Military Preparedness• Prior to US entry into the War, the US Army and

Navy were unprepared for a major War.• Recognizing this, the US Government began

increasing armed forces expenditures to expand both the Army and Navy

• The National Defense Act – June, 1916 increased the standing army to 175,000.

• Congress approved the immediate construction of 50 new warships.

• But once war was declared in April, 1917, there was much more work to do…

On the Home FrontThree things the US had to do to fight this war in which we found ourselves:

1. Create a War Economy (we need weapons)

2. Recruit an Army (we need men to shoot the weapons)

3. Mobilize Public Opinion for the War. (convince the public that our men should go shoot weapons in other countries)

(And we needed to this quickly – 1917 was a race against time and the Germans, who were preparing to deliver a knock-out blow!)

1. War Economy• Wilson created The War

Industries Board, which regulated all industries involved in the War effort.

• The Food Administration Americans asked to conserve food as a patriotic gesture and so that food could be shipped to the Allies, and to our own troops, once they arrived.

• The Fuel Administration directed efforts to save

coal and other fuels.

• The National War Labor Board worked to settle disputes between labor and employers to keep manufacturing going.

1. War Economy cont.• War is expensive - The war

government raised $33 billion for the war effort through a combination of (a)increased taxes (income, corporate and excise/luxury) and (b) the sale of Liberty and Victory Bonds

• While the US raised and trained the Army, we shipped munitions, food, and other supplies to the Allies.

2. Recruiting an Army• June, 1917- Congress passed

the Selective Service Act.• All men ages 18-45 were

supposed to register for the Draft.

• 2.8 Million were actually drafted into the Army during the war.

• 2 million soldiers would be shipped overseas to fight alongside the British and French in the Trenches.

Resistance to the Draft• Some men registered as conscientious

objectors. (were not morally allowed to fight)

• Many men never responded to the draft.

John T. Neufeld was a Mennonite World War I conscientious objector sentenced to 15 years hard labor in the military prison at Leavenworth. He was paroled to do dairy work and released after serving five months of his sentence. His diary of army and prison life is published in a collection with three other WWI Mennonite conscientious objectors.

Shaping Public Opinion• The Committee on Public

Information (CPI), headed by George Creel, printed lots of Propaganda, which

• “educated” Americans about why they should fight,

• “educated” Americans about the nature of the enemy (Germans especially were labeled as monsters)

• and dramatized the needs of America and her allies.

“Propaganda is a form of communication aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position“

ENTRY #35For each of the following WWI propaganda posters,

discuss the message and/or the meaning

A) B)

ENTRY #35For each of the following WWI propaganda posters, discuss

the message and/or the meaning

C) D)

ENTRY #35For each of the following WWI propaganda

posters, discuss the message and/or the meaning

E) F)

Anti-German Prejudices Develop• War enthusiasm and propaganda created

serious anti-German prejudice in the US, which resulted in violence against German Americans and rejection of German culture in the US.

Silencing the Opposition• During WWI the government

did not allow for dissenting opinions.

• Obstructing army recruiters, or “inciting rebellion” could get you a heavy fine and/or up to 20 years in jail.

• Over 2000 People were convicted of “disloyal” and “abusive” behavior under various laws during the War.

• The Sedition Act (1918), made it unlawful to use “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language” about America, the Constitution, or US military forces.

• Schenk v. The United States (1919) upheld the Espionage Act (1917), which gave postal authorities the job to ban treasonous newspapers, magazines, or printed materials of any kind.“Sometimes the need for order is so pressing that the First Amendment Protections of Speech do not apply.” – S v.US decisions

Under the Sedition Act, Eugene Debs went to prison for 10 years because of an anti-war Speech.

Domestic By-Products of the War• The Great Migration of African Americans from the Jim

Crow South to the northern cities, which had started before the war, increased with job opportunities/openings during the war. Many other African Americans enlisted as soldiers.

• Likewise, Mexicans immigrated to the US with increased demand for farmworkers, then often moved west to California, or to the North to fill those vacancies created by the war.

• Women moved into the workforce, as men joined the military and left job vacancies; many others joined the Army Corps of Nurses. Women’s roles on the home front and as nurses earned President Wilson’s support for suffrage… and helped win passage of the 19th Amendment in 1919/1920.

Waging the WarWhile the US raised and trained its military (and built new ships), we shipped munitions, food, and other supplies to the Allies. Getting these supplies to the Allies required the use of British-American convoys, groups of merchant ships protected by warships.

The AEF Sent to France• General John J.

Pershing led the AEF (American Expeditionary Force) to France in June, 1917.

• His one specific order from Wilson was to “maintain a separate American Army”

Bolshevik Revolution• In November, 1917 a

communist revolution occurred in Russia.

• The new Russian Government signed a peace treaty with Germany (Treaty of Brest –Litovsk March, 1918), and Russia pulled out of the war, allowing a great German offensive on the Western Front…uh-oh…good thing the US was sending troops there in large numbers by this time!

Vladimir Len, leader of the Russian Revolution

American Fighting on the Western Front

In battles such as the 2nd Battle of the Marne, and the Battle of Cantigny, the Allies, supported by large American forces, defended against the German offensive, then counter-attacked at

Belleau Wood, and finally

went on the offensive along

the Meuse River and through

the Argonne Forest.

End of the War• The Fighting ended on November 11,

1918, When Germany signed an armistice (on a railway car in France)

Wilson’s “Plan” for PeaceWilson, desiring a “peace without victory” had Fourteen Points for his peace treaty, including:1.Open Diplomacy: No Secret Treaties2.Freedom of the Seas and Trade3.Self Determination: countries/nationalities to form their own destinies, especially within the former A-H Empire, and including decolonization4.Reduction of armaments5.League of Nations: a general association of nations to settle disputes, and protect the independence and territorial integrity of nations,*** (Still trying to “Make the World safe for Democracy”)

The RealityInstead, the Allies wanted revenge (A peace with lots of victory) and The Big Four created the Treaty of Versailles, which included:

1.War Guilt Clause: Maintained that it was Germany’s fault that the war had happened

2.Reparations: Germany had to pay the GB and France (lots) of money for “starting” the war and for war damages

3.Germany was stripped of its colonies and militarily occupied for 15 years

4.The Axis powers (plus Russia) lost European territories to self determination

5.The only good news for Wilson: League of Nations

The Treaty was Rejected in the US!

• Many in US thought it was too harsh on Germany• Some nationalities (like Irish-Americans)

disappointed by “random” and incomplete self-determination

• Isolationists opposed the League of Nations, especially article 10, calling for mutual defense of the signers

• Wilson tried, but failed to get the votes to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or the League of Nations, thus weakening the League of Nations.

Europe, Before WWI Europe, After WWI

Was it worth10 million dead and 20 million more casualties?