mineral nutrition for ruminants. major minerals major (macro) minerals ca, p, k, mg, na, cl, s ...
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Mineral Nutrition for Ruminants
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Major Minerals
Major (macro) mineralsCa, P, K, Mg, Na, Cl, S Included as % in diet
FunctionsStructuralNerveElectrolytesOsmotic balance
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Trace Minerals
Trace (micro) mineralsCobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese,
molybdenum, selenium and zinc all requiredChromium-no established requirement Included as ppm or ppb in diet
FunctionEnzyme co-factor or component
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Mineral Deficiencies
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Milk Fever
Metabolic disease at/after parturition in dairy cows
Rapid in serum Ca because Ca is lost to colostrum secretion
Symptoms included lack of appetite and paralysis
Treatment is intravenous Ca borogluconate
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Milk Fever Prevention Include anionic salts in diet for 3-5 wks prior to
parturitionmEq(Na+ + K+) – mEq(Cl- + SO4
-)
Normal diet: +20 to +30 mEq/100g diet (electrolyte balance)
Anionic diet: -7 to -25 mEq/100g diet Induces mild acidosis, which increases tissue
responsiveness to PTHCa release from bone to serum
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Grass Tetany
Hypomagnesemia in ruminants Usually following lush spring growth Fertilizing with K or N make it worse Symptoms include muscular twitching,
collapse, convulsionTreatment is IV Mg gluconatePrevent with high Mag mineral (MagOx)
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Copper, sulfur and molybdenum
High sulfur & molybdenum thiomolybdates Cu + thiomolybdates insoluble complexes Thiomolybdates can result in reduced Cu absorption and
systemic metabolism
NRC, 1996
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 114 183 241 297 422 459 490
Pla
sma
Cu
, mg
/L
Calf day of age
Cu Adequate Cu Def icient Cu Def icient + Mn
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Mineral Toxicosis
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Maximum Tolerable Levels for Ruminants
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Copper Toxicosis
Sheep particularly sensitive to copper5 ppm CuExcessive Cu builds up in RBC, causing Heinz-
body formation and methemoglobin productionCan’t bind oxygen-chocolate bloodRelease of hemoglobin damages kidneys
Avoid feeding cattle mineral
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Copper Toxicosis Treatment
IV methylene blue to control metHb Copper chelators
D-penicillamine Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
Cu:Mo ratio of 10:1 or less
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Sulfur Toxicity in Ruminants
Dietary sulfate reduced to H2S (gas) Eructate-reinhale Toxic in high amounts
Polioencephalomalacia (PEM, brainers)
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Brain lesions due to S toxicity
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Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) Terminology
Polio = gray matter Encephalo = brain Malacia = tissue death
Clinical signs Subacute – head pressing, circling, ataxia, staggering,
blindness, depression, stupor Acute – blindness, seizures, comatose
Can be caused by thiamine deficiency, lead or salt poisoning and high sulfur diets
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S induced PEM
Does not appear to be caused by thiamine or copper deficiency No alterations of thiamine or its mono- and diphosphate esters in
whole blood, brain, cerebrospinal fluid, or liver (Sager et al., 1990; Gould et al.,1991)
Thiamine treatment can help reduce symptoms Increase energy availability to the brain
plays a key role in the tri-carboxcylic acid cycle and pentose shunt Thiamine-supplemented groups also manifested PEM, even
though clinical signs were not observed (Olkowski et al., 1992).
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Pka of HS- = 7.04
60% of ruminal gas that is eructated is inhaled
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S Induced PEM
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Oxidative Stress
Reactive oxygen speciesByproduct of cellular respirationRoles in cell signallingDangerous in excess
SpeciesHydroxylSuperoxideHydrogen peroxide
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Oxidative Stress
EffectsDNA damageLipid peroxidation (oxidation of
polyunsaturated fatty acids) Inactivation of some enzymes (oxidation of
metal cofactors)
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Antioxidant Capacity
Superoxide dismutaseSuperoxide anion to hydrogen peroxideCopper-Zinc SOD-cytosolManganese SOD-mitochondria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase
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Antioxidant Capacity
CatalaseHydrogen peroxide to water and oxygenConsists of 4 parts, each containing a heme
(iron) group
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Antioxidant Capacity
Glutathione peroxidaseHydrogen peroxide to waterSelenium dependent enzyme-4 selenium
atoms per molecule
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Iodine
Function- part of thyroid hormone (metabolism rate)70-80% of body I- is in thyroidT4 (thyroxine)T3 (triiodothyronine)-3 times more active than
T4Controls rate of energy metabolism in cells
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Iodine
Deficiency “goiter” enlarged thyroid gland
Plants have “goitrogens” (goiter creating), block use of iodine
Reduced growth Impaired reproduction-dead, weak or
hairless young
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Goiter in lamb
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Selenium
Regulated by the FDA, because relatively low levels toxic (i.e. 10x requirement)
Function Glutathione peroxidase (antioxidant) Iodothyronine 5’-deiodinase-1 (T4 conversion to T3)
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Selenium
Deficiency Deficient in many areas of U.S. Muscular dystrophy
Sheep-white muscle disease Reproductive problems such as retained placenta and
low fertility, weak newborns
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Cobalt
Essential component of B12 Required by ruminants Rumen microorganisms synthesize B12
from cobalt B12 dependent enzymes
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutaseMethionine synthetase
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