millimeter-wavelength remote sensing of the tropospheric structure of venus ... · 2018. 12....
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Millimeter-Wavelength Remote Sensing of the Tropospheric Structure of Venus:
Exploratory SimulationsAlex B. Akins, Paul G. Steffes
November 7th, 201816th VEXAG Meeting
Correspondence: [email protected], [email protected]
Remote Observations of Venus
11/7/2018Millimeter-Wavelength Remote Sensing of the Tropospheric Structure of
Venus: Exploratory Simulations1
Peralta, et al. in Icarus (2017)
Cloud Base
Passive remote sensing of sub-cloud atmospheric structure limited to narrow IR bands, microwave/millimeter emission
8 GHz
20 GHz40 GHz
70 GHz
110 GHz
Microwave Emission Weighting Functions
(Microns)
Millimeter-Wavelength Continuum Images
11/7/2018 Millimeter-Wavelength Remote Sensing of the Tropospheric Structure of Venus: Exploratory Simulations 2
Encrenaz et al. (2015), 346 GHz, Phase: 0.902, Upper CloudSagawa (2008), 103 GHz,
Phase: 0.272, Cloud Basede Pater et al. (1991), 115 GHz,
Phase: 0.527, Cloud Base
• Longitudinal brightness temperature variations on the order of 30-80 K are observed in disk images
• 8-22% of the disk-average• Only observed on nightside • Uncorrelated with topographical features
• Is this a measurement artifact or the result of a physical process?
Microwave Radiative Transfer Model
• Temperature and pressure profiles from VIRA (Seiff 1985), PV entry probes
• CO2/N2 absorption• Ho, Kaufman, Thaddeus (1966)• Valid for 2-4 mm wavelengths
• SO2 and H2SO4 vapor absorption• Other contributing absorbers
• Abundances derived from remote sensing observations and inferred from chemical modeling• Krasnopolsky (2007)
• H2SO4 liquid aerosol – Absorption model of Fahd and Steffes (1991)• Scattering is negligible based on aerosol size distributions from Pioneer Venus LCPS results
• H2O – Modelled with modified opacity formalism of Karpowicz and Steffes (2011)• CO – Van Vleck-Weisskopf model, parameters from Bauer et al. (1989)• OCS - Van Vleck-Weisskopf model, parameters from Feeny et al. (1954)
11/7/2018 Millimeter-Wavelength Remote Sensing of the Tropospheric Structure of Venus: Exploratory Simulations 3
↵CO2/N2= 1.12 · 108
�q2CO2
+ 0.25qCO2qN2 + 0.0054q2N2
�f2p2T�5
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SO2 Millimeter–Wavelength Absorption
• Measured from 2-4 mm under simulated Venus conditions
• Bellotti and Steffes (2015)• 0 – 2 bar CO2, 308-343 K
• Matches Van-Vleck Weisskopf absorption model• Fahd (1992)• This model is valid from microwave to millimeter
wavelengths under cloud-base to surface conditions (Steffes et al. 2015)
11/7/2018Millimeter-Wavelength Remote Sensing of the Tropospheric Structure of
Venus: Exploratory Simulations 4
2–3 mm absorp,on of 76 mbar SO2 broadened with 833 mbar CO2 at 345 K
H2SO4 Vapor Millimeter-Wavelength Absorption
• Measured with a semi-confocal corrosion-resistant open resonator from 2–4 mm
• 0 – 3 bar CO2, 533-550K• Measurements at lower temperatures are prohibitive
• Microwave measurements of Kolodner and Steffes(1998) overstates absorption at millimeter-wavelengths
• Closer fit to lineshape model• Using JPL catalog (Cohen and Drouin 2013)• Δ"#$%&' = 97.17 -.//1233, Δ"4&$ = 4.86 -.//1233
11/7/2018 Millimeter-Wavelength Remote Sensing of the Tropospheric Structure of Venus: Exploratory Simulations 5
Absorp'on spectra of 2̴0 mbar H2SO4broadened with 2.975 bar CO2 at 550 K
What is Causing Continuum Emission Longitudinal Variability?
• ~8 K decrease from disk center to near-limb emission
• Physical processes in the 40-55 km range
• Changes in temperature and pressure conditions due to dynamic processes• However, minimal evidence for significant longitudinal variations in this range (Limaye et al. 2018)
• Some unknown spatially-variable absorber• Unlikely
Considered here
• Variations in H2SO4 vapor or SO2 vertical abundance structure with longitude
• Variations in cloud bulk density• Larger aerosol
• Sizes are unlikely to be large enough (McGouldrick et al. 2011) to result in significant 2-4 mm scattering
Disclaimer: Thermal structure, cloud cover, and constituent abundances are all linked!
11/7/2018Millimeter-Wavelength Remote Sensing of the Tropospheric Structure of
Venus: Exploratory Simulations6
(Assuming it is physical)
Abundances of SO2
and H2SO
4 Below the Clouds
• H2SO
4profiles retrieved from radio occultation profiles
• Mariner 10, Pioneer Venus, Magellan, Venus Express,
Akatsuki
• Possible supersaturation suggested by VeRa results
• Previously, SO2 vertical abundance profile assumed
uniform below clouds
• Latitudinally dependent, ranges from 50-150 ppm (Marcq et
al. 2008, Jenkins et al. 2002)
• Results from ISAV-1 and ISAV-2 experiments call this into
question (Bertraux et al. 1996)
• Upper troposphere dynamics may result in radical variations
11/7/2018Millimeter-Wavelength Remote Sensing of the Tropospheric Structure of Venus:
Exploratory Simulations7
Mariner 10 low latitude occultation
Abundances of H2SO4 Below the Clouds
• Abundance scaling representative of possible H2SO4 supersaturation
• Lower SO2 abundance should lead to enhanced effect of H2SO4 abundance variation
• Physical conditions are prohibitive to high vapor abundance above 52 km
• H2SO4 abundance variations would not (directly) result in substantial brightness temperature variations
11/7/2018Millimeter-Wavelength Remote Sensing of the Tropospheric Structure of Venus:
Exploratory Simulations 8
Thermal dissocia.on to
SO3, H2O
Decreasing SVP and
condensationShift
Shift
Scale
Variation of equatorial nadir brightness (103 GHz) with 5x scaled and shifting H2SO4
abundance profile (50 ppm SO2)
Abundances of SO2 Below the Clouds
11/7/2018 Millimeter-Wavelength Remote Sensing of the Tropospheric Structure of Venus: Exploratory Simulations 9
• Scaling SO2 abundance features seen in the ISAV UV results from Vega 1 and Vega 2 landers
• Nightside measurements• Potential issue with cloud condensation on
mirrors
• Spatial variations in the SO2 mixing ratio below 40 kilometers would not be observable from 2-4 mm
• Opaque due to CO2/N2 absorption
• Substantial SO2 abundance variations in the clouds could explain variations in millimeter-wavelength continuum images
ISAV 1
ISAV 2
High Peak
Low Peak
Variations in Cloud Structure
• Scaled from PV Large Probe• Knollenberg and Hunten (1980)
• Substantial variations in the bulk density of the lower cloud would result in 30-40K brightness temperature variations
• Cloud scattering is not significant for previously observed particle sizes
• Larger particle sizes are unlikely (McGouldrick et al. 2011)
11/7/2018Millimeter-Wavelength Remote Sensing of the Tropospheric Structure of Venus:
Exploratory Simulations 10
300 micron
Conclusions
• Variations in H2SO4 vapor are not likely responsible for millimeter wavelength features
• ALMA observations with long baselines can provide precise constraints on brightness temperature variations
• Multi-band coordinated microwave and millimeter-wavelength observations can retrieve regional constituent abundance and temperature profiles
• Future microwave/millimeter radiometer on Venera-D?• Further measurements of pressure broadened H2SO4 absorption
could be key to interpret future Ka band radio occultations
11/7/2018 Millimeter-Wavelength Remote Sensing of the Tropospheric Structure of Venus: Exploratory Simulations 11
Backup Slides
Distinguishing between SO2 and cloud variations
9/14/18Millimeter-Wavelength Remote Sensing of the Tropospheric Structure of
Venus: Exploratory Simulations13
Frequency dependence of lower cloud bulk density variations
Frequency dependence of 52 km SO2
mole frac<on varia<ons
Multi-wavelength observations would help tell the sources apart, particularly between 130 and 140 GHz
Vertical Wave Propagation
9/14/18 Millimeter-Wavelength Remote Sensing of the Tropospheric Structure of Venus: Exploratory Simulations 14
Imamura et al. 2014
2013 CARMA Images (Preliminary)
9/14/18 Millimeter-Wavelength Remote Sensing of the Tropospheric Structure of Venus: Exploratory Simulations 15
99.2 GHz 114.8 GHz
• Concurrently imaged at elongation• Disclaimer: Heterogeneous array
makes imaging particularly difficult
Devaraj, CookNCSA CARMA Data Archive