minerals needed for emerging green technologies …minerals needed for emerging green technologies...
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MINERALS NEEDED FOR EMERGING GREEN
TECHNOLOGIES AND CRITICAL MINERALS
Virginia T. McLemore New Mexico Bureau of Geology and
Mineral Resources New Mexico Tech
Socorro, New Mexico
Schedule • project presentations on May • Final and project report due May
The US is 80% dependent for supply of 31
minerals.
This dependency
implies criticality.
Essential for industry and emerging technologies and few or no
substitutes exist • All minerals have the
potential to be critical • Essential in use and
subject to supply risk • Differs over the short
term, moderate term, and long term
http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf
Strategic minerals
• National security and military needs or requirements during national emergencies
DOD • REE • U • Be • Cr • Co • Mn • Ge • PGM • Ta • Sn • W • Zn • Al • Bi • B • Cd • Cu • F • Ga • Hf • In • Pb http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12028
Green minor metals—basis for cleaner technology innovation
• Indium • Germanium • Tantalum • PGM • Tellurium • Cobalt • Lithium • Gallium • REE
http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1202xPA-Critical%20Metals%20and%20their%20Recycling%20Potential.pdf
Minerals required for clean energy technologies
• Lithium • Cobalt • Gallium • REE, Y • Indium • Tellurium
http://www.energy.gov/news/documents/criticalmaterialsstrategy.pdf
European Union
• Antimony • Beryllium • Cobalt • Fluorspar • Gallium • Germanium • Graphite • Indium • Magnesium • Niobium • PGM • REE • Tantalum • Tungsten
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/files/docs/report-b_en.pdf
WHAT ARE GREEN TECHNOLOGIES?
What are green technologies?
• Environmental technologies or clean technologies • Future and existing technologies that conserve
energy and natural resources and curb the negative impacts of human involvement, i.e. environmental friendly (modified from Wikipedia) – Alternative power (wind turbines, solar energy) – Hybrid and electric cars – Batteries – Magnets
• Other technologies – Water purification – Desalination – Carbon capture and storage
WHAT MINERALS ARE USED IN THESE GREEN
TECHNOLOGIES?
Beryl
beryllium tuff (USGS OF 98-524)
Kernite http://www.borax.com
Monazite http://mineral.galleries.com
Common minerals
• Cement/concrete • Copper • Steel • Aluminum • Titanium
Cell phones
http://www.epa.gov/osw/education/pdfs/life-cell.pdf
Light Bulbs
CD/DVD
Automobiles
http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf
http://www.reitausa.org/storage/Challenges%20Facing%20New%20Global%20Rare%20Earth%20Separation%20Plants.pdf
http://www.molycorp.com/hybrid_ev.asp
Toyota Prius 2.2 lbs Nd in magnets 22-33 lbs La in batteries
Batteries • Primary (immediate current, disposable)
vs secondary (must be charged) • Types
– Wet cell – Dry cell – Molten salt – Reserve
• Dependent upon use – Computers, cell phones – Solar power system
Other materials
• Zinc • Carbon • Chloride • Manganese • Nickel • Lithium • Copper
• Silver • Cadmium • Lead • REE • Iron • mercury
http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf
Aerospace
Photovoltaics
Ken Zweibel, GW Solar Institute, “Minerals for a Green Society”, Metallurgical Society of America, Feb 4, 2010
Photovoltaics
Ken Zweibel, GW Solar Institute, “Minerals for a Green Society”, Metallurgical Society of America, Feb 4, 2010
Photovoltaics
Ken Zweibel, GW Solar Institute, “Minerals for a Green Society”, Metallurgical Society of America, Feb 4, 2010
Indium in solar panels • 50 metric tons required for enough solar
panels to provide 1 gigawatt of energy • $500/kg in 2009 • 2008—US used 800 megawatts of energy
by solar panels connected to the grid (0.1% total US energy)
• 600,000 metric tons reserves in the world in 2009 – Zinc sulfide deposits – Tin-tungsten veins – Porphyry copper deposits
Permanent Magnets
• Automotive • Electronics • Appliances • Medical • Military • Aerospace • Automation • Wind turbines
• Fe • Sm-Co • Nd-Fe-B • Cu-Ni-Fe • Fe-Cr-Co • Al-Ni-Co
Wind turbines
Engines
Beryllium • Nuclear industry
– Fuel rods – Shielding
• Telecommunications • Modules for engine control
computers, including in hybrid automobiles
• Solar industry in energy focusing assembly and storage units
Graphite
WHERE ARE THESE MINERALS FOUND?
Mountain Pass carbonatite, CA
Sanastee beach placer sandstone,San Juan County, NM
Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração (CBMM), open pit mine for Nb,
Minas Gerais, Brazil http://www.us.cbmm.com.br/english/sources/mine/operat/f_operat.htm
Chino, NM
WHERE ARE THESE MINERALS FOUND?
• Minerals are found in specific mineral deposits containing predominantly one or more of the minerals—Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, PGM, Fe, Mo, REE, Be, U, etc.
• Minerals are found as a by-product or trace element in another type of mineral deposits and would be recovered only if metallurgical technologies are available and economically feasible—Cd, Se, Mo, Te, Au, Ag, etc.
• Minerals are extracted from the material remaining after refining of metals (anode slimes, refinery wastes)—Ga, Ge, In, etc.
Mining districts and
areas in New
Mexico that contain
REE deposits
Porphyry copper deposits • Current
– Gold – Silver – Molybdenum
• Possible – Tellurium – Gallium – Germanium – Indium – Others
Germanium
Germanium
• German chemist Clemens Winkler in 1886 in the silver sulfide mineral argyrodite from Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
• greyish-white, metallic in appearance, and metallic
• Atomic number 32 • Main source is sphalerite
Germanium
R. Höll et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 30 (2007) 145–180
Germanium—uses
• 35%: Polymerisation catalysts (plastics) • 25%: Infrared optics • 20%: Fiber-optic systems • 12%: Electronics/solar electrical
applications • 8%: Other uses (e.g., phosphors (in
fluorescent lamps), metallurgy and chemotherapy (toxic effects against certain microorganisms)
Germanium—growth
• thin-film application for solar panels • digital video discs • SiGe chips • Ge-based semiconductors • other electronic devices
Germanium
http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/industrial/special/mining/minedock/id/id4-ger.pdf
Germanium
R. Höll et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 30 (2007) 145–180
Germanium
R. Höll et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 30 (2007) 145–180
Minerals
Germanium
R. Höll et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 30 (2007) 145–180
Germanium—types of deposits • Volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) Cu–Zn(–
Pb)(–Ba) deposits • Porphyry and vein–stockwork Cu–Mo–Au deposits • Porphyry and vein–stockwork Sn–Ag deposits • Vein-type Ag–Pb–Zn(–Cu) deposits • Sediment-hosted massive sulfide (SHMS) Zn–Pb–
Cu(–Ba) deposits • Carbonate-hosted base metal deposits • Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Zn–Pb–Fe(–Cu)(–
Ba)(–F) deposits • Coal and lignite • Fe oxide deposits
Germanium
R. Höll et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 30 (2007) 145–180
Indium
Indium
• In • 0.05 ppm crust • 0.072 ppm oceanic crust • Silver-white, malleable, ductile metal • High plastic properties even at freezing • coat glass, forming a mirror surface with
equally good reflective properties and more corrosion resistance than silver
Uses
Indium
• Solar panels • Flat screens (LCDs) • Solders and alloys • Semiconductors
Indium in solar panels
w 50 metric tons required for enough solar panels to provide 1 gigawatt of energy
w $500/kg in 2009 w 2008—US used 800 megawatts of energy by solar
panels connected to the grid (0.1% total US energy) w 600,000 metric tons reserves in the world in 2009
• Zinc sulfide deposits • Tin-tungsten veins • Porphyry copper deposits
Production
Production
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/indium/mcs-2013-indiu.pdf
Companies
Production
Price
Mineralogy
• indit (FeIn2S4) • roquesit (CuInS2)
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1209/2005-1209.pdf
Geology • Base metal deposits
– Chalcopyrite – Sphalerite – Stannite
• Tin and tungsten vein deposits – Difficult to recover
• Volcanic massive sulfide deposits
• Porphyry deposits • Skarn deposits
• Bauxite deposits • Zinc deposits • Black shale deposits • Coal • Mississippi-valley
type deposits • Pegmatites • Sandstone-hosted
base-metal deposits
Geology
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1209/2005-1209.pdf
Porphyry copper deposits w Current
• Gold • Silver • Molybdenum
w Possible • Tellurium • Gallium • Germanium • Indium • Others
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1034/of2009-1034_text.pdf
http://geology.com/articles/indium.shtml
GENERAL COMMENTS • Many of these minerals do not require the tonnages we
are used to mine for metals like Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn—i.e. smaller deposits
Commodity
US production 2009 mt
World production 2009 mt
consumption 2009 mt Price 2009
World reserves 2009 mt
Cu 1,190,000 15,800,000 1,660,000 $2.3/lb 540,000,000
Au 210 2,350 170 $950/oz 47,000
REO 0 124,000 7,410 varies 99,000,000
Be 120 140 140 $120/lb 15900+
Sb 0 187,000 22,400 $2.3/lb 2,100,000
As 385 52,500 3,600 $0.92/lb 1,070,000
Bi 100 7,300 1,020 $7.4/lb 320,000
Ga 0 78 20 $480/kg 1,000,000
Ge 5 14 5 $950/kg 450+
Te W W $145/kg 22,000
cement 71,800,000 2,800,000,000 73,800,000 $100/mton
GENERAL COMMENTS • Many of these minerals do not require the tonnages we
are used to mine for metals like Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn—i.e. smaller deposits
• Some of these minerals are economically found in only 1-3 deposits in the world
• Some of these minerals are found in areas of the world that may not be economically unstable or particularly friendly to the U.S. – Minerals that provide major revenue to armed fractions for
violence, such as that occurring in the Democratic Republic of Congo (GSA, Nov. 2010)
• Some of these minerals come only from the refining of metal deposits and are dependent upon that production – Many Cu and Au deposits utilize heap leach technology, which
leaves other potential minerals unrecovered in the heap leach
Competing industries/uses
http://www.slideshare.net/Tehama/john-kaiser
Comment • Analytical labs are swamped (i.e., too
long) and expensive • There is a need for relatively quick,
inexpensive methods to delineate drill hole targets
• Developing a procedure using a portable X-ray fluorescent instrument to use in stream sediment and soil surveys to aid in exploration
SOME OF THE CHALLENGES IN PRODUCING THESE
TECHNOLOGIES
http://www.slideshare.net/Tehama/jack-vancouverjan2011
http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf
Criticality Index
http://www.nma.org/pdf/101606_nrc_study.pdf
Some of the challenges in producing these technologies
• How much of these minerals do we need? • Are there enough materials in the pipeline to
meet the demand for these technologies and other uses?
• Can any of these be recycled? • Are there substitutions that can be used? • Are these minerals environmental friendly—
what are the reclamation challenges? – REE and Be are nearly always associated with U
and Th and the wastes from mining REE and Be will have to accommodate radioactivity and radon
Bottlenecks • Risk and timing of investment
– Unpredictable – Rapid change in demand – Engineering/design/production of these products is
faster then the exploration/mining/processing • Extraction
– Supplies – Economically feasible in a timely manner
• Refining – Technically feasible – Economical
FUTURE GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
• Need for understanding the mineralogy and distribution of these minerals in known ore deposits – Geologic mapping (lithology, structure, alteration) – Geologic deposit models – Mineralogy/chemistry
• Are there additional geologic sources for some of these minerals?
• What are the potential environmental consequences of mining these minerals and how do we mitigate them?