THREE WORLDS COLLIDE

Migration to AmericaChapter 1Section 1

Peopling of America

Ancient PeopleCrossed into Alaska from Asia during the Ice Age 20,000+ yrs ago

Looking for food

Peopling of America

Asia Present sea

level

America Sea level

20,000 years ago

Beringia Land Bridge

Hunters and Gatherers

• Nomadic people moved from location to location looking for food

• They could find bird eggs in 1 location, fish in another, grasses in still another

Hunters and Gatherers

The food supply for these people was uncertain

As the climate warmed, the large game died out, which were needed for food, shelter, tools and clothesgame became smaller and faster.Weapons changed accordingly

Hunters and Gatherers

Ice melted and sea levels rose causing the land bridge to disappear

Agriculture

Between 10,000 and 5,000 years ago people began to plant seeds

Eventually, they saw that most of their food came from crops and their nomadic ways could end

Agriculture

With a more dependable food supply, populations increase, permanent houses are constructed and the need for pottery begins.

Empires of Latin America

Inca – Andes Mts.

Olmec – on the Gulf of Mexico Maya – in the

Yucatan

Aztec – Central Mexico

Ancient Desert Farmers

The desert dwellers built homes in the sides of steep cliffs

Though water is not plentiful in the Gila and Salt River Valleys, these people grew corn, squash, and peppers

Ancient Desert Farmers

The Hohokam and Anasazi settled here about 1000 BC

Mound Builders

People near the Mississippi River, the Adena, Hopewell and Mississ- ippian, made mounds shaped like animals and birds.

Their fate?

These Indian groups were the ancestors of the Indians who were here when European explorers and colonists arrived.

THREE WORLDS COLLIDE

North American Societies – 1492

Chapter 1Section 2

Diverse Societies

California’s varied geography and climates led to a variety of cultures, from mountain dwellers to those dependant upon the ocean.

Diverse Societies

The people of the Pacific Northwest depended upon the ocean for food.

The made totem poles and canoes from the large trees

They held potlatches, where they gave all their possessions away.

Totem Poles

Diverse Societies

The Kwakiult, Nootka, and Haida of the Pacific Northwest, collected shells and used whales for food and shelter.

Diverse Societies

The Indians of the Southwest faced a harsh climate dominated by drought.

They built pueblos from desert sand and irrigated their fields using advanced systems

Diverse Societies

The Indians of the Eastern Woodlands, like the Iroquois, had a varied diet, depending on the forest for food

In the southern area, they grew corn and squash First to meet the English colonists.

Culture Patterns

Using materials or crafts from their areas, the Indians developed trade routes that went as far as New England to Mexico.

Page 11 of your text lists many items used by different Indian cultures.

Culture Patterns

Indians did not believe it was possible to “own” land any more than it was possible to own the air.

Land was not a commodity to be bought or sold, but life itself.

This attitude was very different from the Europeans who plowed and fenced everything.

Culture Patterns

Indians lived close to the land and their religion reflected that.

Their religion was filled with spirits and passed generations ‘lived’ to guide present generations.

Sun Kachina

Culture Patterns Indians formed strong family

ties, kinship, among its tribal members

Tasks were divided between men and women, but differed depending on the tribe

Many were matriarchal, or kept ties through the mother’s family

Others were patriarchal

AFRICAN CULTURESChapter 1 Section 3

West Africa

Between 400 and 1500, the West African empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai grew and Prospered By trading gold and salt

West Africa is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the North and Atlantic Ocean to the West and South Sahara- Arabic for desert, takes up much of

interior W. Africa the edges of the Sahara have grasslands and

scrub forest=savannah

West Africa in 1400’s

West Africa

Niger River served as a pathway for migration and trade (East-West) Camels were introduced by Arabs, they

opened long-distance trade routes through the Sahara

As trade increased in Africa, Islam began to spread through Muslim traders from the Middle East Spread to N. Africa by 711 and West Africa by

the 900’s W. Africa prospered b/c of the gold trade

Empires of West Africa

Soninke Empire-Ghana Grew wealthy off the salt and gold trade

Ended in early 1200’s b/c gold mines opened in Bure Malinke -from the upper Niger Valley, Mali

Controlled gold trade from Bure Opened new mines in Akan region

Shifted trade further east Established Timbuktu as a center for trade

Sorko Empire- Niger River east of Mali Songhai Empire Seized Timbuktu

Forest Kingdoms of Guinea

Guinea, located in W. Africa’s southern coast, had small kingdoms b/c of the dense forest

Yoruba (Ife) and Edo (Benin) were hunters, farmers, and traders Rich farmland=surplus of food

Traded for salt and copper

Central and South Africa

Central Africa Dense vegetation made trade difficult

Villages were located along rivers Fished, grew wheat, and raised livestock

Matrilineal societies, descent was traced through mothers

Southern Africa Kongo- 1400 along Zaire River

Farmers

Slavery

Slavery existed in African society Most slaves were captured in war

Were either sold back to their people or they were absorbed into a new African Society

By the early 1400’s, the Akan people acquire enslaved Africans to clear land and mine for gold Portuguese purchased slaves to work on sugar

plantations Europeans set up sugar plantations on

Mediterranean Islands and the West coast of Africa heavy manual labor and a large labor force= thousands

of slaves

Slave Trade in West Africa

http://premodeconhist.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/slave-caravans-on-the-road.jpg

THREE WORLDS MEETEuropean Cultures

Chapter 1Section 4

Collapse of Roman Empire

For centuries, the Roman Empire established economic and political stability After the collapse, Western Europe became

isolated from the world Trade declined, law and order vanished, and

money was no longer used Collapse led to the Middle Ages 500s-

1400s Feudalism-new political system where

powerful leaders gave power to nobles in exchange for their loyalty Led to frequent warfare in feudal society

Manorial System

Describes the economic relationship between nobles and peasants Peasants provided a variety of services for

their lords in return for protection Farmed land, took care of the livestock, hunted

for food, etc. Most peasants were serfs- people bound to

the land couldn’t leave without permission

European Society

Crusades From 1096-1270, European armies tried

to free the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks failed in this attempt, but their travels

brought trade (and disease) to Europe Two Major Effects:1. Created contact w/ Europeans and

Muslim/Byzantine Empire of Middle East2. Increased trade and created interest in

developing new trade routes

Expanding Horizons

Pope Urban II launched the Crusades Created an increase in trade in the

Mediterranean Linked Europeans with new trade

partners=Arabs, Mongols, Chinese, etc. Demand for new goods from the East= silk,

spices, gold, sugar, melons, tapestries, and other items

Collapse of Mongol Empire in 1500=decrease in goods from Asia European merchants and rulers wanted to

establish trade routes to Asia (bypassing the middle east)

Improving Economy

The economy of Europe began to improve in 1000 Two new inventions allowed for farmers to

produce more food1. Improved plow2. Horse collar- allowed farmers to uses horses

instead of oxen Created a surplus of food=revival of trade and

growth of cities

The Church

Helped create stability and order during the Middle Ages Church controlled local gov’t

Disobedience of church laws called for severe punishment Excommunication=kicked out of church

Took away rights as citizen

Strong States Emerge

Four nations rose to great power in the late 1400’s. France Spain Portugal England

Rose to power b/c of increase profits from trade

Renaissance Spurs Discovery

Renaissance= artistic and intellectual movement in Europe From 1350-1600 Means “Rebirth”, refers to Ancient Greek and Roman

worlds Helped trigger the Scientific Revolution

New Technology Astrolabe-used the position of sun to determine

direction, latitude, and local time Compass-device that showed the direction of magnetic

north Lateen sails-made it possible sail against the wind

(triangular sails) Caravel-new improved ship constructed by Portuguese

Portuguese Exploration

Portuguese=1st Europeans to find a sea route to Asia Henry the Navigator- setup a center for

astronomical and geographical studies (school for explorers) Invited mapmaker, astronomers, and shipbuilders

from all over Europe There they planned voyages of exploration

Bartolomeu Dias- sailed to the southern tip of Africa, Cape of Good Hope

Vasco da Gama- rounded the tip of Africa and landed in India Established first sea route to Asia