mini fm station_1
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
1/38
1
CHAPTER-1
1. Introduction
1.1 Term paper overview:
The aim of term paper is to transmit voice or audio wirelessly from one place
to another place in the FM band (88-108MHz). For generation of voice and audio
frequency modulation techniques are used. The instantaneous frequency fi(t) is varied
linearly with the message signal (voice or audio signals) variation.
The variations of amplitude of message signal causes changes in frequency of
carrier wave linearly. So the carrier carries the message signal in the form of
frequency variations. The frequency modulated wave produced by the circuit is
converted in to electromagnet radiation for the transmission of the voice or audio into
free space. The job of converting frequency variations of electrical signal into
electromagnet waves is achieved by an antenna.
The antenna can be telescopic antenna or simply a wire antenna. The time harmonic
electrical variations of the FM wave are converted to electromagnetic radiations by
the antenna and are transmitted into free space. Now the voice or audio information is
in the form of electromagnetic radiations in the free space.
To reproduce the voice or audio signal at the receiver, first of all we must capture
the EM waves, convert them to electrical FM waves. And then demodulate those
signals back in to voice or audio signals. Thus voice or audio is transmitted and
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
2/38
2
received wirelessly over a range. The range can be improved by selecting proper
antenna wire antenna works well but covers a short range distance.[1]
The receiver used here is a general purpose FM receiver (FM radio). Is
commercially available at cheaper costs in the market without need of designing it
again. So in order to transmit signal we must have a transmitter circuit which can
transmit the voice or audio in the readily available FM receiver (FM radio) band of
(88-108MHz). We also require a voice and audio modules to voice and audio signals
and an audio amplifier to amplify those signals.
Frequency modulation is as shown in the Fig 1.1 [9], Fig 1.2:
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
3/38
3
Fi 1.1 M l di of frequency modul tion
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
4/38
4
Fi 1.2 Block di ram
1.2 FM generati n
General FM wave equati n i :
S(t ) = Ac cos{2fi{t}t +}(1.1)
fi(t) = fc+ k fm(t)(1.
FM waves[1] can be generated by 2 basic met ods namely direct met od and
indirect met od. In t e indirect met od of producing FM waves t e modulating wave
is first used to produce narrow band FM wave, and frequency multiplication is done
to increase t e frequency deviation to required level.The frequency multiplication is
done with the help of a non-linear device operated in non-linear region deliberately to
get harmonics and hence frequency multiplication is achieved.
On the other hand in the direct method of generation of FM waves, the carrier
frequency is varied directly in accordance with the message signal(voice or audio).
Here we go with direct method as it is simple and can be achieved with few
components, without going to the complex indirect method.
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
5/38
5
Direct method of generation of FM signal requires a voltage-controlled oscillator
to vary frequency of carrier with the message. The one to implement such a device is
sinusoidal oscillator having relatively high Quality factor frequency determining
network and to control the oscillator by incremental variation of the reactive
components.
Here what oscillator should be used is the question now? Suppose that it is an RC-
phase shift oscillator, but it is not possible to get such a high frequencies (100MHz)
with that RC oscillator, it is limited to produce up to audio frequency range only. So
we have two more choices LC (Colpitts or Hartley) or CRYSTAL oscillator, the
circuit presented here uses LC oscillator preferably colpitts oscillator.
Colpitts oscillator is selected here instead of Hartley oscillator this is from the fact
that Hartley oscillator uses two inductor coils and they again have mutual inductances
which are complex and give unknown practical variations of frequencies. And other
reason is that if we imperfectly wind the coil, the imperfection is doubled using two
coils in the circuit and the small variations in the inductance values causes large drift
in the frequencies. For all the above reasons colpitts oscillator is preferred.
1.3 Working
The two modules voice module and audio modules give voice signal and audio
signal respectively as their outputs. In voice module microphone transducer catches
voice signal, the op-amp pre-amplifies the voice signal, which is given to amplifier.
The audio module does not have any special circuitry, it is the output taken
from the cell phone head-phones socket. The output taken from cell phone is
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
6/38
6
amplified by amplifier unit. The amplifier is switched between voice and audio
modules i.e., only of the them can be connected at a time.
The output of amplifier is an amplified version of either voice or audio. So
now we are with an audio or voice signal from amplifier at hand which is to be
wirelessly transmitted over a distance the amplifier output is connected to the FM
transmitter input.
FM transmitter circuit also consists of two complementary transistors which
amplify the signal to the required level demanded by the oscillator section of the
transmitter. The amplified output fed to the oscillator can be adjusted by the preset for
the clarity in the receiver.
The transmitter circuit consists of oscillator unit, the oscillator when supplied
with power oscillates with constant frequency, but constant oscillations doesnt have
any information of transmitted voice or audio, so we must somehow vary the
frequency linearly with the amplitude level changes of the voice or audio.
The following is one of the several ways i.e., here base-emitter junction
capacitance is varied according to applied signal amplitude .the variation of
capacitance causes frequency variations. Hence forming voltage controlled
oscillator, this VCO can also be formed with the help ofvaricap (bb109), but varicap
not used here.
The frequency variations are again converted to amplitude variations at
demodulator (receiver side), with the help of phase locked loop. The output produced
from the Common Emitter amplifier is 180 degrees out of phase that is -Vi
(amplified). The phase shifted signal reverse biases the base-emitter junction of the
2N2219 transistor.
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
7/38
7
When the voice or audio signal reverse biases the base-emitterjunction the
width of the depletion region changes more is the reverse bias voltage of audio or
voice signal more is the width of the depletion region. That is the immobile charges
are separated by more distance when more reverse bias voltage of voice or audio is
applied.
The positive and negative immobile charges separated by a distance and with
electric field between them gives capacitive action to the base emitterjunction. If
reverse bias is more, the distance of charges separated by electric field is more and
vice-versa and if distance of charge separation is more then the capacitance is less.
This is obvious from the eq (1.3.1).[14][2][3]
Fig 1.3: Base emitterjunction Fig 1.4: Base emitterjunction
Fig 1.5 Depletion region of base-emitterjunction
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
8/38
8
C = oA/d ..(1.3)
Where c is the capacitance
o is the permittivity
A is the area of electric field
d is the width of depletion region in this context.
So as d increases with reverse bias voltage the capacitance decreases and as d
decreases the capacitance increases. In this way the capacitance of base-emitter
junction varies with varying voice or audio signal.
As the capacitance of the base-emitter junction varies, the frequency of
oscillations of the oscillator changes according to the applied bias voltage (voice or
audio). Hence the message to be transmitted is frequency modulated. The modulated
signal is transmitted in to free space by an antenna. The transmitted signal is received
by the FM receiver where the transmitted signal is reproduced back.
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
9/38
9
CHAPTE 2
2.1 Voi e module:
The voice module will do the job of converting our voice signal in to an
amplified electrical signal which is given as inputto FMtransmitter circuit, which is
to be transmitted to free space.
2.1.1 Mi rophone:
The circuit uses a condenser mic or ECM as transducer for converting sound
signalto electric signal [12].
Fig 2.1 Microphone.
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
10/38
10
An ECM contains a very sensitive electret
type microphone (high output impedance) and an
integral FET amplifier. The amplifier stage buffers
the high output impedance of the microphone and
boosts an average speech signal to around 1 to
2mV when spoken about 1 meter away from the
microphone. The ground or common connection of
a two terminal ECM insert can be identified is the
solder connection thatis touching the case or body
ofthe microphone.[16] Fig 2.2 Circuitto bias ECM
The ECM microphone passive component (capacitive transducer) it cannot
give away output voice without powering it .so proper biasing must be employed in
orderto make it work. The biasing is done as follows; the signal output is connected
to the powerterminal, fed via a currentlimiting resistor, (typical value 1k or 2k). The
signal output therefore has a DC component (signal clamped to a dc value) which
must be removed.
Before connecting to an amplifier, this is achieved with an output capacitor
connected to the power terminal ofthe ECM, as capacitor blocks or open circuit for
dc component, only alternating component is passed to input of pre-amplifier. A
typical value being 1-10uF would serve the purpose.
When the circuit is connected as shown in the Fig 2.2, we can obtain our
speech variations converted as electrical signal (with almost no dc component). But
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
11/38
11
the output we get from here is an order of few mill volts (1-2mV). So it must be pre-
amplified. Forthis purpose the pre-amplifier circuitis employed here.
2.1.2 Mi rophone pre-ampli ier:
The Fig 2.3 is a high quality microphone preamplifier using a single power
supply, suitable for dynamic or electret microphones. The op-amp used can be any
low noise, high performance type, e.g. NE5534, TL071, OPA 371 etc.
Already we are able to bias the microphone and getlow output (1-2mV), this output
voltage is connected to the input of pre-amplifier circuit.[15] Circuitdiagram:
Fig 2.3 Circuit diagram of microphone pre- amplifier
2.1.3 Circuit description:
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
12/38
12
The design is op-amp connected in a standard non-inverting configuration
The overall voltage gain is determined by R2 and R1according to the following
formula:(assuming vi=1mV from microphone)
Vo = (R2 / R1) +1 (2.1)
The input is applied to the non-inverting input of the op-amp, which is pin3.
The amplified output is collected from pin 6, a capacitor is used here to blockD.C and
to take only alternating components output. A 100 microfarad capacitor is used here
to remove unwanted ripple.
2.1.4 Op-amp description
TL071[19] is high speed low noise J-FET input single operational amplifier
incorporated well matched high voltage J-FET and bipolar transistors in a monolithic
integrated circuit.
2.1.5 Specifications:
y High slew rates 16v/u sec
y Low input bias and offset currentsy Low offset voltage temperature coefficient
y Wide common mode and differential voltage range
y Low noisey Low harmonic distortion 0.01%(typical)
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
13/38
13
y Internal frequency compensation
y Low latch up problem.
y With the values ofR2 and R1 on the diagram the voltage gain (for mid band, 1KHz) is approximately 23x or 27.2dB The gain bandwidth (bode) plot is
shown in Fig 2.4. This plotis simulated using the TL071 op-amplifier.
Fig 2.4 Graphs
Operational amplifiers feature high gain bandwidth products, have a fast
slewing rate and have extremely low noise. It is difficult to achieve the same
performance using discrete components. Finally the overall signal to noise ratio has
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
14/38
14
been calculated, the source was a 1k impedance microphone generating a 1mV (p-p)
sine wave.
2.1.6 Pin diagram ofTL 71
Fig 2.5 Pin diagram of TL071
The output from this pre-amplifier [16] is enough to drive a headphone. Butto
apply this as an input fortransmitteris not enough. So, the pre-amplifier output must
be applied to an audio amplifier, to feed it as inputto transmitter. Before feeding itto
audio amplifier input it can be tested with the hel p of headphones or small (low
resistance) loudspeaker. The loud speaker gives a small sound which ensures us that
signal from microphone is being amplified.
2.2 Audio module:
Devices which can give out audio output such as tape-recorders, DVD players,
I-pods or even a cell phone can be used here in the module. This module is very
simple as audio signalis directly available and ourjob isjustto amplify it by an audio
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
15/38
15
amplifier. Butthe question here is how to connect audio device to amplifier section-1
to do this we must use a male socket is employed which must be connected to
headphones output of cell phone. Audio device selected here is cell phone.
2.2.1 Male socket:
The male socketis as shown in the Fig 2.6
Fig 2.6 Male socket
The wires are soldered to the male-socket [13] inside the plastic covering and
audio output is collected using connecting wires. The connecting wires are then
connected to the input of audio amplifier. And the audio amplifier amplifies the song
or music given out by the cell phone. This module can also be tested using
loudspeaker to the amplifier. By adjusting the potentiometer proper sound is heard
loud. The loud speaker used forthis purpose can be a 8 Ohm or 4 Ohm (5W).
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
16/38
16
CHAPTER-3
3. Amplifier:
The audio amplifier [13] mainly consists of IC LM386. LM 386 is a general
purpose audio amplifier IC. The circuit consists of the IC LM386 and some external
passive components. A 1 F capacitor is used to couple amplifier unit to block from
any dc entering in to the cell phone through male socket.
3.1 Features
Battery operation
Minimum external parts
Wide supply voltage range: 4V-12V or 5V-18V
Low quiescent current drain: 4mA
Voltage gains from 20 to 200
Ground referenced input
Self-centering output quiescent voltage
Low distortion: 0.2% (AV = 20, VS = 6V, RL = 8Ohm, PO = 125mW, f = 1kHz)
Available in 8 pin MSOP package
3.2 Description
The LM386 is a power amplifier designed for use in low voltage consumer
applications. The gain is internally set to 20 to keep external part count low, but the
addition of an external resistor and capacitor between pins 1 and 8 will increase the
gain to any value from 20 to 200. The gain can be varied by connection. The inputs
are ground referenced while the output automatically biases to one-half the supply
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
17/38
17
voltage. The quiescent power drain is only 24 mW when operating from a 6 volt
supply, making the LM386 ideal for battery operation.
3.3 Applications
AM-FM radio amplifiers
TV sound systems
Line drivers
Ultrasonic drivers
Note: To make the LM 386 [19] a more versatile amplifier, 2 pins (pin 1 and 8) are
provided for gain control. With pins 1 and 8 open the internal 1.35k resistor sets the
gain at 20 (26 dB). If a capacitor is placed between pin 1-8, bypassing the built-in
1.35k resistor, the gain will go up to 200. If a resistor is placed in series with the
capacitor, the gain can be set to any value from 20 to 200. Gain control can also be
done by capacitively coupling a resistor or FET transistor from pin 1 to the ground.
3.4 Pin diagram ofLM386
Fig 3.1 Pin configuration of LM386
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
18/38
18
Fig 3.2 LM386 Audio Amplifier with Gain = 20 and minimum part count
Fig 3.3 LM386 Audio Amplifier with Gain = 200
Fig 3.4 Audio Amplifier with bass boost
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
19/38
19
Fig 3.5 Pictorial view of LM386 amplifier
The output of amplifieris connected to the transmitterinput, by that we are feeding
message signalto be transmitted to the transmitter circuit.
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
20/38
20
CHAPTE -4
4. FM Transmitter section:
FM transmitter section [7] uses simple circuit which is as shown in the Fig 4.1.
Circuit basically consists of a pre-amplifier and an oscillator.
Fig 4.1: FMtransmitter circuit diagram
The input of FM transmitter is having a 10k (R2) resistor which attenuates
the incoming signal from the amplifier. The 0.033F capacitor(C2) removesthe D.C
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
21/38
21
level that is taken from the amplifier (capacitor blocks d.c) hence only alternating
componentis feed as inputto the transmitterinput .
Transmitter also contains pre-amplifier section which amplifies the signal to
desired levelthatis exactly needed for oscillator section. A doubt may be arising what
is reason behind using a pre-amplifier in this section also, as it is used before. The
reason for this is, the input to transmitter is not enough to modulate the oscillator
section. And other obvious reason is to isolate the transmitter and voice or audio
modules.
4.1 Pre-amplifier stage:
The resistor values 27K(R4) and 120K(R2) provide biasing for transistor
BC109.The biasing scheme employed here is a voltage divider bias. The capacitor
15F (C1) can be assumed as short circuit for a.c analysis. The base-collector
junction is reversed biased (this is eitherit may be npn or pnp).The signalis amplified
by BC109 (Q1), [19]which is a low noise npn type transistor. The 470 Ohm resistor
(R8) drops some voltage such that entire voltage is not applied directly to the
transistors.
4.1.1 BC109
Fig 4.2 Pictorial veiw of BC109
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
22/38
22
Features:
Low current (100mA).
Low voltage (45V).
Applications:
General purpose switching and amplification.
The 47F capacitor (C4) used here is to bypass unwanted ripple or
oscillations. A 10 (R6) resistor is used to collect output and feed this to next stage.
1 resistor (R3) emitter resistor stabilizes the Q-POINT of the transistor. The
general and simple terminal convention applicable to almost all germanium (metal
case) transistors orBC109 and BC177 for instance is that the terminal near the notch
will be emitter, middle one is base and other is collector.
The output of transistor Q1 is connected to the input of the transistor Q2
(BC177 pnp transistor). The transistors BC109 and BC177[19] are complement to
each other, i.e., they have almost same beta value and BC109 is npn and BC177 is
npn. (can be used in complementary symmetry pair in push-pull amplifiers). Similar
to Q1, the transistor Q2 should have reverse biased base-collector junction and
forward biased base-emitter junction, Such that the transistor is in active region and
amplifies the signal.
To maintain the base-collector junction in reverse bias condition the emitter is
connected to Vcc and collector to ground such that the collector of the pnp transistor
(p-type) is connected to ground and base(n-type) is positive with respect to ground
and hence the transistors base-collector junction is reverse biased and in the similar
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
23/38
23
way emitter(p-type) is positive with respectto base and is maintained in forward bias,
eventually the transistoris in active region and can amplify the signal at hand.
4.1.2 BC177 (Q2):
BC177 transistoris a low noise general purpose amplifier.
It is an pnp type transistor which is known to be complement transistor for BC109
whose beta values range is almost same, so they both are used as pairin the circuit.
The resistor (R5) 100 Ohm is connected to emitter to stabilize the Q-POINT. The
output is again collected from the collector only but this time using a4.7K preset
(R9) or potentiometer (can be used).
Fig 4.3 Potentiometer Fig 4.3 Preset
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
24/38
24
Preset is best here because it is very small and cheaper than a potentiometer. The
preset is adjusted for clarity of received voice or music. 4 Resistor (R ) and capacitor
0.022F (C3) form a feedback network, this feedback network increases bandwidth and
decreases the noise. And againcapacitor (C5) 0.4 F
couples only a.c and blocks d.c.
Hence only time varying component is allowed to oscillator stage. Transistor2N2219 (Q3) is
a power amplifier.
4.1.3 Transistor 2N2219 (Q3):
2N 2219[19] is a power amplifier is of n-p-n type.
Features
High current (Max. 800 mA)
Low voltage (Max. 40 V).
Applications
High-speed switching
DC and VHF/UHF amplification, for 2N2219 only.
PIN DESCRIPTION
1 Emitter
2 Base
3 collector, connected to case
Table 4.1 Pinning
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
25/38
25
Table 4.2 Quick reference data
Note: The base emitter junction capacitance of 2N2219 transistor is 25pF max from the
data sheet.
4.2 Oscillator section
The section to be described is an oscillator section.2N2219 forms oscillator, from the
Fig 4.4 does it seem to be an oscillator? Rearranging the above circuit and carrying out A.C and
D.C analysis separately the overall effect of both at a time can be analyzed.
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
26/38
26
Fig 4.4 Separate oscillator section
A.C analysis
1.The capacitor bypasses for a.c and offers very low reactance value.[3],[5]
D.C analysis:
1. Capacitors replaced by open circuit.
2. Inductor is replaced by shot circuit. From the a.c analysis it is clear that the circuit is a
colpitts oscillator. From d.c analysis it is evident that the resistances present are for the biasing
of the colpitts oscillator. From a.c and d.c analysis we come to a conclusion that the circuit is a
biased colpitts oscillator.
The resistor 56 ohms (R12) stabilize the Q-point.[18]
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
27/38
27
V -220j RF Choke
VK-220j is a radio frequency choke, it blocks high frequency components and allows low
frequency components. The purpose of using this choke here in this circuit is to block
oscillations of high frequency from oscillator section to pre-amplifier section. ForD.C it behaves
as short circuit and hence it freely allows Vcc d.c component (supply) with no attenuation. For
high frequency oscillations it blocks and does not allow oscillations to go through it.
VK-220j does not allow oscillations to get in to pre-amplifier section so carrier hum is
eliminated as reverse is minimum by using this choke the power loss in the circuit itself is
minimum, this increases the range of the transmitter. The choke provides isolation between pre-
amplifier and oscillator so the received signal will have clarity without unwanted disturbance.
The choke can be replaced by a solenoid wound on a ferrite bead, as VK-220j is not so readily
available in the market and it is always cheap and best way to make it ourselves. Wound 8 turns
of24 SWG wire on a ferrite bead, ferrite bead increases magnetic flux and acts as a good
choke.
Variable capacitors:
Two trimmers[12] can be used as the variable capacitors C9 (45pF)&C8(15pF). The
capacitance range of trimmer is 5pF to 45pF.
Fig 4.5 Trimmer
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
28/38
28
The capacitance can be varied by using a screw-driver(screw is rotated to change
capacitance).The middle lead is one of the terminal to be connected the other terminal can be
left one or right one, the left and right leads are the wipers to select the desired capacitance
value. Also do not vary the capacitance by hand, using hand damps the oscillations as hand
contributes to some capacitance, the oscillations are grounded. After each adjustment the
screw-driver must be removed. Patience is required in tuning the trimmer to select desired
station.
Inductor(L1)
The pre-assumed dimensions solenoid is wound and is used as inductor.[12]
Fig 4.6: Solenoid
Number of turns (N) = 4
Radius of the coil(R) = D/2=12/2=6mm
Wire diameter = 24SWG =0.5588(from SWG to mm conversion table)
The length of the coil (L) =2.5mm.
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
29/38
29
Table 4.3 SWG to mm conversion
The inductor[9] calculations are done with the help of a software called RFCALC,
RFCALC has three choices .First choice is unknown air coil inductance is selected, the snap of
the RFCALC is shown in Fig 4.7.
Fig 4.7 RFCALC window
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
30/38
30
4.3 Antenna:
The antenna used here can be a telescopic antenna or simply a wire with length of
75cms.If the length exceeds 1metre the oscillations get damped and no signal is transmitted,
the length is chosen as quarter wave monopole i.e., / 4 (75cms), this is proved in the
following calculation
= C / f ..(4.1)
Where C is velocity of light (or any electromagnetic radiation) = 3 x 10^8 mts / sec
is wavelength of EM wave(unknown)
f is the frequency of carrier signal(100MHz)
Substituting the above values, we get
= 3 x 108 / 100 x 106=3 mts.
Taking quarter wave monopole ( / 4) = mts =75cms.
Hence 75cm wire can serve purpose of an antenna.[1]
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
31/38
31
CHAPTER-5
5.1 Precautions (based on practical observations):
y Do not touch the oscillator section with hands, because due to hand capacitance(apprx.220pF), the oscillations are damped (transistor or trimmers).[7][8]
y Assemble the circuit on good quality glass epoxy board.y Better to enclose the circuit in the aluminium case, so that the unwanted disturbance sounds
can be avoided.
y ForHUM FREE (a.c supply hum) operation 12V rechargeable battery pack10x1.2VNI-CD cells.
y Do not SWITCH-ON the transmitter without matching antenna, this causes heat sink togenerate large amount of heat (transistor gets heated).
y Care must be taken such that the leads of the components are as short as possible, this,which gives clarity of signal, received at the receiver.
y After each adjustment of the trimmer check for the clarity because, while the trimmer isbeing adjusted the oscillations get damped.
y The receiver and transmittermust not be very close, this creates cracking sounds.y The transmitter section and amplifier sections must be properly isolated, if not the oscillations
enter the amplifier module and create nuisance effect.
y The antenna length is a quarter wave monopole length i.e 75cms, if wire length exceeds1mt the oscillations will not be transmitted and are damped at transmitter end itself.
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
32/38
32
y The antenna must be having good matching characteristics for good signal strengthy The impedance match can be obtained by winding another coil with 2turns near the L1 on the
same plastic former.
y Yagi-Uda antenna can also be used for the better transmission.y Location of the transmitted frequency on the receiver dial requires some patience5.2 Applications
5.2.1 Walkie-talkie:
With a pair of transmitters and a pair of receivers, we can make a walkie-talkie that is
push to talk service (used in first generation of mobile technology).
PERSON-1 PERSON-2
Fig 5.1 Walkie-talkie
y For the first person to initiate the talk, he must push the switch. Pushing the switch, switches
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
33/38
33
y ON the transmitter and OFF the receiver-1 the first persons talk will be received by receiver-2 of person-2.
y When the push button is released by the person-1, the transmitter will be switched OFF andreceiver-1 will be ON inviting the person -2 to talk.
y Person -1 must say OVER indicating that he is releasing the push button, this indicatesperson -2 to push the button to take his turn to talk.
y If the person-1 doesnt say over there will be indication for person-2, when to ON histransmitter.
y The push button switch is such that only either of transmitter or receiver will be in ONcondition at a time at particular person, this is because if both transmitter and receiver of same
person are ON then the person receives his own voice from his transmitter to his receiver it
self.
5.2.2 Mini FM station
y One can set-up this transmitter in the institutions like colleges, schools or in an apartments, togive announcements, and songs can be played all over the building premises and can be heard
by people using FM radio in the apartments.
5.2.3 FM-jammer
y FM JAMMER [7] is the circuit used to jam commercial fm-stations near by, up to somerange.
y This is helpful in some colleges and school, where students are not permitted to listenentertainment stations using radios.
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
34/38
34
y The FM transmitter can be made as a jammer with small modification.y Just by grounding the oscillator section base input with a 0.1F capacitor.y Grounding capacitor causes bypassing, the input message signal to be grounded, so only a
blank carrier is transmitted, which jams the fm stations.
Fig 5.2 FM transmitter as a jammer
The capacitor shown in Fig 5.2 in the red ink makes the transmitter a jammer.
5.3 Warning:
y It is illegal to transmit the audio in the FM band using transmitters in some countrieslike India.[8]
y The transmitter must be used only for educational purpose, regular using the transmitterwith out proper license is illegal!
y The reason is very obvious, when our transmitter is ON the FM radios surrounding the
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
35/38
35
range of our transmitter cannot receive any FM station and they can here only the voice
or audio transmitted by our transmitter because the station and our transmitter both are in
FM band.
Conclusion
The same principle can also be used to transmit video signals over some range; the
transmission is illegal as frequency is in FM band. However using the same modulation technique
but designing the transmitter and receiver for different frequency other than licensed band.One
can use this transmission in railway announcements, apartments, in colleges of seminar halls,
schools, For giving instructions in the constructions of buildings where engineer and worker can
communicate between mores starred buildings.
Result
Voice and audio (music) is transmitted wirelessly, and is reproduced with the FM receiver
(FM radio) over a distance of about 200mts, from the transmitter which is generating
frequency modulated waves.
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
36/38
36
Final circuit snap:
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
37/38
37
REFERENCES:
[1] Analog communications by Simon Haykin.
[2] Integrated electronics by Jacob Millman and Christos C.Halkias.
[3] Micro electronics by Adel S.Sedra and Kenneth c.smith,5th
edition.
[4] Radio engineering by K.Mittal.
[5] G.S. N raju electronics devices and circuits,1st
edition
[6] Taub and Schilling principles of communication systems, TMH 2nd
edition.
[7] www.circuitstoday.com
[8] www.electronicsforu.com[9] www.wikipedia.com
[10] www.newcircuits.com
[11] www.howeverythingworks.com
[12] www.electronics-madeeasy.blogspot.com
[13] www.williamson-labs.com
[14] www.analog.com
[15] http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com
[16] www.zen22142.zen.co.uk
[17] www.rapidelectronics.com
[18] www.daycounter.com
[19] www.datasheetcatalog.com
-
8/6/2019 Mini Fm Station_1
38/38