minions
TRANSCRIPT
1
The chip in the brain Michael T Deans
†
Contents 1 Abstract
1 Introduction
3 Proton ordered H-bond energy
5 The chip in the brain
7 Biological clocks
11 Particles and planes
11 Pulsars evidence nuclear fusion
12 Periodic table of the elements
13 Calculations
14 References
Abstract Most attempts at explaining and modeling human intelligence are based on binary
computers and neural networks. In 1950, Alan Turing asked, ‘Can machines think … Are
there imaginable digital computers which would do well in the imitation game?’ I would add
the question ‘Can artificial intelligence compensate for personality bias?’
To think like people, machines need to do more than answer questions ‘Yes’ or ‘No’.
I deduced the structure of the ‘minion’ nucleohistone complex by iteration. It stores
information using 9 x 63 arrays of proton-ordered hydrogen bonds, serves as a biological
clock, packs DNA on chromosomes for efficient, error-free replication and organizes
cellular metabolism. It ‘thinks’ using base-10 arithmetic, laterally and vertically.
Isolated H-bonds are weak and disorderly; en masse they’re strong. My discovery of a
ferroelectric phase transition in ice crystallized in liquid nitrogen, ice It evidenced this. Each
minion stores an 18-letter word using a 63-character alphabet. Those in one cell nucleus
could remember the Bible and Shakespeare. They intercommunicate by resonance.
Introduction
During an experiment with liquid nitrogen in February 1967, I surmised that ice
crystallizing on a silica helium thermometer bulb distorted it. I suggested it was a variant of
cubic ice1 with its molecular dipoles aligned. Its crystals contract on cooling to accommodate
their irregular shape, undergoing a ferroelectric phase transition2 at ~72 K. Latent energy is
emitted as infrared laser light, ‘ice-light’ with wavelength λ ≈ 4μ and energy matching the
free energy of the phosphodiester bond, Pi ~ Pi in ATP. As Pauling argued, the H-bonds in
hexagonal ice have residual entropy3. They retain random orientation, O•••H–O or O–H•••O
when cooled to 0 K. My mentors ridiculed these proposals for resembling ice nine,
introduced in Kurt Vonnegut’s science fiction, Cat’s Cradle.
Sixteen types of ice are now known4, in some the molecules are distributed at random,
others are orderly. Ice studies tend to focus on extreme temperatures and pressures. Nobody
has reported observations confirming mine, but I recently read: The proton-ordering
transition of ice Ic shown by librational band changes suggests partial proton ordering of
ice Ic into a ferroelectric structure between 70 and 75 K, further experiments are needed5.
2
Proton-ordered H-bond energy
Ice-light affords a simple explanation for muscle
contraction. Sarcomeres are ½ λ cavities contracting to
resonate with Pi ~ Pi energy, a more efficient process than
Adrian Huxley’s proposed cross-bridges6
making and
breaking.
Fig 4. Sarcomere
Fig 1. Diamond structure Fig 2. Ferroelectric transition
Fig 3. Two-dimensional ice model and transition temperatures
Fig 4. Sarcomere
3
During the Krebs’ cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, sugar is burnt in mitochondria, a
cascade of cytochromes, metal ion-porphyrin ring complexes, releases energy as ice-light
which photo-phosphorylates ADP to ATP, ADP + Pi → ATP. Mitchell’s chemiosmotic
hypothesis7 invokes proton gradients and presumes membranes are leaky, my account is
more efficient.
In photosynthesis, grana in chloroplasts, chlorophyll absorbs visible light, it’s passed
down the cytochrome chain, releasing ice-light at each step. Both mitochondria and grana
afford cavities accommodating the wavelengths they cater for.
Fig 5. The Krebs’ cycle and cytochrome chain release ice-light
in three steps, mitochondria afford resonant cavities for photo-
phosphorylating ADP. Grana accommodate visible light
4
In nitrogen fixation, protons
trapped in mitochondria attach
nitrogen to nicotinamide’s amide
group, forming -NH─N=NH. The
same regime in reverse accounts for
the photolysis of water releasing
oxygen. Cyanide poisons the regime.
Photochemistry features throughout
biological systems.
At cell division, ATP is
hydrolyzed in each component
of centrioles ⅓λ long,
releasing ice-light which
accumulates until all nine
send it simultaneously along
the nine H-bond chains
forming the three α-helices of
spindle proteins. The energy
accelerates protons along
channels between DNA
and protein within the chromosome. The
alternating magnetic fields created have
frequencies dependent on chromosome
length, causing their mutual repulsion.
Fig 6. Nitrogen fixation & oxygen release
Fig 7. Centrioles fire on nine barrels along nine H-bond chains
in spindle fibres consisting of three α-helices
Fig 8. Centrioles send energy along spindle
fibres, chromosome pairs mutually repel
Fig 9. H-bond chains accelerate
protons along chromosomes
5
Life originated during a primordial
ice age. Snow falling into polar pools of
liquid nitrogen caused it to boil. Water
molecules carried to the surface formed ice
It. Temperature fluctuations drove its
ferroelectric transition. Ice-light released
was multiply reflected by ice in clouds and
on the Earth’s surface. Nuclides in tropical
waters were photo-phosphorylated. A
‘noodle soup’ of DNA was created, see
Trace element nutrition.
The chip in the brain
‘Minion’ connotes mind and subservience. Minions consist of 1,701 DNA base pairs
held flat by anti-parallel β-pleated protein sheets. The DNA is uncoiled, retaining the base-
pair spacing and overlap of the B-helix. The proteins have alternate neutral (alanine, leucine,
isoleucine and valine) and basic (arginine and lysine) amino acids, proline makes an
asymmetric U-bend. The phenyalanine residues in gramicidin S8 represent nucleotides, they
have an analogous structure.
Flat DNA has the same base-pair overlap and spacing as the double helix
Fig 10. Photophosphorylation of dATP
Fig 11. The DNA B-helix uncoils. Its base-pair overlap and
spacing are retained. It binds to anti-parallel β-pleated
protein sheets of alternate neutral and basic amino acids.
6
Twenty-one units nine base-
pairs long form a coil, nine coils held
together by similar proteins complete
a minion. Super-coiled minions pack
DNA neatly into chromosomes ~½λ
in circumference. They fit better than
nucleosome core particles9 which are
probably preparative artefacts.
Ala, Leu, Ile and Val interface
with bases cytosine, guanine, adenine
and thymine (C, G, A and T) mnemonic
A LIVe CiGAreTte, ensuring the
integrity of vital DNA sequences.
Minions probably evolved to facilitate DNA replication without disrupting the base
sequence, their intellectual function is a bonus. The pattern of proton-ordered H-bonds
connecting the ω-amines of Lys and Arg with DNA phosphates is retained. One H-bond on
the inner and outer surface of each coil is reversed, storing an 18 letter word using a 63-
character alphabet.
Resonance between minions within and between cell nuclei storing similar words
accounts for memory recall. Nerve fibres serve as optic cables, their synaptic junctions act as
filters.
Fig 13. Amino acids match DNA bases
Fig 12. Gramicin S mimics
DNA-protein interface
7
Words have colour and personality, each plays a unique chord. Compromises are
achieved by allowing matches on just a few notes of a chord. Unsolved problems on one coil
may find solutions on another, equivalent to transposing between keys, lateral thinking.
Nine independent, mathematically orthogonal personality traits emerge when
neurological, psychiatric and philosophic classifications are compared. Astrologers correlate
birth time with personality, suggesting the oxygen tension change at birth establishes a
common base-line on every minion. Occult traditions afford abundant evidence for the
veracity of the minion concept. Both ‘Great Ages’ ~2000 yrs and zodiac signs correspond to
features of minion coils.
Perfect pitch recognition appears innate, Chinese tonal pronunciations assign
meanings to tones. The five lines and four spaces of the musical stave reflect the minion’s
nine. Colour enhances meaning, as illustrated by Shakespeare’s Portia offering silver, lead
and gold caskets in his play The merchant of Venice. Confusing cardinal and ordinal
numbers encourages gambling. The transposition of meanings between senses by
synaesthetes resembles that of keys in music, consistent with memory storage on minions.
Biological clocks
Results obtained from particle accelerators confirm Heisenberg’s uncertainty
principle. My anthropocentric account of its basis replaces Planck’s constant, h by the
minion’s unit of time, τ. The H-bonds between DNA phosphates and amino acid ω-amines
switch, see Figure 9, like rows of dominoes collapsing. They constitute the eighteen hands
of biological clocks as they progress round minion coils.
Fig 14. Minion coil compared with nucleosome
core particle, minions replicating
8
Using β-sheet spacing 7.37 Ẵ and velocity of light 3 x 108
gives the time taken for
light to travel thrice round the fastest coil:
τ = 3 x 189 x 7.37 x 10-10
/3 x 108 ≈ 1.39 x 10
-15 sec (femtoseconds)
the initial ‘3’ reflects Dekatron™ logic10
, ‘189’ is the number of base pairs per coil.
Other coils take 63N τ, where N = 1 to 18. N = 11, 13 and 18 yield approximate day-
length, Sun-spot cycle period and ‘age of the universe’, sophisticated analysis might yield
closer agreement. Time intervals shorter than τ or longer than 6318
τ, 0 and ∞ are
unknowable.
The minion’s nine coils underpin base-10 arithmetic, the prime factors, 3, 7 and 9 of
63, the number of DNA base-pair triplets per coil, rationalizes the allotments of seven days
per week and seven-yearly life stages:
Infants aged one to seven are good
From seven to fourteen children accept truth
From fourteen to twenty-one adolescents appreciate aesthetics
From twenty-one to twenty-eight adults respect ethics
Parents aged twenty-eight to thirty-five conform to society
Workers advance their careers between thirty-five and forty-two
Between forty-two and forty-nine they invest savings
Aged forty-nine to fifty-six they advise and publish
Aged fifty-six to sixty-three they become leaders before retiring
Retirees enter a second childhood from sixty-three to seventy
Between seventy and seventy-seven they re-enter education
Pensioners aged seventy-seven to eighty-four delight in old age
Eighty-four to ninety-one year-olds impart wisdom
After ninety-one they reach their dotage, reviving memories.
Fig 15. H-bond switching and Dekatron™ electrodes
9
Figure 16 summarizes the features of minion structure mentioned above.
Fig 16. Centriole, α-helix, minions replicating, H-bonds binding them,
comparison with nucleosome core particles, chromosome structure
10
# QUALITY PERIOD COLOUR MASS DISCIPLINE
–9 unity 8.7 fs red me/7 quantum theory
–8 justice 5.5 ps silver mp/7 physics
–7 stability 350 ps blue 2 base pairs chemistry
–6 progress 22 ns violet 8.3 ng computing
–5 love 1.4 μs bronze 0.033 pg biochemistry
–4 peace 87 μs yellow 130 pg genetics
–3 beauty 5.5 ms pied 0.51µg biology
–2 truth 350 ms gold 2 mg engineering
–1 goodness 22 s green 8.1 g psychology
+1 goodness 23 min green 32 kg psychiatry
+2 truth 1 day* gold 130 t management
+3 beauty 9 wk pied 0.5 Mt sociology
+4 peace 11 yr* yellow 2000 Mt politics
+5 love 685 yr bronze 8 Gt history
+6 progress 43,000 y violet 31 Pt archaeology
+7 stability 2.7 My blue 1.8 Moons palaeontology
+8 justice 170 My silver 84 Earths astronomy
+9 unity 11 By* red Sun cosmology
Table 1. Mental associations with minion coils
where 63Nτ calculates periods; colours feature in metaphors, are used in adverts, national
flags and by political parties; the ratio between masses is 632 (an ant can carry many times its
weight, an elephant couldn't; the square root of mass, µ = √M, may be a more natural
measure than mass M, Einstein’s E = Mc2 becoming more symmetric: E = µ
2c
2); me =
electron mass and mp = proton mass. Times flagged * are approximate.
The minion is evidenced in many fields. It has evolved to take natural intelligence
beyond computer technology. Ratios and percentages take precedence when comparing
numbers greater than nine, consistent with exponents and logarithms. Every human cell
nucleus contains 1.8 M minions. Their 18 frequency bands span the electromagnetic
spectrum. Each has associated qualities, personality types, senses etc. Their range matches a
piano spanning 103 octaves. The neural network brain model fails to account for this.
11
Particles and planes
The Greeks believed matter consisted of indivisible particles, Isaac Newton referred
to corpuscles of light and quantum mechanics invokes a zoo of fundamental entities.
Inspired by the last lines of William Blake’s poem Tyger: What immortal hand or eye dare
frame thy fearful symmetry?11
, I proposed an equation resembling hyperbolic functions sinh
and cosh, for the minion’s perception of straight line:
in polar coordinates ϴ and Ф, β = 63-9
and e = base of natural logarithms.
Plane surfaces appear to be spheres when light is warped in this way, implying everything
from fundamental particles to stars consists of planes. Although as counter-intuitive as
quantum mechanics, using the Tyger equation to reinterpret science resolves many
conundrums.
Pulsars evidence nuclear fusion
The biological clock’s oscillating H-bonds
accelerate protons along adjacent tunnels, T.
Using proton mass pm = 1.67 x 10-27
kg, their
Energy may be calculated, it’s sufficient to drive
fusion with the nuclei of molecules stuck in the
tunnel:
½ pm (c/189)2 ≈ 13,000 eV
The carbon-nitrogen cycle starts with a
proton plane joining dodecahedral carbon, 12
C to
make unstable 13
C. A 2nd
creates 14
N, an
octrahedron + cube, a 3rd
yields unstable 15
N and a
4th
evicts tetrahedral helium, 4He, leaving
dodecahedral 12
C. The reaction products recoil
along the tunnels, those from carbon dioxide, 12
CO2 and 13
CO2, nitrogen dioxide, 14
NO2 and 15
NO2, methane, 12
CH4 and 13
CH4 and
ammonia 14
NH4 and 15
NH4 emit γ-rays with ½-lives and energies varying with atomic weight
and chemical bonding.
The Tyger equation
Fig 17. Tunnels along
minion coils
12
Those ½-lives and energies also correlate with those of pulsars12
. Implicitly, nuclear
fusion in Earth life produces them, DNA diffracts their light at source and the Tyger equation
warps it.
Similarly, the cold fusion on palladium
reported by Fleischmann and Pons results from
protons accelerated along tunnels in proton-
ordered water adhering to the crystal surface13
.
Ice crystals accelerating protons also explains
neutron emission from cold fusion arising
during thunder storms and local H-bond
ordering causes its occurrence when bubbles
collapse.
Periodic table
The human race alone has ~1028 minions, ~30 M tons of chromatin, sufficient to
maintain a supply of life’s prime atomic constituents, H, C, N, O, S and P. I reinterpret s, p
and π electron orbitals and single, double, triple and hydrogen bonds (─, =, ≡ and …
) using
nested shells of planes reminiscent of Plato’s perfect solids. Minions explain Mendeleev’s
periodic table of the elements14
. All life forms deploy an atomic alphabet, the roles of trace
elements as enzyme cofactors mask the smaller requirement for membrane transport
function. The periodic table shown here indicates the essential and toxic elements.
Fig 18. 9 Plane combinations Fig 19. Carbon-nitrogen cycle
Fig 20. Channels in water on
palladium crystal surface
13
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Rh Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn
Ess Tox n/u
Fig 21. Periodic table of the elements indicating
essential and toxic elements
Calculations
H-bond length h = 1.75 Å OH-bond length b = 1.01 Å
Tetrahedral ∠ θa = 104.5º H-O-H bond ∠ θb = 109.5º
Charge cloud ∠ θc = 120º Dipole moment μ = 1.27 x 10-29
Dielectric const ε = 3.1 Space dielectric const εo = 8.85 x 10-12
Planck’s const h = 6.63 x 10-34
Avogadro number N = 6.02 x 1023
Velocity of light c = 3 x 108
Cubic and tetragonal ices have molecular coordinates:
ice Ic ice It ∆x = ∆y (b + h) sin(½ θa) = 2.255Å b sin(½ θb) + h sin(½ θc) = 2.315Å
∆z (b + h) cos(½ θa) = 1.597Å bcos(½ θb) + h cos(½ θc) = 1.495Å
The energy change per molecule, E when ice It crystals collapse involves parallel dipoles r
apart, displaced axially by z and laterally by x and y, moving together in a ferroelectric
transition:
E = μ2 = (1.27 x 10
-29)
2 _
4 π ε ε0 r3
4 π x 3.1 x 8.85 x 10-12
x r3
ΣE ≈ 22.3 kJ/mol ≈ the phosphodiester bond, Pi ~ Pi energy of ATP.
Its wavelength is λ = h x c x N / ΣE:
λ = (6.63 x 10-34
) x (3 x 108) x (6.02 x 10
23) / (2.23 x 10
4) = 5.37 μ
(I’m accustomed to using λ ≈ 4μ.)
14
References
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to the Earth’s atmosphere, Nature 434 7030, 202-5 (2005)
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supramolecular architecture, PNAS 108 9 3481-6 (2010)
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11 W. Blake, The Tyger, Songs of experience, OUP, London, (1970)
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(1975)
13 Fleischmann, M., Pons, S., Hawkins, M. Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of
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14 Scerri, E., The periodic table: its story and its significance. Oxford OUP (2007)
† Michael T Deans MA Cantab MSc Lond
W: www.scienceuncoiled.co.uk