ibama and the Emílio Göeldi Museum of Pará (Museu Paraense Emílio Göeldi – MPEG), the Federal University of Amazonas (Ufam), the Amazon Institute of Environmental Resources Management (Instituto Amazônico de Manejo dos Recursos Ambientais – Iara) and the Mamirauá Civil Society (SCM). The fishery statistic system implemented by ProVárzea has been developed since 2001. It employed a multi-institutional approach to monitor – through a data collection system in the main markets – the unloading of fishery in 17 municipalities from the states of Amazonas and Pará, within the ProVárzea working area. The project directly contributes to the fishery management and system in the Amazon region, since the information on capture monitoring foster the enforcement of a proper policy to the fishery sustainable development, thus facilitating the decision-making process of the governmental bodies in charge of fishery management. The document pools data in five kinds of tables (species, fishing environment, fishing art, kind of vessel and average price in the first trading), represented by comparative graphs that complement a series of information on the fishery unloading at the municipalities monitored. Data was collected after the fishery unloading in each municipality, through structured interviews with proper questionnaires applied to the officers in charge of the vessels. In 2002 the total unloading in the 17 municipalities along the Amazonas and Solimões Rivers reaches little more than 40 thousand tons, of which 24,138 t (60.13%) is from the state of Amazonas, and 16,000 t (39.87%) from the state of Pará.

PV32


ProVárzea has supported institutions and projects that historically collect data on fish capture and effort, notably along the Amazonas River channel. In a systematized and consolidated way the study informs on the fishery production unloaded at the municipalities monitored by the Project, and assists discussions and definitions of political-administrative measures that facilitate the sustainable exploitation of fishery resources in the Brazilian Amazon Flooded Forest. However, gathering data on fishery production was a hard task, notably due to large distances and the complex

142 143

geography of the Amazon. Another outstanding point in that work was the huge proportion of artisanal fishing observed in the region. The following municipalities have directly participated in the report: Abaetetuba, Alenquer, Alvarães, Belém, Coari, Fonte Boa, Itacoatiara, Manacapuru, Manaus, Monte Alegre, óbidos, Oriximiná, Parintins, Prainha, Santarém, Tabatinga, and Tefé. Ando ProVárzea hired the services of institutions that were already monitoring the fishery unloading, like the Emílio Göeldi Museum of Pará (Museu Paraense Emílio Göeldi – MPEG), the Federal University of Amazonas (Ufam), the Amazon Institute of Environmental Resources Management (Instituto Amazônico de Manejo dos Recursos Ambientais – Iara) and the Mamirauá Civil Society (SCM).

PV33

MOTA, S. Q. C.; AQUINO, A. S.; RUFFINO, M. L. Censo Estatístico Comunitário – CEC nas Comunidades de Várzea da Área Piloto do ProVárzea no Município de Parintins-AM [Community Statistic Center (CEC) at the Flooded Forest Communities in the Pilot Pro-Várzea Pilot Area in the Municipality of Parintins – state of Amazonas] (Preliminary Report). Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2002. 136 p.

The Community Statistic Census at Flooded Forest communities in the pilot area of Parintings, state of Amazonas, was integral part of the ProVárzea Monitoring and Control component. Following were the main objectives: collect socio-economic data at Flooded Forest communities in Parintins; and, training local technicians and partner institutions. The ProVárzea project tried to fill in the knowledge gap found in the Flooded Forest region of Parintins, recommending measures of sustainable management and development. It visited 29 communities from eight Flooded Forest regions. The meetings with the communities were booked in such a way as to enable mobilizing everyone. Regarding socio-economic and organizational aspects of the Parintins Flooded Forest communities, it found that the region population is mostly composed by migrants from Pará, Maranhão, Ceará and other regions of Parintins. Some communities have been established over 100 years ago. The current structure of many communities results from the Catholic Church organization. The economic activities developed in the region are for livelihood and comprise fishing, agriculture, extractive activities, and small livestock farming. The report also discloses other data like housing, water, health, electric power and education.

Flooded Forests Natural Resources Management

PV34

VIDAL, M. D. (Org). Experiências de Manejo dos Recursos Naturais na Várzea Amazônica. [Experiences on the Amazonian Flooded Forests Natural Resources Management] Manaus Ibama/ ProVárzea, 2008. 64 p. (Documentos Técnicos, 5)

Despite the productive capacity and the natural resilience of the Flooded Forest areas, the occupation and use of soil and water resources in those areas are leading to the gradual degradation of that ecosystem. In order to change the scenario being outlined in the last decade, the Flooded Forests Natural Resources Management Project (Projeto Manejo dos Recursos Naturais da Várzea – ProVárzea/Ibama) has promoted, though it’s Component 2 – Promising Initiatives, the support to projects that could develop innovative natural resources management systems and which were potentially sustainable in the social, economic and environmental light. Moreover, the projects should be replicable not only in other areas of the Amazon Flooded Forest, but also in other regions of the country. The projects have developed actitivies in thirteen municipalities of the state of Amazonas, and five municipalities of the state of Pará, directly reaching about 9,750 persons. The supported project’s actions have fostered the implementation of many fishery agreements. The agreements were formalized through ten Normative Instructions issued by Ibama and outlined and/or re-issued influenced by the project’s actions. The fishery agreements have contributed to reducing conflicts between fishermen, since they participate directly in the formulation of management proposals aimed at meeting their own interests. Moreover, those agreements have played an important role in the development of fishing communities, besides contributing to decentralize the natural resources management procedures. That is to say that the process of intensifying management and local organizational development practices gave rise to a new model of shared natural resources management. Additionally to conserving fishery stock and fostering social mobilization, the supported projects have facilitated the dissemination of technologies developed through interchanges between fishermen from different communities and municipalities. The most comprehensive experiences have allowed the establishment of partnerships between root institutions and public bodies, facilitating the referral of the social, economic and environmental demands of the riparian populations.

CENSO ESTATÍSTICO

COMUNITÁRIO – CEC NAS

COMUNIDADES DE VÁRZEA

DA ÁREA PILOTO DO

PROVÁRZEA NO MUNICÍPIO

DE PARINTINS-AM

144 145

FORTALECIMENTO DO

CONSELHO MUNICIPAL

DE DESENVOLVIMENTO

RURAL SUSTENTÁVEL DE

PARINTINS

PV35

MITLEWSKI, B. Co-gestão na terra das águas: sistematização final do Projeto Manejo dos Recursos Naturais da Várzea - ProVárzea [Co-management in the waters land: final systematization of the Flooded Forests Natural Resources Management Project – ProVárzea/PPG7]. Manaus: Ibama/ Provárzea, GTZ, 2007. (CD-Rom)

The book starts by characterizing the environmental and social aspects of the Amazonas/Solimões system. It introduces the main problems that led to the ProVárzea implementation. The publication also details the planning stage and then reconstituted the Project’s execution and impacts. It ends by showing the systematization of information focusing on the perspectives to continue the actions started by the ProVárzea.

PV36

ANDRADE, P. C. M.(Org.). Criação e Manejo de Quelônios na Amazônia. [Farming and Managing Chelonian in the Amazon]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2007. 528 p.

The book discloses the results of studies carried out by the Federal University of Amazonas (Ufam) and Ibama with the chelonian farmers in the Amazon in the last ten years. It aims at serving as didactic and consultation material to producers and technicians willing to obtain compiled information on the techniques of farming and managing chelonian in the Amazon Flooded Forest areas.

PV37

AQUINO, A. (Org.). Fortalecimento do Conselho Municipal de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável de Parintins. [Strengthening the Municipal Sustainable Rural Development Council of Parintins]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2007. 88 p.

The book was elaborated with the participation of rural communities and governmental and non-governmental organizations from the rural sector of Partintis. Besides describing the experience of the Municipal Sustainable Rural Development Council of Parintins, the publication discloses the Council’s achievements, potentialities and limitations, and the contact network as well. Therefore, the book aims at subsidizing the experience expansion, and strengthen other municipal sustainable rural development councils.

PV38

VIDAL, M. D.; Souza, M. t. Iniciativas Promissoras: um Caminho para Sustentabilidade na Várzea Amazônica. [Promising Initiatives: a Way to Sustainability in the Amazon Flooded Forest]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2007. 46 p.

The publication was designed with the purpose of disseminating the main achievements, lessons learned and the economic, social and environmental impacts of 23 projects supported by the ProVárzea. The publication is oriented to technicians, decision-makers linked to projects and institutions that develop natural resources management activities in the Amazonian Flooded Forests.

PV39

COUTO, R. (Org.). Plano Municipal de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável de Nhamundá. [Municipal Sustainable Rural Development Plan of Nhamundá]. Manaus: Ibama/ProManejo, 2007. 528 p.

The book discloses the outputs achieved by the Municipal Sustainable Rural Development Council of Nhamundá in its path toward building a shared development project to the municipality. More than the designed plant, it shows the efforts by civil society representatives, family-based farmers, extractive workers, technicians from different institutions in the mediation, reflection and decision-making process to define a sustainable future. The strategy to effectively reaching that future is to foster the economic development grounded on social justice and solidarity-based relationships.

PV40

FLOODED FORESTS NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROJECT - PROVÁRZEA Workshop: geotecnologias aplicadas às áreas de várzea da Amazônia. [Worshop: geotechnologies applied to the Amazonian Flooded Forest areas] Manaus Ibama, 2007. 104 p.

The Geographic Information System to the Flooded Forest is part of the ProVárzea component on monitoring and control. It is in charge of storing and analyzing data capable of subsidizing the Flooded Forest natural resources management process. The use of geotechnology to generate data allows designing maps that are crucial to the zoning and categorization of lakes, providing inputs to the discussion on and elaboration of fishery agreements, por example. The book introduces 15 cases of use of that technology, lay the modeling of ProVárzea geographic information system;

146 147

the project Atlas; the use of a geographic information system and fishery statistics bank to monitor fishing in the Amazon; and, the hydrological monitoring of critical events: flow and low-waters in the Western Amazon.

PV41

PETRERE JÚNIOR, M. (Coord.). O Setor Pesqueiro na Amazônia: situação atual e tendências. [Fishery Sector in the Amazon: current situation and tendencies]. 2 ed. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2007. 122 p.

The publication develops a socio-economic characterization of the fishery activity, the fishery trading structure at the Solimões/Amazonas channel, and the fishery industry in the Amazon. It surveys the exploitation of stocks of curimatão, jaraqui, surubim and tambaqui fish, through a critical analysis on the enforceability of the fishery-related legislation. It also analyzes the public policies oriented to enable fishing. The book is composed of five chapters. Its general purpose is to analyze the socio-economic development tendencies in the Brazilian Amazon fishery sector to provide subsidies to the design of public policies proposals.

PV42

FLOODED FORESTS NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROJECT - PROVÁRZEA Conferência Internacional – Manaus (4-7/dez. 2006) – Conservação e desenvolvimento na Várzea: aprendendo com o passado, construindo o futuro – relatório final. [International Conference – Manaus (Dec 4-7 2006) – Conservation and Development in the Flooded Forest: learning from the past, building the future – final report. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2007. 50 p.

The book gathers the main findings and proposals on the topics presented, discussed and systematized during the International Conference on Conservation and Development in the Flooded Forest: Learning from the Past, Building the Future”, held in Manaus in December 2006. The Conference aimed at assessing and discussing the progress achieved regarding the knowledge about biodiversity conservation projects and Flooded Forest development one decade after the conference held in Macapá in December 1994. The document also discloses the proposals ensuing from the Conference which should now compose a new agenda of recommendations on surveys and public policies to the Flooded Forest areas at the Solimões and Amazonas Rivers.

PV43

COSTA, F. de A. A Agropecuária na Economia de Várzea da Amazônia: os desafios do desenvolvimento sustentável. [Agriculture and livestock in the Amazonian Flooded Forest Economics: challengs to the sustainable development]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2006. 202 p.

The publication discloses the diagnosis and analysis of productive processes in the agricultural sector at the Solimões/Amazonas River Flooded Forest, showing the main social and economic players. It analyzes the public policies and incentives to the agricultural and livestock sector in the region, forecasting the tendencies of different economic systems in the Flooded Forest, thus outlining potential scenarios of resources use in the forthcoming years. In part I, the book presents the Flooded Forest’s human occupation background, its current use, agriculture and dynamic macroeconomics of the Flooded Forest, as well as the rural production status. Part II approaches the region-oriented public policies, and the Flooded Forest economic tendencies and perspectives, as well. In the conclusion, the work summarizes the outputs and drafts the strategic needs to the region’s development, besides making recommendations to subsidize public policies focusing on local development.

PV44

ALMEIRA, O. T. de. A Indústria Pesqueira na Amazônia. [Fishery Industry in the Amazon] Manaus Ibama/ ProVárzea, 2006. 110 p. (Coleção Estudos Estratégicos)

The publication introduces the Amazonian fishery industry diagnosis, with information about the market and products. The work ensues from a secondary data survey and interviews with 20 freezer warehouses in the states of Amazonas and Pará. The authors analyze the introduction of new products and species in the market, as well as the associated tendencies, and conclude by characterizing the existing and potential labor force. The text concludes that despite the good market perspectives, natural resources management plays an increasingly important role to the fishery stocks sustainability. It has also assessed the sector economy. In brief, there are signs that investments should be related and/or depend on the management of good fishery resources management practices. By the end, the authors make some recommendations on the sector sustainability, since the main problems are related to the reduced abundance of fishery resources.

148 149

PV45

RUFFINO, M. L. Gestão do uso dos recursos pesqueiros na Amazônia. [Fishery resources use management in the Amazon] Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2005. 120 p.

The book approaches fishery development in the Amazon, approaching historical fishing conflicts, the fish crisis, overexploitation of fishery stocks, besides showing ways to solve the conflicts. It brings water resources management elements, focusing on community-based management, lakes reserve model, and the mediated agreements between social players. It also approaches the risks of amateur fishing. It explains what means fishery system, how it should be done, required strategies, players and organizations. The command and control mechanisms and participatory management, with fishery agreements, are presented as part of the fishery systematization process. In general, the publication brings a set of information crucial to maintain open, lucid and responsible links between the public power and the society that uses the fishery resources. Altogether, the book facilitates understanding the elements that make up the participatory management process, conflict mediation, fishery agreement and control mechanisms.

PV46

COUTO, R. (Org.). Plano Municipal de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável: Parintins - Amazonas, 2005-2012. [Municipal Sustainable Rural Development Plan: Parintins – Amazonas, 2005 - 2012]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2005. 174 p.

The local development perspective considers the municipal and micro-regional spaces as different and heterogeneous spaces, with a wide diversity of players and interests and particularities that characterize local identities. This fact is determinant to actions and strategies that place priority to participation and shared management models. This concept has expanded along time and has been strengthened by the establishment of governmental public policies, standing for a change on the focus and practices of different national and international projects. The Municipal Rural Development Council has outlined the Sustainable Rural Development Plan of Parintins was built anchored in those concepts. The study on the social, economic and environmental reality was developed using the Participatory Quick Diagnosis (DRP) methodology that places priority on qualitative data obtained directly from local development agents, in a quick and low-cost way. The diagnosis gave rise to workshops with the communitie’s representatives and municipal, state and federal government’s technicians to build a vision of future and outline strategies to development.

PV47

COUTO, R. (Org.). Plano Municipal de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável: Parintins - Amazonas, 2005-2012. [Municipal Sustainable Rural Development Plan: Parintins – Amazonas, 2005 - 2012]. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2005. 174 p.

The local development perspective considers the municipal and micro-regional spaces as different and heterogeneous spaces, with a wide diversity of players and interests and particularities that characterize local identities. This fact is determinant to actions and strategies that place priority to participation and shared management models. This concept has expanded along time and has been strengthened by the establishment of governmental public policies, standing for a change on the focus and practices of different national and international projects. The Municipal Rural Development Council has outlined the Sustainable Rural Development Plan of Parintins was built anchored in those concepts. The study on the social, economic and environmental reality was developed using the Participatory Quick Diagnosis (DRP) methodology that places priority on qualitative data obtained directly from local development agents, in a quick and low-cost way. The diagnosis gave rise to workshops with the communitie’s representatives and municipal, state and federal government’s technicians to build a vision of future and outline strategies to development.

PV48

BENATTI, J. H. et. al. A questão fundiária e o manejo dos recursos naturais da várzea: análise para a elaboração de novos modelos jurídicos. [Land issue and the Flooded Forest natural resources management: analysis to outline new legal frameworks]. Manaus Ibama/ ProVárzea, 2005. 104 p. (Coleção Documentos Técnicos Estudos Estratégicos)

The social and economic use of Flooded Forest areas which are periodically flooded is a complex issue under the legal light. The rules on appropriation and use of natural resources in those areas are not standardized in the Brazilian legislation. The work analyzes reference legal aspects to the Flooded Forest regarding issues of ownership, concept and legal nature of Flooded Forest. It identifies the different types of land appropriation and the implication on the use of renewable natural resources from the Amazonian Flooded Forest in rural properties. It also addressed a proposal on land legalization and renewable natural resources management to the Flooded Forest, to provide inputs to public policies that facilitate overcoming the existing social, legal and environmental disputes. The works are presented in different chapter by author: 1) legal study to the Amazonian Flooded Forest; 2) Land situation of the Amazonas River Flooded Forest and experiences on land regulation in the states of Pará and Amazonas; 3)

150 151

This work aims at diagnosing and analyzing the productive processes in cattle farming sector at the Amazonas/Solimões Rivers Flooded Forest, anticipating the tendencies to different economic systems in the Flooded Forest. Because of the large geographic extension of ProVárzea, it decided to use secondary data to perform the statistical analysis of economy and agrarian units in 46 Flooded Forest municipalities. To characterize the conformation and dynamic of interactions between economic agents, and the qualitative analysis on productive processes in the cattle farming sector, it employed primary data gathered by the Development Agency (Agência de Desenvolvimento – ADA) in cooperation with the High Amazonian Studies Center (Núcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos – ANAEA) on the chain of 36 products. The Flooded Forest occupation background and differentiation between rural production agents, as well as the production ways, are part of different axes of the cattle farming analyses within the context of the Amazonian Flooded Forest’s economics.

PV51

BENATTI, J. H. Aspectos políticos e fundiários da utilização social, econômica e ambiental da várzea: análise para elaboração de modelos de gestão. [Political and land-related aspects of social, economic and environmental use of the Flooded Forest: analysis to outline management models]. Manaus Ibama, 2004. 49 p.

The study targets to establish the technical and scientific grounds to formulate public policies to conserve and manage the Amazonian Flooded Forest natural resources, emphasizing the fishery resources. The analyses aimed at developing innovative Flooded Forest natural resources management systems, and implementing an intergrated pilot system of monitoring and control. The final output of the document intends to outline proposals on land legalization and renewable natural resources management. Three works are analyzed in an integrated way to reach the expected outputs of the study. The first two ones address different appropriations, land uses and implications on the renewable resources management. The third work has researched the concept, ownership, legal nature and definition of administrative and legal competencies among the Federal Government, the State and Municipality as regards the use and management of Flooded Forest natural resources. Among the work conclusions, one could highlight, for examples, that the land legalization process should consider some basic assumptions like ecological integrity of the Flooded Forest environments and different agriculture and forestry management patterns.

Identification and analysis of different kinds of land appropriations and consequent implications to the use of renewable natural resources of the Amazonian Flooded Forest in rural properties in the region of Gurupá (Pará); Legal and land-related aspects of the Flooded Forest: a proposal on legalization and natural resources management.

PV49

BENATTI, J. H. et. al. A questão fundiária e o manejo dos recursos naturais da várzea: análise para a elaboração de novos modelos jurídicos. [Land issue and the Flooded Forest natural resources management: analysis to outline new legal frameworks]. Manaus Ibama/ ProVárzea, 2005. 104 p. (Coleção Documentos Técnicos Estudos Estratégicos)

The social and economic use of Flooded Forest areas which are periodically flooded is a complex issue under the legal light. The rules on appropriation and use of natural resources in those areas are not standardized in the Brazilian legislation. The work analyzes reference legal aspects to the Flooded Forest regarding issues of ownership, concept and legal nature of Flooded Forest. It identifies the different types of land appropriation and the implication on the use of renewable natural resources from the Amazonian Flooded Forest in rural properties. It also addressed a proposal on land legalization and renewable natural resources management to the Flooded Forest, to provide inputs to public policies that facilitate overcoming the existing social, legal and environmental disputes. The works are presented in different chapter by author: 1) legal study to the Amazonian Flooded Forest; 2) Land situation of the Amazonas River Flooded Forest and experiences on land regulation in the states of Pará and Amazonas; 3) Identification and analysis of different kinds of land appropriations and consequent implications to the use of renewable natural resources of the Amazonian Flooded Forest in rural properties in the region of Gurupá (Pará); Legal and land-related aspects of the Flooded Forest: a proposal on legalization and natural resources management.

PV50

COSTA, F. de A.; INHETVIN, T. A agropecuária na economia de várzea do rio Solimões/Amazonas: diagnósticos e perspectivas. [Agriculture and livestock in the Solimões/Amazonas Rivers Flooded Forest: diagnoses and perspectives]. Ibama/ProManejo, 2005. 330 p.

Through its Component 1: Strategic Studies, the ProVárzea Project supports the generation of strategic knowledge about human activities of natural resources use and management at the Amazonian Flooded Forest, in an attempt to influence public policies on the region’s sustainable development.

ASPECTOS POLÍTICOS

E FUNDIÁRIOS DA

UTILIZAÇÃO SOCIAL,

ECONÔMICA E

AMBIENTAL DA VÁRZEA

152 153

in Santarém. Moreover, the text analyzes two specific organizations: the Iara Project that worked in the region of Santarém from 1990 to 1998, and the Amazon Environmental Research Institute (Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia – Ipam) which has been working in Santarém since 1992. The second part analyzes the experience of three Regional Fishery Councils in the regions of Ituqui, Maicá and Lago Grande do Curuai – all of which in Santarém. The Fishery Councils synthesize the lessons learned from this process, and the social consolidation of co-management in Santarém. The third part, in turn, addresses the strategic conceptual lines to approach the Flooded Forest natural resources co-management, proposed by ProVárzea.

PV54

ISAAC, V. J.; CERDEIRA, R. G. P. Avaliação e monitoramento de impactos dos acordos de pesca: região do Médio Amazonas. [Assessment and monitoring of fishery agreement impacts: Medium Amazonas region]. Manaus Ibama/ ProVárzea, 2004. 64 p. (Série Documentos Técnicos, 3)

The work analyzes the impacts ensuing from fishery agreements in the municipality of Santarém, regions of Maicá and Ituqui. The establishment of “lake reserves” and “fishery agreements” by the riparian communities to rule fishing activities and restrict captures in the Amazon can be considered to be the most interesting expressions of fishery management in the last years in Brazil. Among the main medium and short time impacts of fishery agreements, the communitie’s strengthening and enhanced social and institutional organization of the region are outstanding. The establishment of Regional Fishing Councils as bodies to mediate conflicts can be considered to be one of the main positive effects ensuing from the process. Some negative impacts on fishermen’s profitability and the region’s revenue and total production were also observed. That socio-economic cost of the environmental preservation should be compensated by programs on income diversification, and added value to fishery products. Although promising, the management systems recommended by the Flooded Forest communities at the Medium Amazonas Rivers still face issues that are yet to be responded. For the short time since its implementation, poor efficiency and lack of continuity to monitoring, one cannot affirm if in practice the restriction to fishing art, area, time of the year, etc., it’s enough to efficiently manage resources and achieve the intended environmental sustainability. However, if agreements keep on properly working and being monitored to ensure compliance, one can expect long term positive impacts on environment ensuing from the reduced effort on stocks.

PV52

LIMA, D. et. al. Diversidade sócio-ambiental nas várzeas dos Rios Solimões e Amazonas: perspectivas para o desenvolvimento sustentável. [Socio-environmental diversity at the Solimões and Amazonas Rivers Flooded Forests: perspectives to sustainable development]. Manaus Ibama, 2004. 16 p.

The study was developed in five Flooded Forest regions of the Amazon basin central basin, comprising 17 muncipalities: Upper Solimões (municipalities of Tabatinga, Benjamin Constant, São Paulo de Olivença and Amaturá), Medium Solimões (municipalities of Tefé, Alvarães and Coari), Medium Amazonas (Silves, Parintins, Maués and Itacoatiara), Lower Amazonas (Alenquer, óbidos and Santarém) and Lower Amazonas, mouth region (Gurupá, Porto de Moz and Almeirim). The areas were selected based on the existence of promising initiatives supported by the ProVárzea. Another study was carried out simultaneously – an analysis on public policies in the Amazon focusing on the promotion of sustainable development to the Flooded Forest populations. The first study was detailed in three parties: I. General characterization of the study region, II. General characterization of rural settlements and domiciles; and, III. Organization of five local workshops. The parallel survey analyzed the interface between public policies and the Flooded Forest population, notably regarding the fishery legal system and ownership at the Flooded Forest, and the popular expectations on participation, equity, social inclusion and poverty eradication. Following were the main outputs and findings of the study: I. Socio-environmental diversity; II. Shared issues – it observed the conditioning to a social calendar based on the river waters level; III. Perspectives to the Flooded Forests sustainable development.

PV53

AZEVEDO, C. R. de; APEL, M. Co-gestão: um processo em construção na várzea amazônica. [Co-management: a process underway in the Amazon Flooded Forest]. Manaus Ibama/ ProVárzea, 2004. 100 p. (Série Documentos Técnicos, 4)

This work aims at systematizing a process of constructing co-management in a specific region of the Brazilian Amazon: the Amazonas/Solimões Rivers Flooded Forest. The text is divided into three parties: The first one contextualizes the region and the social organization process developed in the last four decades, trying to analyze the influence of different social players, notably the work developed by the Catholic Church in the Movement of Basic Education (Movimento de Educação de Base – MEB) and the Federation of Social and Educational Assistance Bodies (Federação dos órgãos de Assistência Social e Educacional – Fase), as well as the fishermen’s movement to win back the Z-20 Fishermen Colony

DIVERSIDADE

SóCIO-AMBIENTAL

NAS VÁRZEAS DOS

RIOS SOLIMõES E

AMAZONAS

154 155

PV55

PEREIRA, H. S. Iniciativas de co-gestão dos recursos naturais da várzea: Estado do Amazonas. [Initatives on Flooded Forest natural resources co-management: state of Amazonas] Manaus Ibama/ ProVárzea, 2004. 130 p. (Série Documentos Técnicos, 2)

The book is based on a study on three root organizations: the Environmental Preservation Group (Grupo de Preservação Ambiental - GPD), the Silves Association to Environmental and Cultural Preservation (Associação de Silves para Preservação Ambiental e Cultural - Aspac) and the Live Nature Environmental Group (Grupo Ambiental Natureza Viva - Granav) which develope co-management activities in Tefé/Amazonas, Silves/Amazonas and Parintins/Amazonas, respectively. The publication is divided into four chapters. The first one carries out a theoretical analysis on the topic, disclosing empirical and practical examples registered in the three case studies from each institution. The next three chapters bring reports transcribe from interview with core social actors of the path of those local environmental groups, additionally to explanatory comments associated to the documental references. The reports on local experiences of decentralization of management of collective use resources depict the difficulties, progresses and steps backward that civil society, local groups and governments have experienced in different political contexts, attempting to implement local schedules of natural resources decentralized management.

PV56

SANTOS, M. Iniciativas de desenvolvimento das comunidades da várzea do rio Amazonas/Solimões. [Initiatives to development the Amazonas/Solimões Rivers Flooded Forest communities] Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 28 p.

The publication aims at disseminating how the local community perceives the Flooded Forest, while publicizing the actions developed and supported by ProVárzea. The analysis on initiatives implemented by civil society and that generate economic alternatives employed the Sustainable Livelihood (Meios de Vida Sustentáveis – MVS) methodology. It works like a way of thinking on the objectives, opportunities and priorities to development, with the goal of abolishing poverty. It also enables better understanding about the existing resources in the Flooded Forest, and the local population’s survival strategy. It interviewed community leaders, presidents of civil society organizations, researchers, the ProVárzea’s, Ibama’s and Ministry of Environment’s team. The respondent pointed out an actual institutional strengthening of public organizations and the civil society toward achieving more sustainable development, as a result of

the mobilization process carried out at the Amazonas/Solimões Rivers channel. Some areas have already shown impacts on the people’s life quality, like improved eating habits and family income, notably through the sustainable organization of production means. The implementation of projects that enable leadership capacity-building, rood organizations mobilization, fishery agreement and training to Volunteer Environmental Agents is being strengthened. This can be considered the first step toward approximating governmental bodies and the community. In this area, the most evident impact was people’s empowerment and the optimization of ecotourism, fishing, environmental education, lakes management, vegetal and animal species management activities.

PV57

SANTOS, M. Initiatives in sustainable development in Amazon River communities. Manaus Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 28 p.

The publication aims at disseminating how the local community perceives the Flooded Forest, while publicizing the actions developed and supported by ProVárzea. The analysis on initiatives implemented by civil society and that generate economic alternatives employed the Sustainable Livelihood (Meios de Vida Sustentáveis – MVS) methodology. It works like a way of thinking on the objectives, opportunities and priorities to development, with the goal of abolishing poverty. It also enables better understanding about the existing resources in the Flooded Forest, and the local population’s survival strategy. It interviewed community leaders, presidents of civil society organizations, researchers, the ProVárzea’s, Ibama’s and Ministry of Environment’s team. The respondent pointed out an actual institutional strengthening of public organizations and the civil society toward achieving more sustainable development, as a result of the mobilization process carried out at the Amazonas/Solimões Rivers channel. Some areas have already shown impacts on the people’s life quality, like improved eating habits and family income, notably through the sustainable organization of production means. The implementation of projects that enable leadership capacity-building, rood organizations mobilization, fishery agreement and training to Volunteer Environmental Agents is being strengthened. This can be considered the first step toward approximating governmental bodies and the community. In this area, the most evident impact was people’s empowerment and the optimization of ecotourism, fishing, environmental education, lakes management, vegetal and animal species management activities.

156 157

PV58

OVIEDO, A.; RUFFINO, M. L. Addressing common demands of community fisheries in the Brazilian Amazon. In: The Second International Symposium on the Management of Large Rivers for Fisheries: Sustaining Livelihoods and Biodiversity in the New Millennium. Phnon Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia: Feb 2002. 11 p.

This article approaches fishery issues in the Amazon, in an attempt to record the local communitie’s co-management-oriented efforts, presenting proposals to subsidize the public policies focused on the region. The proposal to gather fishermen from different Amazonian regions and promote exchange of experiences on communitie’s management, to assess and updated the situation observing the main problems, lessons learned and needs, would enable the development of actions to reinforce and consolidate the management practice adopted by traditional populations. The applied management failed in solving the existing problems, not only because of the way it was executed but, above all, because of the problems of proximity to the community since the Federal Government was in charge of all aspects, from elaboration to execution, including the establishment of regulatory objectives and legislations on fish population preservation. The main surveys carried out among fishermen reveal that local communities are better equipped to face internal problems and adjust to the fishery technologies, than to deal with external problems. That is so because of the local institutional capacity in communicating and accessing information. Therefore, the reports on the community management initiative have shown that fishery could decline as consequence of the institutional and environmental changes pace, or of the internalization of problems. Nonetheless, it trusts the communitie’s capacity of efficiently responding to environmental or institutional changes, notably through the established of NGOs dealing with local situation.

PV59

RUFFINO, M. L. Participatory management of fisheries in the Brazilian Amazon. In: The Second International Symposium on the Management of Large Rivers for Fisheries: Sustaining Livelihoods and Biodiversity in the New Millennium. Phnon Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia: Feb 2002. 11 p.

The Iara Project is a fruit of the cooperation between Ibama and the GTZ, and aimed at developing environmental management strategies capable of ensuring the sustainable use of Flooded Forest natural resources. In principle, it adopted the participatory approximation methodology, integrating the target groups of the fishery management system, fishermen and riparian populations, as well as institutions’ dealing with fishery, considering that sustainability is not achieved through decree; instead, it should be adopted

when all the stakeholders are familiar to the measures to be adopted. The results show that the new management model carried out by Ibama – as a product of Iara Project – succeeded in developing the participatory co-management dynamic among local organizations. For that, it has fostered meetings between small fishermen of different municipalities in an attempt to fine solutions that are more responsive to all.

PV60

RUFFINO, M. L. ProVárzea – A natural resource management project for the Amazon floodplains. In: The Second International Symposium on the Management of Large Rivers for Fisheries: Sustaining Livelihoods and Biodiversity in the New Millennium. Phnon Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia: Feb 2002. 11 p.

The issue of land ownership in the Amazon is complex, considering that the Brazilian legislation places Flooded Forests as permanent preservation areas that, therefore, are free of human occupation or economic activities. However, the population living along the Amazonas and Solimões Rivers cannot be displaced. Apparently, the solution to this problem is the development of sustainable system of the Flooded Forest natural resources. For that, a specific project was developed as part of the Pilot Program for the Conservation of Brazilian Rainforests: the Flooded Forests Natural Resources Management Project (ProVárzea). An initiative formulated in a very participatory way, involving consultations held for many years with all the interested groups, mainly aimed at promoting means to conserve the Flooded Forest and emphasizing the fishery resources. ProVárzea has successfully influenced the formulation of public policies, by disseminating the action among volunteer environmental agents, and which Ibama adopted as national pattern. The program should keep on promoting initiatives, fostering work groups and exchange of experiences to serve as example in the attempt to efficiently influence other public policies to the Flooded Forest sustainable development.

PV61

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Iº Encontro "Rumo à Co-Gestão dos Recursos Naturais em Santarém, PA: Relatório de Trabalho. [1st Meeting “Toward Natural Resources Co-Management in Santarém, Pará: Work Report]. Alter do Chão: Ibama/ProManejo, 2002. 24 p.

On March 16, 2002, at the Belo Alter Hotel, ProVárzea and the Ibama Executive Management in Santarém promoted a meeting among institution dealing with the environmental issue in Santarém (state of Pará) to “seek an

A NATURAL RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT PROJECT

FOR THE AMAZON

FLOODPLAINS

ADDRESSING

COMMON DEMANDS

OF COMMUNITY

FISHERIES IN THE

BRAZILIAN AMAZON

PARTICIPATORY

MANAGEMENT OF

FISHERIES IN THE

BRAZILIAN AMAZON

158 159

integrated action among different institutions regarding inspection actions in the municipality”. Following were the specific objectives of the event: 1) get to know the competences, attributions, experiences, procedures, tools and difficulties faced by the institutions in charge of environmental preservation and natural resources control at federal, state and municipal levels; 2) outline recommendations and suggestions to implement a co-management natural resources system in the municipality of Santarém. The practical exercise addressed a case study that simulated a situation of fishery conflict, community-based inspection and material seizure. The participants were divided in three groups, and answered many questions on topics like, for example, institutional competences, Volunteer Environmental Agents, and users of resources. Despite the divergences in the responses – which have fostered even more the discussions – the participants achieved consensual definitions. Another stage of the dynamic is the elaboration of a script of strategies to solve the case presented.

PV62

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Desdobramentos do Iº Encontro "Rumo à Co-Gestão dos Recursos Naturais em Santarém, PA": relatório de atividades. [Unfolding of the 1st Meeting “Towards Natural Resources Co-Management in Santarém, Pará: Activities Report] Belém: Ibama/ProManejo, 2002. 29 p.

The document presents a series of events resulting from the 1st Meeting Toward Natural Resources Co-Management in the Municipality of Santarém (Pará) held in Alter do Chão – Pará, on March 16, 2002. Each event is summarized, disclosing the main points discussed, outputs and conclusions achieved with the current players. Following are the related events: Meeting between ProVárzea and PGAI-PA (Belém, March 26, 2002); Course on Control and Inspection (Santarém, June 10 to 21 2002); 1st Meeting on the Implementation of the Integrated Unit of Environmental Policing in Santarém (Santarém, July 02, 2002); 2nd Meeting on the Implementation of Integrated Unit of Environmental Policing in Santarém (Unipoma) (Santarém, July 16, 2002); 3rd Meeting on the Unipoma Implementation (Santarém, July 23, 2002); 4th Meeting on the Unipoma Implementation (Santarém, August 05, 2002); 5th Meeting on the Unipoma Implementation (Santarém, August 20, 2002); 1st Unipoma Inspection Action – Report (August 19 to 24, 2002).

PV63

IBAMA. Projeto Manejo dos Recursos Naturais da Várzea- ProVárzea: conceitos e estratégias. [Flooded Forest Natural Resources Management Project – ProVárzea: concepts and strategies]. Manaus Ibama, 2001.

This publication discloses the ProVárzea objectives. It brings definitions on Flooded Forest, project costs, roles and responsibilities, additionally to analyzing the implementation risks. It itemizes the four components of the project: 1) strategic studies; 2) promising initiatives; 3) monitoring and control; and, 4) project coordinator. In the annexes the publication presents the project logical framework; detailed description; execution schedule; institutional analysis; participation in the project elaboration; integration with other PPG7 projects; and, project reports and documents.

PV64

IBAMA. Projeto Manejo dos Recursos Naturais da Várzea- ProVárzea: grupos de interesse e atores da várzea amazônica. [Flooded Forest Natural Resources Management Project – ProVárzea: stakeholders and players in the Amazonian Flooded Forest]. Manaus Ibama, 2001.

The publication addresses the survey on stakeholders and actors in the Amazonian Flooded Forest region, analyzing their activities with emphasis on their influence on the process of establishing policies on the Flooded Forest use. The survey served to adjust the specific objectives and expected outputs of the ProVárzea Strategic Studies component. Considering the key importance of the institutional integration to ensure successful implementation and sustainability to ProVárzea, countless governmental institutions and stakeholders in the Flooded Forest were identified and contacted, identifying their activities. Among the institutions tracked, there are rural farmers associations, research institutions, great projects in the region, federal and state institutions, financing agents and private sector groups. The information was surveyed in March 1999. The publication serves as guidance tool on the institutional characteristics of the organizations and different stakeholders, and their activities pursuing the region development.

160 161

PV65

IBAMA. PROVÁRZEA. Regularização fundiária na várzea: uma proposta de política pública para as várzeas dos rios Solimões/Amazonas. [PROVÁRZEA. Land legalization in the Flooded Forest: a proposal on publication policy to Solimões/Amazonas Rivers Flooded Forests]. Manaus Ibama, 2005. (Notas Política Pública, 1)

This note addresses the basis of a proposal on land legalization to the Flooded Forest in Solimões/Amazonas Rivers, as a model to be tested and further applied to the remainder Flooded Forests in the Brazilian Amazon. It approaches some basic issues like: “What is a Flooded Forest?”; “Is the Flooded Forest a Permanent Preservation Area?” synthesizing some Brazilian legislations on the topic, “Human Settlements and land use”; “Uses of resources”; “Who is competent to rule the Flooded Forest” and, concluding “A regulation proposal”. The last item introduces the basic assumptions to be considered during the land legalization process, additionally to the steps to be taken to mobilize all the stakeholders.

PV66

RUFFINO, M. L. Experiência, lições e desafios da co-gestão no município de Santarém/PA. [Co-management experiences, lessons and challenges in the municipality of Santarém/Pará]. [S.l.: s.n.], [s.d]. 9 p.

The article approaches the emerging local development that is becoming quite noticeable in the Brazilian context, focusing on social players, management practices and debates. However, it considers that Brazil is still in an embryonic stage in this matter. Jointly with the experiences reported during the Improvement Course on Water Participatory Management, promoted by the International Education Institute of Brazil (Instituto Internacional de Educação do Brasil – IIEB), the study aims at recording and displaying some new experiences that could be considered to be potential transformers and fosterers of new links But, above all, that could serve as examples to adjust the new ways of assembling the Basin Committees to comply with the National Water Resources Policy. The author also emphasizes that the experiences recorded ensue from works on mobilization and strengthening of local communities toward formulating more comprehensive references called Integrated and Sustainable Local Development (Desenvolvimento Local Integrado e Sustentável – DLIS).

Regional Profile

PV67

ALBUQUERQUE. E.; ALBUQUERQUE, F.; LINS, F. O Homem em sintonia com a natureza. [Men in tune with nature] Manaus Ibama/ ProVárzea, 2005. 80 p. (Coleção Retrato Regional)

The Regional Profile Collection (Coleção Retrato Regional) attempts to recover and register the five resources used by the sustained livelihood means approach adopted by ProVárzea: human resources, social and political resources, physical resources, financial resources and natural resources. This publication shows examples of the sustained livelihood means approach that recovers the skills and knowledge of the riparian populations in the Paraná de Parintins region. * The histories of Paraná Parintins communities are told in the light of local leaderships, disclosing different life experiences marked by the effort to overcome different daily difficulties, notably the conflicts ensuing from the fishery activity expansion The work stands for the visualization of the communities’ capacity through solidarity-based ties, and the process for reaffirming their socio-cultural identities, valuating the ancient culture and encouraging youths toward environmental preservation to the generations to come.

PV68

GALUCIO, M. D. R. Amazônia: pescadores contam histórias. [Amazon: fishermen tell stories]. Manaus: Ibama/ ProVárzea, 2005. 132 p. (Coleção Retrato Regional)

This publication registers and describes the Amazonian popular culture and knowledge: the legends, geography, landscapes, biodiversity, practices and livelihoods of people living on the Flooded Forest. Dorenilce Galúcio is a fisherwoman in the Lower Amazonas River and Pará’s West region. The fishermen and fisherwomen stories that she collected and organized show different popular languages, disclosing how the Portuguese language is fragmented by dialects. However, talking about fishermen and fisherwomen in Santarém means talking about the Z-20 Fishermen Colony - an entity that has long supported the fights and achievements of that category. The sequence of testimonials organized by the author makes up a panorama of the history of the everyday of the fishermen’s families whose beliefs, dreams, deceptions and hopes are reproduced in the relation with space and time that characterize the Flooded Forest areas. The book stands for a valuable contribute to reaffirm those citizens as subjects in the constructing of their own history, highlighting their social experiences and the close relation with environment.

EXPERIêNCIA,

LIÇõES E DESAFIOS

DA CO-GESTÃO

NO MUNICÍPIO DE

SANTARÉM/PA

162 163

PV69

CAVALCANTE, J. Histórias de uma vida dedicada à preservação da natureza. [Stories of a life devoted to nature preservation]. Manaus: Ibama/ ProVárzea, 2004. 76 p. (Coleção Retrato Regional)

The publication pays homage to a leader of the Medium Solimões region which strongly influenced and participated in the social organization of riparian communities as a factor that fosters changes, recovers citizenship in the fight for conserving natural resources, and in the defense of traditional populations. The innovative aspect of this historical documentation is that besides being a leader, João Cavalcante is also a popular poet and tells the nature preservation storie in verse and prose. The author devoted his life to small-scale fishery and family-based agriculture, always fighting for environmental preservation and education. The publication “Histórias de Uma Vida Dedicada à Preservação da Natureza” paid homage to João Cavalcante who has seeded lots of environmental values in the traditional communities at the Solimões River Flooded Forest. To the Project, the publication stood for an opportunity to disseminate the ethical principles of nature preservation based on one of the baseline communities of the Preservation and Development Group (Grupo de Preservação e Desenvolvimento - GPD).

Forestry Sector

PV70

MACEDO, D. S. (Coord.). Setor florestal: valorização, manejo, uso e conservação dos recursos naturais da várzea. Subestudo II – Caracterização da produção, comercialização e o potencial da certificação de madeira nas florestas de várzea (Relatório Complementar). [Forestry Sector: valuation, management, use and conservation of the Flooded Forest natural resources. Sub-study II – Characterization of the production, trading and the potential timber certification in the Flooded Forest forests (Complementary Report). Manaus: Ibama/ ProVárzea, MPEG, 2005. 51 p.

This publication ensues from a study carried out in two regions: the Amazonian estuary, notably the municipalities of Breves, Afuá, Portel and Gurupá, which are traditional Flooded Forest timber extraction pools; and the region of Belém that gathers the main export corporations. The second region is composed by Tefé and Juruá at the Medium and Upper Solimões River. Moreover, it collected data in the municipality of Manaus. Among the main findings of the study, those evidencing that the Flooded Forest forests generally report total timber volumes lower than those of dry land forests, and the seasonal timber exploitation mainly during the rainy season should be highlighted.

Another relevant finding is the ascending curve of timber logs production, with good perspectives of having this activity consolidated in the State of Amazonas. Other relevant findings refer to the production characterization, trading structure and potential timber certification. The study also presents some recommendations to improve public policies in that sector.

PV71

SALOMÃO, R. P. (Coord.). Setor florestal: valorização, manejo, uso e conservação dos recursos naturais da várzea. Subestudo I – Manejo florestal na várzea: caracterização, restrições e oportunidades para a sua adoção (Relatório Final). [Forestry Sector: valuation, management, use and conservation of Flooded Forest natural resources. Sub-study I – Forestry management in the Flooded Forest: characterization, restrictions and opportunities for adoption (Final Report). Belém: Ibama/ ProVárzea, MPEG, FADESP, 2004. 159 p.

The Emílio Göeldi Museum of Pará’s Research Unit was appointed executing agency to the ProVárzea project. This technical report is one of the outputs generated by Sub-project I, Forestry Management in the Flooded Forest – characterization, restrictions and opportunity for adopting it, to characterize the experiences related to Flooded Forest forestry management regarding the intensity, productivity, logging system, ecological impacts reduction, maintenance of timber stocks and forestry treatments, besides identifying and analyzing the economic, technical, land-related and institutional factors that hinder the economic and social agents from adopting the Flooded Forest forests management. The data and information presented were extracted from information obtained through written and recorded interviews, specialized literature and Internet search. The preliminary data analysis let us conclude that entrepreneurs perceive that the main benefit ensuing from forestry management is the forest timber production sustainability. But they are strongly concerned about the slowness to approve the forestry management plans, since the foreign and domestic markets seem to be interested in certification. Regarding the professionals, it clearly shows that most of them were not employed by the firms, but hired as consultant to outline the management plans and, therefore, have failed in complying with the good management practices.

PV72

ALMEIDA, S. S. de (Coord.). Setor florestal: valorização, manejo, uso e conservação dos recursos naturais da várzea. Subestudo III – Avaliação da situação das espécies de árvores de valor madeireiro nas florestas de várzea (Relatório Final). [Forestry Sector: valuation, management, use and conservation of the Flooded Forest natural resources. Sub-study III – Assessment of the situation of tree species of timber value in the Flooded Forest forests (Final Report). Belém: Ibama/ ProVárzea, MPEG, FADESP, 2004. 88 p.

SETOR FLORESTAL

SETOR FLORESTAL

SETOR FLORESTAL

164 165

ProVárzea presents the technical report of the strategic Sub-study 3, current situation of tree species of timber value in the Flooded Forest forests, to disclose the findings of the analyses and assessments on the current conservation and knowledge about timber forest species at the Amazonas/Solimões River channel. For that, it recovered information from databases, herbariums, live and visited collections in areas of timber pools and projects and experiences on forestry management in Flooded Forest areas in the Amazon. Moreover, it assessed the state of conservation of species using seven ecological and phytogeographic parameters, additionally to an economic parameter. To the geographic distribution analysis, the species were separated by segment or zone, and assessed by similarity. Moreover, it outlined distribution maps along the channel, where 24 inventories were observed and 675 species and morphospecies of trees were identified. 120 assessed species were selected according to the commercial or potential timber use, in the light of the local, regional, national or even international market. The analyses on the conservation status 17 were filtered with high level of endangerment or vulnerability because of ecological limitations, geographic distribution and high exploitation pressure. Then, strategies and recommendations were outlined focusing on the conservation, management and further studies to improve the conservation status, enabling the sustainable use of species.

PV73

OLIVEIRA, R. (Coord.). Manejo de produtos não-madeireiros nas florestas de várzea: obstáculos e oportunidades. [Management of non-timber products in Flooded Forest forests: obstacles and opportunities] Belém: Ibama/ ProVárzea, MPEG, FADESP, 2004. 85 p.

ProVárzea presents the final report of the Sub-study IV, Management of non-timber products in Flooded Forest forests – obstacles and opportunities, to identify and assess promising NTFP management experiences focusing on açaí, copaiba and andiroba. It has also assessed the obstacles and opportunities to adopt forestry management in the Flooded Forest. The first methodological stage was to carry out an inventory on the main experiences in the area reached by the ProVárzea learned from programs and projects. In that stage, it tracked what was underway on the use and exploitation of NTFP, besides defining the criteria to outline semi-structure questionnaires, and the process of assessment and identification of existing opportunities and obstacles to subsidize the formulation of recommendations to public policies on the NTFP sustainable use. The questionnaires were applied in the second stage, to assess the experiences identified during the mapping,

through interview with those in charge of the projects. The third stage, in turn, consisted of organizing and tabulating the data gathered in each dimension, for comparison purposes. The examples of successful organizations and projects point out the governmental and non-governmental subsidies as the only way to improve the life quality, community organization and environmental responsibility. Therefore, it recommends granting direct non-reimbursable subsidies – as payment to environmental services provided - to those community associations and small business that keep and even expand forest, biodiversity and knowledge, through partnerships with education, research and extension institutions.

PV74

IBAMA. Estudos estratégicos: setores florestal e agropecuário. [Strategic studies: forestry and agricultural and livestock sectors]. Manaus: Ibama/ProVárzea, [s.d.]. 16 p.

The study is divided in five parts: 1) forestry management in the Flooded Forest: characterization, restrictions and opportunities for adoption – The information presented was extracted from interviews with actors linked to the timber sector, and specialized literature. Generally speaking, this topic emphasizes the forestry management adoption - either at industrial or community scale - at the Flooded Forest forest areas, aiming at the timber exploitation sustainability. 2) Characterization of the production, trading and the potential timber certification in the Flooded Forest forests – This study was mainly aimed at: characterizing timber production in the Flooded Forest regarding the timber resource used; characterize the current Flooded Forest timber market; and, assess the potential forestry certification to the timber activity in the region. 3) Assessment of the situation of tree species of timber value in the Flooded Forest forests – This stage approached the following topics: characterization of the species geographic distribution; synthesis of information on forestry inventories of the Flooded Forest species; analysis on the strategic species to improve management and conservation; and establish means to provide technical information to guide the management plans. 4) Management of non-timber products in the Flooded Forest forests: obstacles and opportunities – This part of the study addresses the criteria and procedures adopted to select the experiences on managing the non-timber forestry products (NTFP) trading in the Flooded Forest. 5) Agriculture and livestock within the economic context of the Solimões/Amazonas Rivers Flooded Forests: diagnoses and perspectives. In brief, the text discloses conclusions that guide the recommendation of political actions to develop the rural-based economics at the Flooded Forest macro-systems at Solimões/Amazonas Rivers.

ESTUDOS

ESTRATÉGICOS

166 167

Fishery Sector

PV75

ISAAC, V. J.; SANTO, R. V. do E.; NUNES, J. L. G. A estatística pesqueira no litoral do Pará: resultados divergentes. [Fishery statistics at the Pará coast: diverging results]. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences – Panamjas. [S.l.: s.n.]:3 (3), 2008. p. 205-213.

The state of Pará is one of the main national fish producers. Recently, the production increased in 120%, pointing out potential errors in the estimative procedures employed. The official values are based only on a part of the total unloading. Total production is estimated based on the average capture by trip of the controlled vessels. On the other hand, the total production of all fish unloading procedures observed in Bragança was four times lower than that reported in official statistics for the same period. This work used the survey data to simulate stratified samplings and calculate total production. The relative error was estimated by comparing estimates and the actual value. According to the results, fishing is an activity with varied and opportunistic strategy. The production by trip widely varies and is asymmetrically distributed. Those characteristics lead to biased estimates on total capture. Only a sampling of 70% of the fleet could stabilize the estimate error. It concludes that, even if it implies higher costs, the data collection systems to small-scale fishing should comprise the entire fleet, whenever applicable.

PV76

RUFFINO, M. L. Sistema integrado de estatística Pesqueira para a Amazônia. [Integrated Fishery Statistic System to the Amazon]. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences – Panamjas. [S.l.: s.n.]: 3 (3), 2008. p. 193-204.

ProVárzea – which is executed by Ibama – has integrated institutions and projects that historically collect data on fish capture and fishery effort, notably along the Amazonas/Solimões Rivers channel. The system was implemented because the contracted institutions already had a fishing activity monitoring system, with the following characteristics: i) worked with the total universe of unloading in the respective collection sites, rather than with sampling-based estimates; ii) data were processed through a relational database; raw data could be interchanged in different formats; and, iv) the collection generated similar information, thus facilitating the standardization of most of the categorical variables. The system enabled constructing a shared database and carrying out integrated analysis

of the data collected from 17 municipalities. The system has generated information that was further published in annual statistic reports and made available at Internet. And has also assisted fishery management in the region, by establishing periods of defeso (time when fishing is prohibited) and community management based on fishery agreements. The system was expanded to other states, but was interrupted in 2005 when the financing was suspended.

PV77

ANGELINE, R.; FABRE, N. N.; SILVA JÚNIOR, U. L. Trophic analysis and fishing simulation of the biggest Amazon Catfish. African Journal of Agricultural Research. [S.l.: s.n.]: v.1, December, 2006. p. 151-158.

The consensus now is that the ecosystemic approach strongly contributes to the assessment and management of fish stock, and to the aquatic ecosystem sustainability. This work aims at quantifying the Amazon Flooded Forest flow and simulates the increased fishing effort in relation to great predators, like the Catfish, and reduced flooded forest cover. It employed the Ecosim and Ecopath software to build the Catfish model, which allowed assessing its interference on the ecosystem stability. The results showed that: 1) the Catfish model showed that this Flooded Forest ecosystem is mature enough to stand disturbances; 2) in the simulation of Flooded Forest forest deforestation (with non-natural regeneration) all species are damaged (with no exception), including the group of catfish that do not use the flooded environment. Therefore, the indirect consequence of deforestation is an overfishing that increases even more the fishing effort. The Catfish model findings entail important implications to the policy-making focusing on continental fishing in Brazil which is currently based on defeso, suggesting the need for incorporating the impacts ensuing from the Amazon Flooded Forest deforestation.

PV78

SANTOS, G. M.; FERREIRA, E. J. G.; ZUANON, A. S. Peixes comerciais de Manaus. [Commercial Fish in Manaus]. Manaus: Ibama/ProManejo, 2006. 144 p.

The publication registers in details the main species unloaded and traded at Manaus port. The work contributes to improving knowledge on the Amazon aquatic fauna that still has a lot to be surveyed. At the port of Manaus, over 20 thousand tons/years are unloaded, on average, and a diverse number of species which were analyzed in the work. The information presented was extracted from a project financed by the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development. Fortnightly visits were paid to three different kinds of fairs, from March 1998 to April 1999: market-place; fairs at residential

A ESTATÍSTICA

PESQUEIRA NO LITORAL

DO PARÁ

SISTEMA DE

ESTATÍSTICA PESQUEIRA

PARA A AMAZÔNIA

TROPHIC ANALYSIS AND

FISHING SIMULATION OF

THE BIGGEST AMAZON

CATFISH

168 169

districts; fairs downtown. In each visit was prepared an estimate on the relative participation of each fish group in relation to the total production volume for sale. The relative participations or grade of importance to groups and species of fish were pooled in the following categories: Outstanding: above 20%; Moderate: From 5 to 20 %; Insignificant: below 5%. Fresh and well preserved samplings of each species were purchased to illustrate and confirm the identification in the laboratory. The team has also registered the common name of each biological species.

PV79

FABRÉ, N. N.; BARTHEM, R. B. O manejo da pesca dos grandes bagres migradores: Piramutaba e Dourada no eixo Solimões-Amazonas. [Management of big migrating catfish fishery: Priamutaba and Dourada at the Solimões-Amazonas Rivers axis.] Manaus: Ibama/ ProVárzea, 2005. 114 p. (Coleção Estudos Estratégicos)

From the 1970’s onwards, the incentive to opening freezer warehouses and expanding the fishing fleet has intensified the capture of catfish in the Amazon estuary region. Simultaneously, started the industrial exploitation of those fish in the Amazonian Rivers, notably the piramutaba (Brachyplatystoma vaillantii.) In the following years, the small-scale fishermen also started capturing catfish, and this activity became one of the main income sources to the riparian populations in the Western Amazon. Despite the current importance of catfish fishery in the Amazon region, the distribution and biogenetic characteristics of the main species explored (piramutaba and dourada), and the current situation of those catfish fishery on the Solimões/Amazonas axis remain little known. Therefore, it is necessary to develop studies on the topic, within the ProVárzea scope. This study approaches the bio-ecological, social and economic components to explain the dynamic of these species, and characterize the catfish fishery in the region. The Technical Document aims at disseminating the lessons learned about the bio-ecology of the piramutaba (Brachyplatystoma vaillantii) and dourada (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii) species, and the current status of fishing of those species, and consequent social and economic benefits to the riparian populations from the Amazon basin. This publication serves to subsidize the formulation of public policies to ensure sustainable management of fishery resources in the region.

PV80

PETRERE JÚNIOR, M. Setor pesqueiro: análise da situação atual e tendências do desenvolvimento da indústria da pesca. [Fishery sector: analysis on current situation and development tendencies of the fishing industry]. Manaus: Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 97 p.

Fishing activity could be considered as a chain of inter-related processes comprising capture, processing, trade and consumer’s demand for fish. Some of those aspects can be controlled by the individuals, while others are out of the individual control. Thus, the collective action of fishermen is necessary to face some difficulties, as well as the governmental intervention to optimize the activity or protect the resources it explores. To establish a fishing management strategy in the Amazon is important to define the objectives, the category of fishermen and fish stocks to be included in the management program. In that light, this study was mainly aimed at analyzing the initial situation of the fishery economy and the fishing sector development tendencies in the Brazilian Amazon, to provide subsidies to outline public policies through the analyses and consolidation of the four sub-studies outputs: Socio-economic characterization of the fishery activity and fish trading structure; Economic characterization of the regional fishing sector; Critical assessment of the fishing legislation enforceability; and Survey on the exploitation of surubim, jaraqui, tambaqui and curimatão stocks. The text addressed five guidelines to outline public policies proposals: sector-oriented política actions (health, education, fishing, environment and credit); inclusive policies to the segments concerned (urban and riparian fishermen, workers); fishing regulation (regulation and zoning); support to strengthen the fishermen’s political organization and actions that contemplate the need for integrating public policies.

PV81

RUFFINO, M. L. (Coord..) A grilagem de terras públicas na Amazônia brasileira. [Public land grabbling in the Brazilian Amazon] Manaus: Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 272 p.

The collection is mainly focused on the freshwater fishing in the Amazon. Contents comprise the biological dynamic and biodiversity structure of fishery resources, approaching specific issues related to the activity and fishery production in different channels of the Solimões and Amazonas Rivers. The contribution of many experts on the matter is divided into articles. Generally speaking, following are the themes approached: 1) Biology and diversity of fishery resources in the Amazon. 2) Exploitation

SETOR PESQUEIRO

170 171

and management of fishery resources in the Amazon. 3) Unloading in the region of Belém and fishing on the Amazonian headwaters. 4) Fishing in the Lower Amazonas River. 5) Fishing in the Central Amazon. 6) Fishing in the Medium Solimões River: the Medium Solimões River region has about 300 km in length. The great relevance of fish in the region leads to conflicts for the access to resource, just like happened in other Amazonian regions. The points raised are useful to outline policies to the entire region, and to insert the profile in the sub-regions of the general context of that region.,

PV82

ARAUJO-LIMA, C. A. R. M.; RUFFINO, M. L. Migratory fishes of the Brazilian Amazon. In: CAROSFIELD, J.; HARVEY, B.; ROSS, C.; BAER, A. Migratory fishes of South America. Manaus: World Fisheries Trust/World Bank/IDRC, 2004. p. 233-301.

The article approaches fisheries in the Amazon Region, notably regarding the migratory fish, highlighting the Brazilian legislation’s negligence to the small-scale fishing. Above all, the studies intend to reduce the impact of young fish catching in the meadow and, therefore, reduce the impact on the food stock. For that, the work describes the main migratory species. Considering that Ibama – as the official regulatory agency – was open to the scientific community’s suggestions, the study approaches the programme recently proposed to manage basins. It concludes observing the need for further studies, when referring to the impact ensuing for the destruction of those specie’s habitat and its direct link to the reduced number of individuals. There is the need of carrying out studies on the link between habitat changes and fishery. It also stresses out the need for re-thing the management that is centralized in one environmental body, involving other public institutions dealing with the issue.

PV83

RUFFINO, M. L. Impact of the fresh water fish of the brazilian. In: Boletín especies amenazadas. UICN: Peru, 2004. p. 5-6.

The text addresses a discussion on the impact of deforestation, water contamination from agricultural and mining activities on the freshwater fish in the Brazilian Amazon. It also refers to the impacts ensuing from hydroelectric projects that impair the migratory flow of fish, preventing these from reaching their final destination. The article concludes that integrated processes of natural resources management could assist finding feasible solutions to balance impact and conservation, allowing the sustainable use of that resource. Moreover, it affirms that a fishery resources-oriented strategy to the Amazon implies sustainable social and ecological development, where fishing management should be considered as one of the components that form the ecosystem integrated management.

PV84

PETRERE JÚNIOR, M. et. al. Setor pesqueiro – análise da situação atual e tendências do desenvolvimento da indústria da pesca: caracterização socioeconômica da atividade pesqueira e da estrutura de comercialização do pescado na calha Solimões-Amazonas (Relatório Final.) [Fishery sector – analysis on current situation and development tendencies of the fish industry: socio-economic characterization of the fishing activity and the fisheries trading structure at the Solimões/Amazonas Rivers channel (Final Report.) Manaus: Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 225 p.

This document stands for the final report required in the term of reference to item 1 of the strategic study: “Fishery sector: analysis on current situation and development tendencies of the fish industry” which reports the findings of the study developed within the research project named “Caracterização socioeconômica da atividade pesqueira e da estrutura de comercialização do pescado na calha Solimões-Amazonas (Pará e Amazonas – municípios de Belém, Santarém, Manaus, Tefé, São Paulo de Olivença, Tabatinga).” The survey’s general objective is to characterize the socio-economic profile of the fishing fleet and commercial fishermen in the region, describing the fish trading process in the main regional markets. The document discloses the results of the socio-economic data collection held for one year, starting in September/October 2002. It also discloses methodological aspects, collection tools and the database. It placed great emphasis on the populations’ perceptions and the important role played by those actors to build new knowledge, since they hold a set of skills that traditional science has denied along history.

IMPACTOS DE LAS

ESPECIES DE PECES

DE AGUA DULCE DE LA

AMAZONIA BRASILEñA

SETOR PESQUEIRO

172 173

PV85

PETRERE JÚNIOR, M. et. al. Setor pesqueiro – análise da situação atual e tendências do desenvolvimento da indústria da pesca: a indústria pesqueira na Amazônia. [Fishery sector – analysis on current situation and development tendencies of the fish industry: fish industry in the Amazon] Manaus: Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 223 p.

The report aims at contributing to understand the insertion of the Amazon region’s fish production in Brazil and abroad. The document discloses important information on the estimated fish production to the sector. This final report was divided into five chapters. Chapter 1) Fish industry market assessment in the Amazon; Chapter 2) New commercial species and new fish products in the Amazon: research institutions and the industry; chapter 3) Fish industry: labor force in the corporation’s and in the labor force’s perspective; chapter 4) Characterization and financial analysis of the fish industry; chapter 5) Fiscal incentives to the fish industry. Following were the methodologies employed to approach the different aspects of fish industry in the Amazon: questionnaires and interviews; freeze warehouse data survey; fish industry historical survey; economic analysis; and, fiscal legislation survey. The study was also based on secondary data, using data provided by Ibama and statistic bases. Corporations from the states of Amazonas and Pará have been interviewed to understand the current markets, and the future markets tendencies. Moreover, different stakeholders were interviewed, like Fish Industry Trade Unions; resellers of Amazonian fisheries, both locally and at other regions of Brazil; and government servants dealing with the sector.

PV86

PETRERE JÚNIOR, M.; SURGIK, A. C. S. Setor pesqueiro – análise da situação atual e tendências do desenvolvimento da indústria da pesca: avaliação crítica da aplicabilidade da legislação do setor pesqueiro (Relatório Final.) [Fishery sector – analysis of current situation and tendencies of the fish industry development: critical assessment on the fishery sector legislation enforceability (Final Report)] Manaus: Ibama/ProManejo, 2004. 36 p.

Following were the main objectives of the work: survey the legislation regarding hygienic-sanitary aspects, defeso periods and environment; analysis on existing legislation and its enforceability at the Amazonas/Solimões Rivers channel; identification of uses and costumes contrary to the fish regulation, anchoring in the results of other sub-studies; consolidation of the findings in a final report. The report was divided into three parts, to achieve the expected outputs: legislation survey (systematization of 231 fish resources rules); legislation analysis and enforceability (for example, it noticed the lack of standardized basic definitions in the fishery legislation);

and, uses and costumes contrary to fishery regulation. The report records the lack of compatibility of the intention units of federal and state rules. It also observes the lack of clear specification and guidance in the legal provisions set forth by the state rules. Another highlight deals with the fiscal incentives to the fish sector, since few are oriented to small-scale fishermen and small-size industries. In the conclusion, the work presents recommendations, emphasizing the incentive to fishermen’s participation in the decision-making process on fishery activities, and improvement of the information system.

PV87

BARROSO, A. L. F. A pesca e a conservação das áreas alagáveis nas calhas dos rios Solimões-Amazonas. [Fish and conservation of floodable areas in the Solimões/Amazonas Rivers channels]. Manaus: Centro Universitário Luterano de Manaus – ULBRA, 2004. 38 p. (Graduation Monograph)

In the Amazon region, fishing is characterized both by quantity and richness of explored species. Meadow influences the aquatic flora’s life cycle. Therefore, it is very important to assess the link between meadow conservation and fish productivity. This work aims at presenting that information by comparing the Capture by Effort Unit (CPUE) at different regions of the Solimões/Amazonas Rivers channel, which have different conservation degrees, since the improper use of the meadow can serious affect the system productive chain, causing irreversible damages to fish stocks. To asses the meadow degradation level at the channel (municipalities) of Solimões and Amazonas Rivers, the selected parts should be on well known areas, presenting CPUE data. It used satellite images of the radar L JERS-1 band, classifying the municipalities in: with degraded meadow area; with conserved area; and with partially conserved area. Thus, it warned about the need for the study on the qualitative link between vegetation and fish abundance.

PV88

ISAAC, V. J. et. al. Atividades pesqueiras no lago Grande de Curuai. [Fishing activities in Lago Grande de Curuai]. Manaus: IBAMA/ProVárzea/EDUA, 2003. 45 p. (Série Documentos Técnicos, 1)

This study aimed at providing inputs to the discussion and insertion of different groups of users of the Lago Grande de Curuai, in the Medium Amazonas River, to elaborate the usage rules of the fishery agreement to that lake. The Lago Grande de Curuai on the eastern part of Santarém. That is a large flooded area that occupies the municipalities of Santarém, óbidos and Juruti. Just like in other lake systems in the region, the historical

SETOR PESQUEIRO

A PESCA E A

CONSERVAÇÃO DAS

ÁREAS ALAGÁVEIS

NAS CALHAS DOS RIOS

SOLIMõES-AMAZONAS

SETOR PESQUEIRO

174 175

development of commercial fishery is marked by conflicts. After years of fight for fish resources and a long negotiation process that started by the end of the 1990’s, fostered by extension projects active in the region, the fishermen’s communities, colonies and class association entered a fishery agreement to the lake. The study observed a noticeably increase in the number of fishing units in the last few years, mainly due to the financing granted by the Banco da Amazônia (North Constitutional Fund – FNO) to the purchase of motor boats for commercial fishing in the region. That is one of the main reasons of conflict these days. According to the survey findings, one of the measures to be adopted through Ministerial Directives to rule captures in the lake would be a fishing areas zoning, to track sites to be preserved with different restriction grades, ensuring the spawning and breeding area, establishing some specific sites for fishing. It also recommends more detailed study on the profits earned by the FNO-financed vessels, to avoid over-capitalization and lack of sustainability to fishing.

PV89

PETRERE JÚNIOR, M.; SURGIK, A. C. S. Setor pesqueiro – análise da situação atual e tendências do desenvolvimento da indústria da pesca: levantamento do estado de exploração dos estoques de curimatã, jaraqui, surubim e tambaqui. [Fishery Sector – analysis on current situation and tendencies of the fishery industrial development: survey on the exploitation of curimatão, jaraqui, surubim and tambaqui fish stocks]. Manaus: Ibama/ProManejo, 2003. 159 p.

In the first part, the text describes the biology and analyzes the statistics on unloading of each target species (curimatã, jaraqui, surubim and tambaqui), and in the last part it attempts to simulate the fishing of target species, linking capture to the respective fishing efforts, to assess the stocks. Moreover, the publication makes recommendations based on the recognition of the need for biological, economic, environmental and statistic information as requirements to develop public policies oriented to foster the activity expansion. Therefore, the article concludes that industrial scale fishing is not recommendable to the Amazon Basin, and public and private investments should be allotted to increase productivity instead of production. Moreover, it is necessary to consolidate – in an articulated fashion – the fishery management strategies and those to foster the activity, always considering the fishermen’s knowledge.

PV90

RUFFINO, M. L. Strategies for managing biodiversity in Amazon Fisheries. World Fisheries Trust/IDRC, UNEP, 2001. 24 p.

This document introduces different stages of the Iara Project, to disclose the lessons learned and recommend future actions related to participatory management at the Medium Amazonas River, to conserve fish resources and the meadow biodiversity. The civil society has developed its own measures, since the Brazilian fishing and environmental legislation are not responsive to the aquatic resources conservation. For that, the project used participation to integrate the stakeholders, anchored in the idea that sustainability is not achieved through decree, but through a co-management system where all groups feel identified to the proposed measures. It developed methodologies to collect information on fishing and the socio-economic situation of the riparian populations, observing ecological and cultural aspects in a multi-disciplinary proposal that applied classic models and the communities’ knowledge. The Iara project carried out many studies that led to reviewing regulations to consider the riparian population’s practices, evidencing that the management strategy proposed to the Amazon leads to the sustainable development of the ecosystem as a whole.

PV91

MEIER, W. Aspectos econômico-financeiros da pesca artesanal no Baixo Amazonas. [Economic-financial aspects of small-scale fishing in the Lower Amazonas River]. Manaus: IARA, [s.d.]. 5 p.

The debate on economic-financial aspects of small-scale fishing in the Lower Amazonas River started during the 2nd Congress of small-scale fishermen and fisherwomen from the east portion of Pará and Lower Amazonas River, held in 2004. This study aims at deepening the debate. The text analyzes the fishing cost-benefit relation in the region, dividing fishermen into five categories, according to the kind of vessel: canoe, motorized canoe, small fishing boat, big fishing boat and big freezer vessel. The main finds are that canoes, motorized canoes and small fishing boats have access to subsidized credit, facing no problems to repay it. Meanwhile, the big fishing boats face more difficulties, because these have no access to subsidized resources. Therefore, working with capital lent at interest rates above 10% strongly jeopardizes the activity. To achieve profitable and low-risk small-scale fishery in the region, the interest rates should not exceed to 6%, since higher interests would increase risks, making the activity unfeasible, notably to smaller vessels.

SETOR PESQUEIRO

ASPECTOS

ECONÔMICO-

FINANCEIROS DA

PESCA ARTESANAL NO

BAIXO AMAZONAS

176 177

9

RMAAtlantic Forest NGOs Network – Project on

Institutional Support to the RMA

The Atlantic Forest NGOs Network was established in 1992, during the Rio ’92 held in Rio de Janeiro. It is composed of 46 NGOs dealing with the Atlantic Forest, and focuses on the Biome preservation, conservation and recovery through social mobilization, strategies, coordinated political actions, and support to the NGOs part of the Network. In 2001 the PPG7 started fostering the RMA by means of the Institutional Support Project, to strengthen the society organizations to effectively work on the formulation, implementation and assessment of project and programs related to natural resources management.

Following are the main objectives of the Project: 1) articulate and monitor Atlantic Forest-oriented governmental programs; 2) foster the NGO’s institutional enhancement; and, 3) generate and disseminate information on the Biome and actions developed by the network. The main achievements of the Institutional Support Project were: 1) the Network member’s presence at official forums created to discuss, assess and recommend strategic policies to the Country; 2) the RMA headed the dialogue between the region’s government and civil society to assemble two work groups, namely the Atlantic Forest and the Araucária WG. Both work on the planning of actions and policies oriented to environmental conservation.

The Project has also ensured to the RMA a key role in the definition to foster more active participation of the PDA in the Atlantic Forest Biome, in its second stage. The Network promoted meetings, seminars and conferences to debate the strategies on the region, like the implementation of environmental command and control measures. The strategy to the Network communication with the Project included the creation of an Internet webpage, newsletter publication, and production of scientific articles, additionally to the promotion of campaigns to raise awareness on the Biome’s importance.

178 179

RMA3

CAMPANILI, M.; PROCHNOW, M. Mata Atlântica: uma rede pela floresta. [Atlantic Forest: a network for the forest.] Brasilia: RMA, 2006. 22 p.

The book intends to show some of the diversity found in the Atlantic Forest biome, not only the biological one, that of the fauna and flora, but also of populations, cities, different sectors and opinions. The publication shows the Biome richness, the destruction process, the need for conservation, a little about its history and the legislation that protects it. Through texts and images, it shows the reality of 17 states that house the Atlantic Forest. It points out current threats, while reporting some positive initiatives in many sectors: scientists, corporations, governments and NGOs that are increasingly committed to contribute with the Biome protection and recovery. The book also explains some important concepts on protected areas and processes employed to promote the sustainable use of natural resources, disclosing a list of institutions member of the Atlantic Forest NGOs Network.

RMA1

NEAL, B. W. (Org..) A Mata Atlântica e sua biodiversidade no contexto da mitigação das mudanças climáticas: a contribuição da sociedade civil. [The Atlantic Forest and its biodiversity within the context of climatic changes mitigation: the civil society contribution]. Brasilia: RMA, 2008. 80 p.

The book was designed to be part of the capacity-building workshops held by the Project “A Mata Atlântica e sua biodiversidade no contexto da mitigação das mudanças climáticas – a contribuição da sociedade civil” (The Atlantic Forest and its biodiversity within the context of climate changes mitigation.) The publication intends to assist the Nags affiliated to the network to disseminate knowledge and articulate with the local public power the elaboration and implementation of project with potential to conserve and recover the Atlantic Forest and mitigate the global climatic change’s effects. The book is divided into six chapters, and the first one approaches the Atlantic Forest. The second one approaches the climate and climatic change, focusing on the carbon cycle and the Greenhouse Effect Gases. The third chapter addresses the political panorama regarding climatic change in Brazil and in the world. The fourth part introduces the carbon market. The fifth chapter gives some clues to develop a project on carbon sequestration, while the sixth part presents the carbon market current status.

RMA2

REDE DE ONGs DA MATA ATLÂNTICA – RMA. Rede de ONGs da Mata Atlântica: trajetórias, ações e perspectivas. [Atlantic Forest NGOs Network: paths, actions and perspectives.] Brasilia: RMA, 2006. 22 p.

This publication introduces the Atlantic Forest NGOs Network (RMA), approaching from its birth to future perspectives. The Network as created as a result of the debates during the Global Forum in Rio ’92, to assemble a net to defend, conserve, preserve and recover the Atlantic Forest fostering the interchange of information, mobilization, coordinated policy action and mutual support among the NGOs. The RMA has worked to strengthen local and regional actions developed by its member, through the monitoring and articulation of public policies that directly or indirectly influence the Atlantic Forest. Currently, the Network gathers 257 member entities spread in 17 Brazilian states comprised by the Biome (RS, SC, PR, SP, ES, MG, RJ, MS, GO, BA, SE, AL, PE, PB, RN, CE and PI.)

180 181

10

SPCtScience and technology Subprogramme

The Science and Technology Subprogramme (SPC&T) is a governmental initiative, supported by the international community through the PPG7, and was divided in two phases. The Phase I started in 1995 and was implemented by the Studies and Research Financing Agency (Finep.) It had two components: 1) oriented survey, and 2) Science Centers with the basic objective of promoting generation and dissemination of scientific and technological knowledge relevant to the region, and building conditions to transform the Amazonian research institutions into reference/excellence centers. The first component of this phase supported 53 projects, and the second component invested resources to the institutional strengthening of two research centers in the Amazon: National Institute of Amazonian Studies (INPA) and the Emilio Göeldi Museum of Pará (MPEG.)

The SPC&T second phase started in 2005 and was executed by the CNPq. The model executed in this phase was anchored in debates with many institutions in the Amazon region about research gaps, important characteristics and potential designs to work in research networks. Phase II tried to integrate the new demands and the needs for scientific and technological development to basic issues related to the ecosystem sustainability and rational exploitation. The general objective of this phase was to promote and disseminate, in a coordinated and cooperative way, scientific and technological surveys in relevant fields of knowledge, to contribute to the conservation and sustainable development of the Amazon Region.

Phase II was structured with three components: I) Research Projects in Strategic Topics; II) Dissemination of Information and Surveys Findings; III) Management, Monitoring and Assessment. Among the main achievements one could mention the consolidation of the research networks to the Amazon region, in a multi-disciplinary way, with cooperation among consolidated and emergent groups, optimizing resources and generation integrated and high quality

182 183

scientific surveys. The surveys can subsidize the Amazon region’s conservation and sustainable use regarding Ecology and Management of Aquatic Organism; Timber and Non-Timber Products; Recovery of Degraded Areas; and, Water Management in the Amazon.

The scientific production of the SPC&T Phase II researches consistently increase, being disseminated through articles in international and national magazines, journals, chapters of books, books, integral assays in Congress Minutes, dissertations defended, abstracts in congresses. Although the exact number of publications in not known, the volume and quality of information evidence its potential to future publications. Because of the quality of the material produced and the short space of this catalogue, we should not summarize all scientific products. We have selected only 31 publications in both phases. The information on Phase II should focus on the 11 research sub-network established. Those interested in getting to know the results should contact the researchers involved in the SPC&T Phase II.

SPCt1

MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SUB-PROGRAMME – SPC&T. Conferência do Subprograma de Ciência e tecnologia SPC&T Fase II/PPG7 – Anais. [Conference of the Science and Technology Sub-Programme SPC&T Phase II/PPG7 – Minutes]. Brasilia: CNPq, 2009. 579 p.

The book is the publication of the Minutes of the Conference of the Science and Technology Sub-programme (SPC&T, Phase II) held in Belém, in December 2008. The Minutes provide information on the SPC&T, Phase II, including the presentation of the thematic survey groups prepared by the consultants member of the Assessment Commitment of the MCT/CNPq/PPG7 Call for Bid 48/2005 - except for the Thematic Group “Recovery of Degraded Areas in the Amazon which counted on the assistance of CNPq analysts; sub-network abstracts of the lectures by sub-network coordinators during the thematic round tables; and the research projects findings abstracts presented during the panel sessions. It also included abstracts of reports prepared by the scientific dissemination projects, whose outputs (DVDs, notebooks, books) were presented during the exhibition of scientific dissemination products. The launching of this book is yet another mechanism to record the Sub-programme outputs and contributions. This publication is expected to increase the dissemination of those results and promote access to knowledge on water management; degraded areas recovery; use and management of aquatic (fish, chelonian, alligators, etc.) and terrestrial resources (timber and non-timber products) in the Amazon. It is also expected to enhance the successful experience of implementing the model of research networks within the S&T policy scope, and subsidize public policies related to the sustainable use and conservation of natural resources in the Amazon.

Conservamazônia Sub-network: Biodiversity and forest environmental services conservation: grounds to the Amazonian sustainable development – coordinator Phillip Martin Fearnside (Inpa – AM)The Amazon Forest provides valuable environmental services to the human population in the Amazon, Brazil and the world. The services include biodiversity maintenance, water cycle and carbon stocks that prevent the release of greenhouse effect gases. Despite the wide recognition that such services are much more valuable that the monetary earnings yielded by the forest destruction to timber exploitation and pasture cropping, the consistent advancement of deforestation in that region reflects the lack of mechanisms to transform environmental services into a competitive alternative regarding the decisions on the land use in most of the Amazonian territory. There is an urgent need for changing the regional economy, replacing the destructive base that prevails now for an economy based on the supply of environmental services. It demands progress in many fields, ranging from the diplomatic and political sphere to scientific research. To contribute to that effort, the Conservamazônia sub-network focuses its surveys on different key aspects of the dynamic of untouched forests, forests disturbed

184 185

by fragmentation and climatic change, and the deforested areas. The sub-network tries to integrate information from different levels; recommend actions to maximize the supply of environmental services by the forests and deforested landscape; and analyze different decisions to the future development, considering the consequences to environmental services. The sub-network focuses its studies in the Amazonas State because it houses large areas which are still conserved in comparison to other states and, therefore, is a critical site to the future path of deforestation and loss of environmental services. The Conservamazônia develops five research projects.

Hidro-Purus Sub-network: The effects of anthropic interventions on the Purus Basin: analysis of the links among environmental functions, social actors and water management in the Legal Amazon – coordinator: Andrea Viviana Waichman (Ufam – AM)The objective of the proposal prepared by this sub-network was to integrate different areas of knowledge to understand the socio-environmental dynamic at the Purus River water basin, reporting the challenges posed to integrated management involving the Amazonian waters. The Purus River basin was elected as the study object, because it is considered to be a reserve and is object of conservation policies that, nonetheless, can be affected by the potential paths to be taken by the public policies on regional development. This basin gathers several characteristics relevant to the study on spatial dynamic and anthropic impact on natural ecosystems: it is transboundary; most of its natural environments are conserved; houses a large mosaic of conservation units; has been pressured by the agricultural frontier expansion; and is located in an area that is influenced by important infrastructure projects in the Amazon. Such characteristics, associated to the large number of habitats defined according to the river flow, and the connectivity between those – based on the floods and low waters regimes – assign to the Purus River basin high environmental relevance. Within that context, the Purus river is not only a priority to the forest and water resources planning and conservation actions, but is also a model to understand the specificities of the environmental, political, economic, social and cultural factors that exist at local level. Although the project focused on a large area, the field research was specially oriented to the Purus River channel, its main tributaries and adjacent systems. Therefore, issues related to water quality, soil use and lakes are intertwined with institutional issues, becoming more complex since the human dimension introduced uncertainties related to the access and use of water resources and remainder natural resources in the region. According to the study, the Purus River basin hydrological cycle could be sold as an umbrella service; but the potential future to properly implement the Payment for Environmental Services strongly depends on the institutional arrangements to be established. The Hidro-Purus develops four research projects.

H2O limpa Sub-network: Multiple uses of water, its contamination and effects on public health at the Madeira River Sub-basin: subsidies to environmental conservation and zoning – coordinator: Wanderley

Rodrigues Bastos (Unir – RO)The main decisions in the forthcoming year, notably in the Amazon, should consider the exchanges between agricultural production and water quality, land use and aquatic biodiversity, current water use for irrigation, and future agricultural production. In this context, this sub-network participated in the investigation carried out by other institution on the link between environmental conditions and life quality of the Amazon’s population at the Madeira River water basin, states of Rondônia and Amazonas. The cooperation between researchers has facilitated the outlining of strategies to approach the issue of “human interference on the water quality at the Amazonian water systems.” The project fostered emerging research, and has provided positive inputs to the planning and implementation of public policies, by warning authorities about the environmental problems that affect the Amazonian population’s lives quality. Moreover, it is also subsidizing the introduction of this problem in the agenda of debate on governmental policies, and is still starting to bear fruits. The H2O Limpa develops five research projects.

Baspa sub-network: Grounds to fishery sustainability in the Amazon – coordinator: Carlos Edwar de Carvalho Freitas (Ufam – AM)Since it was conceived, this sub-network stood for an attempt to articulate complementary studies, as cause and effect. In that spirit, the six sub-network’s projects have mutually contributed to collect data and make it available. By the end, the Fishery Management Strategies in the Amazon project tried to gather the results to build public policies on the sustainable use of fishery resources. At the same time, this project provided feedback to the remainder projects, referring the demands posed by resource’s users, identifying conflicts, the inefficiency of the ruling tools, and so on. Our initial decision of developing a joint work in a focal area – the Lago Grande de Manacapuru – has facilitated the interaction achieved. After exhaustive field work and data analysis, we have achieved some extremely relevant results: (i) obtention of parameters to the population dynamic of different species of commercial importance; (ii) deeper knowledge on the biology of many fish species in the lakes of the Amazon meadow; (iii) consolidation of the ethno-biological knowledge about the populations living on the meadow lakes at the Central Amazon, regarding fish and fishery; (iv) identification of the territorial perception among riparian populations in the Central Amazon meadow lakes; (v) accomplishment of a method to valuate the no-use of fish resources to the biota of the Amazonian meadow lakes; (vii) development of technologies responsive to the use of fish resources from the meadow lakes adding value to fisheries; (ix) development of a calendar of species-technological products; (x) development of an ecosystem management proposal to the Amazonian meadow lakes.

Mapevam Sub-network: Integrated management of fish resources in the Amazonian meadow. Comparative study of two regions: Medium Amazonas and Purus Rivers – coordinator: David Gibbs McGrath (UFPA – PA)This sub-network aims at contributing to the conservation and sustainable

186 187

management of aquatic resources, through the development of four research projects. The projects were developed in two meadow regions characterized by different territorial management systems: Santarém in Lower Amazonas River, and Lower Purus River. The four projects have employed different methodologies, responsive to their objectives. The studies findings have contributed to answer four specific questions of the sub-network. Project 1: In an open system like the Amazonas River meadow, which would be the proper scale to ensure conservation to aquatic species? The Project 1: identified three patterns to the genetic structure of the aquatic species populations analyzed. The first pattern was the lack of genetic structuring of the species sampled in both regions, pointing out a broad genetic flow in the Central Amazon meadow. The second was isolation due the distance, observed for some species. Project 2: Do fish management systems entail positive effects to local stocks? The findings confirm the importance of fish to the riparian population’s eating habits, besides revealing important differences regarding fish consumption in communities and regions. Project 3: Would it be possible to sustainably manage aquatic species populations of commercial value like chelonian, alligators and the pirarucu? This project shows the importance of chelonian to the eating habits – and sometimes even to the income – of the riparian population. Project 4: Are the community organizations capable of managing aquatic species in a sustainable way? The problem is that in the setting of current policies and institutional structures of aquatic species co-management the potential community-based management cannot be assessed because, except for some works of experimental natural, the government prohibits wild animals’ management. The finds of the set of studies carried out by the sub-network reveal the potential sustainable management of aquatic species, and the contribution to the aquatic biodiversity and sustainable development of riparian communities in the meadow.

Propeixe Sub-network: Conservation and management of fish species in the Amazon, aimed at a sustainability scenario – coordinator: Vera Maria Fonseca de Almeida e Val (Inpa – AM)In the Amazon, fish farming was disregarded because of the high volume of fish stocks. It was not until recently, when some species were reduced around big cities, and due to the shorter size of the species captured, the population started paying attention to the need for farming some species like tambaqui, pirarucu and matrinxã. Bearing that in mind, and aiming at changing the practice of just putting some fish in a small lake or tank, and let these grow free of any monitoring, the Propeixe network was conceived with projects that could started studies that would entail outputs applicable to fish farming. Every project tried to combine those factors and modern techniques of molecular biology, population genetic, nutritional metabolism and hematologic physiology to identify genes; identify populations in genetic terms; improve the animals performance with food from natural byproducts of the Amazon; characterize animals with pathological conditions to improve reproduction; hasten growth and improve the fattening of four species. The perspective of generating products to farmers and public policy-makers is very good, and expected to be achieved in a near future. Data generated

by the five research projects developed by the sub-network have provided important responses to the breeding of all species.

Manflor Sub-network: Management and conservation of timber and non-timber forestry resources – coordinator: João Olegário Pereira de Carvalho (Embrapa Amazônia Oriental – PA)Manflor sub-network has been working for 30 months to reach the following objectives: promote interchange of information on ecology and natural forests management, between governmental and non-governmental institutions, thus enabling partnerships to develop complementary studies at regional level; promote the development and adaptation of management systems to natural and planted forests in the Brazilian Amazon, considering aspects like multiple use of forest, most adequate species, production scale, intensity and land property; recommend sustainable management practices to forestry products in the Amazon; validate methods to assess the ecological sustainability to manage forestry species; generate socio-economic data of different forestry products; generate new forestry products and add value to the existing ones; subsidize sustainable forestry management programs, providing information on conservation of arboreous species in managed forests; organize and systematize the knowledge on existing links among agents part of the productive arrangements ensuing from forestry raw material. The forest-based sector has actively participation in the sub-network’s activities, providing significant contributions to achieve goals, and is now taking advantage from the results achieved by the concluded surveys. The five sub-network projects have disclosed the interest of researchers, students and even forestry entrepreneurs in somehow participating in the research activities or getting to know the findings. Some projects have attracted more collaborators, notably researchers and students. The involvement of governmental institutions like Ibama, the Brazilian Forestry Service and environment secretariats, as well as a large number of scholarship holders, technicians, teachers and students, who worked as collaborator partners, was extremely positive. Many achievements were possible thanks to the cooperation of those partners who have greatly contributed to the projects quality and dissemination.

APAFBIO Sub-network: Use of Amazonian plants as sources of bio-defensives – coordinator: José Luiz Martins do Nascimento (UFPA – PA)The seek for agricultural defensives of vegetal origin that do not damage the environment, and can add value to vegetal resources found in the Amazonian region was an important focus adopted by this sub-network. Hence, it employed two species of timbó (fish poison) and one of cipó d’alho (garlic creeper.) The timbós verdadeiros, plants of the Derris gender, Leguminosae family, from the Brazilian Amazon are among the most efficient shellfish poison and insecticide plants. The most common timbós in the Amazon are the timbó-vermelho (Derris urucu) and the timbó-branco (Derris nicou.) The cipó d’alho was identified as Mansoa standleyi (Steyerm) A. H. Gentry (Bignoniaceae.) Therefore, the work was developed in two phases. The first stage was oriented to generate a technologically feasible product that was relatively harmless to animal health when

188 189

properly used. For that, it employed three oxidative stress assays, such as the acetylcholinesterase activity; glutathione and lipid peroxidation levels; and mitotic index assays to check the gene-toxicological impacts since most of the products used for agriculture and cattle farming are harmful to the environment. The second stage was developed in an agricultural community in the Amazon, recommending an intervention on the way how farmers develop their productive activities, aiming at encouraging the use of natural biodefensives. We would like to emphasize that the community involved in the project is habitat to the plants studied. Therefore, the identification of active principles and effects; potential economically feasible uses; potential sustainable use of the natural resources; and the possibility of being transferred to the community converted the bio-prospection into a sub-network focused on cross-cutting topics.

uatumã sub-network: Vegetal and bioactive molecules diversity in the Uatumã Biological Reserve, Central Amazon – coordinator: William Ernest Magnusson (Inpa – AM)To carry out the surveys, the four projects of this sub-network had to build a grid in the Biological Reserve (ReBio) of Uatumã, following the sampling design of the Biodiversity Surveys Program, where teams have developed all studies, or part of these. The grid is a 5 x 5 km area, with trails at every 1 km crossing the grid north-southward and east-westward, resulting the 60 km of trails. To inventory the vegetal diversity found in the area, it carried out qualitative surveys mainly along the 60 km of trails in the grid, resulting in the collection of about 2,700 specimens of vascular plants. The woody specimens collected were mapped and can be accessed at any time. The images of collections and pictures of the living plant parts, as well as the project database, are available at www.floradouatuma.com.br. Based on the floristic survey, the project prepared a list of 106 species potentially ornamental, distributed in 22 families. The list served as basis to future works on domestication and/or genetic improvement. The survey on vegetal diversity to herbs and trees also employed quantitative surveys in the 30 parcels. The studies have also enabled the elaboration of illustrated field guides to three groups of herbs found in the Biological Reserve of Uatumã: Bracken, Lycophyta and Marantaceae. The survey on bioactive molecules diversity employed studies on the chemical composition and biological activity of the plants. Cytotoxic, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-platelet and anti-malarial activities have been studies in extracts, fractions, isolated substances and semi-synthetic substances. The studies led to the request of patent on anti-malarial substances, and to the publication of a book chapter in the field of green chemistry about productive chains of semi-synthetic byproducts based on the cropping, processing, extraction, isolation and derivation of active principles of three Amazonian plants. Two manuscripts were accepted to be published in indexed journals of international standard, approaching the isolate active principles of anti-malarial plants and anti-malarial semi-synthetic byproducts. A manuscript was submitted to an international journal. The sub-network also participated in the elaboration of five Master’s Degree dissertations and one Doctor’s theses defended.

Recovery sub-network: Alternatives to recover degraded areas in the Amazon – coordinator: Cláudio José Reis de Carvalho (Embrapa Amazônia Oriental – PA)

the objectives of this sub-network were as follows: (a) outline a diagnosis on the current situation and causes of degradation in different land use systems; (b) recommend agroforestry systems to different scenarios of soil degradation; (c) employ participatory strategies to outline and implement agroforestry systems as alternative to recover degraded areas; and, (d) establish a minimum set of soil degradation indictors to agroforestry systems. It developed activities to make a diagnosis on the current situation and causes of degradation in different land use systems, including a wide range of actions primarily in the field of remote-sensing, using different ways to assess the landscape (non-conventional and panoramic air pictures, satellite images, etc.), and equipment test using special cameras with embedded GPS. It developed “on-site” surveys and zoning of agroforestry systems established, besides identifying management practices adopted by small farmers of bacuri (Platonia sp.) and strengthened the local technical competences to disseminate those practices. The chemical, physical and biological attributes of the soil were assessed in different land use systems in family-owned rural properties, to assess the system’s impact on the soil quality. The use of fire is a common practice in family-based agriculture in most of the production units and recently, with the problems associated to climatic changes, has been considered to be the agricultural segment that more contributes to the emissions of greenhouse gases. Moreover, the use of fire was proved to cause significant losses of nutrients when the vegetation biomass is burnt, reducing the potential agricultural production. The survey findings show the advantages of those systems based on the fire-free air biomass management of secondary vegetation with potential to improve the agricultural systems’ sustainability – Tipitamba System. In the areas where secondary vegetation has lost the productive and reproductive capacity, it developed the Bragantino System. That system consists in building soil fertility through liming, chemical fertilization and associated crops to promote production diversification. To enhance the land use systems’ efficiency and, therefore, reduce the negative effects opening new areas, it recommends the assembling of SAFs after the crop in the Tipitamba and Bragantino systems. The Recuperamaz develops four research projects.

Recovery sub-network: Management and recovery of natural resources in human-altered landscapes in the Eastern Amazon – coordinator: Oriana Trindade de Almeida (Ipam – PA)The sub-network goal is to integrate and strengthen the ecological and economic research, and the simulation of future scenarios on the family agriculture frontier (the so-called Transamazônica) and an industrial agricultural frontier (headwaters of the Xingu River in the state of Mato Grosso) to subsidize the conservation proposals oriented to private properties. The

190 191

sub-network proposal is anchored in the strategy of compiling biological and socio-economic field data, formulating models, providing the scientific grounds to elaborate the proposals on environmental regulation, practices of recovery and regulation on the soil use in the Amazon. The sub-network is composed by five projects that observed that the landscape changes processes in the Amazon report different levels of complexity, and count on the participation of different productive sectors and transformation actors, with different perspectives and needs. Understanding the mechanisms to recover degraded areas, establishing new management techniques and the economic feasibility of those processes, depend on different fields of knowledge. Therefore, a proposal on natural resources management must, above all, pass by the integration of biological, economic and social integration of the systems involved. To successfully integrate the knowledge, the research groups part of this sub-network have focused the studies on two regions, which significantly contribute to change the land use in the Amazon, namely the Xingu River Headwaters and the Transamazônica.

SPCt2

ANTUNES, A. M. de S. Gestão do conhecimento, monitoramento e disseminação de resultados de pesquisas do subprograma de C&t que foram incorporados por usuários de recursos naturais. [Knowledge management, monitoring and dissemination of the S&T sub-programme surveys’ findings incorporated by users of natural resources]. Rio de Janeiro: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Ministry of Science and Technology, 2004. 108 p. (Technical Report)

The technical report meets the demands of the S&T Sub-program, of the Ministry of Science and Technology, to survey and analyze the successful experiences to disseminate the PPG7 Oriented Survey – Phase I project’s results, and highlight the communication means employed to disseminate, replicate or transfer knowledge. The results could subsidize the PPD/PPG7 Phase II, considering that the project implementation assessed by the Ministry of Science and Technology recommended considering the research outputs dissemination as a strategic objective, establishing the researcher’s mandatory presentation of proposals to disseminate the results of their projects. The methodology matches literature review and field works based on semi-structured interview with the projects representatives and users in the states of Amazonas, Acre and Pará, considering the dissemination of projects results; communication process; knowledge dissemination traits; barriers; successful experiences; lessons learned; and, recommendations. The major contribution of those projects were the new knowledge stocks that incorporated concepts, arguments and methodologies, some of which can be replicated in other situations, followed by the elaboration of policies and personnel training that can be replicated and lead to changes. The trainings are delivered in class, laboratories, through scientific documents like specialized journals, in governmental institutions, to government Secretaries, and NGOs. The knowledge generated gathers national experiences, and result in the proposal of a dissemination model in tune with the projects characteristics which are quite similar to foreign studies and practices. This can be considered to be the first step toward fostering the discussion on this topic, and further policies recommendations.

SPCt3

BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology – MCT. INPA Report. In: Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 11-60.

The report aims at introducing the achievements of the PPG-7 Science and Technology Sub-program, proposed by the Brazilian Government, to consolidate the National Institute of Amazonian Studies – Inpa as a

Gestão do conhecimento, monitoramento e disseminação de resultados de pesquisas do

subprograma de C&t que foram incorporados por usuários de

recursos naturais

192 193

Scientific Excellence Center, since it observed that foreign financing had failed in bringing benefits to the Amazon region because these missed a sound research structure. The Inpa presents in numbers what it reached as long-term goals: the establishment of Institutional Programs and Research Coordination Offices expanded through increased budget and national and international agreements that have cooperated to the research structures modernization, and to the institutional strengthening as well. The report also discloses figures related to scientific production from 1995 to 1998. Considering the dissemination policy, the Inpa updated its scientific journal – Acta Amazônia – and published books, notebooks, manuals and folders with information about the region. Moreover, it held scientific events, participated in events on environmental education, implemented the science woods counting on the participation and involvement of the population living in the vicinities. Regarding infrastructure, the investments to improve the physical and laboratorial structure led to investments in the academic qualification, through the capacity-building of researchers in Brazil and abroad. Finally, it lists the difficulties ensuing from the lack of experience of booster’s and the institute's in dealing with projects of that size. The final result is the research agendas organization promoted by the Inpa and by the allotment of individual budgets to projects of inter-disciplinary and inter-institutional nature.

SPCt4

BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology – MCT. Projeto Centros de Ciência: MPEG – Relatório, 1a fase. [Science Centers Project: MPEG – Report, 1st phase.] In: Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 61-100.

The Emílio Göeldi Museum of Pará (MPEG) was incorporated to the PPG7 Science Centers Project, after the Strategic Planning proposed by the World Bank, as a pre-investment activity to adjust the institution to the external environment. Therefore, the project ensues for the priorities identified during the planning, and aims at enhancing the MPEG institutional development to adjust it to the standard of International Reference Center in research, dissemination and education in science. Articulations were based on two components: scientific policy, where results exceeded the objectives; dissemination policy, where objectives were fully achieved and the production of information material stands out, placing priority on scientific publications and consolidating the Information Center; institutional strengthening policy, registering significant progress toward strengthening the institutional management and administration duties; infrastructure adjustment, where the goals have been fully fulfilled. The report underlines the main problems faced to implement the actions, and the relevant impacts ensuing from the results. The output’s sustainability should be accomplished

through the opportunities of enhancing the intellectual capital, while lessons learned consider the Ministry of Science and Technology’s and the CNPq’s vague stance, additionally to the everyday bureaucratic difficulty.

SPCt5

KRUG, T. et. al. Tecnologias avançadas de geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto para apoio ao desenvolvimento e utilização sustentadas da Amazônia. [Geo-processing and remote-sensing advanced technologies to support the development and sustainable use of the Amazon]. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 103-118.

The Project on Geo-processing and Remote-sensing Advanced Technologies to Support the Development and Sustainable use of the Amazon was proposed by the National Space Research Institute – Inpe to the MMA/PPG7. It comprised two objectives. Firstly, it attempted to develop, assess and implement methodology and innovative technologies of geo-processing and digital image processing, to foster sustainable development in the Amazon. Secondly, it is aimed at providing such technologies to institutions in the region, assisting the human resources qualification and implementation of minimum infrastructure required to apply those technologies to socio-environmental studies and to monitor natural resources. The proposed goals have been achieved and exceeded with no additional financial resources, expanding the programme to every nine states in the Legal Amazon, surpassing the initial forecasts to activities related to technology transfer and effective transfer of knowledge.

SPCt6

OLIVEIRA, J. et. al. universo ticuna: território, saúde e meio ambiente. [Ticuna Universe: territory, health and environment.] In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 119-126.

The Ticuna Universe Project: Territory, Health and Environment tries to find out how the concepts of indigenous peoples living in the Upper Solimões River (state of Amazonas) are expressed in the discourses and everyday practices on their territory, notably due to the lack of systematized data; the epidemiological profile considering the inter-ethnical links between the culturally determined processes of disease and death; and in proposals of economic and socio-cultural development. The selected research

194 195

methodology was the action anthropology to avoid the empty discourse of the target population’s participation, promoting the generation of new research products to adjust it to the demands of the Ticuna population, notably regarding the projects on sustainable development and recovery of the Magütta Museum collection. Moreover, it employed quantitative data collection tools seeking an objective view of reality based on anthropology. The Ticuna Settlement General Council (CGTT) was strengthened, and actively supported the continuity of the research multi-disciplinary team’s works in the integrated analysis of environmental issues involving both natural and socio-cultural domain. When the Project was concluded, the proposed goals were considered to have been fully reached. It has also enabled deeper knowledge about the relation of the Ticuna society and its culture with the environment.

SPCt7

BATISTA, G. T. B. et al. Seqüestro e emissões de carbono em função da mudança no uso e cobertura da terra amazônica. [Carbon sequestration and emissions due to changes in the use and cover of the Amazonian land]. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 127-156.

The Project on Carbon Sequestration and Emissions due to Change on the Use and Cover of the Amazon Land aimed at studying in representative Brazilian Amazonian sites, using remote-sensing techniques and field works, the dynamic of land use and cover. That dynamic was understood as the changes occurred from 1973 to 1996 on the vegetal cover in three classes (forest, use and secondary vegetation) due to different carbon stocks. The dynamic of use and cover implies emission or sequestration of carbon to the atmosphere, besides estimating the biomass of primary and secondary vegetation areas. The data analysis comprised image digital processing techniques and geographic information systems to produce maps of land use and cover, through inter-comparison of a series of multi-temporal images, using images by the Thematic Mapper (TM), Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) orbital sensors – both of the Landsat satellite – and the radar images available (JERS and RADARSAT), additionally to on-site observations to refine the results that include floristic inventory and collection of structural parameters of the primary and secondary vegetation, to estimate the biomass. The work was developed at intensive-occupation areas. Marabá and Tapajós, in the state of Pará, the Landsat TM scene in the state of Rondonia, and Manaus in the state of Amazonas were the test areas, and the additional test areas were Tucumã and Sena Madureira, in the state of Acre, and the main highway’s vicinities. The project contributed to improve knowledge on carbon balance in the Amazon and to socio-economic studies. Moreover, it provided subsidies to the study on hydrological and bio-geochemical cycles in the region.

SPCt8

TADEI, W. P. et. al. Entomologia da Malária em áreas de colonização da Amazônica. [Malaria Entomology in colonization areas in the Amazon. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 157-168.

Malaria is an endemic considered to be ‘resurgent’ and is one of the serious global public health problems. In 1993, 483,367 cases were registered in the Brazilian Amazon. The situation justifies the introduction of new control strategies, and it important to know the species of Anopheles involved in the malaria transmission in the region. This project was designed to that purpose, and is an integrated study by Inpa, the FNS and the IMTM of Manaus to be developed in the Municipality of Novo Airão, Amazonas. This Municipality is considered to be an intervention area, with periurban expansion and agricultural settlement due to the building of a highway. Therefore, malaria has been expanding every year, and become hyperendemic, reaching an 82.6 I.P.A. in 1994. The project aimed at answering three basic questions related to malaria entomology, relevant to the Control Campaigns: 1. The entomological parameters involved in the transmission dynamic in the localities; 2. the levels of differentiation of the most relevant Anopheles species to transmission; and, 3. the effectiveness of the control measures adopted by the National Health Foundation (FNS) in this area. The results of this project provide inputs to the FNS to implement specific measures to control malaria in the Municipality of Novo Airão and other sites of the Amazonas. Therefore, the activities will be carried out to complement the assessments on control measures, considering other sites in the municipality of Novo Airão, comprising 212 communities spread over a 37,940 Km2 area. If we know the malaria behavior we can reduce the number of cases a year.

SPCt9

MIRANDA, I. de P. Caracterização dos ecossistemas florestais e de áreas manejadas com cultivo do dendê. [Characterization of forestry ecosystem and managed areas cropped with dendê palm. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 169-180.

To assess the diversity of natural environments and those subject to anthropic action, and to establishing a strategy of rational use of altered lands in the

196 197

Amazon, studies were carried out at the Embrapa’s Experimental Station of Urubu River in the state of Amazonas. The area vegetal cover was composed of humid tropical primary jungle, secondary jungle, and dendê crops associated to leguminous covers. The proposal is based on the need for expanding knowledge about the forest dynamic, natural reservoir of biological diversity, where degradation can hasten the worsening of the productive land capacity. The methodology aimed at conserving the genetic resources through pollen and seeds banks. It assessed parameters related to floristic and phytosociological inventory on the primary and secondary vegetation, through means of quantitative and qualitative analysis of species; taxonomic studies; physical-chemical and biological characterization of the soil to allow for management, aiming at the ecological and economic sustainability of the dendê palm in the Amazon. The inventories disclosed the structural distribution of species and the floristic inventory to detect species that are resistant to environmental impacts. The botanic material collected was incorporated to the reference Herbariums to the Amazon, Inpa and MPEG. It has also observed the edge effect or influence of the clearing on the forestry environment, additionally to the dendê cropping and soil fauna.

SPCt10

CINTRA, R. et. al. Dinâmica biológica de fragmentos florestais. [Biological dynamic of forest fragments. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 181-190.

This project aimed at studying the ecological effects resulting from forest fragmentation in some important groups like trees, palm trees, frogs and ants. Fragmentation is the size reduction and isolation of residual forest areas, as a result of deforestation. Moreover, it analyzes the effect of the land use history on the forest regeneration at the areas surrounding the fragments. Fragmentation has drastically changed the forest dynamic. The rates of mortality and damage to trees have greatly increased in a strip of up to 100 m from the fragment edge. There was also an increase on the density of lianas nearby the edge. The large number of species of palm trees, frogs and ants were not significantly affected by the size of the forest fragment. However, most of those groups had the species composition changed - an indication that the relation species/area is, per se, insufficient to predict the ecological consequences of the forest fragmentation. The land use history strongly influenced the forest regeneration, affecting the plants species that have colonized the abandoned areas.

SPCt11

OLIVEIRA, E. P. de et. al. Impactos ambientais das atividades agro-silvipastoris sobre ecossistemas amazônicos e opções de sustentabilidade. [Environmental impacts of agricultural and ranching activities on the Amazonian ecosystems and sustainability options. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 191-204.

The objective of this study is to assess the effects of agricultural and ranching activities on the ecosystem, and connect those effects to the degradation level; regeneration capacity and possibility of recover the environment through changes on the traditional crop system’s management. The areas selected to have the survey developed were rural property of small size farmers in the region of Marabá, in the state of Pará (Eastern Amazon) approximately 500 km southward Belém, and the region of Manacapuru, in the state of Amazonas (Central Amazon), 60 km northward Manaus. In Marabá the survey approached parcels of primary forest, secondary forest and pasture of different ages in five properties in the community of Santa Maria, and six properties in the community of Pau Seco. The excursions to collect material were developed from 1996 to 1998 during rainy and dry seasons. In Manacapuru it selected parcels of cassava, primary forest and agricultural systems installed after primary forest and after secondary forest in five properties at the Laranjal, and four properties at Boa Esperança. The samplings were collected in 1997 and 1998, during the rainy and dry seasons. The study concludes that pastures in Marabá are really degraded. However, the degradation can be reverted introducing the Andropogon that allows for recovering pastures. In Manacapuru deforestation caused important changes to the physical and biological characteristics of the soil. But, apparently, the degradation can be smoothened and transformed by installing forestry systems.

SPCt12

BARRET, T. V. et. al. Phlebotominae, triatominae e trypanosomatinae associadas: diagnóstico e monitoramento de diversidade biológica na Amazônia e interações com as populações humanas. [Associated Phlebotominae, Triatominae and Trypanosomatinae: diagnosis and monitoring of biological diversity in the Amazon, and interactions with human populations. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 205-212.

198 199

The project targets to contribute to characterize the diversity and distribution of blood-eating reduviid and psychodids in the Amazon, and study the interaction among those insects, trypanosome parasites and human populations. Field studies in the Amazon were integrated to molecular taxonomy assays in laboratories, and the techniques employed were numeric analysis, zimo-taxonomy and ribosomal nucleic acid sequencing. The fauna analysis of sand flies, the samplings to analyze the fauna diversity and distribution were collected and identified, including material from the municipalities of Barcarena, Repartimento, Bragança, Oriximiná and Santarém (state of Pará); Chapada dos Guimarães, Barão de Melgaço and Cáceres (state of Mato Grosso); and both sides of the Negro and Amazonas Rivers (state of Amazonas), in ancient forest and forest changed by logging activities. A base to characterize the faunas of sand flies in micro- and macro-geographic scales in the Legal Amazon is being constructed anchored in those samplings and data of previous collections. At the level of species, the most relevant ones include an isolated population, xerophile, at the North of Pará, possible substitute of the African species of Sergentomyia and other new species in the description stage. The partial results were relevant to the basic research on zoo-geography and applicable to the development of programs on entomological and epidemiological surveillance of Chaga’s disease and Leishmaniasis in the Region.

SPCt13

SILVA, V. M. F. da et. al. Conservação e manejo do peixe-boi da Amazônia (Trichechus inunguis) em cativeiro. [Conservation and management of the Amazonian marine manatee (Trichechus inunguis) in confinement. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 213-232.

This project attempts to study some aspects on nutrition, eating habits, health (hematology) and reproductive physiology of confined marine manatee in the Amazon. Due to the shy behavior of that animal, the study could not be carried in nature. The results should allow for monitoring reproduction in confinement, providing inputs to know the reproductive cycle of those animals in nature. Those results are crucial to outline adequate plans on management and conservation of the Amazonian marine manatee and minimize the threat to that species. This project has studied aspects on eating habits, health and reproductive physiology of the marine manatee in confinement, developing techniques to raise orphan offspring. The studies can only be carried out in confinement because of the unsociable behavior of that species, and the turbid Amazonian waters.

SPCt14

ALFAIA, S. S. et. al. Desenvolvimento de tecnologias agrícolas adaptadas às condições amazônicas. [Development of agricultural technologies adapted to the Amazonian conditions]. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 233-248.

The project to develop agricultural technologies adapted to the Amazonian conditions intended to study agricultural cropping systems adapted to the Amazonian humid tropic conditions and, thus, provide rural farmers with materials and information enabling to the region’s sustainable development, respecting its peculiarities. The sub-projects have developed several studies in the field of soil science, fruit growing and olericulture. The main objective of soil studies is to build conditions to the sustainable soil use and management in the region, where soils are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. The enrichment employs partial or integral replacement of fertilizers obtained through the maximization of biological processes that occur naturally on the soil, like biological fixation of nitrogen and absorption of phosphorus by mutual associations between fungi and roots (mycorrhizas). The olericulture studies target the genetic improvement of vegetables to develop crops in the Amazonian ecosystems, multiply reproductive material and use by the population, notably upon the methodological strategy surveyed and adapted to the social and cultural organizations in urban and rural areas. The studies performed with native Amazonian fruit trees consider from preservation of fruit genetic resources to the development of production systems adapted to the humid tropic conditions, to make it an agricultural option. The Amazonian population – both rural and urban - would be the direct beneficiary of the survey actions and findings, since the wide range of possibilities offered to producers has improved the productivity and quality of edible plants, allowing for offering better quality vegetables for trading. As consequence, the increased inflow of financial resources, better work quality and improved income could be observed in given areas. This model could be expanded to reach other areas.

SPCt15

LEEUWEEN, J. van L. et. al. Desenvolvimento e avaliação de sistemas agroflorestais para a Amazônia. [Development and assessment of agroforestry systems to the Amazon. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 249-264.

200 201

Tropical Medicine Institute (IMT) Research Bureaus, and the information collected is inputted in a database that is expected to enable broader and deeper analysis on the endemic dynamic. The vector collection found, in every area surveyed, disease-causing organisms of Malaria, American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis, Chaga’s Disease and Arthropod-borne Viral Disease. It also evidenced the occurrence of venomous animals – snakes and scorpions - that can cause accidents with human beings, during the retrospective and prospective monitoring of cases referred to the Novo Airão Health Unit.

SPCt17

BASTOS, C. N. et. al. Conservação, caracterização, avaliação e utilização de germoplasma de cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) silvestre da Amazônia. [Conservation, characterization, assessment and use of the Amazonian wild cacao germplasm (Theobroma cacao L.). In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 277-288.

The objective of the project was to identify and select cacao genotypes with agronomic characteristics recommendable to be used to obtain higher level cultivars of cacao trees. For that, in 27 years it held botanic expeditions to collect wild cacao trees which are now maintained by Ceplac. The expeditions covered 186 water basins (primary, secondary and tertiary) in which the Brazilian Amazon was divided for collections purposes; 36 were explored to recover germplasm. That is how the programme on preservation of the Amazonian wild cacao tree’s genetic diversity. The project goals were: multiply 2,000 genotypes in at least three Experimental Stations; characterize 400 clones - 100 a year – to let have the project carried out by the Ceplac (Amazon and Bahia) researchers in cooperation with researchers form the Agriculture Nuclear Energy Center (Cena-USP) and Almirante Cacau, adopting the methodology of duplication of clonal accesses through grafting; morphological characterization of fruits and seeds; physical-chemical characterization of the almonds; extraction of DNA from leafs; compatibility reaction by pollinization; sorting of clonal accesses to resistance to witche's broom disease. Except for the physiological characterization, all other research actions have achieved 100% of the goals established, and the germplasm bank established by Ceplac now has 21,475 genotypes from different collection sites. The resources available are not enough to satisfactorily carry out the conservation, characterization and assessment. Therefore, it is necessary to establish cloning strategies, considering the main materials kept at the germplasm bank, avoiding risks of losing these.

The outputs of traditional agroforestry surveys have limited practical interest. To fight that, a research programme was started upon the active participation of producers. The core activity is the outlining, installation, monitoring and assessment of pilot agroforestry crops in agricultural facilities. Farmers are in charge of final decisions and crop management. It worked with more than 100 pilot crops in almost 80 agricultural facilities that use 76 arboreous species, representing 14 agroforestry systems. Crops are on the dry lands and meadows at the region of Manaus (Amazonas), sites of traditional agriculture, and on the dry lands northward Rondônia, at the recent settlements of the agricultural frontier. The method proved to be highly relevant to adapt agroforestry proposals to the farmer’s conditions, and get to know the species development. This publication reports the initial findings. According to the data, leaving the decisions on the farmer’s hands gave rise to differentiated crops, in terms of composition, previous use and management. That great diversity of situations is a valuable basis to formulate recommendations on production.

SPCt16

BURHNHEIM, P. F. et. al. Dinâmica populacional e produção de endemias em Novo Airão, Amazonas. [Population dynamic and endemic production in Novo Airão, state of Amazonas]. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 265-276.

The project is assessing the impact of population dynamic on the recent human colonization areas in the municipality of Novo Airão, state of Amazonas, and its effects on the risk factors that condition the production of endemics, to monitor the vulnerability and receptiveness to endemic diseases. From 1997 to 1999 three population samplings subjected to different conditions were surveyed: two dry land populations – one from a rural area along the Manacapuru-Novo Airão highway and another in the vicinities of the municipality urban area -, and a population of residents from seven traditional riparian communities on the right edge of the Negro River, upstream Novo Airão. Each community participated in three epidemiological inquiries focusing on Malaria, American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis, Chaga’s Disease, Hepatitis, Arthropod-borne Viral Disease, Intestine Parasites, Snakebite and Scorpion Bite. Moreover, it collected vectors and venomous animals in the areas occupied by the target populations to assess those risk factors. The inquiries reached 528 families interviewed and 2,599 individuals, filling in forms and collecting 1953 samplings of feces and 1928 of serum, all upon consented donation. The coprology exams revealed 91.5% positive tests to at least one kind of intestinal parasite. The serum tests are being carried out at the laboratories of the Amazonas

202 203

SPCt18

GIANLUPPI, D. Desenvolvimento de sistemas agroflorestais para recuperação de áreas de matas abandonadas no estado de Roraima. [Development of agroforestry systems to recover abandoned woods areas in the state of Roraima]. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 289-308.

The shortage of itinerant agriculture alternatives, the search for components to agroforestry systems (SAF), additionally to the interaction among these, has led to the development of this study. Since 1995, the project is composed by four research actions carried out at the Confiança Experimental Field, municipality of Cantá. Research action 01: Agroforestry systems, aimed at assessing two agroforestry system models: Agrosilvopastoral (ASP), where arboreous species were associated to annual crops and pasture in a sequential way, and Agrosilvocultural (ASC) in an association of arboreous species with annual crops and fruit crops. Research action 02: Selection of arboreous leguminous. The experience was assessed anchored in random blocks design subdivided parcels, with five repetitions and 24 plants/parcel, with parcels constituted of leguminous species and the sub-parcels with presence or absence of phosphorus fertilization. Research action 03: Characterization and assessment of weeds. The assessment on the incidence of weeds in the SAF was carried out during the rainy season in 1996 in the ASC and ASP systems, and in 1997 only at the ASP parcels. Research action 04: Forest Arboretum. From 1995 onwards, parcels of 2.00 x 2.00 m with 30 plants/species were implemented to observe the development at the Confiança Experimental Field.

SPCt19

LIMA, R. M. B. de et. al. Zoneamento edafo-climático para plantio de espécies florestais de rápido crescimento na Amazônia. [Soil and climate zoning to crop fast growing forestry species in the Amazon]. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 309-332.

Knowing aspects related to the management, forestry and eco-physiology of species to be indicated to projects on forestry reposition and the reproductive material in quality and quantity required, is a response to limit the cropping

of forestry species as one of the most efficient alternatives to recover the degraded areas in tropical areas with high rainfall rates, like happens in the Amazon Region. To develop the actions, the Executing Units employed methodology in experimental network considering the different units of Embrapa, the research institutes and private companies in the region. The species were selected according to the timber use demand. The prediction on the species behavior under different environmental conditions was based on the PLANTGRO software developed at CSIRO-Australia, through the creation of three basic files: soil, climate and plant-soil-climate relation to each species. As result, the seeds of 24 species were collected, forwarded to the respective cropping sites (Amazonas, Acre, Pará, Amapá and Rondônia) totaling about 80,000 seeds. 40,000 seedlings were produced, additionally to 10,800 seedlings of eucalyptus and teak through vegetative propagation to establish the experimental parcels. The seeds origin was then related to the germination quality and quantity of seedlings produced, allowing for recognizing the initial yielding of forestry species in contrasting environments, and recommend potential species for forestation or reforestation tillage in the region. To smooth the problem of shortage of forestry seeds to create seedlings, the survey identified areas to collect native species, establishing parcels of individuals from those genetically representative populations. In the long run, the project results could allow for expanding timber production from native species of planted forests, reducing the exploitation pressure on native forests, thus enabling the biodiversity preservation.

SPCt20

SOUZA, N. R. et. al. Conservação e uso de recursos fitogenéticos da Amazônia. [Conservation and use of Amazonian phytogenetic resources]. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 333-346.

Recognizing the Amazon as a priority ecosystem for conservation and economic use, the use of genetic variability of flora species can be considered to be modest when compared to its strategic value to the development of new national products. The experiences regarding the genetic exploitation of biodiversity started upon many inter-institutional collections of natural populations of promising vegetal species under the risk of genetic erosion, to enable valuing the genetic diversity through procedures of assessment, characterization and use of the samplings of natural population recovered. In that light, the Eastern Amazon Embrapa - in partnership with Embrapa Acre and the National Amazon Survey Institute (Inpa) – has developed

204 205

research actions with shared objectives and goals focusing on the ex-situ conservation of genetic resources of Amazonian vegetal species, preventing the loss of genetic variability. The research actions have their own methodologies to study each of the seven vegetal species, executing agronomic practices that entail enabling conditions to the development and expression of plant’s genetic potential.

SPCt21

MAIA, J. G. S. et. al. Banco de dados das plantas aromáticas e frutos tropicais da Amazônia: seus óleos essenciais e aromas. [Database of aromatic plants and tropical fruits in the Amazon: essential oils and aromas]. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 347-362.

The project intended to conclude the Database of Amazonian Aromatic Plants, essential oils and aromas. The group that proposed it has inventoried the Amazonian aromatic flora for about 15 years, gathering information on scientific and common name; botanic family; popular use; collection sites; essential oil or aroma yielding; organ of the plant studies; biology and botanic characteristics; geographic distribution; chemical composition of volatile components in essential oils and aroma; and bibliographic reference. It expects further provide Internet-based access to the scientific and business community. The introduction of studies on adaptability and feasibility of species with proved economic potential to the areas impacted by land misuse, and the establishment of work collections also aimed at inventorying the aromatic flora of ecosystems like natural brush and corral and promote the selection of aromatic species with economic potential. The collection, register and plant identification methodology was based on distillation, extraction and analysis of essential oils and aromas, gas-liquid chromatography techniques and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, assisted by computer and reference libraries, containing data on mass spectrum and relative retention. HPLC techniques and RMN spectroscopy assisted the identification of volatile components. The Database that comprised 300 inputs with the inventory of the states of Pará, Amazonas, Acre and part of Maranhão, now has 723 inputs (specimens) and about 250 new specimens already analyzed are expected to be inputted, totaling 1050 specimens until January 2000, due to the collection and ethnobotanic observation in areas that had not yet been inventoried, notably in the states of Amapá, Mato Grosso, Roraima, Tocantins and Maranhão.

SPCt22

VERÍSSIMO, A. et. al. Geração de uma base de informações para a utilização sustentável dos recursos florestais no Estado do Pará. [Generation of information database to the sustainable use of forestry resources in the state of Pará]. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 363-372.

This publication attempts to systematize the outputs of the Emergencial Phase and Phase I of the PPG7 Science and Technology Sub-program. The research project aims at generating a database of ecological and economic information, to guide a proposal on sustainable development of timber exploitation in the Amazon. The research was divided in three integrated components. The first component characterizes the timber resource in the Eastern Amazon. The second assesses the extension and abundance of liana in forests exploited to timber purposes. And the last one characterizes the timber activity tendencies in the region. The results of this project were crucial to assess the link between timber exploitation and forest fires; estimate the area affected by timber exploitation; characterize the tropical timber market in Brazil; assist the elaboration of criteria to establish production forests in the Legal Amazon; prospect timber exploitation tendencies, based on economic scenarios and public policies tools; subsidize the outlining of forestry development programme in the state of Amapá; provide information to define forestry zoning in the state of Acre; and, arrange the database to the project on forestry sector reform, developed by the Ministry of Environment.

SPCt23

NOBRE, C. A. et. al. Balanço de energia, vapor d'água e CO2 em área de floresta tropical na Amazônia Central. [Energy, water steam and CO2 balance in rainforest areas at the Central Amazon]. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 373-386.

The report introduces the Energy, water steam and CO2 balance in rainforest areas at the Central Amazon Project developed by Inpe and Inpa from 1996 to 1999. The work aims at gathering data that allow for deeply knowing the biosphere-atmosphere interaction physical processes,

206 207

observing the long-term measures. The experimental sites were the Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve and the Cueiras River Biological Reserve – both with untouched tropical vegetation. The measures on flows and surfaces were taken on the top of a micro-meteorological tower, considering sensible and latent heat, momentum and CO2, using a sonic anemometer and an infra-red gas analyzer. Calculations were made using the technique of vortex correlation. It has also measured air temperature, atmospheric pressure, specific humidity and winds, using a meteorological probe, and transmitting data through telemetry. The kyte balloon measures were under the responsibility of the Manaus Atmospheric CO2 Experiment Project (Macoe), while the measures on flows and concentration of temperature, humidity and CO2 in the canopy were carried out by the Joint Amazon Carbon Experiment Project (Jacarex). The measures on sunlight in the canopy used solarimeter tubes on the vertical; the flow of incident sun radiation above vegetation was measured using pyranometer. The results disclosed high values of atmospheric carbon fixation in the biomass. If those results are confirmed in independent and continuous measures for many years, those could indicate that forests worked like planetary filters to the surplus of CO2 released by the anthropic burn of fossil fuels.

SPCt24

BASTOS, T. X. et. al. Alterações biofísicas associadas ao uso de atividades agrícolas na Amazônia Oriental. [Biophysical changes associated to the use of agricultural activities in the Eastern Amazon]. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 387-398.

The project was developed in the state of Pará, and aimed at assessing changes to the rain regimen associated to the removal of natural vegetation for agricultural use; assess physical, chemical and biological changes at the tillable soil layer subjected to different use systems; and, analyze the landscape dynamic through the integrated use of multi-temporal remote-sensing and the geographic information system. The methodology considered climatic, edaphic approaches and the landscape dynamic. For that, it gathered and stored meteorological data of historical records related to the study sites. It assessed the physic-chemical and biological changes on soils subjected to different agricultural use systems, involving field research and laboratory analysis. Moreover, it analyzed the vegetal cover dynamic and land use in selected areas, using remote-sensing, geo-processing and field work. The results achieved were not the expected

one. It has not observed any tendency of rainfall reduction in the areas surveyed; the analysis on physic-chemical and biological properties of soil under different land use systems disclosed that in the sites studies the intensive use of soil by the agroforestry sector has not led to drastic changes on the main properties; the assessment on landscape changes associated to agricultural activities involving geo-processing showed that, as regards the distribution of land use classes, the areas with secondary vegetation are the prevailing landscape pattern, and the pasture areas are more intensively used.

SPCt25

BROWN, I. F. et. al. Estudos ecológicos de manejo de florestas naturais e de recuperação de pastos e roçados degradados no estado do Acre. [Ecological studies on natural forest management and recovery of degraded pastures and small scale farming sites in the state of Acre]. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 399-424.

The project objective was to generate and disseminate ecological knowledge to manage different natural and anthropic ecosystems, typical to the Western Amazon, in the stages of recovery of degraded pastures and small scale farming sites; natural forests management; and knowledge dissemination through professional training and capacity-building to local communities in the use of management techniques, and subsidies to the regional planning and development. The studies were concentrated in an area 50 km from the city of Rio Branco, covering 800.000 ha with different land uses. The results are reflected in the publications launched as notebooks, which were used to the training of traditional communities, and scientific publications as book chapter and scientific articles. The information on the degradation process and recovery of degraded pastures and small-scale farming sites, natural forest management, and actions on extension and environmental education was focused on transferring technical knowledge and technology on the sustainable use of natural resources to rubber tappers and rural farmers. Moreover, it assisted the establishment of an agricultural credit police to extractive workers; definition of a forestry policy; elaboration of the Positive Agenda in Acre; the Economic and ecological Zoning of the state; and, structuring of the Forest Technical School. By the end of the project, partnerships were established with 19 national and international institutions, both governmental and non-governmental, fostering interaction through the use of current results. That has facilitated the execution of new proposals of this unit.

208 209

SPCt26

DARVICH, A. et. al. Influência do pulso de cheias e vazantes na dinâmica ecológica de áreas inundáveis. [Influence of floods and ebb tides flow on the ecological dynamic of floodable areas]. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. p. 425-446.

In the ecological light, floodable areas are those which periodically receive side input of waters from rivers, lakes, direct rainfall or underground waters. In the Amazon region, the most relevant are those associated to rivers and lakes. The biota in floodable areas is mainly controlled by the river discharges flow. In that context, this survey developed studies on vegetation and main components of the fauna that inhabits the floodable areas, and their relation to that physical environment. The work assumption is that in floodable areas the biota is mainly controlled by the hydrological pulse, reacting in interaction with that physical environment, increasing the nutritional and productivity levels in these areas. To test the assumption, the survey analyzed: carbon balance; CO2 flow; adaptive mechanisms of plants and animals; biomass; fruits production; photosynthetic activity of vegetal communities; variation and abundance of benthic, zooplankton and fish communities; and the effects of land use fashions on the main nutrients and carbon balance during the aquatic and terrestrial phases. The results show that vegetative phenophases in some arboreous species could be related to the flood pulse dynamic. In that event, the environmental changes imposed by the flood and ebb tide cycle are key elements to the chronology of phenological events. The most important ecological factor observed was the increased area and water volume in the lake which has directly and indirectly changed water quality; diversity and abundance of food; and, the conditions to carry out the reproductive processes. To the species or groups studied, the flood pulse influence is sharp, confirming the work assumption.

SPCt27

PERIN, R. et. al. Recuperação de áreas de pastagens abandonadas e degradadas através de sistemas agroflorestais na Amazônia Ocidental. [Recovery of abandoned and degraded pasture areas through agroforestry systems in the Western Amazon]. In: BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: MCT, 1999. 447-462p.

The project aims at trying the assumption that agroforestry systems could transform the abandoned and degraded pasture areas into productive lands, as an alternative to minimize the deforestation pressure on primary forests. That would also bring social, economic and ecologically sustainable development to farmers in the Amazon Region. Hence, it assessed agronomic, ecological and economic aspects of four agroforestry systems implemented in 1992 at degraded pasture areas, in the Embrapa Experimental Station at the Agricultural District of Suframa, state of Amazonas, comparing those to witness parcels of secondary vegetation. The results suggest secondary vegetation biomass management practices alternative to the felling and burn, with improved fallow and richer underbrush, additionally to consistent management through the incorporation of organic matter, thus increasing the agroforestry systems sustainability. The economic indicators point out agrosilvocultural system models AS 1 and AS 2 as viable and alternative to the current land use systems, with internal return rate higher than 14% a year, but considered the implementation costs high and, therefore, recommend to provide proper incentive to farmers for the environmental services they deliver, until the activity becomes sustainable. Therefore, the agroforestry systems are efficient to recover the landscape, but are slow to recover soils from degraded areas. Soil sustainability depends on the reposition of nutrients through disposal of leguminous pruning; permanent cover; presence of species adapted to poor, acid and compact soils; practices to foster the biota action on the soil, in the cycling of nutrients and soil physical condition.

SPCt28

MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - MCT Pesquisa da floresta amazônica brasileira: Projeto Jacarandá (fase 1). [Survey on the Brazilian Amazon forest: Jacarandá Project (phase 1)]. In: Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia: resultados da Fase Emergencial e Fase I. [Pilot Programme for the Protection of the Brazilian Rainforests / Science and Technology Sub-program: results of the Emergency Phase and Phase I]. Brasilia: 1999. p. 463-471.

The project “Brazilian Amazon Forest Surveys” was re-named to “Jacarandá” to pay homage to the Jacaranda copaia (caroba or parápará) – a forestry species of unique beauty and easily adjustable to degraded areas. The project general objective was to recover areas that were abandoned and/or degraded due to different soil uses in the Amazon, using agroforestry practices responsive to the region. The specific objectives comprises furnishing the Inpa with a structure to carry out remote-sensing-based surveys to track the forestry typologies and alterations; promote knowledge on the forestry ecosystems structures subject to change; assess the dynamic of such changes and provide agricultural and management alternatives to recover abandoned and/or degraded areas. In the first phase,

210 211

the efforts focused on strengthening the institutional infrastructure, providing training to personnel, and implementing the research works. This publication addresses the works, according to the structure and the project research area: Remote Sensing; Natural Forest Management – including study on the mammal’s fauna; and, Recovery of Degraded Areas. Some works have entailed conclusive results, but most of the works achieved partial results, and pointed out how the second stage should be executed. All works ensue from the interaction between Brazilian and Japanese researchers.

SPCt29

MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY – MCT. Pilot Programme to Conserve the Brazilian Rain Forest/ Sub-Programme of Science and technology: 1998 Report. Brasilia: MCT/ The Scientific Development Secretariat, 1998. 80 p.

The 1998 report to the components of the PPG7 Science and Technology Sub-program, considering the Oriented Research Projects and Science Centers, reports some achievements of the 23 projects on oriented researched contracted in August 1996, and being executed. For example, it observed the first marine manatee born in confinement in the Amazon; the possibility of outlining recommendations to agroforestry development programs, based on the lessons learned from the agroforestry systems (SAF); recommendation to use fogging as an effective way to control malaria, as partial result of the entomological study in the municipality of Novo Airão – AM. The monitoring and assessment consultants considered the technical visits held from April to June as satisfactory, recognizing the reliability of the ongoing surveys, and the need for continuing those. However, the main achievement of this Sub-program, which changed the execution and contracting processes to further research projects, was the signing of the Financing Agreement between the European Communities Commission and the Studies and Projects Financing Agency (Finep) that will ensure higher efficiency to the means and processes, and better efficacy to achieve the project final objectives, by optimizing the use of resources. Since the contract is not guaranteed by the Brazilian Government, it is expected to hasten the financial flows, bureaucratic procedures to release resources to purchase goods and equipment, besides allowing for the individual contracting of researchers.

SPCt30

BRAZIL. Ministry of Science and Technology – MCT. Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e tecnologia: Report, 1998. Brasilia: MCT/ Scientific Development Secretariat, 1997. 78 p.

The 1998 report to the components of the PPG7 Science and Technology Sub-program, considering the Oriented Research Projects and Science Centers, reports some achievements of the 23 projects on oriented researched contracted in August 1996, and being executed. For example, it observed the first marine manatee born in confinement in the Amazon; the possibility of outlining recommendations to agroforestry development programs, based on the lessons learned from the agroforestry systems (SAF); recommendation to use fogging as an effective way to control malaria, as partial result of the entomological study in the municipality of Novo Airão – AM. The monitoring and assessment consultants considered the technical visits held from April to June as satisfactory, recognizing the reliability of the ongoing surveys, and the need for continuing those. However, the main achievement of this Sub-program, which changed the execution and contracting processes to further research projects, was the signing of the Financing Agreement between the European Communities Commission and the Studies and Projects Financing Agency (Finep) that will ensure higher efficiency to the means and processes, and better efficacy to achieve the project final objectives, by optimizing the use of resources. Since the contract is not guaranteed by the Brazilian Government, it is expected to hasten the financial flows, bureaucratic procedures to release resources to purchase goods and equipment, besides allowing for the individual contracting of researchers.

SPCt31

MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - MCT Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas tropicais do Brasil/ Subprograma de Ciência e tecnologia: Report, 1997. Brasilia: MCT/ Scientific Development Secretariat, 1997. 70 p.

The 1997 report to the components of the PPG7 Science and Technology Sub-program, considering the Oriented Research Projects and Science Centers, reports the relevance of generating and disseminating knowledge to the sustainable conservation and development in the Amazon Region. It specifies the administrative and financial difficulties, notably concerning

212 213

the budgetary issue, besides the positive consideration by the monitoring and assessment missions regarding the Sub-programme development. It summarizes the 23 oriented research projects contracted from August 1996 onwards, and developed during 1997 aimed at minimizing the deforestation pressure on primary growth forests. The projects have enabled innovative actions that enable improving life quality, and economic alternatives to the population’s and the Amazon Region’s sustainable development. The Science Centers component have promoted improvements to the physical and services infrastructure, and to the training of the National Institute of Amazonian Studies (Inpa) and the Emilio Göeldi Museum of Pará (MPEG), to build the reference basis to develop scientific and technological surveys focused on the Amazon forest conservation and sustainable use of its resources.

11

SPRNNatural Resources Policy Subprogramme

The National Resources Policy Subprogramme (SPRN) was created in 1994 and concluded in 2008. It aimed at strengthening the State Environmental Bodies (Oemas) in the states part of the Legal Amazon to implement an integrated model of environmental management in the region. The Sub-programme worked directly with the Oemas, state General Attorney’s Office and other important players in the Amazonian environmental policy.

The SPRN was tasked with the physical structuring and technical capacity-building of many Oemas. Some of those did not exist, or worked in a precarious way before receiving the Sub-programme support. The SPRN has mainly invested in building digital cartographic basis on the states in that region; in promoting ecological-economic zoning; and, in implementing automated environmental licensing systems to rural properties.

Regarding the physical structuring of the Oemas, the Subprogram invested in purchasing computers, vehicles, boats and even in constructing public buildings. The SPRN has also granted resources to the National Environmental Fund (FNMA) to strengthen the municipalitie’s environmental management to establish the local Agendas 21. The Sub-programme is developing its final stage of building awareness among sustainable development actors in the Amazon, to share decisions and use products, processes and tools built by the SPRN, to achieve final results capable of meeting the expectations and needs of those expected to continue the environmental policy in the region.

214 215

SPRN1

DELL PRETTE, M.; KRUGER, H. Referências metodológicas de ZEE participativo. [Participatory EEZ Methodological References]. Manaus: GTZ, 2007. 78 p.

The book presents the project’s experiences as raw material to build concepts, develop techniques and improve procedures capable of entailing significant impacts to the territorial planning, regulation and administration, through ecological-economic zoning (EEZ). The ZEE is a tool that enables territorial management, mainly because it places the social pacts in specific territories. The first part of the book briefly introduces the ZEE history, involving environmental and economic aspects, and shows how it oscillated between distrust and dazzle. In the second chapter, the text presents the EEZ as a territorial management tool, contextualizing the current debate on zoning actions. In the third chapter, the book presents the zoning macro and local dimensions; territorial management and its elements; and, participation as element to carry out the environmental management. Then, the text introduces the EEZ operational phases: articulation, diagnosis, prognostic and implementation. In brief, the book shows the participatory zoning as more than just a methodology to gather and analyze useful data to divide space and plan the natural resources use. It is a broad set of territorial management that gathers political consensus elements, economic efficiency, social justice and environmental protection.

SPRN2

IBAMA. Manejo de fauna em florestas nacionais com atividades de mineração: proposta metodológica para diagnóstico, monitoramento e salvamento. [Fauna management in national forests with mining activities: methodological proposal to diagnosis, monitoring and rescue]. Brasilia: Ibama, 2006. 47 p.

The publication discloses the results of the “Workshop on National Forests Management (Flonas) with Mining Activity” held in Brasilia, in 2006. The workshop attempted to improve methodologies and outline term of reference to guide the wild fauna management in the Flonas with mining activities. The Flonas are basically aimed at the sustainable multiple use of natural resources and the scientific research. Therefore, any potentially impacting activity developed in those conservation units should be controlled and monitored, toward achieving the sustainable use. The Flonas of Carajás, Tapiapé-Aquiri, Jamari and Saracá-Taquera are subject

to mining exploitation activities, envisaged in the respective establishment decrees and management plan. During the event, the discussion groups were divided into arthropod, bird, fish, mammal and invertebrate fauna to standardize the methodologies, enabling comparative analyses among the different Flonas. The groups have standardized the methodologies to diagnosis/inventory, monitoring and rescue.

SPRN3

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA Plano Regional de Capacitação Ambiental do SPRN [SPRN Regional Environmental Qualification Plan] Brasilia: MMA, 2006. 92 p.

The publication reports and assesses the Regional Environmental Qualification Plan (PRCA) – an experience on political articulation to strengthen strategic institutions working with environmental defense in the Amazon, developed within the SPRN scope. The PRCA was negotiated to serve the Oemas and state General Attorney’s Offices as priority audiences, employing the approach of Diagnosis on Required Skills Improvement (Cena) to identify the capacity-building demands. The following thematic areas have been identified: conflicts management; forest valuation; environmental law; participatory strategic planning; communication and information strategies and mechanisms (integrated information system, including rural properties social control and licensing); and, municipal environmental management. On-site and distance training modalities have been employed to implement the PRCA. Despite different achievements in different lines of action, all trainings have succeeded in building awareness among the institutions. The lines of forest valuation, environmental law, and communication and information have reached higher degrees of instrumentation and incorporation of the technical concepts and tools to the institutions, if compared to the remainder thematic lines.

SPRN4

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT – MMA I Seminário de Sistemas Implantados de Monitoramento e Controle do Desmatamento e Queimadas na Amazônia legal. [1st Seminar on Deforestation and Burn Monitoring and Control Systems Implemented in the Legal Amazon] Brasilia: MMA/ SPRN, 2006. 140 p.

This publication summarizes the debates held in the 1st Seminar of Deforestation and Burn Monitoring and Control Systems Implemented in the Legal Amazon, held in 2004 in the municipality of Macapá, state of Amapá. It gathers the works presented by experts from the Ministry of Environment (MMA), the Amazonian Protection System (Sipam) and State Environmental Bodies (Oemas) of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima

REFERêNCIAS

METODOLóGICAS DE

ZEE PARTICIPATIVO

216 217

and Tocantins. The Oemas from Mato Grosso and Maranhão, jointly with the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Ibama) and the National Institute of Spatial Studies (Inpe) have also reported their experience, but have not contributed with articles to this publication. To contextualize the socio-environmental reality of the states where the Environmental Licensing Systems in Rural Properties are being implemented, an informative abstract with the basic data of each state participating in the Seminar was prepared. Above all, this publication records the advances and difficulties that intertwine the partnership between government and society, and those permeating the sustainable management of environmental resources in the Brazilian Amazon.

SPRN5

AMAPÁ. SEMA. Programa de Educação Ambiental de Mazagão. [Environmental Education Program in Mazagão] Macapá: Sema-AP, 2005. 32 p.

The book introduces the Environmental Education Program in the Municipality of Mazagão, state of Amapá, which aims at ensuring individual and collective participation in the identification and solution of socio-environmental problems, and promote awareness on the relevance of environmental education as a means to recommend solutions to social-environmental issues in face of the local reality. Moreover, the Program defined other objectives, like the promotion of environmental education actions mainly focused on the reduction of human-generated residues, and the elaboration of projects to raise financial resources to develop sustainable practices. The publication begins by introducing the background history and concept of environmental education. Then, it specifies the Environmental Education Municipal Program model establishing the objectives, master actions, principles, recommendations, operational strategies, management ways, and constructing of the Municipal Center of Environmental Education bylaws.

SPRN6

AMAPÁ. SEMA. Programa de Educação Ambiental de laranjal do Jari. [Environmental Education Program of Laranjal do Jari] Macapá: Sema-AP, 2003. 34 p.

The publication introduces the Environmental Education Program in the Municipality of Laranjal do Jari, Amapá, emphasizing that the proposed model should promote environmental educations oriented to the municipality development, as recommended by the National Program of Environmental Education, the Agenda 21 and the State Environmental Education Program.

The Municipal Program objectives are: promote environmental education, fostering participation and pursuing behavioral changes to improve life quality and the exercise of citizen rights; and ensure the rational biodiversity use by current generations, and the generations to come. The publication also discloses the specific objectives, lines of action, recommendations and main actions.

SPRN7

BUSINESS EXHIBITION TO THE SUSTAINABLE AMAZON. Negócios para a Amazônia sustentável: iniciativas produtivas, relações comerciais justas, conservação da biodiversidade. [Businesses to the sustainable Amazon: productive initiatives, fair commercial relations, biodiversity conservation]. Brasilia: MMA/ PPG7, 2003. 94 p.

The Amazon forest houses socially and ecologically relevant economy that, nonetheless, is not fully appraised by the Brazilian society. That economy is practiced by culturally diversified populations, whose lives have been adapted to the forest dynamic, and that have – for generations – extracted fruits, oils, saps and vegetal fibers, besides cropping different regional species of commercial value. However, despite the clear growth of the market of forestry resources byproducts, the expansion of businesses generated by Amazonian communities face some difficulties ensuing from the production conditions. Most of the problems faced by these enterprises come from the poor organization of the communities, business management and technical difficulties found in the productive process. Recently, the Amazonian Coordination Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment has formulated and implemented policies to solve those problems, and strengthen the production and trading conditions of that economy that is flourishing in the forest. In 2002 the “Business to the Sustainable Amazon” discloses 67 experiences based on the concept of “sustainable business”, which is characterized by the adoption of measures to reduce the productive process-related environmental impact; generation of social benefits to the communities involved, based on fair commercial relations; allow the farmers’ training, technologies transfer, payment of royalties, and social investments involving a wide range of products and services. Additionally to a large variety of quality artisanal products, it comprises enterprises originated from partnerships between Amazonian producers and industries in the sectors of pneumatic, cosmetic and phototherapeutic products. It also encompasses successful initiatives in the servicing sector, like ecotourism projects in protected areas, and advisory services to enhance businesses in the Amazon.

PROGRAMA DE

EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL

DE MAZAGÃO

PROGRAMA DE

EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL

DE LARANJAL DO JARI

218 219

SPRN8

TOCANTINS. SEPLAN. ICMS Ecológico: Tocantins. [Ecological ICMS tax: Tocantins]. Palmas: Seplan-TO, 2003. 46 p.

This publication shows, in a simple way, what the ICMS Ecológico stands for, how it works and the implementation stages, where one can find information. In the annexes, it presents the integral texts of Law 1323 of April 4, 2002, which establishes the Ecological ICMS in the Sate, and of Decree 1666 of December 2002, which enacts the law. With the new regulation, the ICMS portion to be allotted to municipalities is calculated based on criteria related to: I) municipal environmental policy, qualitative and quantitative, i.e., count on environmental legislation and budgetary allotment to enforce the legislation; II) conservation units and indigenous lands – recognition of indigenous units and lands, categories of integral protection or sustainable use, and extension of the respective areas; III) control and combat to fire – existence of civil fire brigades to combat forest burns and fires, environmental education practices and number of hot spots registered; IV) basic sanitation, water conservation, waste collection and disposal – water quality index, environmental and sanitary education, proper final waste disposal, number of domiciles served with treated drinkable water, toilet, waste collection and gallery jungles conservation; V) soil conservation – projects aimed at using soils depending on its vocation and percentage of tilled and not conserved municipal extension, and duly tilled.

SPRN9

WIM, S. Paisagens, biodiversidade, solos e pluviosidade na Amazônia. [Landscapes, biodiversity, soils and rainfall index in the Amazon]. Manaus: GTZ, 2002. 96 p.

This notebook gathers two translations of scientific articles by Dr. Wim G. Sombroek: “Macro-landscapes in the Amazon and its Soils in Relation with Biodiversity” and “Space and Time Modalities of Rain Incidence in the Amazon: Consequences to the Agriculture Planning and Primary Grow Forest Protection”, originally published in English. The critical issue is if there is any natural limit of climate and soils that could block the agricultural frontier indiscriminate advance, at least in the current economic and agro-technical standards. The first article, about Micro-landscapes, have differentiated 13 micro-landscape units all over the forested Amazon and each unit held specific standards of soil and forest cover structure. In the second article on Space and Time Modalities of Rain Incidence in

the Amazon, it observed that annual rain incidence in the Amazon region, notably regarding its space and time modalities (zone and seasons) is little known. The different rain incidences in different sub-regions are great, and their importance is being discussed regarding the success or failure of agricultural settlements; the risks of damages caused by large-scale fires; the area relevance to store and capture CO2; and, the probability to reduced biomass in secondary grow forests in abandoned agricultural areas. It also discusses the El Niño effects on the biodiversity of natural savannas in the Amazonian forests region.

SPRN10

SANTOS, F. A. A. dos. Cartografia e uso de GPS: noções básicas [Cartography and GPS use: basic notions]. Manaus: GTZ, 2002. 62 p. (Cadernos Técnicos, 4)

In the first part, the publication presents basic cartography notions, with concepts, kinds of graphic representation, Earth representations, map definitions, and the maps properties. The second chapter introduces the GPS and its use, presenting basic information on the system. The third chapter is a simplified manual to facilitate the GPS use, from turning on the device, to its configuration. On the final part, the author shows the use of GPS to environmental management, licensing and inspection, monitoring and ecological-economic zoning (EEZ). The use of GPS by environmental bodies to carry on environmental management activities is of utmost relevance to allow more efficient control, providing minimum guarantee to experts on the exact localization and identification of activities that potentially change the environment. For example, the system facilitates mapping the mining areas, timber extraction, rural properties mapping, and assists monitoring deforestation and burns.

SPRN11

CHAGAS, M. A. (Org.). Sustentabilidade e gestão ambiental no Amapá: saberes Tucujus. [Environmental sustainability and management in Amapá: the Tucujus’ knowledge]. Macapá: Sema-AP, 2002. 189 p.

The book gathers some texts that assess the subjects taught in the Master’s Degree course of Environmental Policy and Management, enabled by a partnership involving the CDS/UnB, Unifap, SPRN/Ministry of Environment and Sema/Amapá. The publication is composed of different texts

ICMS ECOLóGICO

CARTOGRAFIA

E USO DE GPS

SUSTENTABILIDADE E

GESTÃO AMBIENTAL

NO AMAPÁ

PAISAGENS,

BIODIVERSIDADE,

SOLOS E PLUVIOSIDADE

NA AMAZÔNIA

220

approaching the topic of environmental sustainability and management, emphasizing on issues found in Amapá. Altogether, there are 16 texts about: pollutant activities licensing system; legal property arrangement and environment in Brazil; biodiversity management; history of environmental defense; fish resources management; environmental management in Amapá; fishing community and their resources sustainability; perception on the urban population’s living conditions in the meadow; introduction of environmental education to the green paradigm; sustainable Amazon; neo-liberalism; public policies and the environment; medicines to the third world; meetings and tolerances; crisis, State and sustainable development; emancipating science; and Jari: from slavery to emancipation.