minggu 4 & 5 sistem otot
TRANSCRIPT
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Three Types of Muscle Tissues
Skeletal Muscle• usually
attached to
bones
• under
conscious
control
• striated
Smooth Muscle
• walls of most viscera,
blood vessels, skin• not under conscious
control
• not striated
Cardiac Muscle• wall of heart
• not under
conscious
control
• striated
Chapter 9 - Muscular SystemChapter 9 - Muscular System
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Skeletal Muscle• organ of the muscular
system
• skeletal muscle tissue• nervous tissue
• blood
• connective tissues
• fascia
• tendon• aponeuroses
Structu re o f a S keletaltructu re o f a S keletal
Muscleuscle
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• epimysium
• perimysium
• fascicle• endomysium
• muscle
• fascicles• muscle fibers
• myofibrils
• thick and thin filaments
Structu re o f a S keletaltructu re o f a S keletal
Muscleuscle
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• sarcolemma
• sacroplasm
• sarcoplasmic reticulum
• transverse tubule
• triad• cisterna of sarcoplasmic
reticulum
• transverse tubule
• myofibril• actin filaments
• myosin filaments
• sarcomere
Sk elet al M uscle Fi berk elet al M uscle Fi ber
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Structu re o f a S keletaltructu re o f a S keletal
Muscleuscle
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• I band
• A band
• H zone
• Z line
• M line
Sa rcomer ea rcomer e
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Thick Filaments
• composed of myosin
• cross-bridges
Thin Filaments• composed of actin
• associated with troponin
and tropomyosin
Myofila men tsyofila men ts
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• site where axon and
muscle fiber
communicate• motor neuron
• motor end plate
• synaptic cleft
• synaptic vesicles
• neurotransmitters
Neu ro mu sc ular J unctioneu ro mu sc ular J unction
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• single motor neuron
• all muscle fibers controlled by motor neuron
Mo tor U nito tor U nit
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• acetylcholine (ACh)
• nerve impulse causes release
of acetylcholine from synapticvesicles
• binds to acetylcholine
receptors on motor end plate
• generates a muscle impulse
• muscle impulse eventuallyreaches sarcoplasmic
reticulum
St imu lu s for Con tra ct io nt imu lu s for Con tra ct io n
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9-11
• muscle impulses cause
sarcoplasmic reticulum to
release calcium ions intocytosol
• calcium binds to troponin to
change its shape
• position of tropomyosin is
altered• binding sites on actin
exposed
• actin and myosin bind
Exci tati on Co ntra ction C ou pli ngxci tati on Co ntra ction C ou pli ng
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• When sarcromeres
shorten, thick and thin
filaments slide past oneanother
• H zones and I bands
get narrower
• Z lines move closer
together
Slid in g Fila men t Th eorylid in g Fila men t Th eory
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• actin and myosin
cross-bridge bind
• myosin cross-
bridge pulls actin
•ADP and phosphatereleased from myosin
• new ATP binds to
myosin
•linkage between actinand myosin cross-bridge
break
•ATP splits
•myosin cross-bridge goes back
to original position
Cros s-b rid ge Cy clin gros s-b rid ge Cy clin g
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• creatine phosphate – stores energy that quickly converts
ADP to ATP
1) Creatine phosphate 2) Cellular respiration
Energy So urces fo rnergy So urces fo r
Co ntra cti ono ntra cti on
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• Anaerobic Phase• glycolysis
• produces little ATP
• Aerobic Phase• citric acid cycle
• electron transport
chain
• produces most ATP • myoglobin stores extra
oxygen
Oxyg en Suppl y a ndxyg en Suppl y a nd
Cellula r R esp ir ati onellula r R esp ir ati on
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• oxygen not available
• glycolysis continues
• pyruvic acid
converted to lactic acid
• liver converts lactic
acid to glucose
Oxygen debt – amount of oxygen needed by liver to convert
lactic acid to glucose
Oxygen Debtxygen Debt
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• inability to contract
• commonly caused from
• decreased blood flow• ion imbalances
• accumulation of lactic acid
• cramp – sustained, involuntary contraction
Muscle Fa tig ueuscle Fa tig ue
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• by-product of cellular respiration
• muscle cells are major source of body heat• blood transports heat throughout body
Hea t P rod uct ionea t P rod uct ion
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Threshold Stimulus
• minimal strength required to cause contraction
Recording a MuscleContraction
• twitch
• latent period
• period of contraction
• period of relaxation
• refractory period
• all-or-none response
Muscu la r R es pon sesuscu la r R es pon ses
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• process by which individual twitches combine
• produces sustained contractions
• can lead to tetanic contractions
Summationummation
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• recruitment - increase in the number of motor units
activated
• whole muscle composed of many motor units
• as intensity of stimulation increases, recruitment of
motor units continues until all motor units are
activated
Recr uitm ent of Moto r Un itsecr uitm ent of Moto r Un its
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• smaller motor units recruited first
• larger motor units recruited later
• produces smooth movements
• muscle tone – continuous state of partial contraction
Su sta in ed Con tract ion su stain ed Con tract ion s
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• isotonic – muscle contracts and
changes length
• concentric – shortening contraction
• eccentric – lengthening
contraction
• isometric – muscle contracts but
does not change length
Ty pes of Co ntract ion sy pes of Co ntract ion s
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Slow-twitch fibers (type I)
• always oxidative
• resistant to fatigue
• red fibers
• most myoglobin
• good blood supply
Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (type II)• white fibers (less myoglobin)
• poorer blood supply
• susceptible to fatigue
Fast-twitch fatigue-
resistant fibers (type
IIb)• intermediate fibers
• oxidative
• intermediate
amount of
myoglobin• pink to red in color
Fa st a nd Sl ow Twitc ha st a nd Sl ow Twitc h
Musc le Fi bersusc le Fi bers
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Visceral Smooth Muscle
• single-unit smooth
muscle• sheets of muscle fibers
• fibers held together by
gap junctions
• exhibit rhythmicity
• exhibit peristalsis
• walls of most hollow
organs
Multiunit Smooth Muscle
• fibers function separately
• irises of eye• walls of blood vessels
Types of Smoot h M uscleypes of Smoot h M uscle
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• Resembles skeletal muscle contraction• interaction between actin and myosin
• both use calcium and ATP
• both depend on impulses
• Different from skeletal muscle contraction• smooth muscle lacks troponin
• smooth muscle depends on calmodulin
• two neurotransmitters affect smooth muscle
• acetlycholine and norepinephrine• hormones affect smooth muscle
• stretching can trigger smooth muscle contraction
• smooth muscle slower to contract and relax
• smooth muscle more resistant to fatigue
Smooth Mu scl e Co ntra cti onmooth Mu scl e Co ntra cti on
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• only in the heart
• muscle fibers joined together by intercalated discs
• fibers branch• network of fibers contracts as a unit
• self-exciting and rhythmic
• longer refractory period than skeletal muscle
Card ia c M uscleard ia c M uscle
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9-30
• origin – immovable end
• insertion – movable end
• prime mover (agonist) –
primarily responsible formovement
• synergists – assist prime
mover
• antagonist – resist primemover’s action and cause
movement in the opposite
direction
Sk elet al M uscle Act ion sk elet al M uscle Act ion s
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Major S kelet al M uscle sajor S kelet al M uscle s
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Major S kelet al M uscle sajor S kelet al M uscle s
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Mus cl es o f F ac ia l E xpr essi onus cl es o f F ac ia l E xpr essi on
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Muscles of M ast ica tionuscles of M ast ica tion
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Muscl es of Fa ci aluscl es of Fa ci al
Exp ress io n an d Mas ticati onxp ress io n an d Mas ticati on
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usc es a ove evHead a nd V erte bra lead a nd V erte bra l
Columnolumn
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Musc les T hat Move theusc les T hat Move the
Pector al Gir dl eector al Gir dl e
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Musc les T hat Move theusc les T hat Move the
Ar mr m
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9-39
Dee p Musc les o f th eee p Musc les o f th e
Ba ck a nd Necka ck a nd Neck
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Musc les o f th e An te riorusc les o f th e An te rior
Ch est a nd Ab do mi nal Wal lh est a nd Ab do mi nal Wal l
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Musc les T hat Move theusc les T hat Move the
Fo rear mo rear m
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Musc les T hat Move theusc les T hat Move the
Handan d
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Muscl es of theuscl es of the
Shoul der a nd A rmhoul der a nd A rm
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Cros s Sect ion of t heros s Sect ion of t he
Armrm
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Muscl es of theuscl es of the
Shoul der a nd A rmhoul der a nd A rm
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Muscl es of theuscl es of the
Arm a nd Fo rea rmrm a nd Fo rea rm
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Cr oss S ectio n o f th er oss S ectio n o f th e
Forear morear m
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Mus cl es o f th e A bdo min alus cl es o f th e A bdo min al
Wallal l
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Mus cl es o f th e Pel vicus cl es o f th e Pel vic
Outletutlet
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9-53
Musc les o f Pel vic O utletsusc les o f Pel vic O utlets
and Uro genital D iap hra gmnd Uro genital D iap hra gm
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Muscl es Tha t M ove theuscl es Tha t M ove the
Thighhigh
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Mus cl es That M ov e th e Legus cl es That M ov e th e Leg
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Musc les T hat Move theusc les T hat Move the
Footo ot
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Musc les of the Th ig h a nd L egusc les of the Th ig h a nd L eg
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Musc les o f th e Th ig h a nd L egusc les o f th e Th ig h a nd L eg
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Muscl es of the Th ig h a nduscl es of the Th ig h a nd
Legeg
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Cr oss S ectio n o f th e Thighr oss S ectio n o f th e Thigh
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Muscl es o f t he L eguscl es o f t he L eg
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Muscl es o f t he L eguscl es o f t he L eg
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Muscl es o f t he L eguscl es o f t he L eg
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• myoglobin, ATP, and creatine
phosphate decline
• by age 80, half of muscle mass
has atrophied
• adipose cells and connective
tissues replace muscle tissue
• exercise helps to maintainmuscle mass and function
Life-Sp an Ch angesife-Sp an Ch anges
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Myasthenia Gravis• autoimmune disorder
• receptors for acetylcholine on muscle cells are attacked
• weak and easily fatigued muscles result• difficulty swallowing and chewing
• ventilator needed if respiratory muscles are affected
• treatments include
• drugs that boost acetylcholine• removing thymus gland
• immunosuppressant drugs
• antibodies
Clin ic al App lica tionlin ic al App lica tion
Active vs. Inactive Muscle: Active vs. Inactive Muscle:
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Active vs. Inactive Muscle:Muscular AtrophyMuscular Atrophy
Exercise and Diet StimulatesExercise and Diet Stimulates
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Exercise and Diet StimulatesMuscle DevelopmentMuscle Development
Arnold Schwarzenegger – BodyArnold Schwarzenegger – Body
Builder Actor and PoliticianBuilder Actor and PoliticianHans and FranzHans and Franz