mind map : learning made simple choose the appropriate
TRANSCRIPT
Oswaal CBSE Section-wise Mind Map & Grammar Charts, ENGLISH, Class-VIII [ 1
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e
Sec
tion
-AR
ead
ing
dev
elo
ped
An
aly
tica
l
Co
mp
reh
ensi
on
Vo
cab
ula
ryb
uil
din
g
Infe
ren
ce
Readth
epassa
geca
refu
lly
Un
der
stan
dth
e
mea
ning
Un
der
lin
eth
em
ain
po
ints
Try
toan
swer
iny
ou
ro
wn
wo
r ds
Tipstoknow
Passagesw
ith Short
Question/A
nswer
s
Nopersonal views
Use the same tense in
answers as used in
questions
choic
e questions
Ch
oo
se t
he
app
rop
riat
e an
swer
fro
m t
he
cho
ices
Answ
ersh
ould
be
brie
fand
clea
r
2 ] Oswaal CBSE Section-wise Mind Map & Grammar Charts, ENGLISH, Class-VIII
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e
Sec
tion
-B
Wri
ting
10. R
epor
t
1Lette
r
Types
Fo
rmal
lett
er
Info
rmal
lett
er
Rea
listic
fact
s
Pro
per
&ad
equa
tedet
ai
ls
Av
oid
exag
ger
ati o
no
f
11. Composition
Use
cap
ital
lett
ers
rare
ly
Av
oid
Gra
ph
ics
Po
lite
&n
ot
off
ensi
ve
9.A
rtic
le
Sen
sib
leco
nce
pt
Un
ity
of
tho
ug
hts
Sim
ple
& e
asy
wo
rds
Cat
chy
sen
ten
ces
Cat
chy
hea
din
g
On
eo
rtw
oM
axim
sca
n
8.Sp
eech
Sta
teth
eac
tio
nif
tak
en
Sh
ou
ldn
ot
be
bo
rin
g&
mo
no
ton
ou
s
Av
oid
tec
hn
ical
& c
on
fusi
ng
wo
rds
Pro
nu
nci
atio
n
3.P
arag
rap
hF
eatu
res
Tip
s
Un
ity
Co
her
ence
Em
ph
asis
Var
iety
Cle
ar t
hin
kin
g
Mai
n i
dea
Cen
tral
th
eme
Wel
lco
nn
ecte
dIn
tere
stin
g,a
ttra
ctiv
e&
imp
ress
ive
Nei
ther
lo
ng
no
r sh
ort
Sp
ecia
l at
ten
tio
n t
o
Pro
per
fo
rmat
Acc
ura
cy &
Cla
rity
Av
oid
sal
uta
tio
n l
ike
“Dea
r”,“
Res
pec
ted
”E
ncl
ose
mes
sag
ein
a b
ox
4.Mes
sage
Pro
per
fo
rmat
Av
oid
ty
pic
al &
tec
hn
ical
wo
rds
Mil
d t
on
e &
no
t co
mm
and
ing
Sim
ple
& c
lear
lan
gu
age
Av
oid
am
big
uo
us
sen
ten
ces
Imp
ort
ant
info
rmat
ion
Natural&sensible
7.D
ialo
gue
Th
ink
pro
per
ev
ent
Dev
elo
p c
har
acte
rs
Cat
chy
fir
st p
arag
rap
h
Mea
nin
gfu
l p
arag
rap
hS
etti
ng
& c
on
text
Set
up
plo
t
Cre
ate
con
flic
t,te
nsi
on
,or
susp
ense
Bu
ild
cli
max
Pro
per
en
din
g
Ch
ron
olo
gic
al o
rder
Lev
el&
inte
rest
of
the
list
ener
s
Inte
rest
ing
Eas
y &
sim
ple
lan
gu
age
Cla
rity
of
vo
ice
even
tso
rf a
cts or
bei
ng
t ak
en
be
use
d
was
crea
ted
edit
or
Use
sim
ple
lan
gu
age
be
oft
enu
sed
Acr
on
ym
s sh
ou
ldn
ot
Rec
eiv
er’s
E-m
ail
ID
the
last
sen
ten
ce
Readprece
ding
&
followin
g
dialo
gue
Proper&accura
te
tenses
Un
der
stan
dthetopic
conversation
6.Story
Men
tio
nco
nse
qu
ence
s
Tip
s
Wri
tin
g
Oswaal CBSE Section-wise Mind Map & Grammar Charts, ENGLISH, Class-VIII [ 3
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e
Sec
tion
-C
Gra
mm
ar
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mp
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ch
4 ] Oswaal CBSE Section-wise Mind Map & Grammar Charts, ENGLISH, Class-VIII
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e
Sec
tion
-D
Lit
era
ture
(H
oney
dew
-P
rose
)
1.Th
eB
est
Ch
rist
mas
Pres
ent
inth
ew
orl
d
Th
eau
tho
rp
urc
has
edan
des
ko
ld,
fou
nd
ale
tter
init
sd
raw
er.
Th
ele
tter
J,
,w
asfr
om
ima
sold
ier
toh
isw
ife.
It
des
crib
edth
est
ory
of
aC
hri
stm
asE
ve
du
rin
gW
orl
dW
arI,
wh
enB
riti
shan
d
Ger
man
sold
iers
forg
etth
eir
anim
osi
ty
for
each
oth
eran
db
ecam
efr
ien
ds.
del
iver
edA
uth
or
late
rth
e le
tter
to
Jim
's
be
wif
ew
ho
mis
con
stru
edh
imto
her
hu
sban
d.
2.The
Tsunam
i
Th
isch
apte
rd
eals
wit
hst
ori
eso
fco
ura
ge
and
su
rviv
al d
uri
ng
Tsu
nam
i, w
hic
h o
ccu
rred
on
26D
ecem
ber
,20
04h
itti
ng
Th
aila
nd
and
th
par
tso
fIn
dia
lik
eA
nd
aman
and
Nic
ob
ar
Isla
nd
an
d T
amil
Nad
u.
Th
est
ory
isse
td
uri
ng
the
1ce
ntu
ry8
,th
wh
enB
riti
shE
ast
Ind
iaC
om
pan
yw
as
exte
nd
ing
its
po
wer
s in
In
dia
. Bri
tish
to
ok
erst
itio
us
adv
anta
ge
of
sup
and
ort
ho
do
x
peo
ple
and
beg
anto
crip
ple
Ind
ia.
Raj
a
oy
Ram
Mo
han
R,
ale
arn
edm
anfr
om
Ben
gal
un
der
sto
od
thei
rin
ten
tio
ns
and
evo
ltaw
aken
ed t
he
peo
ple
to
r.
4.Bep
inChoudhury's
la
pseof memory
On
ed
ayw
hil
esh
op
pin
gfo
rb
oo
ks,
Bep
in
met
Ch
ou
dh
ury
Par
imal
Gh
osh
wh
oto
ld
him
abo
ut
his
vis
itto
Ran
chi.
Bep
inw
as
surp
rise
das
he
had
nev
erb
een
toR
anch
i.
His
frie
nd
sD
ines
han
dC
hu
nn
iB
abu
also
ld
isco
ver
edco
nfi
rmed
. Bu
tat
er i
t w
asth
at
ait
was
pra
nk
pla
yed
by
Ch
un
ni
Bab
uto
tak
ere
ven
ge
for
no
th
elp
ing
him
inth
e
tim
e o
f n
eed
.
5.T
he
Su
mm
itW
ith
in
Aft
er c
lim
bin
g M
ou
nt
Ev
eres
t is
196
5, M
ajo
r
H.P
.S.
Ah
luw
alia
felt
hu
mil
ity.
He
bel
iev
ed
that
ther
ear
etw
oty
pes
of
clim
bin
g,
on
eis
Mt.
Ev
eres
tan
dis
of
ou
rm
ind
.th
eo
ther
On
eis
ph
ysi
cal
bu
tth
eo
ther
isem
oti
on
al
and
spir
itu
al.
Th
ein
ner
on
eis
even
gre
ater
than
th
e E
ver
est
on
e.
Jod
y's
fath
erw
asb
by
ara
ttle
-sn
ake.
itte
n
He
kil
led
ad
oe
tou
seit
sh
eart
and
liv
erto
dr
po
iso
nth
eaw
ou
tth
e.
Jod
yfe
ltso
rry
for
do
e’s
faw
n. H
e w
ent
to t
he
fore
st a
nd
bro
ug
ht
awn
the
fto
his
ho
me.
He
fed
him
wit
hm
ilk
and
fel
t co
nte
nte
d.
Th
est
ory
isab
ou
tth
em
eeti
ng
two
of
Haw
kin
gs
,h
and
icap
ped
peo
ple
,S
tep
hen
,a
scie
nti
st a
nd
Fir
dau
s K
ang
a a
jo
urn
alis
t.
awk
ing
sd
vic
edH
ah
imto
con
cen
trat
eo
n
us
wh
ath
ew
asg
oo
dat
.F
ird
afe
ltin
spir
ed
afte
r m
eeti
ng
him
.
7.AVisittoCambrid
ge
Th
isch
apte
ris
anex
trac
to
f
’R
usk
inB
on
ds
dai
ryin
wh
ich
sh
ep
ort
ray
the
sile
nt
mir
acle
s
leo
f N
atu
re &
lif
e's
litt
joy
s an
d
reg
rets
.
8. A Short Monsoon
dairy
Ern
est
was
told
by
his
mo
ther
abo
ut
ale
gen
dar
yst
ory
SF
of
the
Gre
atto
ne
ace
wh
ich
was
ap
iece
of
Nat
ure
as
rain
an
d w
ind
had
cu
t it
to
mai
nta
in i
nto
a s
hap
e o
f th
e fa
ce
was
of
am
an.
Ev
ery
bo
dy
loo
ked
for
som
eon
ew
ho
alo
ok
-
be
a-li
ke
of
that
sto
ne
man
.A
soh
eh
asto
aw
arm
&sw
eet
man
wh
o l
ov
all
liv
ing
th
ing
s. B
ut
they
co
uld
fin
d n
on
e.es
9.The
Great Stone
Face-I
10.T
he
Gre
atSt
one
Fac
e-II
On
ed
ayw
hen
Ern
est
was
talk
ing
toth
ep
eop
lew
ho
,
on
vin
ced
agre
edw
ith
his
tho
ug
hts
.A
po
etc
him
that
SE
rnes
tw
asac
tual
lyth
eG
reat
ton
eF
ace
loo
k-a
-lik
e
lov
esas
he
is s
wee
t an
d w
arm
&ev
ery
on
e. P
eop
le a
lso
Sag
reed
that
he
ind
eed
isth
eG
reat
ton
eF
ace
loo
k-a
-
lik
e.
6.Thi
sis
Jod
y’s
Faw
n
3.Glimpsesofthepast
Oswaal CBSE Section-wise Mind Map & Grammar Charts, ENGLISH, Class-VIII [ 5
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e
Sec
tion
-D
Lit
era
ture
()
Hon
eyd
ew-P
oetr
y
Th
ere
was
acr
ick
etw
ho
lov
edto
dan
cean
dsi
ng
du
rin
g w
arm
an
d s
un
ny
day
s o
f sp
rin
g a
nd
nev
er l
iked
a,
pre
serv
ing
foo
dfo
rw
inte
r.W
hen
win
ter
cm
eh
eh
ad
no
thin
gto
eat.
He
wen
tto
the
ant
for
hel
pw
ho
den
ied
esa
yin
gth
eyn
ever
bo
rro
wo
rl
nd
.T
he
cric
ket
suff
ered
wn
bec
ause
of
his
oca
rele
ssn
ess.
1.TheA
nt
and
Th
ep
oe
mis
ab
ou
tth
ew
ay
ea
rth
loo
ks
lik
efr
om
clea
rd
iffe
ren
tal
titu
des
.W
hen
the
pla
ne
too
ko
ff,
itw
as
eces
sity
.th
atci
tyg
rew
asp
ern
and
no
tas
per
pla
nn
ing
Wh
en p
lan
e re
ach
ed t
en t
ho
usa
nd
fee
t, i
t w
as u
nd
erst
oo
d
val
ley
sth
ew
ere
po
pu
late
d.
At
six
mil
es,
ther
eis
mo
re
oet
wat
erth
anla
nd
.B
ut
wh
atth
ep
cou
ldn
ot
un
der
stan
d
was
wh
yp
eop
lew
ere
div
ided
des
pit
eli
vin
go
nth
esa
me
eart
h.
2.Geographyle
sso
n
Mac
ait
yis
aca
tw
ho
isa
sym
bo
lo
fm
yst
ery.
v
He
isa
sup
er-m
ind
edcr
imin
alw
ho
isal
way
s
aler
tan
daw
ake.
Itis
ver
yd
iffi
cult
toca
tch
him
mm
itti
ng
as h
e al
way
s d
isap
pea
rs a
fter
co
a cr
ime.
Th
en
arra
tor
of
the
po
emis
Go
din
the
form
of
a
ula
bo
rer.
He
was
ask
ing
ou
tto
hir
eh
imfo
rw
ork
.
,k
Fir
sta
ing
then
ano
ldm
anan
dla
ter
ala
dy,
all
ao
ffer
,c
me
toa
job
inex
chan
ge
of
go
ldm
on
ey,
po
wer
an
d s
mil
e. B
ut
he
turn
ed d
ow
n a
ll t
he
off
ers.
At
last
ach
ild
off
ered
toh
ire
him
for
no
thin
g
awle
ssN
arra
tor
was
ple
ased
wit
hth
ech
ild
'sfl
.
char
acte
r an
d t
he
bar
gai
n w
as m
ade.
Th
ep
oe
mis
ab
ou
ta
sch
oo
lb
oy
wh
oli
ke
s
sum
mer
mo
rnin
gs
bu
th
ate
sg
oin
gto
sch
oo
l
bir
dd
uri
ng
that
tim
e.H
eco
mp
ares
him
self
toa
sup
po
sed
tob
ew
ho
isfr
eeto
sin
gan
dfl
yin
sky
,an
d n
ot
sit
in a
cag
e. I
n t
he
sam
e w
ay h
e sh
ou
ld b
e
sit
ab
leto
enjo
yh
isy
ou
thfu
lsp
rin
ga
nd
no
t
fear
full
y u
nd
er t
he
eye
of
a te
ach
er i
n s
cho
ol.
5.T
he
Sch
oo
l Boy
Th
ere
wer
e tw
o f
rien
ds
: a
Du
ck a
nd
a K
ang
aro
o.
Du
ckw
ante
dto
see
the
wo
rld
sosh
ere
qu
este
d
the
Kan
gar
oo
toca
rry
her
all
the
wa
on
the
tip
y
of
his
tail
.K
ang
aro
oag
reed
bu
tw
asca
uti
ou
s
abo
ut
her
web
feet
.S
he
use
dh
erin
tell
igen
ce
and
sug
ges
ted
she
wo
uld
pu
tw
oo
llen
sock
s.
Th
eyw
ent
ahea
dto
aro
un
dth
ew
orl
dan
dh
op
bo
th w
ere
hap
py.
On
ceth
ep
tst
arte
dh
isjo
urn
eyfo
rL
yn
nes
se.
oe
o
om
pan
ied
oel
ines
sO
nly
th
e st
ars
acc
him
in
his
ln
.
,W
hen
he
was
ther
ea
mir
acle
hap
pen
ed.
He
inre
turn
edw
ith
mag
ich
isey
esd
ue
toth
e
ble
ssin
gs
of
Go
d.
Inth
isp
oe
mth
eg
rass
ho
pp
ersy
mb
oli
ss
e
esu
mm
erw
hil
eth
ecr
ick
etsy
mb
oli
ss
the
cold
rou
gh
win
ter.
Th
this
po
em,
the
po
etw
ants
to
seas
on
asse
rtth
atn
om
atte
rw
hat
the
is,
the
sm
usi
c an
d t
he
po
etry
of
Nat
ure
in
ever
dea
d.
6.TheD
uckan
d
theKangaro
o
7.When I Set out
8.O
nth
eG
rass
hopper
and
Cri
cket
for Lyonnesse
4.T
heLas
t Bargain
Mystery
Cat3.Macavity
-the
the
Cri
cket
6 ] Oswaal CBSE Section-wise Mind Map & Grammar Charts, ENGLISH, Class-VIII
Mind
map
: lea
rning m
ade
simpl
e
Sec
tion
-D
Lit
era
ture
It
So
Ha
pp
ened
Th
est
ory
isab
ou
tth
eti
me
wh
enan
imal
sh
adju
st
e,
star
ted
wo
rkin
gfo
rm
n.
Wh
ile
oth
eran
imal
sw
ork
cfu
sin
gam
elw
ou
ldla
zear
ou
nd
inth
ed
eser
t,re
tod
o
wo
rk.
Rat
her
he
say
''hu
mp
h''.
Fin
ally
Dji
nn
too
k
his
mat
ter
inh
and
s &
cu
rved
th
e ca
mel
wit
h a
hu
mp
&
eo
rder
ed h
im t
o w
ork
fo
r d
ays
wit
ho
ut
atin
g.
1.H
owth
eC
amel
got
his
hu
mp
Vel
u,
lev
eny
ear
old
bo
y,ra
naw
ayh
ish
om
ee
fro
m
of
bec
ause
he
was
tire
dh
isfa
ther
'sb
eati
ng
.H
eb
oar
ded
atr
ain
&re
ach
edC
hen
nai
wit
ho
ut
tick
et.
He
was
Jim
hu
ng
ry&
tire
d.
Ay
ou
ng
gir
l(
aya)
app
roac
hed
h&
he
bli
nd
ly f
oll
ow
ed h
er. T
he
gir
l g
ave
him
ro
tten
ban
ana
ae
&a
left
ov
erv
adto
at.
Sh
eto
ldh
imth
atsh
ew
asa
gh
erra
pic
ker
.V
elu
un
wil
lin
gly
join
edu
nti
lh
efo
un
da
bet
ter
job
.
2.Childre
nat
Wor
k
On
cea
self
ish
Gia
nt
wh
on
ever
let
kid
sp
lay
in
lh
isb
eau
tifu
lg
ard
en.H
eb
uil
ta
hu
ge
wal
aro
un
d
it.
Sp
rin
gca
me
bu
to
nly
Gia
nts
gar
den
did
n't
sen
ter
rece
ive
it.
He
let
kid
san
dth
em
irac
le
hap
pen
ed.
Sp
rin
gv
isit
edh
isg
ard
en.
Th
ech
ild
wh
o e
nte
red
his
gar
den
was
act
ual
ly a
ho
ly c
hil
d.
3.TheSelfishGia
nt
Ev
ery
chil
dis
cap
able
of
do
ing
big
thin
gs
inh
isar
eao
f
cov
erin
gin
tere
st. O
nly
di
his
tal
ent
or
apti
tud
e is
nee
ded
.
Haf
eez
eis
Co
ntr
acto
ris
ali
vin
gex
amp
leas
tod
ayh
the
lead
ing
arch
itec
tb
ut
on
ceh
ated
sch
oo
lan
dd
etes
ted
Mat
hs.
4.Th
eTr
easu
reWith
inT
he
kin
gan
dth
eq
uee
nh
an
ine
dau
gh
ters
.d
Th
ek
ing
gif
ted
ap
arro
tto
each
.T
he
par
rot
of
the
yo
un
ges
td
aug
hte
r,S
epte
mb
er,
die
d.
Nex
t
day
she
fou
nd
ab
ird
wit
hm
elo
dio
us
.v
oic
e
rsT
his
an
ger
ed t
he
oth
er e
igh
t si
ste
. Th
ey g
rew
jeal
ou
s,ad
vis
edh
erto
kee
ph
erb
ird
inca
ge.
Bu
tin
stea
dP
rin
cess
gav
eh
erfr
eed
om
bu
tth
e
bir
d k
ept
com
ing
bac
k b
ecau
se o
f h
er l
ov
e.
5.P
rin
cess
Sep
tem
ber
Th
est
ory
giv
esu
sa
mes
sag
eth
ata
solu
tio
nto
ad
iffe
ren
ces
lie
sn
ot
infi
gh
tin
gb
ut
inll
un
der
stan
din
g a
nd
hel
pin
g e
ach
oth
er. R
anji
was
swim
min
gin
ap
oo
lin
the
fore
st,
wh
enS
ura
jca
me
and
clai
med
that
the
po
ol
was
his
.B
oth
fou
gh
to
ver
it.
Ran
jid
ived
into
the
po
ol
skil
lfu
lly
wh
ich
am
az
ed
Su
raj
wh
ow
an
ted
tole
arn
,d
ivin
gfr
om
Ran
ji.
Ran
jita
ug
ht
him
and
bo
thb
ecm
e fr
ien
ds.
a
6.TheFigh
t
Inth
est
ory
,a
yo
un
gw
om
an,
Ver
a,f
rig
hte
ns
the
.M
r.N
utt
elw
ith
ali
eab
ou
th
eru
ncl
eM
r.v
isit
or
that
Sap
ple
ton
and
his
two
bro
ther
s-in
-law
had
dro
wn
edin
a b
og
. Wh
en N
utt
el s
ees
the
men
wal
kin
g t
ow
ard
sth
eh
ou
se,
he
assu
mes
they
are
gh
ost
sw
ho
wil
lco
me
inth
rou
gh
the
op
enw
ind
ow
,an
dru
ns
away
in f
ear.
7.Theopenwindow
Th
e n
arra
tor,
a s
cho
ol
bo
y, w
as g
iven
fou
rru
pee
sto
pay
his
sch
oo
lfe
esh
ich
he
was
ted
inb
uy
ing
jale
bis
.w L
ater
he
was
sco
lded
by
his
par
ents
.T
he
sto
ryte
ach
esu
sth
atw
esh
ou
ldu
sem
on
ey
for
wh
at
itw
as
an
dsh
ou
ld n
ot
was
te i
t.
8.Jalebis
Mn
oj
Du
tta
had
ate
lesc
op
ew
hic
hh
ea
lov
edw
ork
ing
wit
h.
On
ceh
ed
isco
ver
eda
new
co
met
an
d n
amed
it
‘Co
met
Du
tta’
AB
riti
shsc
ien
tist
,Ja
mes
,o
bse
rved
that
the
sam
e co
met
was
go
ing
to
co
llid
e w
ith
eart
h. A
sec
ret
con
fere
nce
was
hel
d.
9.Th
e
Comet-I
10.T
he
Co
met
-II
Th
ese
cret
con
fere
nce
con
clu
ded
that
the
com
etco
uld
no
tb
est
op
ped
bu
tco
uld
on
lyb
ep
ush
edaw
ay.T
he
op
erat
ion
was
succ
essf
ul
.Bu
tD
utt
a’s
sup
erst
itio
us
wif
e b
elie
ved
th
at i
t w
as d
ue
to h
erp
oo
ja t
hat
th
e co
met
was
sto
pp
ed.
Oswaal CBSE Section-wise Mind Map & Grammar Charts, ENGLISH, Class-VIII [ 7
Function ExampleKinds ofdeterminers
Sr.No.
Determiners
Article1.
Demonstrative2.
Shows possession of a
thing
Possessive3. My, your, his, her,
their, our, etc.
� �
used with singular
object beginning with
a consonant sound
A ball, a girl,
a chair, etc.
a
used with singular
object beginning with
a vowel sound
an owl, an honest
man, an umbrella,
etc.
an
used with specific/
particular things,
(rivers, monuments
holy books, etc.)
The Yamuna, the
Taj Mahal, the
Ramayan, etc.
the
used for a thing
which is singular and
lying near by
This is the hotel
where we stayed
last year.
this
used for thing which is
singular and lying far
That boy is my
friend.
that
used for plural nounswhich are near thespeaker
Put these books
on the table.
these
used for plural nouns
which are far from
the speaker
Those books
contains grand
study material.
those
used before a noun to
ind icate amount or
quantities.
Quantifiers4. Same, much,
many, a lot of,
few, little, etc.
8 ] Oswaal CBSE Section-wise Mind Map & Grammar Charts, ENGLISH, Class-VIII
� �
on, at, in, since, by, for, from,until, during, etc.
Time1.
in, inside, outside, over, above, under,below, near, between, among, etc.
Place2.
across, against, around, behind, beneath,beside, etc.
Spatialrelationship
4.
Preposition
towards, along, to, onto,into, etc.
Direction3.
Oswaal CBSE Section-wise Mind Map & Grammar Charts, ENGLISH, Class-VIII [ 9
Indirect SpeechDirect Speech
� �
Simple Present (V )1
Present Continuous (is/am/are)
Present Perfect (has/have)
Simple Past (V )2
Past Continuous (was/were)
Past Perfect (had+V )3
will
shall
can
may
must
here
this
these
now
yesterday
tomorrow
today
tonight
ago
Simple Past (V )2
Past Continuous (was/were)
Past Perfect (had+V )3
Past Perfect (had+V )3
Past Perfect Continuous (had been)
Past Perfect (had+V )3
would
should
could
might
had to
there
that
those
then
the day before/the previous day
the next day/the day after/
the following day
that day
that night
before
10 ] Oswaal CBSE Section-wise Mind Map & Grammar Charts, ENGLISH, Class-VIII
Active & Passive Voice
Tense
Present
IndefiniteV1 or V1 + s/es
Eg:The peon rings the bell.
is / am / are + V3
Eg:The bell is rung by the peon.
Future
Perfect
Will have/shall have + V3
Eg:The peon will have rung
the bell.
will have been / shall
have been + V3
Eg:The bell will have been rung
by the peon.
will / shall + V1
Eg:The peon will ring the bell.
Future
Indefinite
will be / shall be + V3
Eg:The bell will be rung by
the peon.
PastPerfect
had + V3
Eg:The peon had rung the bell.
had been + V3
Eg:The bell had been rung by
the peon.
Past
Progressivewas/ were + V1+ing
Eg:The peon was ringing the bell.
was/were + being + V3
Eg:The bell was being rung by
the peon.
V2
Eg:The peon rang the bell.
Past
Indefinite
was/were + V3
Eg:The bell was rung by the
peon.
Present
Perfecthas/have + V3
Eg:The peon has rung the bell.
has been / have been + V3
Eg:The bell has been rung by
the peon.
Present
Progressive
is/ am / are +V1+ing
Eg:The peon is ringing the bell.
is / am / are + being + V3
Eg:The bell is being rung by
the peon.
Verb in
Active Voice
Verb in
Passive Voice
Note : In passive voice, the subject becomes the object and the object becomes the subject.
Future progressive tense & perfect continuous tense ( Past, Present, Future) have
no passive form.
Oswaal CBSE Section-wise Mind Map & Grammar Charts, ENGLISH, Class-VIII [ 11
FutureIndefiniteTense
Past
Present
Future
� �
Progressive/Continuous
Perfect Perfect Continuous
V2 was / were +
V +ing1
Eg:I was singing
a song.
had + V3
had been +
V +ing1
Eg: I had been
singing a
song for two
hours.
V1 + s/es is / am / are+
ingV1+
Eg: I am singing
a song.
has / have + V3Eg: I have sung
a song.
has / have + been
+ ingV1+
Eg: I have been
singing a song
since morning.
will / shall + V1 will be / shall be
+ V +ing1
will/shall+have
+ V3
will have / shall
have + been +
V +ing1
Tenses
Eg: I sang a song. Eg: I had sang a
song.
Eg: He sings a
song.
Eg: I shall sing a
song. Eg: I shall be
singing a song.
Eg: I shall have
sung a song. Eg: I shall have
been singing a
song.
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