minggu ke-4 biaya dan penerimaan-ani.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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Economic Dimension
Kita perlumenghitung harga
dari outputKita juga perlumenghitung biaya
untuk input
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Kunci dari fungsi BiayaThe following cost derivations play a keyrole in decision-making:
Marginal cost (MC) = total cost output
Averagevariable (AVC) = total variable cost output
cost
Averagetotal (ATC) = total cost outputcost
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From TPPcurve onpage 113
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Fixed costs are$100 no matter
the level of
production
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Column (2)divided bycolumn (1)
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Costs that varywith level ofproduction
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Column (4)divided bycolumn (1)
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Column (2)plus
column (4)
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Change in column (6)associated with a
change in column (1)
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Column (6) dividedby column (1) or
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or column (3) pluscolumn (5)
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Plotted cost relationshipsfrom table 6.3 on page 118
Plotting costs for levels of output
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Key Revenue Concepts
Notice the price in column (2) is identical to marginal revenue in column(7). What about average revenue, or AR? What do you see if you dividetotal revenue in column (3) by output in column (1)? Yes, $45. Thus,P = MR = AR under perfect competition.
Now lets assume this firm can sell its product for $45/unit
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Profit maximizinglevel of output,
where MR=MC
P=MR=AR $45
11.2
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AverageProfit = $17,or AR ATC
P=MR=AR
$45-$28$28
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Total profitpada harga
$45
P=MR=AR
11.2 ($45 - $28) = $190.40
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Profit = 0, jika harga turun keP BE .Produsen akan berproduksihanya pd tk output O BE . AR-ATC=0
P=MR=AR
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Economic lossesif price falls to P SD .Firm would shut down
below output O SD
P=MR=AR
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Where is the firms supply curve?
P=MR=AR
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P=MR=AR
Marginal cost curveabove AVC curve?
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Key Revenue Concepts
The previous graph indicated that profit is maximized at 11.2units of output, where MR ($45) equals MC ($45). This occursbetween lines G and H on the table above, where at 11.2 unitsof output profit would be $190.40 . Lets do the math.
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The Firms Supply Curve
28
P=10
18
45
$
Q11.210.38.6
MC
ATC
AVC
7.0
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Now lets look at thedemand for a single input:
Labor
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Key Input RelationshipsThe following input-related derivations also play a key role indecision-making:
Marginalvalue (MVP) = marginal physical product price
product
Marginal
input (MIC) = wage rate, rental rate, etc.cost
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5
B
C
D
E
F
G
HI
J
Use a variable input likelabor up to the point
where the value receivedfrom the market equalsthe cost of another unit ofinput, or MVP=MIC
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5
The area below thegreen lined MVPcurve and above thegreen lined MICcurve representscumulative net benefit.
B
C
D
E
F
G
HI
J
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MVP = MPP $45
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Profit maximized where MVP = MIC
or where MVP =$5 and MIC = $5
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=
Marginal net benefit in column (5)is equal to MVP in column (3) minusMIC of labor in column (4)
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The cumulative net benefit incolumn (6) is equal to the sumof successive marginal net benefit
in column (5)
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For example $25.10 = $9.85 + $15.25$58.35 = $25.10 + $33.25
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=
Cumulative net benefitis maximized where
MVP=MIC at $5
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5
If you stopped at pointE on the MVP curve,for example, youwould be foregoing allof the potential profitlying to the right of
that point up to whereMVP=MIC.
B
C
D
E
F
G
HI
J
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5
If you went beyond thepoint whereMVP=MIC, you beginincurring losses.
B
C
D
E
F
G
HI
J
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A Final Thought
One final relationship needs to be made. The levelof profit-maximizing output ( O MAX ) in the graph onpage 123 where MR = MC corresponds directly withthe variable input level ( L MAX ) in the graph on page125 where MVP = MIC .
O MAX = f( L MAX | capital, land and management)
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In Summary Gambaran Tentang PasarPersaingan SempurnaFaktor Produksi/input(Land, Labor, Capital andManagement)Key decision rule: Profitmaximized at outputMR=MCKey decision rule: Profitmaximized whereMVP=MIC