t h e MILITANTPUBLISHED WEEKLY IN THE INTERESTS OF THE W O RKING PEOPLE

Vol. X X I I — No. 46 d itS m t» 222 N EW YORK, N.Y., M O N D A Y, NO VEM BER 17, 1958 Price 10c

Interview with Ceylon Trotskyist M P

See page 3

Militant Fund A t 50% Mark But Still Lags

By George Lavan$1,379 was received by the M il i ta n t ’s 30th Anniver­

sary Fund during the seven-day span ending Nov. 11. This puts our scoreboard at the ha lf-w ay m ark to the $18,000 goal. But th is s ti l l represents c*- lag in schedule of 14% or 12Vi days. (See Scoreboard, page 2.)

A long w ith a payment from N ewark, w hich since the be­g inn ing has occupied an on-or- ahead o f schedule place on our scoreboard, comes a note from local fund d irector J. S kivar:“ We had an election social last Saturday n igh t . . . i t was very successful. We had a few peo­ple more than usually and we made a few dollars. One do lla r admission included fr ied ch ick­en, garlic bread, salad and cof­fee. We plan to 'have a M ilita n t social in a few weeks. . .Supporters of the M ilita n t in N ew ark not only know how to pay like c lockw ork, bu t from the menu subm itted have lea rn ­ed how to beat the high-cost- o f- liv in g . M ilita n t readers in tha t area take note.

From St. Louis, w h ich th is week tops the scoreboard, comes a paym ent and le tte r saying:“ We had an exce llent meeting on Nov. 3 regarding regroup­m ent and had a good attend­ance.” A ttend ing were people associated w ith the SWP, CP and Social-Democrats. Plans

were la id fo r a fo llow -up meet­ing.

As advertisements in th is paper have announced, Los Angeles has its M ilita n t A n n i­versary celebration Nov. 15. Also being planned in L A. is a bazaar — date s til l to be an­nounced. In New York, too, there is a great bustle and lugg ing-in o f th ings fo r a fo r th ­coming, super-duper bargain bazaar.

A g ra tify in g num ber of con­tr ibu tions from ind iv idua l read­ers has begun to come in from such diverse places as B a lt i­more, Bangor, Maine, and O t­tawa, Canada ($10 plus a note: “ Good luck. I w ish th is could be more.” ). For those who are collectors of in teresting place names here are a few of the towns so fa r heard from : Tom ­ahawk, W isconsin: V a s h o n . W ashington; Saugerties, N.Y.; Anaheim , Cal.; G ran ite Falls, M innesota; Greensburgh, Pen- na.; Avondale, Georgia; L loyd - m in is ie r. A lberta , Canada; B e ll­ingham, W ashington; Irw in , Penna; Corning, N .Y.; W h ittie r, Cal.; P lentywood, Montana.

Kutcher Urges Parole For Winston and Green

A hearing on the applications fo r parole of H enry W inston and G ilb e rt Green, the last rem ain ing Sm ith A ct prisoners, was scheduled fo r Nov. 13. Numerous defenders of c iv il libe rties have urged1 ■ the parole board to act fa vo r­ab ly on the applications of these tw o im prisoned Commu­n is t P a rty leaders.

Am ong those is James K u t­cher, the legless veteran who successfully fought a ten-year ba ttle against the w itch h u n t­ers because o f his i avowed membership in the Socialist W orkers Party . K utcher recent­ly addressed the fo llo w in g le t­te r to the U.S. Board of P ar­dons in Washington, D.C.:

“ I w r ite to urge your favo r­able action on the applications fo r parole o f H enry W inston, im prisoned in the federal pen i­ten tia ry at Terre Haute, In d i­ana, and G ilb e rt Green, im ­prisoned in the federal peni­te n tia ry at Leavenworth, K an ­sas.

“ The cases of these tw o men are of great concern to a ll who are conscious of the need to defend Am erica ’s seriously im ­periled c iv il liberties. Though i t is o ff ic ia lly m aintained that there are no po litica l prisoners in the U nited States, w o rld opin ion — em bracing tha t of most Americans fa m ilia r w ith the h is to ry of the case, in c lud ­ing, I may add. m yse lf — re ­gard W inston and Green as p o lit ica l prisoners pure and simple.

“ The governm ent’s conten­tion th a t there are no po litica l prisoners in federal ja ils in d i­cates a desire to m ainta in in words, i f not in fact, the basic Am erican trad ition of not im ­prisoning people fo r th e ir po­lit ica l ideas or utterances. Fa­vorable action by you on W in ­ston’s and Green’s applications w il l be a step in the d irection of what once was a proud claim of Americans — tha t no one in th is country was put in prison fo r his or her po litica l views.

“ Continued im prisonm ent of W inston and Green w ould be all the more shocking in v iew of the recent Supreme Court decisions and the reversal by the Court o f Appeals in the C a lifo rn ia Sm ith A c t cases, August 4, 1958, whose legald icta had they been operative at the W inston-Green tr ia l, w ould have prevented the ir conviction.

“ Mr. Green and Mr. W inston have now served over one-th ird of the ir e ight-year sentences; th e ir prison records show good behavior; they have offered more than adequate guarantees fo r fu lfil lm e n t a fte r release of parole conditions; the ir con­tinued im prisonm ent w ould but prolong the trag ic effect o f sep-

(Contbuied on Page 2)

Depression, Anti-Union Offensive Trounce GOP----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

How Ohio Stab Bill Was Swamped

All Youngstown Labor Rallied Against 'R ight-to-W ork' Bill

B y Jean S im on C LE V E LA N D , Nov. 11— Don't

underestimate the workers!That was the m ajor lesson of

the Ohio election fo r the indus­tria lis ts, the cap ita lis t party po litic ians — and the labor bureaucrats.

Faced w ith a clear-cut class issue, a proposal to w rite the union-busting “ r ig h t- to -w o rk " amendment in to the state con­s titu tion , Ohio w orkers closed ranks. They organized and led an independent po litica l crusade tha t defeated the measure by a m arg in of almost a m illion votes.COMPARE THE M AR G IN S

Nobody bu t the w orkers can claim cred it fo r the v ic to ry . The Democratic “ landslide” was an incidenta l effect, not a cause of the defeat o f RTW. F ina l elec­tion re turns from the state’s 12.960 po lling places showed:

R ight - to - W ork Am endment (Issue No. 2):

No .......... _....... 2.007.291Yes .................. 1,080.266M arg in ............ 927,025

Governor:D iSalle (D) .... 1.887.926 O’N e ill (R) .... 1,427.469M arg in ........... 460,457

U.S. Senator:Young (D) .... 1,669,022 B ricke r (R) .... 1,504.197M arg in ........... 164,825

A n thony J. D isantis, labor ed ito r of the C leveland P la in Dealer, the paper tha t spear­headed the d rive o f the “ r igh t- to -w o rk ” business interests, w rote in the Nov. 6 issue:

"O hio voters rejected the 'r ig h t-to -w o rk ' proposal by the biggest m argin ever recorded on an issue on the ba llo t in the state's h is to ry ."

He pointed out that the vote fo r the measure was on ly 35 % o f the to ta l cast and tha t “ RTW carried on ly 18 of the state’s 88 counties, a ll ag ricu ltu ra l, and then only by slim margins.” In industria l centers the measure “ was swamped under a v ir tu a l tida l wave of votes churned up against the issue by organized labor and its friends.”IT W AS D IFFER EN T TH IS T IM E

In the course of the campaign labor was constantly needled by RTW advocates like the P la in Dealer editors w ith its tw o ou t­standing po litica l defeats in re­cent years: its campaigns tobeat Sen. T a ft in 1950 and to expand the state unem ploym ent insurance program by a re fe r­endum vote in 1955.

P o litica l “ experts” f a i l e d , however, to note the differences between those campaigns and the one ju s t concluded. The campaign against T a ft offered no a lte rna tive bu t a vote fo r Democrats, whom the workers do not tru s t e ither. The 1955 campaign was conducted by a

(Continued on Page 4)

By Moses PetersonYOUNGSTOW N — Ohio was

the decisive battleground fo r "R igh t - to - W ork" legislation. Ohio is the second industria l state in the U.S. In cities like C leveland, C incinnati. Toledo, Columbus, Dayton. A kron , Can-- ton and Youngstown there lies a tru ly massive indus tria l com­p lex. Despite the great social w eight of the indus tria l w o rk ­ing class in Ohio, the po litica l representation in the state has been reactionary. Consequently, the "R ig h t-to -W o rk " supporters entered the Ohio ba ttle su­prem ely confident.

They had in back of them six months of an ti-un ion agitation conducted by the McClellan Committee. A fte r six months of corrup tion charges in screaming headlines, the em ployer forces fe ll that the bra inw ashing job was complete — to them the enthusiastic response of the ir

own num ber plus the constant drum beating by the press, rad ­io and television had the ap­pearance of a real mass move­ment. B u t they did not reckon w ith the effects o f the depres­sion — or at any rate, they in ­correctly gauged them. The 1957-58 depression has in some way touched every w ork ing - class fa m ily in Ohio. Who did the w orkers blame fo r the ir troubles? The corporations or the unions? The outcome of the “ R igh t-to -W ork” figh t w ould c learly provide the answer. P O L IT IC A L CLASS B ATTLE

However, long before election day, the hatred tow ard Ohio’s governor O’N e ill, the GOP and the corporations began to make itse lf fe lt, As a result the sen­s itive po litica l machines of the Catholic Church and of the Democratic Party aligned them ­selves w ith the w orkers and against “ R igh t to W ork .” These outfits wanted not only to re ­

ta in the ir influence in the labor movement but to avoid a po­lit ic a l class struggle. B u t as the w ork ing people lined up so lid ­ly against RTW , such a strug­gle could not be avoided.

Here, in the steel c ily of Youngstown, active trade-un­ionists found the ir fe llow w o rk ­ers deeply s tirred by the "R igh t- to -W ork" issue. Unemployed w orkers in angTy outbursts pledged to vote "N o ." They added tha t they wanted to get o ff the compensation lines — a clear w arn ing tha t they ex ­pected the unions to figh t the depression.

Pensioners turned out in big numbers. A t one precinct, an aged Negro woman hobbled

I p a in fu lly in fo the booth, c lu tch ­ing the union lite ra tu re and loud ly stating, “ I w an t to vote No, th a t’s all, ju s t vote No.” Even school ch ild ren were a f­fected and showed up in school

(Continued on Page 4)

But Democrats Won't M eet Workers' Needs

By M yra Tanner Weiss

The American labor movement won an important victory in the Nov. 4 national elections when it smashed Big Business attempts to pass anti-labor legislation under the guise of "right-to-work" propositions in five out of six states.

A t the same tim e the Republican pa rty suffered a serious defeat. Its losses exceeded most Republican fears. A lm ost a ll the Republicans whose names had been as­sociated most closely w ith the w itch hun t and h o s tility to labor were dumped in to p o litica l lim bo, inc lud ing Presidentia l aspirant, Senate Republican leader, W illia m Know land.

In 1956 the Republican P a rty won the presidency w ith a m a jo r ity o f n ine m illio n . W ith in tw o years i t was dis­carded like an old, sm elly shoe. Four m illio n unemployed, v ir tu a lly ignored by the Republicans, plus an ti-labor p ro ­vocations ended s ix years of Republican power.

‘S im p ly D is in te g ra te d ’

The Democrats w i l l contro l the nex t Congress w ith a m a jo r ity of 62-34 in the Senate and a m a jo r ity of 281-153 in the House of Representatives. In add ition Republicans were le ft w ith on ly 15 governors a fte r reducing the Democrats to close to tha t num ber in 1952.

As the W a ll S treet Journa l editors pu t it, Nov. 6, “ There’s no use in m inc ing words. The Republican p a rty has s im p ly d is in tegrated and the wreckage is s trew n across three thousand m iles of countryside.”

The voters who went to the polls last week expressed clearly what they don't want. They don't want recessions and job insecurity- They don't want anti-labor laws. The Democratic Party's victory in large part was a manifes­tation of this protest vote.

New Y o rk apparen tly resisted the nationa l trend. In ac tua lity , however, i t underlined the fact tha t issues, more than parties, were at stake. Long before Nov. 4 i t was clear tha t b illio n a ire Nelson Rockekfe ller, Republican candidate fo r governor, was challeng ing the Democrats on th e ir own ground—w ith a concerted d rive fo r support from labor. He out-New-Dealed the Democrats in his promises fo r be tte r tim es ahead. He denounced the “ r ig h t- to -w o rk ” propositions, promised stronger ren t controls, more health protection, a figh t against a subway fare in ­crease, fo r “ tra ve lin g ” pensions, etc. Dem ocratic G overnor A ve re ll H arrim an could on ly stand on his m iserable record.

A D isgusted R epub licanA w r ite r fo r the W a ll S treet Journa l, Nov. 6, reported

tha t Rockefeller had gone so fa r “ to the le ft,” tha t one disgusted New Y o rk Republican said, “ I w en t in to the vo ting booth and there was no th ing on the ba llo t bu t three socialists—I voted fo r the • one who was runn ing on the Socialist ticke t.”

E lection re tu rns in the last decade have demonstrated c learly tha t the Am erican voter is restless, sh ifting fro m one of the tw o cap ita lis t parties to the other in a fru s tra t­ing a ttem pt to make his feelings known. In 1948 the Democrats won. B u t in 1952, w ith the Korean w ar raging, the voters pu t the Republicans in office. Two years la te r

(Continued on Page 2)

London Strikers Fight New Boss AttackBy Farrell Dobbs

Unions Register Cains In NLRB

ElectionsW orkers have been voting

fo r union representation in greater numbers than at any tim e in the last three years according to a recent gov­ernm ent report. (N.Y. Times, Nov. 10.) Unions were favo r­ed in 68% of the elections conducted by the N LRB in the th ird quarte r of th is year. This is the biggest pe r­centage of union victories since 1955, and reverses a three-year trend.

In 805 out of 1,192 elec­tions held from Ju ly to Sep­tember 1958 unions won the m a jo rity vote. 587 of these were unions affilia ted w ith the A FL-C IO and 218 were independent. In 387 elections the m a jo rity voted fo r no union. A tota l of 78.039 w o rk ­ers voted fo r unions in that quarter.

In the same period a total of 2,840 un fa ir labor charges were filed, 75% more than in the same quarte r of 1957.

A b itte r s tr ike struggle going on at the Shell Mex bu ild ing site in London forecasts a na­tion -w ide employer offensive against B ritish labor. Union m ilitan ts , a le rt to the danger, are organizing a national rank- and-file conference to discuss defensive measures.

Both events arc sowing panic among labor bureaucrats who have forgotten how to figh t the bosses, just as they have large­ly forgotten w hat life is like fo r w orkers on the job.

The Shell M ex s trike rs are led by th e ir job stewards. A r ­rayed against them arc the M r- A lpm c construction monopoly, police, capita list newspapers and r ig h t-w in g union officials. F IG H T V IC T IM IZ A T IO N S

Over a month ago M cA lp ine fired a ll 1,250 bu ild ing trades w orkers on the Shell Mex site to weed out “ troublem akers.” This b ru ta l act brought to a head a systematic po licy o f v ic ­tim iz ing trade unionists. I t was against th is po licy that the

stewards had been fighting. When top union offic ia ls gave no sign of acting in defense of the w orkers the stewards took the lead in p icketing the job.

M cA lpine 's next action show­e d t h e 'Troublem akers'' in question lo be stewards. A re ­h ir in g po licy was announced but reinstatem ent was refused lo stewards on the site before the mass firing took place.

The s trike continued and mounted police were called in to clear a path fo r scabs. S tr ik ­ers resisting the attack on then- picket lines were arrested. Some face the th reat of ja il terms.

In th is s ituation top offic ia ls of the Am algamated Union of B u ild ing Trade W orkers order­ed the strikers to “ m ainta in and defend union agreements" — by scabbing on themselves. The un ion ’s executive council said ” . . . there is no dispute at the Shell Mex house site said “ . . . there is no dispute members for em ploym ent." U L T IM A T U M

Accusing the strikers of "usurp ing the functions o f the

trade union movem ent," the council issued an u ltim a tum : “ A ny attem pt to create condi­tions of dispute and m ain ta in pickets arc e n tire ly unoffic ia l and unauthorized and the ex­ecutive council is determ ined to take d isc ip lina ry action w ith those members who have and arc tak ing part in such unof­ficial ac tiv ities .”

For supporting the "uno ffic ia l'' s tr ike the union's South East London d is tr ic t com m ittee was suspended. Expulsion threats face members who refuse to repudiate the stewards leading the strike.

Smear headlines in the capi­ta lis t press egg on the union bureaucrats and smear the rank- and-file strikers:

"W ildcat S trikes r io t . ”“ Shop Stewards Begin War

On Indus try ."“ New R evolutionaries Plan

To Grab Power From Union Leaders."A TT A C K ON NEW SLETTER

executives in d isc ip lin ing the ranks. P roscrip tion of class- struggle fighters from the Labor Party is suggested. This th rust is aimed at The Newsletter, a socialist w eek ly edited by Peter F ryer who broke w ith the Com­m unist P a rty du ring the H un­garian repressions.

The “ w ildca t strikes p lo t” is alleged to be “ the first big move by a group of T ro tskyis ts — m ostly ex-Communists s til l com­m itted to revo lu tiona ry a c tiv ­ities — to test the ir grow ing power over rank-and-file w o rk ­ers.”

An ed ito ria l rep ly in The Newsletter stales: “ The [Shell Mex I w orkers themselves de­cided to struggle w ithou t in te r­ference or advice from The Newsletter. Once they took that decision, we deemed it our du ty to help them in the ir fight . . . and have given space to the stewards to state the ir case in our columns in the ir own w ay.”

“ When workers resist,” the ed ito ria l adds, " i t is usual to

‘troub le makers.’ The

N ewsletter happens to be the curren t scapegoat.”

Opening The Newsletter's col­umns to rank-and-file unionists appears to have been welcomed by the B ritish labor movement at other than o ffic ia l levels. M any w orkers are w r it in g about the ir grievances, discuss­ing issues of labor po licy and helping to d is tribu te th is paper which they have some reason to feel is th e ir own.

A Scottish w orke r reports em ployer attacks on w o rk ing c o n d i t i o n s , “ inc lud ing such questions as tea breaks,” as speedup pressures increase. D EATH OF A CONSTRUCTION W ORKER

From Kent comes the story of a steel erector who "s lithered 60 feet to his death.” When his fe llow unionists stopped w o rk a fte r the tragedy they were de­nounced as “ irresponsib le.” To th is a w orke r replied, “ Im p u ­dent bastards.”

A local union o f m iners an­nounces they look fo rw ard to “ a m igh ty roa r o f d isapproval”

(Continued on Page 2)

The cap ita lis t press urges other union o ffic ia ls to fo llow the B u ild in g Trade W orkers i how l

Page Two T H E M I L I T A N T Monday, November 17, 1958

How "Worker" Views the N. Y.

Election ReturnsBy H arry Ring

Accord ing to the post-election ed ito ria l comment in the Nov. 8 W orker, it looks as though the Com m unist P a rty was le ft ho ld ing the bag w ith its New Y ork guber­na to ria l choice, Averell IIa rri-4 - man. The Worker complainstha t the A FL-C IO fa iled to m ount an active campaign fo r H a rrim an ; he was “ kn ife d ” by the DeSapio m achine; D orothy Schiff, pub lisher of the N.Y. Post, yanked the rug from un ­der h im w ith a last-m inute w ith d ra w a l o f her paper’s en­dorsement; and fina lly , on elec­tio n eve, A. A. Berlc of the L ib e ra l P arty declared it w ould be “ no tragedy” w hichever w ay the election went.

I t was “ th is s tup id ity and do w n rig h t doublecross on the Dem ocratic side,” says the W orker, coupled w ith Rocke­fe lle r ’s strategem o f runn ing as a “ libe ra l,” tha t cost H arrim an the election. And, it adds, “ the d iv is ion in the people’s move­m ent o f N.Y. was made worse by the appearance o f a new ly- form ed Independent Socialist P a rty th a t separated a sizable section of the le ft and in fluen­ced many away from the labor- lib e ra l movement as a whole.”D IFFER EN T TUNE

This post-mortem on H a rri- m an’s defeat has l i t t le re la tion to w hat the W orker said p rio r to November 4. Then the big argum ent advanced by the CP leaders fo r refusing to support the ISP was tha t the Rocke- fe lle r-H a rrim an contest repre­sented a struggle between the forces of monopoly and a “ broad peoples” movement led by a labo r-libe ra l coalition. In View of th is claimed lineup, they argued, it was necessary to get in to the H arrim an “ peo­p le ’s” camp in order to in f lu ­ence it on “ issues.”

The W orker also insisted that, to present a socialist ticke t in opposition to H arrim an and Rockefe ller w ould b ring down the w ra th of the ranks of la ­bor and the Negro people who were depicted as concerned above a ll else w ith defeating Rockefeller.

W hat d id the CP accomplish in the campaign? Its declared centra l ob jective was to in jec t the issues of jobs, peace and righ ts in to the campaign. Since i t campaigned in support of the Labor- L ib e ra l coa lition behind H arrim an, i t m ust be assumed th a t its efforts were directed

toward influencing these forces to make a figh t on the issues. The to ta l absence o f such a stand bv e ither the A FL-C IO or L ibe ra l P a rty w ou ld in d i­cate the CP did not affect the campaign an iota in th is d irec­tion. (N or can it be claimed that it advanced socialist edu­cation. A large measure of its energies was spent in declaim ­ing tha t socialism was not an “ issue" in the campaign and tha t candidates standing on a socialist program were doing a disservice to labor.)

Even the W orker is hard- pressed to find anyth ing posi­tive in the CP’s election role in New Y ork . The best its Nov. 8 ed ito ria l can say is: “ Where the Communists did have a candidate, like Benjam in J. Davis in Harlem , or where they found ways to influence issues, the q u a lity o f the gen­eral campaign was h igher.”A R EA L A C H IE V EM EN T

The results of the ISP cam­paign, on the other hand, are positive and visib le. Its voice was the on ly one heard th rough­out the state on the issues of jobs, peace and rights. The ap­pearance of its candidates on a score of radio and TV p ro ­grams brought these issues in to the homes o f several m illio n people. W ell over 200,000 pieces of lite ra tu re devoted to these issues were m ailed out or d is­tributed.

E qua lly im portan t, w h ile p re ­senting an immediate, practica l program on the m ajor issues, the ISP also brought the message of socialism to more people than have been reached in this stale in decades. As a result, its vote, w h ile modest, was the largest cast fo r a socialist ticke t in New Y ork since the 1930's.

F in a lly , the ISP campaign united a s ignificant section of the rad ica l movement in ac­tion — an accomplishment tha t w il l help promote socialist u n ity na tiona lly . The CP leaders, in contrast, succeeded on ly in iso­la ting themselves from the ad­vanced, active le ft-w in g forces that grouped around the ISP. The balance sheet o f the elec­tion is c learly on the side of united, independent socialist po litica l action.

. . . Winston-Green Case(Continued from Pane 1)

a ration upon th e ir fam ilies and upon themselves.

“ In v iew of the foregoing and o f the commendable tra d itio n of no rm a lly g ran ting parole to first-offenders in federal p ris ­ons, the denial o f parole to W inston and Green can only, and w il l on ly, be in terpreted as a continuation o f the po litica l persecution w h ich o rig in a lly led to th e ir ind ic tm ent and im ­prisonm ent.”

In add ition to the campaign Urging parole, there have been m any appeals directed to Presi­dent Eisenhower asking h im to amnesty W inston and Green. A le tte r u rg ing Presidentia l clemency was addressed to Eisenhower on Sept. 23 by 34 prom inen t figures i n c l u d i n g Norm an Thomas, A . J. Musle, A lexander M eik le john, R e in­ho ld N iebuhr, D r. John Lapp, Rev. John Paul Jones, Joseph L . Rauh, J r „ A ubrey W illiam s, H ow ard Fast, K e rm it Eby, S tan ley Isaacs, M aynard K ru e ­ger and Rev. John Haynes Holmes.

A dd ing his voice to the ap­peal fo r amnesty, James K u t- c lie r w rote Eisenhower: “ . . . Since the pa rtia l abatement of the wholesale v io la tion of c iv il libe rties in th is country w hich characterized the M cC arthyite period, there has been a g row ­ing rea lization tha t the Sm ith A ct provides fo r im prisonm ent solely fo r p o lit ica l ideas, u t­terances, and association. I t is therefore com plete ly hostile to the ideal embodied in the B ill of R ights o f no im prisonm ent fo r po litica l views. For W in ­ston and Green to rem ain be­h ind bars under such a law should w eigh heav ily on theconscience o f Am ericans............M r. Green and M r. W inston have now served over a th ird o f th e ir e ight-year sentences. O ffic ia l records show th e ir good behavior w h ile in ja il. The ir fam ilies suffer deeply, as must W inston and Green themselves, at th e ir enforced separation.

“ In v iew o f these facts, I respectfu lly urge you to exer­cise executive clemency in these tw o cases.”

Calendar of EuentsNEW YO R K

The M ilita n t Labo r Forum announces a lecture by Dr. A n ­nette T. Rubinstein on "PO E­T R Y A N D P O LIT IC S — The Romantic Revolution in L ite ra ­tu re — The French Revolution and the Romantic W rite rs .” Sunday, Nov. 23, 8 P.M. 116 U n ive rs ity Place. C ontrib .—$1. Refreshments.

•D r. Annette T. R ubinstein an­

nounces tw o short p re-ho liday courses.

M O ND AYS, 8-10 P.M. Shakespeare's P o litica l ThemesNov. 17: A u th o r ity & Responsi­

b ility .Nov. 24: Tudor “ absolutism by

consent.”Dec. 1: Free Trade & Human

E qua lity .Dec. 8: D icta torsh ip & Treason.

TUESDAYS, 8-10 P.M.F ive Generations o f Y outh in

RevoltNov. 18: Bohemian R ebellion in

Chicago & Greenwich V illage before 1914.

Nov. 25: The “ lost generation” a fte r W orld W ar I.

Dec. 2: A r t fo r c ritic ism ’s sake — our academic “ new critics and w rite rs .”

Dec. 9: The Beat Generation, The A n g ry Young Men & Existentia lism .SI .50 single lecture.$4.00 series o f four.

•CHICAG O

Thanksg iv ing Banquet and M ilita n t 30th A nn iversary Cele­bration. D inner at 6 P.M., Sat., Nov. 22. 777 W. Adams St. Con­tr ib .— $2.00. W rite fo r reserva­tions or phone DE 2-9736.

Unemployment and the Nov. 4 VoteBy Daniel Roberts

The depression was the p r in ­cipal factor in the Democratic electoral tide on Nov. 4. Most analysis are agreed about that. The 1953-54 recession brought the firs t sw ing back from the Republicans' 1952 v ic to ry . The depression of 1957-58 brought a Democratic landslide.

One T V com m entator I heard explained the huge Dem ocratic p lu ra lity th is year as fo llow s: The w ork ing people were angry over unem ploym ent, he said, a fte r having acquired the habit of fu l l employment over a num ­ber of years. This is accurate, I th ink . The prolonged boom perm itted many w ork ing peo­ple to acquire a few comforts of life — home, autom obile, and appliances — by going in to debt. Payments were based on steady em ploym ent often in ­c lud ing more than one member o f the fa m ily w ork ing and in ­c lud ing overtim e. The w orkers' standard o f life was thus gear­ed to steady w ork w ith l it t le m arg in to spare. U nem ploym ent qu ick ly brought foreclosure or repossession (or the th rea t o f it), w ip in g out the gains of previous years.THE T O T A L PICTURE

The num ber o f people affect­

ed by the depression was fa r greater than w ould be in d i­cated by the five-and-a-ha lf m illio n peak unem ploym ent o f­fic ia lly adm itted. Even i f a more accurate estimate o f seven m illio n unemployed is used, th is s till docs not te ll the whole story. Last spring the U S. Cen­sus Bureau said tha t “ Our pro jection indicates unem ploy­ment w il l average 5,000.000 fth roughou t 1958] but tha t w ill mean 20,000,000 seeking jobs at one tim e or another and get­ting sharp income cuts through no fa u lt o f th e ir ow n.”

On Aug. 12, Peter Edson, a na tiona lly syndicated w rite r, re ­ported tha t "There have been from 13 to 15 m illio n Americans unemployed part lim e during the last ten months. A bout 11 m illio n of them have been u n ­employed five weeks or more."

The M ichigan U n ive rs ity Cen­te r last summ er revealed that one in fo u r fam ilies suffered heavy economic loss through unem ploym ent or shortened w ork hours from mid-1957 through mid-1958.

Those w o rk in g people not themselves h it by the depres­sion saw relatives, friends or neighbors go under. Hopes fo r

House Speaker Sam Rayburn (r ig h t), and Senate M a­jo r ity Leader Lyndon Johnson are shown celebrating the ir 1956 election v ic to ry w ith Mrs. Johnson. L ibera l Democrats in the new Congress are preparing to accept the leadership of these tw o Southern Conservatives.

m arriage were b ligh ted . The crim e rate increased, in vo lv in g people who never had a police record before and who acted out of economic desperation. The racia l m ino rities were se­vere ly a fflic ted by loss o f jobs.

U nem ploym ent compensation averaged $31 na tiona lly pet- week. A n unto ld num ber of jobless exhausted th e ir benefits. A bou t one th ird o f the unem ­ployed were ine lig ib le fo r com­pensation at any tim e and were forced on public assistance. U n­employed reh iring lagged be­h ind the recovery, and unem­ploym ent rem ains heavy to th is day.

A ll th is fed the anger o f the w ork ing people against the Re­publican A dm in is tra tion . B u t there was one more crucia l fac­tor. The w o rk ing people, in m y opinion, do not accept unem­ploym ent any longer as in e v it­able. They resent i t most deep­ly because they believe the governm ent can prevent it. They believe fu rtherm ore that i t is the responsib ility o f the governm ent to guarantee fu l l employment. The source of th is be lie f Is the record of govern­ment in te rven tion in economic affairs ("s ta tism ") tha t began w ith the New Deal and is most p rom inen tly associated in the w orkers' m inds w ith the Dem ­ocratic Party.VOTE IS M A N D A TE

The Republican A d m in is tra ­tion — the B ig Business ad­m in is tra tion in the eyes o f most w o rk ing people — was blamed fo r callousness in the face of popular m isery. I t was denoun­ced as u n w illin g to spend or otherw ise act on behalf of the people’s w elfare. W ork ing peo­ple voted fo r the Democrats w ith a mandate that they do something about jobs. In the case of Nelson Rockefe ller in New York, many w orkers voted fo r h im because his demagogy had impressed them w ith the idea that he w ould respond to the needs o f the w o rk ing man.

There is profound tru th as w e ll as illus ion in the convic­tion of the Am erican workers tha t the governm ent can e lim i­nate depression. Socialists m ust relate themselves to both the tru th and the illus ion. W hat is correct is tha t society can, through the w ork ings o f gov­ernment, assure economic se­c u r ity and w ell-being. B u t i t requires a socialist governm ent

— a w orkers ’ governm ent — to b rin g it about.

I t may happen, o f course, that in coming months new governm ent spending o f a few b illio n do llars (not necessarily a ll on armaments, e ither) w il l accelerate the economic recov­ery trend. This w ould s trength­en the popular illus ion tha t the solution can be found w ith in the tw o -pa rty svstem.CRISIS TENDENCIES

B u t cap ita lis t economy is de­pression prone and beyond contro l o f Democrats and Re­publicans alike. N e ithe r pa rty can surm ount by its m anip­u la tion of governm ent, the deep crisis tendencies lodged in the system.

Depression w il l thus v ic tim ­ize the w o rk in g class again, perhaps even before the recov­ery reaches the fo rm er boom peaks.

In the 1954 recession and in th is eleciion ihe American w orkers showed how s w iftly they w il l respond lo any man­ifes ta tion of social in s ta b ility . As yet they have confined themselves to a search fo r re ­form s ra ther than fo r an a l­te rna tive to capita lism . Under new economic shocks, the Dem ­ocrats w il l be put lo the test and w il l be found w anting. The w orkers w il l then seek fo r so­lu tions in a socialist d irection.

They w il l challenge the cap­ita lis t system as a whole, in ­c lud ing both cap ita lis t parties. A s im ila r sh ift can be expected to take place i f e ither party turns to huge increases in arms spending (breeding runaw ay in ­fla tion and staggering tax loads) and to in te rna tiona l adventures.

The firs t step in b ring ing about the transfo rm ation in mass th in k in g in Am erica is fo r socialists to be sharply d iffe r­entiated from the Dem ocratic and Republican parties and free from any ties w hatever w ith them. The im m ediate task o f socialists, I believe, is to pa tien tly exp la in the need fo r independent w orking-class po­lit ic a l action. As they d id in the 1958 elections, they should agitate fo r such im m ediate anti-depression measures as the 30-hour week at 40 hours pay. Beyond tha t they should pop­ularize the need fo r a w orkers and farm ers governm ent and fo r pub lic ownership o f the means o f production and a planned economy.

...A ttacks on Labor Beat COP(Continued from Pane 1)

the Democrats won again— thanks to the recession of 1954. In 1956 Eisenhower was re-elected overw he lm ing ly , bu t s im ultaneously checked w ith another Democratic Con­gress. The Dem ocratic sweep last week made Eisenhower the firs t president in U.S. h is to ry to get an oppositional congress in three consecutive elections.

On top of the po litica l unrest, caused by the recession, in fla tion and a continued th rea t of w ar. B ig Business aggravated the crisis faced by the Republican P arty by pressing its long and ca re fu lly prepared plans fo r a n ti­labor laws. The McClellan committee's investigations into corruption in the labor movement were designed prim ar­ily to create an atmosphere hostile to labor and con­ducive to passage of restrictive legislation. Big Business hoped w ith this publicity and an expensive professional campaign to gather the votes necessary to pass "right-to- work" propositions in industrial slates.

The Republican party , in adddition to cham pioning the “ r ig h t-to -w o rk ” laws, also attem pted to label the ir Dem ocratic opposition “ socialist.” No less an au tho rity than the President of the U n ited States expressed the views tha t Democrats were dominated by “ rad ica ls” and th e ir v ic to ry w ould s ta rt the coun try “ down the road to socialism.”

W hat B ig Business FearsO f course th is charge was rid icu lous. Yet i t was based

on a certa in to rtu red logic. The Democrats are program ­m atica lly almost identica l to the Republicans. B u t they depend fo r th e ir mass support on a coalition w ith the labor bureaucracy. B ig Business fears the partic ipa tion of the organized labor m ovem ent in politics. The indus­tr ia lis ts sense, w ith keen class consciousness, tha t one of these days, they w i l l face the power of a labor movement no longer subordinated to the Dem ocratic machine but acting as an independent class force. This prospect ex­plains th e ir charge of “ socialist menace.”

Yet it was these same industrialists who provoked the labor bureaucrats into a most significant political cam­paign. By pushing for anti-labor laws in the industrial states, the quiescent giant was awakened. The union officialdom justifiably dared not leave the task of defeat­ing "right-to-work" propositions to ihe Democrats. The unions themselves were impelled as never before into the fight as the surest means of winning.

The labor m ovem ent had to appeal beyond partisan po litica l lines to a ll the voters. Union men and women were given a chance to prove w ha t could be done in a po litica l struggle by organized labor. T he ir confidence w il l be m any times stronger because of the v ic to ry they won.

W h ile the Democrats were beneficiaries of th is cam­paign to defend labor’s rights, they w il l g ive labor short w e igh t in re tu rn fo r the votes they got. As Samuel Lube ll, the keen analyst of vo ting trends, pointed out in the N.Y. W orld Telegram, Nov. 6, “ P a rticu la r ly in some parts of the fa rm be lt and trad itiona l GOP areas like Maine and Verm ont, the Republican p a rty seems weaker today than

Next Week:A roundup of Ihe 1958 socialist vote.The meaning of the 1958 socialist election

campaigns. Tasks and perspectives for the socialist movement in light of the elections.

it ever has been- And yet, paradoxica lly, the hold of the Democratic p a rty also seems less stable than was the appeal of the New Deal—and therefore more susceptible of qu ick ove rtu rn .”

The crisis of capitalism has made it impossible for either party to meet the demands of the American work­ers. What the m ajority of voters want is fu ll employment, an end to inflation, and an end to the fear of war.

B ut capita lism cannot provide both peace and fu l l em ployment. Capita lism has managed to m ain ta in an ex­panding economy, w ith on ly occasional economic break­down, by means of w a r and preparations fo r war. But th is answer to the economic crisis of capita lism puts pressure on the workers in a d iffe ren t way. I t squeezes liv in g standards w ith in fla tion and taxes. And eventua lly i t also fa ils to provide job security despite m ounting budgets.

The charge of “ socialism” in th is election played the role i t d id in an tic ipa tion of the struggle to come. For socialism is the only means of achieving both peace and fu l l em ployment.

The po litica l unrest tha t was m anifest Nov. 4 can only grow u n til the workers, the Negroes, sm all farm ers and others find the means to figh t fo r th e ir own po litica l interests. The w orkers cannot express th e ir rea l needs except in d istorted fo rm in the old tw o -pa rty system be­cause i t is ac tua lly one p a rty— one p a rty of B ig Business w ith its Dem ocratic face tra d itio n a lly appealing to the workers fo r support and its Republican face tra d itio n a lly seeking to ignore the workers. The collapse of the Repub­lican pa rty in th is election on ly demonstrates how out­moded its old sty le is.

L a b o r Makes DemandsIn add ition the independent po litica l strength of labor

Was demonstrated despite its general b u ria l under Demo­cra tic victories. The labor bureaucrats fe lt i t and fo llow ed th e ir v ic to ry w ith renewed demands fo r enforcement of the F u ll Em ploym ent Act, and revis ion of the T a ft-H a rt- ley A c t—demands tha t fe ll on deaf ears in the last Demo- cra tic-contro lled Congress.

B u t the w ork ing people who have been frus tra ted in the ir desire fo r both peace and security, w i l l not long be satisfied w ith begging fo r favors; nor w i l l they be in tim ida ted w ith charges of “ socialism.” Pressure fo r independent- p o litica l action w ith labo r’s own party , its own candidates and its own program fo r solving the domestic and in te rna tiona l crisis w il l increase. The col­lapse of the Republican party merely foreshadows the collapse of the Democrats. I t also foreshadows the emer­gence of a labor party and mass political struggles for socialism.

D e tro it was one of the firs t cities in the coun try to be h it by the slump. Long lines were fo rm ing in U nem ploy­ment Compensation Offices as shown above over a year ago. Despite some re -h ir in g by the auto plants nearly 20% o f D etro it's w orkers are s ti l l unemployed.

. . . London S trike B attle(Continued from Page 1)

from the coalfields against a stingy wage offer.

Protest is made against con­s titu tiona l m achinery set up by union offic ia ls to “ prevent w o rk ­ing class action.” W arnings are raised tha t i f the w orkers do not find a way to figh t back now, the employers, made bold by ris ing unem ploym ent, w il l “ chop us down section by sec­tio n .”

From G l a s g o w a w orker w rites, "L e t us rev ive the Clyde shop stewards' movem ent in the s p ir it in w h ich it operated d u r­ing and a fte r the firs t w o rld w ar, when i t s truck fear in to the employers and won many concessions — inc lud ing the firs t rent contro l leg is la tion ."

Sum m ing up the meaning of recent labor disputes in B rita in , a N ew sletter ed ito ria l sees three facts standing out:

“ The employers and th e ir governm ent have an overa ll strategy, designed to smash job organization in a period of g row ing unem ploym ent so tha t they can h ire and fire at w il l ;

“ The union leaders are eithei' incapable of fighting, u n w illin g to fight, or hand in glove w ith the employers in th e ir efforts to ‘c lip the w ings o f the shop stewards’ ;

“ The w orkers need a strong, vigorous and effective rank-and- file movem ent so tha t the fu ll power of the w o rk in g class can be exerted in support of each section tha t comes under a t­tack.”N A T IO N A L CONFERENCE

A cting on these premises The N ew sletter is sponsoring a nationa l in d u s tria l rank-and- file conference in London on November 16. W orker delegates are inv ited from every industry to “ bu ild united action between indus tria l w orkers to resist and defeat the em ployers’ a ttack.”

The Com m unist P a rty is not supporting the action. B u t the

sponsors say they expect many CP members to attend on th e ir own in itia tive .

Announcem ent o f the confer­ence brought a second u ltim a ­tum from the B u ild in g Trade W orkers executive council: " . . . any member associated w ith the ca lling of, or attending, the con­ference, o r d is tribu ting , selling, or tak ing in to any branch room uno ffic ia l propaganda sheets and p u b lic ity m ateria l, shall be liab le to _ expulsion from m em bership i n ’ the un ion.” O ther union bureaucrats are urged by the. cap ita lis t press to take s im ila r action.

R eply ing- to attacks m isrep­resenting the conference aims, B rian Behan, a b u ild in g trades s tr ike r and member of The N ew sletter e d i t o r i a l board, w ro te : “ We are not going to discuss the setting-up o f any k ind of independent, breakaw ay bodies. We are fo r m ilita n ts re ­m ain ing w ith in the established trade union organizations and figh ting to see tha t the trade unions carry out the job they were founded fo r: the defense of members’ ’ conditions.”URGES V IS ITO RS

A n ed ito ria l adds: “ We in v ite branches whose unions have proscribed the Conference to send vis itors, so tha t they can see fo r themselves tha t the Conference is no ‘w ild ca t’ a f­fa ir, but a gathering of w o rk ­ers seriously concerned to find a constructive so lu tion to th e ir problems at a tim e when un ­em ploym ent is g row ing by 30,- 000 a m onth.”

Am erican labor w il l also do w e ll to watch the w o rk o f the B ritish conference. Close para l­lels exist between the rank-and- file movements in the tw o countries. I f anyth ing, the B r it ­ish w orkers are somewhat ahead in the figh t fo r union democracy and an effective union policy. The Am erican w orkers can learn im portan t lessons from them.

FUND SCOREBOARDC ity Quota Paid Percent

St. Lou is ............. .......... $ 80 $ 70 88Chicago ............... .......... 1,000 716 72N ew ark ............... .......... 265 190 72Buffa lo .................. .......... 1,500 1,050 70Boston .................. .......... 450 300 67M ilw aukee ............ .......... 250 155 62San Diego ............ .......... 300 180 60T w in C ities ........ .......... 1,742 1.006 58A llen tow n ........... .......... 112 60 54New Y ork ........... ..... .....4,500 2,230 50Youngstown ....... .......... 300 150 50D e tro it .................. .......... 600 284 47Cleveland ............. .......... 750 340 45Connecticut ......... .......... 300 105 35Los Angeles ........ .......... 4.600 1,529 33Philade lph ia ....... .......... 528 162 31Seattle ................. .......... 550 136 25Oakland ............... .......... 300 65 22San Francisco ..... .......... 440 90 20.Denver .................. .......... 50 —

P ittsburgh ............ .......... 10 — —

South ................... .......... 200 — —

General ................. ........ — 244 —

Total through Nov. 11 ................. ......... $18,827 $9,062 50

A d v e r t is e m e n t A d v e r t is e m e n t

A Special Buy!

Literature and RevolutionBy Leon Trotsky

$1.98

W ritte n in 1924, th is is a M a rx is t classic. I t deals w ith the a ttitude of the w o rk ing class and its party to a rt and artists a fte r conquest of state power.

Pioneer Publishers116 U n ive rs iy Place New Y o rk . 3, N . Y .

Monday, November 17, 1958 T H E M I L I T A N T Page Three

S u b s c r ip t io n : $3 p e r y e ir r : f o re ig n : $4 50 p e r y e a r ; C a n a d ia n : $3 .50 p e r y e a r .

t h e M ILITANT S e co n d c la s s p o s ta g e p a id a t N e w Y o rk , N .Y .

P u b lis h e d W e e k ly b y th e M i l i t a n t P u b lis h in g A s s o c ia t io n 116 U n iv e r s i t y P I.. N . Y . 3. N . Y . P h o n e : C H 3 -2 1 4 0

E d it o r : D A N IE L R O B E R T S B u s in e s s M a n a g e r : B E A T R IC E A L L E N

S ig n e d a r t ic le s b y c o n t r ib u t o r s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i ly re p re s e n t th e M i l i t a n t 's p o lic ie s . T h e se n re e xp re sse d in I t 8 e d ito r ia ls .

Vol- X X I I — No. 46 Monday, November 17, 1958

Why So Meek and Mild?The Nov- 4 elections resulted in over­

w he lm ing v ic to ry fo r labor-backed Demo­cra tic P a rty candidates, defeat fo r such notorious reactionaries as K now land in C a lifo rn ia and B rieke r in Ohio, and de­feat of the misnamed R igh t-to -W ork law in five o f the six states where it was on the ballot.

Organized w orkers backed up th e ir leaders on the issue of defending the un­ions against governm ental restrictions. More than that, they mandated the labor leaders by the massiveness of th e ir vote to get some pro-labor benefits from the po litic ian “ friends of labo r” they elected.

The increase of lib e ra l Democrats in Congress, and even a libe ra liz ing of the Republican m in o rity , gives labor a golden oppo rtun ity to insist upon the repeal of the T a ft-H a rtle y Act. A l l unions in th is coun try have been on record fo r tha t re­peal since T-H was enacted in 1947.

W hy then is the demand for the re­peal of th is most vicious, un ion-busting law nowhere in the 10-point leg is la tive goal announced by A F L -C IO President &eorge Meany since the elections? This m ild 10-point program asks bu t one th ing on T a ft-H a rtle y — rem oval of the section p e rm ittin g states to enact R ight-to-Scab laws. O ther sections such as those re­s tr ic tin g labo r’s basic weapon — the r ig h t to s trike and to p icket — are not men­tioned, le t alone the demand fo r ou trig h t repeal of the whole law.

A no ther o f the A F L-C IO leg is la tive aims is passage o f a “ moderate” version o f the Kennedy-Ives b ill, w h ich had M eany’s endorsement in the last Congress where happ ily i t fa iled to pass. A “ mod­erate” version, the labor leaders hope, w ou ld curb r a c k e t e e r i n g w ith o u t curb ing leg itim a te righ ts of the unions. The labor bureaucrats know fu ll w e ll tha t any legislation g iv ing the governm ent a lever inside the unions is in itse lf a danger and tha t laws w hich may start

out ostensibly against labor-racketeers can end up being enforced by reaction­aries fo r whom a ll union ac tiv ities are “ racketeering.” This A F L-C IO proposal is offered as a compromise a fte r passage of w h ich the smear investigation of Senator M cC le llan ’s (D -A rk .) com m ittee in to un­ions w ould be called off.

The labor leaders are not asking for more a fte r the great libe ra l Democratic election sweep because they know the real nature of those who have been elect­ed. The m ildness of the A F L-C IO legis­la tive program is an adaptation to the incom ing libe ra l Congress. I t speaks vo l­umes about the true nature of the “ friends o f labor” so loud ly touted by the union chieftains.

Consider a few of them: Senator Ken­nedy (D-Mass.) was a member of the Mc­C le llan investiga ting com m ittee and drew up the b il l w h ich labor now wants “ mod­erated.” C la ir Engle, new ly elected Dem­ocratic Senator from C alifo rn ia , w h ile in the House voted fo r the T a ft-H a rtle y law as w e ll as other an ti-labor legislation. Dem­ocratic governors-elect, Edmund P. Brown of C a lifo rn ia and M ichael V. D iSalle of Ohio, both made i t p la in du ring the ir campaigns tha t w h ile they were against the “ R igh t-to -W ork” laws on the ballots in th e ir states they were in favo r of some other type of legislation dealing w ith unions-

The meager lis t of labor’s aims sub­m itted by A F L -C IO President M eany is ce rta in ly not a re flection of the massive sentim ent displayed at the polls by the w o rk ing people. That sentim ent deserves be tte r than i t got and than i t w i l l get from Congress and the state offic ia ls elect­ed. Tha t sentim ent could t ru ly be served by the unions tak ing steps to found a Labor P a rty w h ich w ould put in office representatives d ire c tly responsible to the labor movement and to its unwatered- down program.

Workers' Democracy in UnionsThe B ig Business conspiracy to “ se ll”

the Am erican pub lic the idea tha t union­ism and racketeering are synonomous reached a crescendo th is past year. In ­volved in the ca re fu lly coordinated cam­paign were 99% of the “ free” press of th is country, Senator M cC le llan ’s inves­tig a tin g committee, the N A M , Chamber o f Commerce and R igh t-to -W ork p rop­aganda outfits.

B u t the organized w orkers realized tha t the R igh t-to -W ork laws, despite the propaganda about undem ocratic unions and corrup tion , were aimed at unionism itse lf. Some m iddle-class people and fa rm ­ers were taken in by the B ig Business propaganda bu t the workers overw helm ­in g ly knew w hat the score was and voted accordingly.

This doesn’t mean tha t w orkers are unconcerned about lack of democracy and co rrup tion in th e ir unions. On the con­tra ry they feel ve ry keen ly about it. The revelations of bare-faced sw ind ling , steal­ing, rigged elections, denial of rights, sweetheart agreements, and other sell­outs angered a ll good union men, and

made them ashamed at the pub lic dis­grace Am erican labor was being subject­ed to.

B u t as th e ir votes against “ R ight-to- W o rk ” showed, they d id not fa ll fo r fa rm ­ing out to the em ployers’ organizations and the po litic ians the job of dem ocratiz­ing and cleaning up the unions. That is a job fo r labo r’s rank-and-file to do. '

C orrup tion is not the h a lf of it. For co rrup tion to th rive in a union, democrat­ic con tro l by the members m ust have previously been lost. Sell-outs are pos­sible on ly where the ranks have lost power to re ject contracts.

The an ti-labor chorus w i l l continue its deafening noise. M cC lellan w ill be back at his old stand. The R igh t-to -W ork outfits announce a renewed campaign fo r th is com ing year. And the B ig Business press is always w ith us.

O ut of self-protection unionists must democratize and clean up th e ir unions. Furtherm ore, th is w il l g ive them re in ­vigorated, m ilita n t organizations, respon­sive to the m em bership’s desires fo r the fu l l benefits of unionism.

The Hardening LinesA rth u r J. Goldberg, Special Counsel

of the A FL-C IO , in a recent speech at the U n ive rs ity of W isconsin declared tha t the a ttitudes of labor and management are hardening in to patterns of h o s tility to each other. He pointed to the grow ing num ber of charges of u n fa ir practices brought before the N LR B, and the b itte r recrim ina tions of the recent election cam­paign as evidence of th is. “ P o lit ica lly , leg­is la tive ly , ph ilosoph ica lly , labor and man­agement stand today apart, and the de­gree of po larization of v iew points in these areas is fa r greater than in collec­tive bargain ing,” he said.

This labor spokesman said he d id not know the cause of th is estrangement, bu t d id not believe i t was economic. He scof­fed at those businessmen who charge tha t labor is determ ined to socialize Am erica, and also at those w orkers who accuse B ig Business of seeking a fascist d ictatorship.

H is solution to class h o s tility is to set up a Labor-M anagem ent Assembly patterned on the UN. Here union and business representatives “ m ust be draw n together under circumstances in which they w il l have no a lte rna tive but to ta lk ; and when they are th rough ta lk ing , they should ta lk some m ore.”

A n y w orke r who has sat at a bar­ga in ing table or voted on a contract w ou ld dispute G oldberg’s contention tha t economics is not at the root of labor-man-

agement h o s tility . He w ould po in t out tha t hardening of a ttitudes is most ap­parent at the tim e when economic con­d itions make concessions to labor more expensive.

Endless ta lk in g w il l not w ipe out the economic contradictions inheren t in the p ro fit system. You cannot ta lk the cap­ita lis t out of his profits. The arm -in-arm tou r of U n ited Steel W orker President McDonald w ith B en jam in Fairless of U.S. Steel Corporation d id not soften manage­m ent’s a ttitude in contract negotiations the fo llow ing year.

Few union leaders, un fo rtuna te ly , are seeking a socialist goal fo r labor, bu t the iron necessities of the economic struggle w il l inexorab ly push the w ork ing class in the d irection of tha t solution. And, de­spite G oldberg’s scoffing, the capita lists w i l l t r y to counter tha t th rea t by im ­posing a fascist d ictatorship.

G oldberg’s thesis reflects the fears of the Meanys and Reuthers tha t the harsh rea lities of the class struggle w il l d is tu rb them in th e ir bureaucratic sinecures. They w ant to plead w ith B ig Business to be more reasonable.

W hat labor needs is not a leadership tha t w i l l t r y to ta lk the capita lists out of th e ir h o s tility to the w ork ing class, but leaders who w il l organize and steel the workers to meet the offensive of B ig Business on the p icke t line and in the po litica l arena.

Interview With Ceylonese Trotskyist M P[ R o b e r t Gunawardena, a

member of the Central Com­m ittee of the Lanka Sama Sa- maja Party (T ro tskyis t) of Cey­lon and a member of P a rlia ­ment, recently passed through New Y ork re tu rn ing from the In te r-P a rliam en ta ry Conference, held this year in B razil, where he was part of the delegation representing the Parliam ent of Ceylon. Thomas K e rry , Organ­ization Secretary of the Social­ist W orkers Party, used the opportun ity to get the fo llo w ­ing in te rv iew from Comrade Gunawardena.]

Q. W hat is the character of the present government in Ceylon? Is it by a single pa rty or a coalition?

A. I t is a coalition w ith hard ­ly any po litica l program. I t represents cap ita lis t interests — and very reactionary ones.

Q. Reactionary in w h a t sense?

A. Reactionary in the com­munal sense. And special a n ti­w o rk ing class legislation has been brought up at times to curb strikes.

Q. Have they used consider­able violence in the curb ing of strikes by workers?

A. They are try ing . B u t as yet the governm ent has fa iled on that fron t, except once against the m iddle-class em­ployes of the governm ent. That is the w h ite -co lla r sections — they are the elite. Tem porarily , foi a lew' days, t i l l we in te r­vened, they were doomed.

Q. How much representation does the Lanka Sama Samaja part.y have in Parliament?

A . We have 14 party m em ­bers represented in the Opposi­tion.

Q. W hat is the to ta l m em ber­ship of Parliam ent?

A. N ine ty-five elected, six nominated fi. e. appointed] by the governm ent. That is 101 in Parliam ent.TRADE U N IO N STRENGTH

Q. Does the LSSP have much strength in the trade union movement in Ceylon?

A. The LSSP at present leads the m a jo r pa rt o f .the w ork ing class in Ceylon, except in the plantations. P a rticu la rly in the governm ent sector lo t the econ- o m y l, w hich is organized under a special federation — the G overnm ent W orkers Federa­tion — the leadership is ex­ercised by the LSSP, our party. Because in every union in the governm ent sector a large num ber of pa rty comrades

An Asian RevolutionistRobert Gunawardena, a

Mem ber of Parliam ent, is a founder and leader of the T ro tsky is t I . a n k a S a m a Sama.ia P arty (Ceylon E qual­ity Party), the princ ipa l w o rk ing class pa rty of that country. Gunawardena is a l­so president of the 40.000- member A ll-C ey lon Sama- samaja Youth Congress and vice-president of the Ceylon Federation of Labor.

As Opposition member of the three - man delegation sent by Ceylon's Parliam ent, he attended the Conference of .the In te r-P a rliam en ta ry Union (composed of repre­sentatives of the legis lative bodies o f 47 countries inc lud ­ing the Soviet bloc), which met th is summer in Rio de Janeiro, B razil.

In debate, lie took sharp issue w ith the g low ing p ic­ture of the amount of free­dom existing in the U nited K ingdom and the USA p a in t­ed by Laborite H erbert M o r­rison of the B ritish delega­tion.

Under the heading, “ H igh-

ROBERT G U N AW AR D EN A

ligh ts from In te r-P a :liam en- ta ry Conferences," the Brazil Herald (Aug, 1) reported:

“ C ritic ism of both the Am erican and Soviet regimes was a characteristic of a speech made by Mr. R. G un­awardena of Ceylon, who de­clared t h a t the Western democracies have not so much lib e rty as m igh t be thought . . . Referring to Mr. Dulles' fo rthcom ing v is it, he

thought i1 w ould be better at some other tim e, ra ther tbail on the eve of I B razil's ! elections . . . He said that free countries are oppressed by ‘certain powers that style themselves defenders o f l ib ­e rty ’ . . . D u ring Mr. Gun- awardena's speech the So­viet delegates had shown signs of satisfaction at his critic ism of the opportune­ness of M r. Foster Dulles’ v is it. But the ir satisfaction was short-lived. Mr. G un­awardena went on to say that in Soviet Russia the w orkers do not represent the Soviet power . . . events oc­cur such as those in H un­gary."

A fte r v is iting a number of L a tin Am erican countries and the West Indies. G un­awardena passed through the U.S. on ' his w ay back to Ceylon. He was in New York fo r a day and a half, thus a fford ing a num ber of So­cia list W orkers P arty mem­bers the oppo rtun ity of meet­ing a revo lu tionary co -th in k ­er from Asia.

from the factories themselves are in leadership, and in the p riva te sector — sm aller com­m ercial firms, and factories, tex tile , o il insta lla tions — we have qu ite a large num ber of trade unions. They are in the Ceylon Federation o f Labor, w hich is led by our party.

Q. W hat about ag ricu ltu ra l workers?

A. That is m a in ly in the tea and -rubber plantations. There are tu'o s t r o n g communal unions led by the communalists. rCom m unalism is the inc iting of com m unities — based on rac£, re lig ion or language — against other com m unities w ith - in the country, as has been done between Hindus and Mos­lems in Ind ia .] T he ir m em ber­ship is 42,000 in the plantations. But when a d irect struggle is launched, we find tha t even in the areas u'here we are not very strong there is a tendency of w orkers from these communal controlled unions to flow into our unions.

Q. W hat is the population of Ceylon?

A. Nine m illion .Q. What is the to ta l strength I

o f the organized workers?A . A bout 350,000. The ma­

jo r ity are in the communal unions on the plantations.

Q. The re la tionsh ip o f forces, then, so fa r as actual num erical strength is concerned, is w ith the p lan ta tion workers?

A. Yes.L A C K IN D U STR Y

Q. You do not have any large industries?

A. Except fo r the p lanta tion industries, tea and rubber, no.

Q. W hat about the dock workers?

A. The • dock workers are completely organized now un ­der our pa rty leadership, in an organization know n . as the U nited P ort W orkers Union, in w hich we have qu ite a large num ber of comrades w o rk ing in the dock section.TR O TSKYIST PAR TY

Q. Now the LSSP is known as the T ro tsky is t P arty of Cey­lon, is it not?

A. Yes.Q. There have recently been

artic les in the N.Y. Times and other A m e r i c a n newspapers about Ceylon, speaking of P h i­l ip Gunawardena, who I under­

stand is the M in is te r of A g r i­cu ltu re in the present govern­ment, describing him as a T ro t­skyist. Is it true tha t P h ilip Gunawardena represents the T ro tsky is t position in Ceylon?

A. P h ilip Gunawardena does not represent the T ro tsky is t po­sition in Ceylon. Since 1951 he has betrayed the revo lu tiona ry movement and crossed over to the cap ita lis t governm ent. He jo ined the reactionary govern­ment o f M r. Bandaranaike.

Q. W hat then is the basis fo r these newspaper designations of him as a Trotskyist?

A. He was one of the found­ing members of the LSSP. B u t du ring the un ifica tion of the T ro tsky is t group — the LSSP and the Bolsheviks — in th is party, he opposed the un ifica­tion and le ft the party . That was in 1951. Since then lie has played an independent role, de­scrib ing h im self as a T ro tsky ­ist organization and figh ting the LSSP. He has a sm all group . . . on chauvin is t lines, p a rtic ­u la rly on the language ques­tion. He took a po licy o f S in ­halese only. That brought h im a certain percentage of back-

So. Africa Women Fight Jim Crow RulesBy John Black

A new wave of struggle against A parthe id , the racial- segregation system o f the Union of South A frica , has culm inated in the arrest of thousands of A frican women. A fight against the d iscrim ina to ry pass books, ob liga tory fo r a ll A fricans under the J im -C row law of South A frica , W 8 s provoked by a cam­paign of a rb itra ry arrests of women entering the c ity of Jo­hannesburg on the way to the ir places of em ploym ent. A lthough the 18W has been on the books fo r years, i t had not been ap­plied to women fo r fear of de­p riv in g w h ite Johannesburg of domestic and other employes.

On Oct. 30, some 133 women went on tr ia l on the charge of congregating at the pass office and fa ilin g to disperse when ordered to do so. This gather­ing was a protest against the arrests. Police witnesses repo rt­ed tha t the women “ shouted and cheered and refused to leave” when warned they would be arrested. “ When vehicles ar­rived to take them away, they boarded them w ith eagerness and a d isplay of pleasure.” The police quoted the women as shouting: “ We don’t w ant your pass books — we w ant free­dom."

A fte r the opening day o f the tr ia l, tear gas and clubs were used on the crowd o f A frica n men and women outside the court house. This po litica l v io ­lence, w hich led to in juries, took place when the crowd cheered and gave the salute of the A frican libe ra tion move­ment, the up lifted thum b. A t another court 300 more women were on tr ia l and the move­ment to abolish the hated pass system is s t i l l gaining momen­tum.

MASS T R IA LThe South A frican govern­

m ent’s latest assault on the status of the A frica n population comes hard on the heels of a setback sustained by Prim e M in is te r Verw oerd ’s regime, the collapse of the mass tr ia l of an ti-A pa rthe id leaders. On Oct. 13, the governm ent was forced to drop the ind ictm ent in th is tw o-year-o ld tr ia l.

This mass sedition case be­gan on the dawn of Dec. 4. 1956, when police arrested 156 men and women, European and A frican , Ind ian and Colored,

South A frican Negro women, like those shown above g iv ing the salute of the A frica n libe ra tion movement in the 1952 c iv il disobedience campaign, are today m ilita n t ly re­sisting im position of the hated pass system on them. Over 400 have been arrested.

ranging in occupation from p ro ­fessor to bus d rive r. The charge was high treason and v io la tion of the Suppression of Com m u­nism Act, South A fr ic a ’s version of the Sm ith Act. The alleged offense was the signing of the Freedom Charter. This charter, sponsored by a Congress of the People, demands racia l equa lity in South A frica and the trans­fe r of the banks and basic in ­dustries to "the ownership of the people."

P re lim ina ry hearings lasted over a year and p iled up three m illio n words of typescrip t be­fore the governm ent fe lt ready fo r tr ia l. I t began th is past January, runn ing in to snag after snag. F in a lly 45 o f the accused were discharged. A no ther start, w ith s lig h tly altered charges, began in August bu t soon bog­ged down. E rw in H. G risw old, Dean of the H arvard Law School, who observed part of the tr ia l came to the conclusion tha t “ no real evidence has been presented.”H IT LE R FAN

Yet no one could charge tha t the governm ent was not eager to place leaders of the m ove­m ent fo r racial and social jus­tice in South A frica behind bars.

C hief prosecutor, entrusted w ith th is task, was Dr. Oswald P ir- ow, a notorious, self-avowed ad­m ire r o f A d o lf H itle r.

On Oct. 13, the prosecution had to make drastic amend­ments to its charges, and la te r tha t day ask fo r w ithd raw a l of the charges. The accused were freed on bail. B u t i t is expected tha t the regime w il l continue the fram e-up w ith new in d ic t­ments. Nevertheless, th is igno­m inious re trea t o f the reaction­ary N ationa lis t P a rty ’s govern­ment must be chalked up as a v ic to ry fo r its opponents. HOW RACISTS WON ELEC TIO N

This reversal fo llow s the elec­tion v ic to ry won by the N a tion ­a lis t Party. The gain in seats — it now holds 103 out of 160 — was achieved w ith o u t a m a jo r­ity o f the popular vote. I t came through the most shameless gerrym andering o f constituen­cies. The Nationalists, strong in the ru ra l areas, were aided by the apportioning of more seats fo r few er votes, often ha lf tha t of the urban constituencies. Colored voters [ in South A frica , “ Colored" means those of m ix ­ed ancestry] have been taken o ff the voters’ ro lls since 1953.

They are perm itted only to vote separately fo r spokesmen se­lected by the ru lin g w h ite capi­ta lis t parties. As fo r the Ne­groes, the overw helm ing m a jo r­ity in the country who ou tnum ­ber the w hites fou r to one, they are com pletely disfranchised.

The w h ite ru le rs of South A frica are not slow ing th e ir d rive against the aspirations of the A fricans. The governm ent has outlawed m ixed unions and is deporting Negroes now liv in g in the cities in to ru ra l areas. S im ila r measures loom 1’or all non-w hites; for example, In ­dians liv in g in Johannesburg are being pressured to move to Lenassia, some 18 miles out of tow n. O nly W itw a lersrand and Cape Town U n ive rs ity s til l have non-w h ite students — and these a mere handfu l. Against the de­term ined opposition of the u n i­versities, the governm ent is rushing through leg is la tion to res tric t non-whites to segre­gated, governm ent-contro lled in ­stitu tions.

Yet the days o f w h ite -su ­prem acist special priv ileges at the expense o f the explo ited and dow ntrodden Negroes of South A frica are numbered. A g lim m ering o f th is may account fo r the sens itiv ity to sym bol­ism of the P ré to ria l C ity Coun­c il upon the death o f late P rim e M in is te r J. G. S trijdom . When the councilmen realized his grave was being dug by Negro laborers, they q u ick ly sent in a crew of w h ite re ­placements.

w ard peasants on whom he has to lean in his present position, LA N G U A G E PO LIC Y

Q. The governm ent's policy, you say, is to make Sinhalese the on ly o ffic ia l language in the country?

A. Yes.Q. Is tha t the main cause of

the comm unal rio ts in Ceylon w hich we have been reading about recently in the Am erican press?

A. That is the m ain cause,Q. How do you exp la in the

governm ent po licy in th is con­nection?

A. When the governm ent saw that the w ork ing class was get­ting strengthened under the leadership o f the LSSP, they thought tha t th is was the op ly way of breaking that so lida rity among the w ork ing classes and peasantry by w h ipp ing up communal Sinhalese against the Tam il m ino rity .

Q. To d iv ide the workers?A. Yes. But I am happy to

state that ou r party has been so strong and our organizations so w e ll fitted, both in the unions and then in the youth organization — about 40,000 in 678 branches — all over the country, tha t they remained in ­tact th roughout the communal riots. They were able in m any places to prevent any fla ring up of th is communal rio ting .THE C O M M UN IST PAR TY

Q. W hat is the strength o f the C om m unist Party in Cey­lon?

A. The CP is a sm all group. They have three members in Parliam ent.

Q. As the main Opposition party, do you have the support of the Com m unist P arty dele­gates in Parliam ent? W hat is th e ir position in re la tion to the government?

A. A t tim es they support the Opposition, but there are m any occasions where they have been neutra l, more or less sid ing w ith the governm ent. In fact, the CP tr ied to enter the gov­ernm ent, bu t the governm ent had not accepted them as yet.

Q. I understand tha t Ceylon was among the firs t to break down the embargo against trade w ith China. W hat part d id the LSSP p lay in this?

A. Even earlie r, before we embarked on the trade agree­ment w ith China, the LSSP has fo r years been ag ita ting the P arliam ent to have trade w ith the governments of the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and the rest. The pressure we brought to bear was so tremendous, both from outside and inside Parliam ent, tha t the govern­ment acceded.F IG H T TO REMOVE B R IT IS H N A V A L BASE

Q. I understand one of the big questions in Ceylon was tha t of e lim ina ting the b ig B ritish naval base. W hat role did the LSSP play in this?

A. The LSSP from the very start wanted the rem oval of B ritish power from these bases and th is year we fu lly succeed­ed in ge tting rid of them — o f th e ir en tire navy. Both from Trincom alee and the a irpo rt Katunayake.

Q. A nd you feel it is p r i­m a rily due to the ag ita tion of the LSSP tha t the B ritish bases have been removed from Cey­lon?

A. Yes. R ight through, the LSSP has been in the fo re fron t of the figh t to remove these bases. Through a ll w o rk ing - class organizations th a t ag ita­tion was developed by us. In the peasant areas where the party held meetings i t was ta k ­en up.

Q. What is the position of the LSSP on the communal issue?

A. R igh t through we have fought against any fo rm o f communalism. By exp la in ing to the general mass of the people that comm unalism w il l lead us more and more into iso lation in our own country and thereby even p a rtition ing our coun try — lik e Pakistan and Ind ia — w hich the general mass o f the people don’t want.

(N ext insta llm ent: The vis iia by in v ita tio n of Ceylon's T ro t­skyist leaders to China and the USSR.)

A d v ç r t is e m e n t A d v e r t is e m e n t

Daumier—Political A rtistA tr ib u te to the o rig ina to r of modern p o lit i­

cal cartooning. H is caricatures delighted m illions. H is in te g rity remains an example fo r radicals to th is day.

Read th is in s truc tive and en te rta in ing estimate of D aum ie r’s significance in the fa ll In te rna tion a l Socialist Review. Send 50 cents fo r a copy.

International Socialist Review116 University Place New York 3, N.Y.

A Hero's Welcome■ By Ethel Bloch —

M aurice Ruddick and six of his w o rk ­mates were entombed fo r eight and a h a lf days in the Cumberland m ine in Nova Scotia. Trapped in the to ta l darkness and dampness, a m ile beneath the earth ’s sur­face, M r. Ruddick, a rem arkable man, lif te d the sp irits of his companions by sing ing throughout the whole ordeal, in spite of parched lips and swollen tongue. For 17 years he has been know n to the m iners as a singing man, fo r each day as he was lowered in to the darkness and again at the end of the day’s w o rk his song could be heard.

Bruce West, a reporte r fo r the Tor­onto Globe and M a il, says o f Ruddick, ■“ T a lk ing to h im i t was impossible to im agine tha t he had suffered so much. There is always a tem ptation to a ttr ib u te extra heroic qua lities to people who have borne so much, but M r. Ruddick appears to be a t ru ly rem arkable man. I t is easy to understand how his strong s p ir it m ust have brought ex tra strength to the men who shared his p e ril.”

The w orld rejoiced when Ruddick and his fe llo w m iners were d ram a tica lly rescued, a fte r being given up fo r dead. I t is at times like these — when a catastro­phe strikes and there are days of pa in fu l suspense and then, as in th is case, a t r i ­um phant rescue — tha t the whole human race is draw n together and un ited w ith

the fam ilies o f those d ire c tly involved. We a ll w aited w ith Mrs. Ruddick and her tw e lve ch ild ren ; we a ll dreaded the day when the body of her husband would be b rought to the surface; and then we a ll rejoiced w ith them when he was brought fo r th alive.

B u t even at th is m om ent of human brotherhood the perverted b ra in of the segregationist cannot fo rge t racism. Gov­ernor G r if f in of Georgia, sent an in v ita ­tion to the rescued m iners and th e ir fam ­ilies to come and recuperate at a Georgia resort. He then discovered tha t Ruddick is a Negro and p rom p tly in form ed him tha t though the in v ita tio n s t i l l held, Rud­d ick w ould have to be segregated from his fe llo w workers.

The response of the other m iners was w ha t you w ould expect. “ I f he’s good enough to w o rk w ith us he’s good, enough to go on holidays. . . . I f he can’t go we w on ’t go,” said H erbert Pepperdine who w ent th rough the ordeal w ith Ruddick. F in a lly , so tha t a ll could go, Ruddick agreed to G r if f in ’s J im -C row terms.

These men grew up together, w ent to school together and risked death to­gether. And once again i t is proven tha t i t ’s a na tu ra l way fo r Negroes and whites to live . T he ir reaction to G r iff in is a t r ib ­ute to them and exposed to the w o rld the diseased m inds of the D ixiecrats.

Dodge Plant Workers Refuse To Pass Jobless Picket Line

D ETR O IT, Nov. 10—W orkers scheduled io r overtim e S a tu r­day at the Dodge p lan t in Ham- tram ck refused to cross a p ick ­e tline set up by th e ir fe llow w orkers who had been la id off. As a resu lt the factory d id not operate. The dem onstration was called to protest compulsory overtim e fo r some w h ile others are la id off completely.

The tu rnou t of the unem­ployed members of Dodge Local 3, UAW , fo r the demonstration was impressive. The action was decided on the previous n igh t by a meeting of about 250. Yet, w ith no means o f comm unica­tion aside from w ord-of-m outh, 400 showed up fo r the p icke t­lin e at 5:30 A .M . The tu rn o u t was even more significant in v iew o f the w ide ly circulated company th rea t to fire any w o rk ­er, unemployed or employed, pa rtic ipa ting in such a demon­stration.S O L ID A R IT Y

The handfu l who had enter­ed the p lan t and were sent out by supervision were greeted w ith hoots and catcalls by those who refused to cross the line. No action could be tte r demon­strate the class so lida rity and basic human w arm th between the 8,500 local members now back at w o rk and the 9,500 s till jobless a fte r months despite sen iority of as much as 12 years.

A delegation of the unem-

A M E R IC A N LABO R STRUG­GLES, by Samuel Yellen. 398 p. Paper. $1.95.For those unacquainted w ith

Am erican labor h is to ry th is is an excellent book to begin w ith . U nion members should read i t to learn how unionism was b u ilt in Am erica, and so­cialists w il l find i t not on ly a storehouse of in fo rm ation bu t also an inva luable tool.

m m m

THE IW W . The Great A n tic i­pation, by James P. Cannon. 44 p. Pioneer Pocket L i ­b ra ry No. 4. 25 cents.A pa rtic ipan t in its early

struggles, Cannon says: “ Thefounders of the IW W were in ­d u b itab ly the o rig ina l inspirers and prim e movers of the m od­ern indus tria l unions in the mass production industries . . . The CIO movement at its pres­ent stage o f developm ent is o n ly a small down paym ent on the demands presented to the fu tu re by the pioneers w ho as­sembled at the 1905 Conventionto sta rt the IW W on its w ay.”

* • •OUT OF THE DEPTHS, by

Barron Z. Boshoar. 372 p. C lo th . $3.00 p lus 15 cents post­age.

ployed, inc lud ing Edith Fox, secretary o f Dodge Local 3 U n­employed Committee, is slated to appear before a m eeting to ­m orrow of C hrysler local union presidents at S o lida rity House. The delegation favors establish­ing unemployed committees in a ll C hrysler locals to provide the basis fo r un ited action by a ll Dodge-Chrysler employees.

The problem o f overtim e fo r some in the teeth of unem ploy­ment fo r others is not confined to the C hrysler workers. Both Ford and General M otors an­nounced th is week tha t they w ou ld go on d a ily and S atur­day overtim e. Yet, according to slate figures, 230,000. or 15% of the D e tro it w o rk force is jo b ­less. This figure is understated, because i t does not include the thousands who have exhausted th e ir unem ploym ent benefits.

The company preference fo r overtim e ra the r than calling unemployed back is based on s tra igh t money saving. Those who w ould be called back w ould be certa in to be la id off again and th is w ou ld mean added Supplem entary Unem ­ploym ent Benefit costs fo r the corporations. The present setup also means a saving on unem­ploym ent compensation f o r them.

The jobless figures indicate th a t w h ile such actions as the Dodge overtim e demonstration are good, the figh t against un-

A n absorbing and detailed ac­count o f the events leading up to the L ud low Massacre which shocked the w o rld before W orld W ar I. The class struggle in its most naked fo rm is shown here as is the re la tionsh ip of the Rockefellers to th e ir coal m in ­er employees in Colorado.

* • •NEGROES ON THE M ARCH,

by Daniel G uerin. 192 p. C loth $2.00. Paper $1.50.Based on years of research

and firs t-hand observation of the Am erican scene and trans­lated from the French edition, this book has been revised by the author to cover recent events. The connection between the Negro struggle fo r equality and the w orkers ’ struggle fo r a better life is c learly shown.

• • *

EUGENE V. DEBS, The Social­ist M ovem ent o f his T im e — Its Meaning fo r Today, by James P. Cannon. 40 p. P io ­neer Pocket L ib ra ry No. 5. 25 cents.A centennial tr ib u te to an

outstanding and beloved A m er­ican figure in whom was com­bined the pioneering efforts to b u ild both the union and so­cia list movements in the U nited

em ploym ent m u s t b e c o m e broader in aim and scope. I t is estimated tha t the C hrysler Corporation, w hich employed140.000 na tiona lly in 1955, is now at the 70,000 level and is u n like ly to go above 90,000 even i f the firm has a good year.

A t Ford, there are now about106.000 employed as compared to 134,000 at the start of the ’58 models. GM is em ploying25.000 less than last fa ll. O f the state's cu rren t to ta l o f 420,000 la id off, 150,000 are considered perm anently jobless. The cause is genera lly recognized as a com bination of speed-up, auto­m ation and a sh rink ing m arket fo r h igh-priced cars.

Delegates to the Ford Local 600 General Council meeting to ­day presented a va rie ty of p ro ­posals fo r action. These inc lud ­ed a demand fo r a special U A W convention to act on the prob­lem. Pressure on successful la ­bor-endorsed Congressional can­didates fo r legislation was also proposed. They w ou ld be asked to push laws p rov id ing fo r a 30-hour week w ith no reduction in pay as w e ll as legislation banning compulsory overtim e.

The need fo r action before the 1961 contract exp ira tion was underscored by the report that the Dearborn Engine p lan t of the Ford R ive r Rouge com­plex is about to s ta rt another layoff.

States. Cannon appraises his contributions a n d examines Debs’ concept o f 'th e “ a ll- in ­clusive” socialist party.

* * *

M A R X IS M IN THE U N ITE D STATES, by Leon Trotsky. 44 p. 35 cents.A close observer of Am erican

social and po litica l develop­ments, T ro tsky w rote th is im ­portan t w o rk as the in troduc­tion to the book, “ L iv in g Thoughts of K a r l M a rx .”

* * *

THE SO C IA LIS T W ORKERS PAR TY — W H A T IT IS — W H AT IT STANDS FOR. New' revised edition. By Joseph H an­sen. 54 pages, 25c.

Discusses w ha t socialism is and how the Socialist W orkers Party believes i t w il l be achiev­ed; explains differences between the SWP and other radical parties; te lls about the demo­cratic s tructure o f the SWP and the rights, priv ileges and duties of members.

* * *IF A M E R IC A SHO ULD GO

C O M M UN IST, by Leon T ro t­sky. 22 p. Pioneer Pocket L i ­b ra ry No. 7. 25 cents.C apita lism vs. socialism has

been heatedly debated ever since the Soviet U nion came into existence. In th is a rtic le Tro tsky raises the m ajor points of difference, as w e ll as s im il­a rity , between the coming Am erican revo lu tion and its Russian predecessor of October 1917. I t was o rig in a lly pub lish­ed by L ib e rty Magazine in 1935.

A M ER IC A 'S ROAD- TO SO­C IA L IS M , by James P. Can­non. 79 p. 35 cents.In an in fo rm al way, Cannon

discusses Eisenhower, capita lis t and socialist prospects in A m e r­ica, and closes w ith an insp iring p ic tu re of “ W hat Socialist America W ill Look L ike .”

! Introductory OfferA 6-Month Subscription

To the Militant Only $1.00

The Militant116 U n ive rs ity Place New Y o rk 3, N. Y.

Name .........................................................................

C ity .................................................... State ..........

S treet ....................................................... _... Zone.

Worker's Bookshelf

t h e MILITANTV O LU M E X X I I M O N D A Y, NO VEM BER 17, 1958 NUM B ER 46

... How Scab Law Was Swamped in OhioN. Carolina Racists Jail Boys— 8, 9

Racism can reduce human beings to the level of beasts. This fac l emerges w ifh stark c la r ify out of the u g ly story from Monroe, N orth Carolina. The Nov. 10 New Y o rk Post reported tha t tw o Negro c h il­dren in tha t tow n — Hanover Thompson, 9, and Fuzzy S im p­son, 8— have been g iven inde­term inate sentences in a re ­fo rm ato ry on charges o f "m o ­lesting a w h ite fem ale." The basis of the charge was tha t a small w h ite p laym ate had kiss­ed one of the boys.

Robert W illiam s, head o f the Monroe N AAC P, to ld the Post th a t the tw o youngsters were taken in to custody by s ix car­loads of cops “ a fte r the l it t le g ir l ’s fa the r had gone there w ith a shotgun and threatened to k i l l them and th e ir parents.” The boys were held in ja il fo r six days w ith o u t charges and then sentenced to the re fo rm a­to ry a fte r a hearing called on ten-m inu te ’s notice in w hich the boys and th e ir mothers were w ith o u t counsel. Needless to say, there is no report of any action taken against the w h ite “ man” and his friends who threatened the tw o ch ildren and th e ir parents and who terrorized the tow n ’s entire Ne­gro com m unity.

As if to underscore the na­ture o f racist justice, in the same court house where the boys were sentenced, a w h ite man was freed on low bail Nov. 10 a fte r beating a pregnant Negro women almost uncon­scious in an a ttem pt to rape her. The judge is considering a m otion to free h im perm an­ently , and according to his statement to the Post, w il l p robably do so.

’ (Continued from Page 1) 'i ~d iv ided labor movement, w ith the CIO tak ing the lead and the A F L g iv ing on ly token support, and that only at the end of the campaign.

The v ic lo rious campaign fo defeat RTW . on the other hand, was conducted under the clear- cut leadership of labor— united in its own independent po litica l agency. U nited Organized Labor of Ohio, com pletely separated from the Democratic and Re­publican parties.

The w orkers d id not depend on “ friends” in the Democratic or Republican parties in the figh t to defend th e ir union-won conditions; nor d id they depend on the labor bureaucracy fo r leadership.

Thousands of rank and file volunteers w orked w ith any section of the labor leadership tha t could be prodded in to ac­tion. They d is tribu ted lite ra tu re , organized debates, voted con­tr ibu tions to UO LO from union funds and took up vo lun ta ry collections.HOW TH E Y C AM PA IG N E D

They w ent to the unemployed at the unem ploym ent compen­sation offices and offset dema­gogic attempts o f the bosses to p it jobless w orkers against the unions. They w ent to the fa rm ­ers and demonstrated how ag ri­cu ltu ra l income is dependent on the standard of liv in g won by organized labor. They w ent to Negro w orkers and pointed out tha t R TW was being pushed by the same elements who oppose fa ir em ploym ent practices leg­islation.

The resu lt o f labor’s genuine­ly “ grass-roots” campaign was, as D isantis pu t it, th a t the “ m argin by w hich R TW was defeated was to ta lly unexpected by labor union offic ia ls.”

Reactions to the w orkers ’ de­feat o f RTW varied from rig h t to le ft.

The unregenerate P la in D eal­er in its Nov. 5 ed ito ria l, “ The Landslide,” in terpreted the de­feat of RTW as one of the “ re ­sults” o f the “ Democratic land ­slide.” The editors reasserted th e ir confidence th a t “ compul-

W oman W orker V ic tim ized

Scabs make no d is tinc tion between men and women when crashing a p icket line. Here Mrs. D o tfie W ilson is being carried from the s tr ike scene a fte r being knocked dow n by a strikebreaker's car at the Long Island p lan t of Republic A v ia tio n Corp. in M arch, 1956.

sory membership in labor un­ions w il l be outlawed in Ohio.” B u t they adm itted tha t “ i t is evident from yesterday’s b a llo t­ing tha t i f th is issue is to suc­ceed, the in it ia t iv e fo r i t w il l have to come from the workers themselves, ra ther than from business organizations w h ich have been hostile to labor un ­ions in the past.”'ZOW IE1' IS R IG H T

The C leveland News, evening paper of the same publisher, carried an ed ito ria l title d “ R igh t-to -W ork — Z ow ie !” I t conceded an overw he lm ing de­feat, and noted;

(1) “ . . . i t ’s clear tha t when a pu re ly ag ricu ltu ra l county votes down the w o rk reform amendment, the small tow n and farm citizens fe lt less scared about labor and unions than about the high-powered cam­paign fo r amendment.”

(2) “ There are no signs tha t union members revolted against th e ir leadership in th is election. Members of unions p la in ly p re­

fe r th e ir union conditions to a defeat fo r unions.”

(3) Defeat by residentia l sub­urbs showed th a t they “ feel there is a certa in way o f life in organization o f labor unions as they have developed — and they d id n ’t w an t th a t w ay changed.”

B u t lhe News concluded w ith the hope tha t "the landslide re ­sult o f th is firs t Ohio election on such an issue w il l not tem pt leaders of organized labor to foolishness or arrogance in fu t ­ure behavior."

This expression o f fear of the power demonstrated by the w orkers was also expressed by the Cleveland Press, w h ich had opposed Issue No. 2. This ty ­p ical “ libe ra l fr iend of labo r” (in the w orst sense), e d ito ria l­ized:FO R G IVE A N D FORGET

“ The on ly risk in this over­w he lm ing result is th a t a few labor leaders may find in i t an excuse fo r a much tougher ap­proach.”

Response of the class-collab­o ra tion is t o ld -line labor leader­ship was a statem ent by Exe­cu tive Secretary W illia m F ine- gan of the Cleveland A F L -C IO Federation o f Labor u rg ing “ a ll o f the a ffilia tes to put aside any anim osity engendered du ring the recent campaign and bend every e ffo rt tow ard resum ing norm al industria l re lations.”

T ry in g to go back to busi­ness unionism as usual, he said tha t the campaign of "v il if ic a ­tion of labor and its leadership” came from a small portion of management and tha t resent­ments should no t be perm itted to reflect against ind iv idua ls or companies w ith w hich unions have co-operated in the past.

In a jo in t statement w ith President P a trick J. O’M alley of the C leveland A F L -C IO , he said: “ We hope th is w il l end the battle . We hope the b itte r­ness w il l die q u ick ly , and tha t organized labor may once again devote itse lf to the w elfare of its members and the best in ­terests o f the en tire state.” PROJECT LA BO R PAR TY

B u t on Nov. 9 a panel of three trade unionists discussed th e ir views of the November election at a m eeting o f the C leveland Forum fo r P o litica l Education. The P la in Dealer re­ported:

"U n ite d Organized Labor of Ohio, created to figh t the 'r ig h t-to -w o rk ' law , could grow in to a labor party , i t was sug­gested yesterday at a tr i-s ta te panel meeting in Unitarian. H a ll . . . "

SECOND JOBS

O ver 73% of the teachers in Los Angeles are w ork ing a fte r school to make ends meet, ac­cord ing to a survey by Teach­ers Local 1021. The k ind of w o rk ranged from d itch d igg ing fo r men, to n ig h t teaching, sales and service. O nly 8% said they w ould do the extra w o rk i f th e ir salaries were adequate. Take-home pay fo r 25% of the teachers was $3660 a year, w h ile most took home $4582.

...Labor In Youngstown

( Continued from Page 1)w ith “ Vote No” buttons and stickers.FARM ERS D IV ID E D

In the week before the elec­tion, union activists, who had been s o m e w h a t pessimistic, sensed the sw ing behind the labor movement. One veteran union po litica l announced the week before the election tha t w orkers were as united on th is issue as i t w ould ever be possi­ble to expect and forecast a margin o f v ic to ry of h a lf a m il­lion. O ther observers reported the farm ers in C entra l and Western Ohio badly s p lit on the issue. The d iv is ion was along economic lines and reflected the grow ing num ber of wage w orkers among fa rm fam ilies.

As the firs t re turns came in from a few indus tria l cities, i t became certain th a t the ques­tion was s im p ly one o f how b ig the m a jo rity vote was go­ing to be against the “ R igh t- to -W ork” measure. W orkers’ d is tric ts a ll over the c ity ran 3 to 1 and 4 to 1, and some predom inantly Negro wards gave such figures as 4,700 No to 600 Yes.

A lthough the state-w ide ra tio was 2 to 1, the press in its firs t reports tried to scale down the m argin o f the w orkers ’ v ic to ry and warned the unions that they had no mandate to start th row ing th e ir w e igh t around.

Inside the steel m ills , there was a strangely subdued bunch of foremen and superintendents on Wednesday. The election of an almost solid na tiona l and state Democratic ticke t seemed almost inc iden ta l and a n ti-c li­mactic.

There was a feeling of solid satisfaction among the workers plus the desire to push the Democrats fo r some economic action — firs t and foremost the release o f the SUB funds to the unemployed. This push w il l con­tinue arid may force the union leadership to make demands on the Democrats w hich the la tte r cannot grant. Rather than so­lid ify in g the Labor-Dem ocratic P arty alliance, the result o f the vote may lead to a grow ing rupture.

One question was settled de­cis ive ly. The a b ility of the labor movement to take po litica l lead­ership and sw ing the urban m iddle class and the farmers behind it was convincing ly demonstrated. This is the hope of the fu tu re .

Should Young Mothers Work?'By Joyce Cowley

By Joyce CowleyW o m a n ' s "God-appointed

sphere," in the home or on the assembly line , is usua lly de­term ined by the available labor supply. D u ring a labor shorlage, as in the last w ar and a ll p re­vious wars, i f was her pa trio tic d u ly to w o rk in a fac to ry even i f no nurseries were provided and the kids wandered the streets. W hen post-w ar layoffs came, suddenly the same w om ­en were accused o f denying the ir fem in ine role, d r iv in g men out o f jobs, neglecting the ir ch ildren, creating ju ve n ile de­linquency and emasculating Am erican men. Since senators, journa lists, police offic ia ls and m inisters have l it t le rea l in ­fluence on w ha t women do, women have continued to w o rk in ever greater numbers. Wars accelerated b u t d id not in itia te a trend w h ich began about 1890. Today, there are 22 m illio n women in the labor force w o rk ­ing on any given day. This means there are about 29 m il­lio n women who w o rk in the course o f a year. More than ha lf are m arried, seven m illio n are mothers.SHO ULD TH E Y WORK?

This may exp la in w hy propa­gandists fo r home and hearth (to the exclusion o f other in ­terests) are beating a slow re ­treat. For example, a sympos­ium in the curren t Ladies Home Journa l a s k s : “ S H O U L D YOUNG MOTHERS W O R K,” A pparen tly older m others now have the r ig h t to decide fo r themselves. A young mother, facing pails o f diapers, a sink fu l l o f dishes, floors to mop and other miscellaneous tasks, may consider the question aca­demic. B u t w ha t it rea lly means is: Should young m oth­ers w o rk outside of the home fo r wages, This in itse lf is an in teresting comm ent on the value our society accords paid and unpaid labor.

The Journa l symposium w il l not be ve ry he lp fu l to anyone seriously interested in the p rob­lems o f w o rk ing mothers. Those partic ipa ting include a famous evangelist, a U.S. senator from Ohio, a professor of h istory, an indus tria lis t, a professor of so­ciology, a Jungian psychoana­lyst, a form er college president and a member o f the Presi­dent's cabinet. T he ir ideas about motherhood, as w e ll as the ir ideas about w ork, are

m ystica l and rom antic and seem strangely unrelated to ac­tual situations th a t women face. But ha lf a dozen molhers, three of them w o rk in g and three "a t home," in troduce a re fresh ing ly p ractica l po in t of v iew .

Here is w hat some o f the “ experts” have to say:

Mrs. S cott-M axw ell, la y ana­lys t: “ The women who have w orked before m arriage — the women who have been edu­cated so tha t the. masculine im ­pulse has been developed — these are the women whose masculine side makes them restless and bored in the ir homes.”

D r. B il ly Graham: “ God in ­stitu ted the m arriage re la tio n ­ship and the fa m ily re la tionsh ip before the school and before the governm ent and before any other in s titu tio n .”

Senator Lausche: “ A woman should be proud to say, ‘I am a housewife. I am the back­bone o f Am erica.’ ”

B u t the m others arc concern­ed w ith day-to-day problems:

Mrs. Ernest Lee: " I f I d idn 't w o rk to pay the rent, we w ould have to live in one of these overcrowded cramped places where there are gangs and no safe place fo r the kids to p lay."

Dr. Doris Bartuska, specialist in cancer research and m other o f fou r: “ B ut my problem — the problem o f the profession­a lly tra ined woman — can’t be answered so sim ply. There has been a great deal o f investm ent in m y tra in ing as a doctor, m y fa m ily has p u t a lo t in, teachers have made a lo t of effort, peo­ple are counting on me —”

Mrs. Roy Davis: “ I f I d id n ’t w ork, m y husband w ould have to have tw o jobs. Isn ’t a fa ther- at-home im portan t too?”PREJUDICE

As in most discussions about w o rk ing women, the so-called au thorities are hampered by preconceived ideas and p re ju ­dices. For instance, there is a general assumption th a t th is is something new, tha t u n til quite recently women did no t w ork. B u t women have always w o rk ­ed and men have ra re ly raised any objections. Pioneer women were never critic ized fo r sp in ­ning and weaving, m aking b u t­ter or soap. Heavy farm labor, even an occasional figh t w ith the Indians, was not considered inconsistent w ith th e ir fem in ine role. They were no t accused of

neglecting th e ir ch ildren, a l­though in v iew of the back­breaking character o f wom an’s w o rk and the size o f fam ilies, the ch ild ren probably d id not get a great deal o f personal a t­tention.

A bou t 95% o f ea rly fac lo ry w orkers in fh is coun try were women. They labored six days a week, tw e lve to fourteen hours a day. No one warned them against "deve lop ing fh e ir masculine side." They were praised fo r th e ir in d u s try and th r if t . O f course, a l tha t tim e there was an acute shortage of male labor.

In the past w hen large num ­bers of women le ft th e ir own homes to labor in the homes of w ea lthy women, no one in ­sisted they should care fo r the ir ow n fam ilies firs t. W ealthy women have never been con­sidered less fem in ine because they h ired someone else to look a fte r the ch ildren, cook, wash dishes and mop floors.

W OM EN PRO FESSIO NALSThe real d iff ic u lty arose when

some women got professional or technical tra in in g and began to make money. N ot as much as a man w ith s im ila r tra in ing , bu t enough to challenge the economic dominance o f men in the home. W ork ing , in itse lf, w i l l not change wom en’s status — m aking money w il l.

A nother m isconception is tha t some characteristics are in h e r­en tly and e te rna lly "m asculine” w h ile others are “ fem in ine .” The w o rk o f anthropologists and sociologists, w ho have shown how these concepts va ry grea tly in d iffe ren t societies and cultures, is overlooked. Jung’s disciple, Mrs. Scott- M axw ell, th inks th a t a woman who becomes a doctor or la w ­yer is "h a rd ly fem in ine a t a ll” and such women lose "a fe m i­nine oneness w ith the depths o f l ife ” and tha t “ love is w hat is needed most and it is w hat women have to give to the w o rld .” Men apparen tly have no capacity fo r love and w om ­en somehow lose i t i f they study m edicine and take care o f the sick.

There is also a popular fa llacy w hich holds tha t a ll women who bear ch ildren arc m yste r­iously endowed w ith the prop­er qua lities to understand and care fo r them, in spite of some evidence to the contrary. U n ­

t i l qu ite recen tly the m a jo rity of mothers have stayed at home, and the results achieved so fa r are no t spectacularly successful judg ing by the num ­ber o f psychotics, sadists, m u r­derers and other d isturbed ad­ults. W hile the k in d o f society we live in is la rge ly responsible fo r the k in d o f ch ild ren we raise, i t is ju s t possible that trad itiona l methods of ra ising ch ild ren are no t perfect e ither and we should be w illin g to explore new possib ilities and new patterns o f liv in g .G IV E TH E M SOME H ELP

In any event, the re a lity is tha t seven m illio n m others arc w o rk ing and no m atte r who says they are w rong, most o f them w il l continue w ork ing . In ­stead o f c ritic ism , w hy not give them some help? A lo t w ou ld be done to re lieve the tension and fa tigue o f try in g to handle tw o jobs i f every apartm ent house included child-care cen­ters, housecleaning services, la u n d ry s e r v i c e , centralized kitchens w h ich sent appetizing hot food up to the apartments — and th is w ou ld give m others more tim e fo r th e ir ch ildren, too.

I don’t re a lly expect the in ­dustria lis ts and bankers who contro l cap ita lis t society to sub­sidize such expensive and u n ­profitab le housekeeping ser­vices, w h ich w ould have no purpose except to make life easier fo r women, w hich means it w ou ld be easier fo r th e ir hus­bands and children, too. B u t th is is w hat we should ask for. These are the k ind of services tha t a socialist society w i l l create, because the men and women who b u ild socialism w il l not be interested in profits bu t in answering human needs.

A d v e r t is e m e n t

Socialist Workers Party

W H A T IT IS — W H A T IT STANDS FOR

B y Joseph Hansen 54 pages 25 cents-

Pioneer Publishers 116 U n ive rs ity Place New Y o rk 3, N . Y.