mill work design and detailing
TRANSCRIPT
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S PECIFYING A RCHITECTURAL
M ILLWORK AND C ABINETRY
© Ron Blank & Associates, Inc. 2011
Course Sponsor:Julian & Sons Fine Woodworking
1723 Cross StreetHeber Springs, Arkansas 72543
501.362.7933www.julianandsons.com
Course Number: JAS12AAn AIA Continuing Education ProgramCredit for this course is1 AIA/CES LU/HSW Hour
Please note: you will need to complete the conclusion quiz online at GreenCE.com to receive credit
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Approved Promotional Statement:Ron Blank & Associates, Inc. is a registered provider with The American Institute ofArchitects Continuing Education System. Credit earned upon completion of thisprogram will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completionare available for all course participants upon completion of the course conclusion quiz
with +80%.
Please view the following slide for more information on Certificates of Completionthrough RBA
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professionaleducation. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed orconstrued to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA or Ron Blank &Associates, Inc. of any material of construction or any method or manner ofhandling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
An American Institute of Architects(AIA) Continuing Education Program
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• Course Format: This is a structured, web-based, self study course with a finalexam.
• Course Credit: 1 Health Safety & Welfare (HSW) Learning Unit (LU)• Completion Certificate: A confirmation is sent to you by email and you can print
one upon successful completion of a course or from your RonBlank.comtranscript. If you have any difficulties printing or receiving your Certificate pleasesend requests to [email protected]
• Design professionals, please remember to print or save your certificate ofcompletion after successfully completing a course conclusion quiz. Email
confirmations will be sent to the email address you have provided in yourRonBlank.com account.
An American Institute of Architects(AIA) Continuing Education Program
Please note: you will need to complete the conclusion quiz online at GreenCE.com to receive credit
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Learning Objectives
By completing this course, the design professional will be able to:• Discuss the history and evolution of woodworking techniques• Identify traits of woodworking periods and
styles• List the types of common millwork and
explain the importance of a job well done• Identify the importance of detailed design
drawings• Explain how wood species, color, cut, and
finish affect the built environment• List the attributes of various types of wood
finishes• Discuss basic installation and design
techniques
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Woodworking &
Millwork
An Introduction
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History of Woodworking
Ancient cultures developed sophisticated
techniques for shaping wood. Many of our modern tools have been used for
thousands of years.
- Handsaws - Planes- Chisels and Gouges - Sandpaper- Finishing Oils
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Joinery
Older techniques mostly relied onphysical joinery. Although veneers andglues have a long history, adhesivetechnology did not bloom until the 20 th
Century. Up until then, craftsmen usedanimal glues (hide glues) to fastencertain joints.
Common physical joints:- Mortise and Tenon - Rabbet
- Dovetail - Lap Joint
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Modern Techniques
The modern woodworking shop uses acombination of traditional techniquesand new technologies. Yet the foundationsof the craft have changed little.
20 th Century Technologies:- Plywood & Composite Boards- Synthetic Adhesives
- Metal Connectors- CNC Cutting & Shaping- Power Tools
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Periods & Styles
Three British furniture designers from the18 th Century hold substantial influence.Each of these men published booksfilled with their designs, which were copied
by other furniture and cabinet makers. Theirstyles are extensions of the Queen Anne andRococo periods:
- Thomas Chippendale- Thomas Sheraton- George Hepplewhite
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Periods & Styles
The more common American styles grewout of a backlash against ornate styles ofarchitecture and furniture found in Europe.They are characterized by simple lines andfacades, and high quality materials:
- Shaker- Arts & Craft- Mission
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Periods & Styles
The 21 st Century brought us contemporarystyles that rejected the conventions of thepast. Designers created non-linear formsand geometric shapes; they used newmaterials to break free from the constraintsof historical design:
- Plywood- Metals
- Plastics- Glass
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Architectural Input
Here (right) is an example of aCharles and Henry Greene design, apiece that has become an icon of theArts & Crafts period.
Some architects go so far as todesign the furniture that bestcomplements their building style.Here (left) is a table that Frank Lloyd
Wright designed for the FrancisLittle house.
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Architectural Input
Window trim details, coffered ceilings, custom
nooks, and built-in furniture are all integral to
the architecturally designed home. Custom
millwork adds value and warmth to almost any
setting, but especially the home.
Modern day architects often helpguide their client’s interior design .Sarah Susanka, well known for her“Not So Big™” concept, advocates
craftsmanship and quality.
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Modern InterpretationsToday, architects, interior designers, and woodworking shops work togetherto craft rooms that either hold true to convention, or blend various styles:
Room Elements
• Flat panel doors (slab)• Modern crown molding• Contrasting colors/woods• Contemporary bar stools• Imported / African wood• Minimalist style
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Modern InterpretationsToday, architects, interior designers, and woodworking shops work togetherto craft rooms that either hold true to convention, or blend various styles:
Room Elements
• Raised panel cabinetry• Single domestic wood• Traditional moldings• Arched top rails• Fluted columns• High style
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Specifying
Architectural
Millwork
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Learning the LanguageArchitects sometimes specify the millwork. Sometimes this task is left to the interior designer orconstruction foreman. In any case, knowing the components and the language will facilitate thedesign process, and ensure the building progresses on schedule.
Frame & PanelCeiling
Crown MoldingReturn
Raised PanelDrawer w/Beaded Rail &Stile “Cathedrals”
Technique
Beveled GlassDisplay Cabinet
Fluted Column
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Crown Moldings
Crown molding creates the top hat for bothrooms and cabinetry. It can range from a single simpleprofile, to an elaborate “built up”molding. Local millwork firms either stock orcustom cut these profiles on request. Crown is
sometimes used to hide a joint between two dissimilarmaterials (wall and ceiling treatments).Note: For the installer, crown molding represents one ofthe most challenging pieces of architectural millwork.Experts only need apply.
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Chair Rail Moldings
Chair rail molding can be installed in a numberof variations. Like crown molding, it too can be
installed as a single piece of trim, or built upwith several individual pieces —a combination of
flat stock, beads, coves, and ogees.Chair rail is frequently used on top of wainscoting tocap the lower trim elements. Designers can also use it
to create a horizontal plane or to add visual interestto the wall.
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Base Moldings
Base moldings are usually necessary for even the simplestforms of architecture and interior design. In rooms, basemoldings serve to hide the joint between the flooring andthe wall (typically an open joint, to allow for expansionand contraction of the floor). They also provide a visualfoundation for both rooms and cabinetry.Base moldings should be proportional to the roomheight/size (i.e. the larger the room, the higher the ceiling,the larger the base molding).
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Wainscoting
Wainscoting is generally a sign of high craft and quality.And although it can be designed for a rustic setting (i.e.knotty beadboard paneling), it is often associated withricher interior finishes.
Wainscoting provides a substantial visual foundation tothe room. Extending the wainscoting to a higherelevation —or covering the entire wall —creates a more
formal look called “judges paneling.”
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Raised Panels
Raised panels were first developed in the 17 th century as away to manage the seasonal movement of wood. Since thistechnique allows the panels to “float” inside the frame, itprevents them from cracking.
Today, the most common method of joining the rail and stiletogether is a cope and stick joint. Cutters used on this jointalso create a recessed area (dado) that secures the panel inplace.
Rail – Horizontal frame memberStile – Vertical frame member
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TheImportance
of
Drawings
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Conceptual Drawings
Today, architects have access to a wide variety of
CAD programs. Designers can create photorealistic3D renderings, which are then used to createconstruction drawings. From concept throughexecution, detailed drawings ensure that the finalproject meets expectation of both the architect andthe client.
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Detailed Drawings = Successful Projects
Example: Construction Drawing
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Detailed Drawings = Successful Projects
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CONCEPTUAL DRAWING
FABRICATION
Custom woodworkingfirms typically use conceptualdrawings to create theirproduction drawings.Details matter!
Detailed Drawings = Successful Projects
CONSTRUCTION DRAWING
Detailed Drawings = Successful Projects
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Wood Species,
Selection &
Finishing
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Wood Species & Color
When selecting the wood species for architectural projects, perhaps the mostimportant criteria is color. The natural wood color will determine the overallfeel of the built environment.
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Wood Species & Color
Much like Robert Plutchick’s wheel ofemotions, wood species are oftenassociated with certain architectural
styles or moods.
Clean, ModernBlonde
=
Pine= Rustic, Colonial
Red = Warm, Classic
Brown= Formal, Traditional
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Wood Grain
Next, wood grain determines thecharacter of the wood. Although thegrain is inherent to the wood, differentsawing techniques reveal uniquepatterns.
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Wood Grain
=
=
=
Formal, Restrained
Casual, Classic
Flashy, Bold, Rustic
Quartersawn, Riftsawn
Plainsawn , Uniform Grain
Plainsawn w/ Burl & Knot
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Wood Finishing
The last consideration is thewood finish —yet this has asignificant effect on the quality ofevery project.
For custom architecturalmillwork, specifying the type andlevel of finish is a requirement.This includes:
1) Sanding
2) Finish Type & Level
3) Polishing
4) Installation Touch-Ups
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Specifying Wood Finishing
Sanding is accomplished with successive stages or grits ofdifferent sandpapers. Specify:
• 220 Grit – Minimum Final Stage• No Cross Grain Scratches
Finishing is completed in layers. Two variables determine thenumber of steps involved:
• Finish Type – Oil, Lacquer, Shellac, Urethane, etc.• Desired Lustre – Low, Medium, or High
Polishing or hand rubbing finalizes the finish, creating a surfacethat is rich and sensual:
• Not Required---Desirable
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Wood Finishing
Finishes serve three main functions:• Protection (UV/Water/Chemicals)• Visual Embellishment (Lustre)• Color Enhancement
Creating a custom finish is a blend ofexperience, science, and art.
“Chatoyancy ” is a word used to describethe optical depth of wood grain, or itsthree-dimensional appearance.Penetrating oils, such as linseed and tungoils, are sometimes applied as a base coatto achieve this dazzling effect.
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Wood Finishing
Custom woodworking shops have access to a great variety of finishes. Between satinand gloss, there are a thousand different lustres and appearances. The best finishesare often formed from a combination of products —oils, clear coats, and waxes.
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Wood Finishing
Although the wood finish is supposed to bring out the beauty of the wood, itcan also work against that objective. Beware: it also exaggerates minute
defects.
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Finish Appearance Protection Durability ReversibilityRubbingQualities
Wax Creates shine Very little
Does not last andneeds to bereappliedfrequently
Can easily beremoved withsolvents
Needs to be buffed
ShellacSome yellow or orange tint,depending on grade used
Fair against water,
good on solventsexcept alcohol Durable
Completely
reversible usingalcohol Excellent
Nitro-celluloselacquer
Transparent, good gloss Good protection Hard and durableCompletelyreversible usinglacquer thinner
Excellent hard finish
Conversion lacquer Transparent, good glossExcellentprotection againstmany substances
Hard and durable Difficult to reverse Excellent hard finish
Linseed oilYellow warm glow, popsgrain, darkens with age
Very littleFairly durable,depending onnumber of coats
Needs sanding outas oil is absorbed
None
Tung oilWarm glow, pops grain,lighter than linseed
Very littleFairly durable,depending onnumber of coats
Needs sanding outas oil is absorbed
None
Oil-varnish mixesSimilar to oils unless manycoats applied, then takes on
characteristics of varnishes
Low, but morethan pure oil
finishes
Fairly durable,depending on
number of coats
Needs sanding outas oil is absorbed
None unless manycoats applied
Source: Wikipedia
Wood Finishes Table
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Details, details . . .
Millwork craftsmanship and installationrequire expert skill. The consideration ofseveral factors are essential to achievingproperly installed, beautiful, long-lastingresults:• Infrastructure•
Blocking• Expansion/contraction• Are the corners of the room squared,
rounded…?• Measuring and cutting• Grain pattern orientation•
Joinery• Attention to detail
Experience and expertise are a must forhigh-quality craftsmanship!
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Details, details . . .
Knowledge from the past sometimes getslost. Dentil molding represents astructural element and should always beinstalled in a vertical position. The SupremeCourt building and carved pediment showcorrect form. Modern designers often fail tofollow this rule.
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Details, details . . .
Custom architectural millwork differentiatesitself with proper wood selection on allcabinet and trim parts. Contrast themismatched cherry panel on the left, withthe custom crafted fir panel on the right. Flatsawn stock exhibits grain cathedrals. Thesecathedrals should be centered, and they
should always point up!
Correct
Careless!
Incorrect
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Walnut burl panels create a striking appearance for this executive desk. The detailedarchitectural trim helps support the visual weight of this finely crafted office.
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Contrast and Detail
This game room is crafted from a variety of textures and colors. The African Padaukcoffered ceiling, doors, and trim contrast well with the blond hardwood flooring.
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Kitchen
By specifying custom kitchen cabinetry, designers can create flexible storagesolutions and architectural trim patterns beyond the range of any factory supplier.
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Tradition and Timelessness
Simple, yet elegant. The figured Black Walnut millwork and doors creates a room that
exudes tradition and timelessness, yet doesn’t abandon comfort or style.
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Modern
The lighter wood and contrasting trim complement the simple geometry of the slabdoor cabinets; together they create a clean and modern style for this office.
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A Final Note
The best construction projects are the result of a team effort. Clear specifications,detailed drawings, and open communication are essential for success.
Architect
GeneralContractor
Suppliers
Subcontractors
Client
InteriorDesigner
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Course Summary
Now, the design professional will be able to:• Discuss the history and evolution of woodworking techniques• Identify traits of woodworking periods and styles• List the types of common millwork and explain the importance of a
job well done• Identify the importance of detailed design drawings• Explain how wood species, color, cut, and finish affect the built
environment• List the attributes of various types of wood finishes• Discuss basic installation and design techniques
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AIA Course Evaluation
In order to maintain high-quality learning experiences, please access theevaluation for this course by logging into CES Discovery and clicking on theCourse Evaluation link on the left side of the page.
© Ron Blank & Associates, Inc. 2011
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S PECIFYING A RCHITECTURAL
M ILLWORK AND C ABINETRY
Course Sponsor:Julian & Sons Fine Woodworking
1723 Cross StreetHeber Springs, Arkansas 72543
501.362.7933www.julianandsons.com
Course Number: JAS12AAn AIA Continuing Education ProgramCredit for this course is1 AIA/CES LU/HSW Hour
Please note: you will need to complete the conclusion quiz online at GreenCE.com to receive credit
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About the Course Sponsor:
Julian & Sons has been designing, fabricating, and installing custom woodworking for
over 25 years. They have installed projects from Puerto Rico to Hawaii, from Texas toAlaska. They cater to discriminating clients, to those seeking quality and craftsmanshipwithout compromise.Using the best quality woods, they blend traditional woodworking techniques withcutting-edge technology to produce artistic environments for both businesses andresidences. Their signature products are hand-sanded and hand-rubbed, to create anheirloom quality finish that is beautiful, durable, and renewable.
They offer a complete line of services:• Site Consultation• Conceptual Design• Lighting Design• Detailed CAD Drawings• Custom Fabrication• Delivery & Installation
Julian & Sons Fine Woodworking, Inc.1723 Cross StreetHeber Springs, AR 72543Phone: (501)362-7933FAX: (501) 362-7728Website: www.julianandsons.comEmail: [email protected]
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Image Credits:Julian & Sons Fine Woodworking Horizon Custom FurnitureAmerican Institute of Architects Furniturestocks.comWorld & Universal Academy The Metropolitan Museum of ArtThe Wood Whisperer American Decorative Art 1900 FoundationMultiCam, Inc. Rockler Woodworking & HardwareMcFeely’s ™ (GHC Specialty Brands) Chief ArchitectFranklin International (Titebond ™) Wikipedia.comArtisans of the Valley Bell Forest ProductsWashington Post Lumberjocks.comColumbus Wood Products Fine Woodworking (Taunton Press)