migration profiles...УДК 325 ББК 60.7 e93 experts involved in the development of the migration...

MIGRATION PROFILES:

KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

2012

УДК 325

ББК 60.7

E93

Experts involved in the development of the Migration Profile (in alpha-betical order):

Chudinovskih, Olga

Kydyrov, Talaibek

Madeyuyev, Ahmat

Manke, Marina

E93 Extended migration profile of the Kyrgyz Republic. — B.: — 101 p.

ISBN 978 - 9967 - 27 - 143 - 2

IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher.

© Mission of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in the Kyrgyz Republic, 2013

E 1805060000 - 13 УДК 325

ISBN 978 - 9967 - 27 - 143 - 2 ББК 60.7

3Extended Migration Profile of the Kyrgyz Republic

CONTENT

List of Figures ............................................................................................................4

List of Tables ..............................................................................................................7

Abbreviations and acronyms .....................................................................................10

Map and key facts .....................................................................................................11

Executive Summary ...................................................................................................12

A. Tendencies and characteristics of migration ...........................................................14

A 1. Foreign citizens in the Kyrgyz Republic ...........................................................14

A 2. Emigration .....................................................................................................25

A 3. Illegal immigration and crime ........................................................................30

A 4. Internal migration ..........................................................................................33

B. Impact of Migration ...............................................................................................35

B 1. Migration and Human Development ..............................................................35

B 3. Migration, Employment and Labour Market ...................................................42

B 4. Migration and social development .................................................................52

B 5. Migration and Health .....................................................................................56

C. Management of Migration .....................................................................................60

C 1. Legal and regulatory framework governing the sphere of migration and migration policy ..................................................................................................................60

C 2. The institutional framework ...........................................................................68

C 3. The policy framework ....................................................................................69

Annexes ....................................................................................................................71

Annex 1: The regulatory framework governing the sphere of migration .....................71

Annex 2: Statistical Data ............................................................................................74

4 Extended Migration Profile of the Kyrgyz Republic

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: The number of registered foreign nationals in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic ............................................................................................ 14

Figure 2: Number of foreign citizens arriving in Kyrgyzstan by country (estimates exclude arrivals for permanent residence, and staff), persons ...................................... 16

Figure 3: The number of tourists, persons ........................................................................ 17

Figure 4: Number of foreign students in the Kyrgyz Republic, persons ............................ 18

Figure 5: Percentage of foreign students from CIS and non-CIS countries, in% to the total number of foreign students in the Kyrgyz Republic ........................................... 19

Figure 6: The highest proportion of students from foreign countries, % ......................... 19

Figure 7: The highest proportion of students from the countries of the CIS, % ............... 20

Figure 8: The reason for selecting the KR as a place for education, % .............................. 20

Figure 9: Share of foreign women in educational institutions, the total number of foreign students (educational institutions of higher education), % ............................... 21

Figure 10: Share of foreign women in educational institutions, the total number of foreign students (educational institutions of secondary vocational education), % ........ 22

Figure 11: The number of refugees in the Kyrgyz Republic, in terms of gender, persons .........................................................................................................23

Figure 12: Number of departures from the KR, persons ................................................... 26

Figure 13: The emigration of the population by nationality, persons ............................... 26

Figure 14: Inflow of foreign population by nationality in Russia, thousands .................... 28

Figure 15: Number of Kyrgyz citizens with a permanent work permit, according to the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation, thousands ................... 28

Figure 16: Annual number of persons convicted of importation of workers - workers in the Kyrgyz Republic, persons ........................................................................ 31

Figure 17: Number of foreigners deported outside the Kyrgyz Republic, persons ........... 32


Figure 18: The number of foreigners who have committed administrative offenses, a person ........................................................................................................... 32

Figure 19: Internal migration in the Kyrgyz Republic, persons .......................................... 33

Figure 20: The population of the Kyrgyz Republic, persons .............................................. 35

Figure 21: Rate of population growth in the Kyrgyz Republic, % ...................................... 36

Figure 22: Birth and death rates (per 1,000 inhabitants) .................................................. 37

Figure 23: Children’s and infant mortality rates in the Kyrgyz Republic, persons ............. 38

Figure 24: Average monthly wage (the KR in comparison with the main countries of destination for workers - migrants), USD ......................................................... 39

Figure 25: GDP per capita (in the KR compared with the main countries of destination for migrant workers), USD ............................................................................40

Figure 26: Remittances of migrant workers (citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic), in % of GDP ....................................................................................................... 41

Figure 27: Remittances individuals, carried out through a system of transfers, USD, million ....................................................................................................... 42

Figure 28: Employment rate of the population aged 15 years and over by place of residence and sex, % .................................................................................... 43

Figure 29: Economically active population by level of education, persons ...................... 44

Figure 30: Structure of the employed population by economic activity in the main job, place of residence and sex, % (2011) ............................................................... 45

Figure 31: Employment in the formal and informal sectors (as a percentage of total employment) ........................................................................................ 46

Figure 32: Employment in the informal sector as % of total employment (2011) ........... 47

Figure 33: The number of unemployed persons registered with the employment services in the territory of residence, persons ................................................ 49

Figure 34: Unemployment rate at the age of 15 years and over by place of residence and sex, % ......................................................................................................... 49

Figure 35: The level of female unemployment, % of labour force .................................... 50

Figure 36: Unemployed persons aged 15 years and older by education, thousands ....... 51


Figure 37: Average monthly wage per employee and a living wage, som ........................ 52

Figure 38: Availability of durable goods in the household, number of 100 households .............................................................................................53

Figure 39: Level of poverty in urban and rural areas, % of poor ....................................... 54

Figure 40: The level of poverty in the territory, % ............................................................. 54

Figure 41: The Gini coefficient (by income) ....................................................................... 55

Figure 42: Acquisition of Russian citizenship by country of previous nationality, persons .............................................................................................................. 56

Figure 43: Interest in purchasing medical insurance policy, persons ................................ 58


LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The number of foreign nationals who arrived in the Kyrgyz Republic, the coun-tries (estimates exclude arrivals for permanent residence and staff) ..............74

Table 2. The number of foreign students in the Kyrgyz Republic from non-CIS countries, persons ................................................................................................................ 74

Table 3. The number of foreign students in the KR from the CIS countries, persons .... 75

Table 4. The number of refugees in the Kyrgyz Republic, persons ................................. 75

Table 5. International migration of population by age and sex in 2007-2011 (persons)...........................................................................................................76

Table 6. External migration of the population of the Kyrgyz Republic on the states of arrival (departure) 2007-2011, persons ............................................................. 79

Table 7. External migration of the population of the Kyrgyz Republic for 2007-2011, nationality, persons ............................................................................................. 81

Table 8. External migration of the population of the Kyrgyz Republic in 2007-2011 .....83

Table 9. The growth rate of emigration of citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic in 2006-2011 ...................................................................................................84

Table 10. Illegal immigration and crime ........................................................................84

Table 11. The number of foreign nationals who have been refused entry into the Kyrgyz Republic ........................................................................................84

Table 12. Key indicators of domestic migration .............................................................84

Table 13. The main demographic indicators of the Kyrgyz Republic .............................85

Table 14. The ethnic composition of the population of the Kyrgyz Republic ................86

Table 15. The number of births in the Kyrgyz Republic .................................................87

Table 16. The number of deaths in the Kyrgyz Republic ................................................87

Table 17. The maternal mortality rate (the number of women dying from complications of pregnancy, during and after childbirth) ..............................87

Table 18. Child mortality in Kyrgyzstan (aged 0-4 years) ...............................................88


Table 19. Infant mortality in the Kyrgyz Republic (under 1 year)...................................88

Table 20. Proportion of people with HIV infection with access to antiretroviral therapy (registered at the end of the year from among the citizens of Kyrgyzstan), the person ......................................................................................................88

Table 21. Key indicators of economic development ......................................................89

Table 22. The economically active population of the Kyrgyz Republic, thousands ........90

Table 23. Economically active population by level of education, thousands ................90

Table 24. Employment rate, % .......................................................................................90

Table 25. The employment rate of the population aged 15 years and older by age .....91

Table 26. The employment rate of the population aged 15 years and older by place of residence and sex, % ......................................................................................91

Table 27. The share of informal employment in total employment ..............................91

Table 28. The share of formal employment to total employment ................................92

Table 29. Employed population aged 15 and over by sex (thousands) .........................92

Table 30. Employment by economic activity, thousands of persons .............................. 92

Table 31. Employment by occupation ...........................................................................93

Table 32. The number of new jobs created by economic activity .................................94

Table 33. The number of new jobs created by the territory .........................................94

Table 34. The unemployment rate at the age of 15 years and older by place of residence and sex, % ......................................................................................95

Table 35. Unemployment rate by age, % .......................................................................95

Table 36. Key indicators of unemployment among women ..........................................95

Table 37. Unemployment rate by level of education .....................................................96

Table 38. The unemployment rate and the number of jobs created in the Kyrgyz Republic ........................................................................................96

Table 39: Number of unemployed registered with employment services in the territory of residence, persons ................................................................... 96

Table 40. Key indicators of living standards in the Kyrgyz Republic ...............................97


Table 41. Income of the population ..............................................................................99

Table 42. The average monthly salary of an employee and the amount of the subsistence minimum, som...........................................................................100

Table 43. The presence of durable goods in the household, number of 100 households .............................................................................................100

Table 44. The level of poverty in urban and rural areas, % of poor ..............................100

Table 45. The level of poverty in the territory, % .........................................................101

Table 46. Gini coefficient (by income) ..........................................................................101

Table 47. Medical examination of foreigners in the Kyrgyz Republic ...........................101


ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

CoAR - Code of Administrative Responsibility of Kyrgyz Republic

CC - Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic

CU - The Customs Union

DRP - Department of Population Registration at State Registration Service in the Kyrgyz Republic

EU - European Union

FMS - Federal Migration Services of the Russian Federation

GDP - GrossDomestic Product

ILO - International Labour Organization

IMF - International Monetary Fund

IOM - International Organizationfor Migration

KR - the Kyrgyz Republic

LABORSTA - International Labour Migration Statistics Database

MDG - Millennium Development Goals

MLMY - Ministryof Labour,Migration and Youth of the Kyrgyz Republic

MoE - Ministry of Economyof the Kyrgyz Republic

MoH - Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic

MoI - Ministry of Interior of the Kyrgyz Republic

NB - The National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic

NGO - Non-governmental organization

NSC - The National Statistics Committee of the KyrgyzRepublic

OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

RF - Russian Federation

RK - Republic of Kazakhstan

SRS - State Registration Service of the Kyrgyz Republic

UN - United Nations

UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees


Map and key facts

Totalterritory, in thousands of sq. km1. 199,9

Economy and development:

Gross domestic product per capita, in USD 2 2011 1127

GDP growth, %3 2011 106

Human development index4 2011 0.615

Population:

Overall size of population, people5,From them:Men Women

2011 5 477 620

2 703 6882 773 932

The number of foreigners, living in the country6 2011 474 (documented by residence permit)74690 (registered)74690 (registered)

International migration:

The number of immigrants per 1000 inhabitants, people

2011 13,63

Source: www.google.ru

1 According to NSC of KR 2 According to MoE of KR3 According to NSC of KR4 Human development index of countries of the world, 20115 According to NSC of KR(estimates at the beginning of the year)6 According to SRS7 Calculations are based on the data on size of population and registered foreign citizens in 2011.


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The report contains descriptions of key factors causing immigration and emigration, and an analysis of the existing regulatory frameworks.

According to the national labour market, the employment rate among the population of 60-years-old and over is growing. The annual employment growth rate for individuals be-tween 60 and 69 years-old on average during the review period amounted to 9 per cent, whereas for for individuals of 70 years of age and older, it amounted to 11 per cent.

These numbers indicate that low pensions force older individuals to seek additional ways to earn income to ensure an acceptable standard of living. The employment rate among younger individuals between 15-39 years old has decreased. For individuals between15-19 years old the growth rate has reduced to 7.3 per cent(6.6%for those between 20-29 years old). This shows that a significant number of young people choose migration.

Based on statistical data analysis, the increase in outflow of the younger population, who comprise the foundations of a functioning society and economy, is linked to Kyrgyzstan’s current economic situation.

Due to depopulation of remote regions and an increased number of depressed areas throughout the country, there is an uneven distribution between population and territory. In the future, in-country and inter-country migration in Kyrgyzstan may cause an acute shortage of high-skilled professionals, particularly in the south and other remote regions. The rapid growth of migrant workers’ remittances is estimated to make up almost ¼ of Kyrgyzstan’s GDP, according to experts. Calculations based on data provided by the Kyrgyz National Bank and the Ministry of Economy, show that in 2010 the share of remittances to GDP were 28.6 per cent (it increased by 1.4%in 2011). Unofficial statistics suggest that the increase in remittances may be linked to migrants’ use of informal channels of trans-fer, such as friends or relatives, instead of money transer services or banks. The country’s overall economic development, household income values and poverty reduction depend highly on the volume of remittances.

The Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan remain the most preferred coun-tries of destination for migrant workers. Possible political and economic changes these countries may experience, may also impact migration flows from Kyrgyzstan.

Qualified and educated migrant workers tend to work outside of their fields to fill labour market gaps for jobs deemed as unattractive to the host country’s local population.

Another tendency is related to migration flows of low-skilled workers to remote regions of countries of destination. Due to poor language skills and low education levels, they are easily coaxed by employers into accepting low-paid jobs. A large number of migrant


workers in Russia work in construction, trade, transportation and home repair, whereas in Kazakhstan they mainly work in tobacco, fruit and vegetable plantations.

Ilegal migrant workers from Kyrgyzstan are deprived of healthcare services, social benefits, access to education for their children, retirenment plansand other means that can ensure integration in the country of destination. According to reasearch, migrant workers’ poor living and working conditions have highly impacted their deteriorating health.

New strategies and mechanisms need to be developed for migration policies and pro-cesses to prevent negative impact on economic and social development.


А. TENDENCIES OF MIGRATION

А I. Foreign citizens in the Kyrgyz Republic

According to the Department of registration service at the State Registry in the period 2007-2011 333,556 foreign nationals were registered in the country, including in 2007 - 49,726 in 2008 - 77,585 in 2009 - 66,754 in 2010 - 64,801 in 2011 - 74690.

Figure 1. The number of registered foreign nationals in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic (persons)

Source: according to the Department of registration service

In 2011, 31,539 visas were extended to foreign nationals, including such countries as: Australia - 91, Afghanistan - 274 United Kingdom - 161, Germany - 370, Israel - 104, India - 1543, Indonesia - 48 Iran - 567, Italy - 45, Jordan - 84, Canada - 115, China - 16516, Republic of Korea - 1037, Nepal - 90, Nigeria - 52, UAE - 51, Pakistan - 2560, Syria - 136, USA - 570, Turkey - 3295, Turkmenistan - 749 Ukraine - 156, Uzbekistan - 2176 France - 119, Switzerland - 40, Sweden - 22, South Africa - 36, etc.

Issued visas:

• by category: business - 9530, labor - 8007, private - 6464, training - 6684, religious - 78 travel- 776;


• by types of multiplicities: one-off - 26040, twofold - 575 multiple - 4924.

• In 2010, residence permits have been documented for 532 foreign nationals, in 2011 - 447.

In general, it should be noted that Kyrgyzstan practically does not have a formulated policy in the area of immigration of population. With an annual growth rate of immigrants the governmental approach towards foreign nationals (illegal economic migrants) is confined to ensuring control and accounting of immigrants within established by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic’s labor quota. Thus, we can say that the state’s approach towards immigrants has a narrow focus. Availability and implementation of integration programs, especially in the border areas, could have allowed to resolve some of the problems associated with the coexistence of different communities8.

Immigration for employment purposes

In accordance with the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic’s decree dated April 25, 2012 № 259 «On the determination of quotas for labor migration, which sets the maximum number of foreign citizens and stateless persons arriving to the Kyrgyz Republic for the purpose of employment in economic sectors and regions of the Kyrgyz Republic on 2012” the size of the quota for 2012 was 12,864 people.

As of September 1, 2012, there were 9 meetings of the interdepartmental permit were held which considered 786 applications for foreign labor force (in 2011 there were 919 applications).

From all the applications 751 were admitted, based on which a quota was set for 8484 foreign specialists in the Kyrgyz Republic (including 1278 individual entrepreneurs in the markets), accounting for 66% of the approved by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic’s labor quota for 2012.

It should be noted that the foreign and joint ventures with foreign capital participation for 8 months of 2012 employed 28,000 citizens of Kyrgyzstan, including new jobs for the 1.5 thousands of local citizens created by foreign employers9.

It should also be noted that in 2011, more than 3,000 foreign nationals have passed medical examination to obtain a work permit in the Kyrgyz Republic (in comparison with 2007, this figure reduced by 65%)10.

In Kyrgyzstan, the majority of migrant workers are citizens of the People’s Republic of China, most of them are engaged in businesses, some individuals involved in agriculture, but also in the fields of medicine, construction, energy, education, trade and services. In second place - the citizens of Turkey, they are engaged in the same areas: construction, trade, education, and services. Citizens of the Republic of Korea are engaged in the fields of construction, mining production, education, consulting; citizens of Iran - in construction, trade and services; Pakistani citizens - in the areas of trade. The Russians are working in the communications industry and manufacturing. Over 50% of foreigners working in the city of Bishkek, a minority - in Issyk-Kul and Talas oblasts.11


Tourists and visitors

The number of foreign tourists and visitors from 2007 to 2011has increased by 47% (the highest percentage who arrived in Kyrgyzstan are those coming from Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan).

In 2011 tourists and visitors from Kazakhstan accounted for 46% of the total number of tourist arrivals, from Russia - 33%, from Uzbekistan - 13%.

In 2009 - 2010 years there was a decline in the flow of this group of citizens by 39%, in particular, the number of tourists and visitors from Uzbekistan decreased by 70%: this fact can be related to events that took place in the south of the country in June 2010.

Figure 2. The number of foreign nationals who arrived in the Kyrgyz Republic by country (estimates exclude arrivals a permanent place of residence and service personnel) (persons)

Source: according to the NSC

The flow of foreign tourists each year an average constitutes the number about 800,000 people.

8 Approaches to the development of the migration policy in countries of Central Asia and Europe (comparative analysis on the example of Kyrgyz Republic and Poland) 2012 9 CIS internet portal, www.e-cis.info10According to the data by the Republic Center “SPID”


Figure 3. The number of tourists (persons)


Immigration to get an education

According to the NSC in 2011 there were 54 universities and 126 secondary vocational schools. More than 50% of higher education institutions are concentrated in Bishkek.

The democratic orientation of the policy of Kyrgyzstan has allowed many neighboring countries to send their young people to study in vocational schools and universities. Kyr-gyzstan remains quite an attractive country for South-East Asia and some CIS countries for vocational training and higher education.

In general, the main reasons for the choice of Kyrgyzstan as a place for learning are the closest geographical location, relatively moderate tuition fees in comparison with Euro-pean countries, the U.S. and others, some linguistic kinship, common culture, etc.

11 www.gezitter.org, March 14, 2013. From the interview of Timur Saralaev, the chair of the public association “Coalition of the New Generation”: “Foreign investors force Kyrgyz citizens to be slaves of other nations”.


Figure 4. The number of foreign students in the Kyrgyz Republic (persons)

Source: Export of higher education services in the Kyrgyz Republic. The University of Central Asia. High School of Development. 2012 (according to the NSC)

Students from the CIS and non-CIS countries are arriving to study in Kyrgyzstan.

More than 70% of the total number of foreign students are students from CIS countries. Since 2007 there is a sharp decline of this indicator, the trend is mainly related to the sharp decline in students from Uzbekistan.


Figure 5. The percentage of foreign students from CIS and non-CIS countries (in % to the total number of foreign students in the Kyrgyz Republic)


Figure 6. The highest proportion of students from foreign countries (%)

Calculated based on data from the NSC


Figure 7. The biggest share of students from the CIS countries (%)

Source: Calculated based on data from the NSC

Figure 8. The reason for selecting KR as a place for education (%)

Source: Export of higher education services in the Kyrgyz Republic. The University of Central Asia. The High School of Development. 2012 (according to the poll of foreign students).


Low cost of education compared with other countries is the main reasons for the choice of Kyrgyzstan as a country for education. According to a survey conducted in 201212 , most of the students pointed out that the cost of tuition and living they carried themselves and, therefore, the amount of tuition plays an important role in the process of selecting the country as the place to get education.

In terms of gender, it should be noted that the proportion of foreign students - women from the CIS in higher education in the Kyrgyz Republic in the last 5 years has reduced.

Figure 9. The proportion of women foreigners in universities (% of the total number of foreign students)

Source: According to the NSC


Figure 10. The share of women foreigners in vocational institutions (% of the total number of foreign students)


Refugees in Kyrgyzstan

KR provides equal legal status to all refugees without discrimination on the grounds of sex, race, language, ethnicity, religion, age, political or other opinion, education, country of origin, property or other status, or other factors.

During 2012 measures were taken on the issue of refugees to implement the established procedures for registration and consideration of applications for refugee status, assistance in the implementation of durable solutions for refugees.

The number of refugees on the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic, as of January 1 of 2013, amounted to 137 people, including from Afghanistan - 131 people, and from other countries - 6 people.

Compared with the period of 2012 (175 refugees), the number of refugees has decreased by 38 people, in 2011 – by 68 people (205 refugees), in 2010 – by 102 people (239 refugees), in 2009 - by 119 people (256 refugees), in 2008 to 4.8 times (640 refugees), which is a

12 Export of higher education services in KR. The University of Central Asia. The High School of Development. 2012.


consequence of long-term measures to address the problems of refugees, mainly in the area of acquisition of citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic. The number of asylum seekers, now is 169 people13.

Figure 11. The number of refugees in Kyrgyzstan by sex (persons)

Source: According to the Ministry of labor, migration and youth of KR

In accordance with the 1951 UN Convention in relation to the status of refugees and to its 1967 Protocol, Kyrgyzstan has activities that are aimed at regulating the problems of refugees, which include:

1. Improving the legislation:

On March 25, 2002 the Law «On Refugees» was adopted, which based on the conclusion of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) fully complies with international standards.

In order to implement the provisions of the Governmental Decree dated April 4, 2003 № 188 the Regulation «On working with refugees» was approved.

In addition, in order to improve the legislation on refugees on March 17 of 2012 the Law «On Amendments to the Law On Refugees» was adopted. Currently steps are being taken to bring in line with it other normative acts.

Legislation on refugees includes the Law of KR «On Legal Status of Foreign Citizens» dated 14 December 1993, the Law «On the external migration» of 17 July 2000, the Law «On Citizenship» dated March 27, 2007 and other regulatory legal acts relating to human rights.


2. Addressing the refugee issues:

а) facilitating the voluntary repatriation of refugees to their homeland;

b) promote the integration of refugees into the local community, which includes measures to address the problems of citizenship, employment, education and health care.

In Kyrgyzstan the necessary conditions for life are created for the refugees: housing was provided, as well as plots of land for rental use, opportunity for education, health care and employment were provided.

One of the significant results of this activity is assistance for refugees to acquire citizenship. Thus, since 2002 more than 9000 people acquired the citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic, which is a unique experience in the international practice in the field of refugee problems.

In accordance with the Law «On Citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic» (Item 4 of the 2nd part of the Article 13), duration of residence on the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic, required for the handling of applications for citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic, for recognized refugees, reduced to 3 years.

On the basis of the aforementioned Act, as well as considering the proposal of the Commission on Citizenship under the President of the Kyrgyz Republic, decrees of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic dated March 30, 2013 petitions for citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic from 342 persons were satisfied

Problems of refugees and asylum seekers in the field of education were positively resolved. Acquiring secondary education for this group of people is based on the same rights as for citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic.

As for health care, the services in this area are provided with the assistance of UNHCR;

c) provision of resettlement to third countries.

UNHCR in Kyrgyzstan, taking into account the complexity of integration of specific categories of refugees, provides a refugee resettlement program in a third country. As a part of this program, since 2003 more than 1,900 refugees were relocated to other countries. Currently, this program is complete except for the relocation of Uzbek citizens seeking asylum;

g) measures to create the conditions for the reception of refugees.

With this aim, together with the UNHCR on the project of European Commission in 2008 a reception center for asylum seekers was opened, which is now operational. In total in 2008 – 2011 it hosted around 600 people.

13 According to MLMY of KR


3. Сooperation with the UNHCR.

The UNHCR Mission in the Kyrgyz Republic in its activity supports the authorized agency for refugees, as well as other government agencies and NGOs.

Given that the work on refugees is carried out in close collaboration and with the support of UNHCR worldwide, it is expected to continue to develop effective cooperation in order to ensure the protection of refugees in the framework of joint projects and programs14 .

А 2. Emigration

Socio-economic, political and civilizational changes in the former Soviet space have had a significant impact on the development of the economic system, the structure of the labor market, the level of living of the population in the countries of the region. This process has led not only to the polarization of the population in terms of income and consumption structure in countries internally, but has also led to an increase in the gap in economic development between the countries. As a result, one of the characteristic features of the period is the increased migration processes. Migration mobility of the population was a reflective protective mechanism of adaptation to the new stage of social and economic transformation.

The average annual number of emigrants is more than 40,000 people15. In general, according to various government agencies, research results and experts’ assessments, the number of migrant workers is about 500,000 people16 .

The process of labor migration in Kyrgyzstan has started in the mid -90s of the last century, when people of the country the main source of income was spontaneous shuttle business as a kind of commercial migration. In the early 2000s due to economic difficulties in Kyrgyzstan there is a natural process of growth of export of labor among the major ethnic group.

The following dynamics is observed: in 1994-1997 migration reached about 200 thousand Kyrgyz, for the period from 2000 to 2004 the proportion of the Kyrgyz, who left the country, was 7.2% of all departures, from 2002 to 2006 - 16,7%, from 2006 to 2009 - 41.5% of the number of migrant workers left, for the period 2010-2011 - 38,95%. Based on an analysis of NSC’s data it should be noted that in recent years (since 2007), there is a tendency, when ethnic Kyrgyz the first largest ethnic group, migrating out of the country.

14 CIS Internet portal, www.e-cis.info15 According to NSC of KR16 According to the Department of external migration of MFA of KR13 According to MLMY of KR


Figure 12. The number of departed from the KR (persons)


Figure 13. The emigration of the population by ethnicity (persons)



The main reason for the citizens of Kyrgyzstan to work in the CIS and other countries, according to the study17 are the following factors:

1) the socio-economic instability (unemployment and low living standards of the population);

2) political instability in Kyrgyzstan.

The trend of growth in labor migration is caused only by the need to earn and improve their financial situation, to buy a home, to provide family necessary.

Typically, migrant workers abroad, possessing a high level of skills, having higher education, work outside their specialty to fill any gap in the labor market in the host country, which is not attractive to the local population. However, the present situation is characterized by a tendency, when the basis for migration forms unskilled labor force from remote regions of the country, from among persons who have a poor command of Russian language, do not know the laws of the host country, and as a result of which they are employed on low-paid jobs.

The main areas of work of Kyrgyzstanis in Russia - trade, construction, transportation, repair of premises, services, and in Kazakhstan, our citizens are employed in tobacco, and fruit and vegetable plantations.

According to the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation, the flow of our citizens is growing, while the share of Kyrgyzstan in the general flow of foreigners residing in Russia amounted to 8.6% in 2007 and 11.6% - in 2011

At the same time, the number of Kyrgyz citizens with a permanent work permit, does not have a clear trend, but the overall dynamics for period analyzed (2007 -2011 years.) shows a decline of this category. This parameter depends on the combination of a variety of factors, including the policy of Russia in relation to migrant workers from Central Asia, particularly from Kyrgyzstan.

17 Analytic report on research “Conditions and the state of social rehabilitation of labor migrants – citizens of Kyrgyz Republic upon return to the homeland”, International Institute for Strategic Studies of KR, 2007


Figure 14. The influx of foreign population by ethnicity in Russia (thousands)

Source: O. Chudinovskikh, OECD Russia Sopemi Report for 2012

Figure 15. The number of Kyrgyz citizens with a permanent work permit, according to the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation (thousands of persons)



As the study shows18 the most important reason which motivates people with a high level of education and qualifications to accept non-prestigious forms of work are relatively high wages in the host country. The main reason for the migration of highly skilled specialists is the awareness of the situation of hopelessness and lack of demand in the domestic market. At the same time, we must recognize that during the formation of the market the structure of the economy has been significantly changed, which required different profes-sions and a different level of training. The consequence of this process was jobs which were freed and rising unemployment.

At the same time, the analysis of migration processes has revealed a characteristic feature: the Kyrgyz labor migration is limited by, on the one hand, the shortage of skilled profes-sionals needed for the development of the economy, especially the local labor markets, on the other hand – by redundant labor force generated by the current system of education, «not consumable» in the economy of the country.

According to the Ministry of Education and Science, one in five Kyrgyz university gradu-ates cannot find work in their field19. In 2006, unemployment among young professionals has increased by a third. The consequence of this process was the rising unemployment rate and the released jobs. A key element in resolving the problem lies in the reform of the higher education system, reanimation of the system of vocational training in order to increase the competitiveness of labor resources from Kyrgyzstan.

During the period from 2007 to 2011 the total number of emigrants of working age ac-counted for 85%. The sharp increase in this category of persons was noted in 2007, when their numbers in the total mass of immigrants was 85.6%. This significantly reduces the working-age population and leads to the loss not only of skilled professionals involved in the business, construction, energy sector, teachers, doctors, teachers and administrative personnel, but also the loss of the active and the human resources.

At the same time, it should be noted that in the past decade, the number of women in the migration process exceeded the number of men: women make up 53% of migrant workers. The nature of the manifestation of migration moods, depending on the level of education, suggests that the number of foreign migrant workers in different years of the period from 12.5% to 19.5% had higher education, specialized vocational education - 16, 8% to 23.4%, and secondary basic education - from 28.2% to 52.3%.

18 Analytic report on research “Conditions and the state of social rehabilitation of labor migrants – citizens of Kyrgyz Republic upon return to the homeland”, International Institute for Strategic Studies of KR, 200719 «Upload. Kyrgyzstan loses qualified personnel « 11.05.2006, Kabar


А 3. Illegal immigration and crime

The current situation in the interstate migration is mostly negative due to the of wide-spread illegal immigration, emigration and human trafficking, which is one of the destabi-lizing factors for the economic and social development.

According to the information-analytical center of the Ministry of Interior on the Article 124 of the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic «Trafficking in persons» in 2008 there were 25 criminal cases, in 2009 - 25, in 2010 - 13, in 2011 - 9, and in the 1st quarter of 2012 - 2 cases. The data is not disaggregated by sex, and to determine the proportion of women victims of trafficking or of findings is not possible. At the same time, in 2010-2011 public authorities, in partnership with non-governmental and international organizations were able to bring back home 700 victims, including victims of sexual exploitation - 30%. In gen-eral, among the victims of human trafficking the proportion of women is 40%.

Since 2008 with the support of the International Organization for Migration in Kyrgyzstan in all areas of the country free telephone «hot line» (189) was set to prevent human traf-ficking. During the period from 2009 to 2011 36,000 calls were made to the «hot line», including on issues of migration, illegal export, trafficking in human beings.

Measures to combat violence against women, human trafficking, exploitation, prostitu-tion, remain largely unfulfilled, despite the developed action plans, because so far the state budget of the Kyrgyz Republic does not provide funds for such items20 .

According to the Ministry of Interior of the Kyrgyz Republic during 2007 - 2011 there were 298 illegal immigration facts identified based on which 46 criminal cases were opened under the Article 204-I21 of the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic. For violation of the rules of residence and employment for the same period in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic 17,496 foreigners were identified, of whom 1,856 persons were expelled from the KR by the court decision. 15640 foreign nationals were brought to administrative re-sponsibility for violation of the rules of stay in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic and were fined for more than 4,290,880 soms. Overall, from 2007 to 2011, the number of foreign nationals who have committed crimes in the country has increased by 22%.

In 2011 there 167 cases of illegal crossing of the state border were revealed, and on 52 criminal cases were filed, for the rest of the facts there was the decision to bring to ad-ministrative responsibility. For violation of the rules of residence and work in the territory

20 According to the decree of the Government of KR “On the 4th periodic review of» KR on implementation of the norms of the UN Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women” dated December 31, 2012 # 87221 Article 204-1 CC of KR «Organizing illegal migration». Organizing illegal migration by ways of providing with transportation or fake documents, or living or another dwellings as well as by providing citizens other services for illegal entry, exit or moving on the territory of Kyrgyz Republic


of the Kyrgyz Republic there were 2612 foreign nationals identified, and 259 people from them were deported from the country, some of them with the payment of an administra-tive fine.

Among the above-mentioned 259 foreigners deported 129 were citizens of Uzbekistan, 44 – China, 34 - Tajikistan, 17 - Turkey, 10 – Pakistan, and 6 of Kazakhstan and Russia each, 4 - Nigeria 3 - Turkmenistan, 2 – Sri-Lanka, 1 - from Syria, Canada , Palestine and Serbia each. 2,353 foreign nationals were brought to administrative responsibility for violation of the rules of residence and work in the territory of the country and were fined for 1,336,300 soms.

For violation of the rules of engagement and use a KR of the foreign labor 13 Kyrgyz citi-zens were brought to administrative responsibility under Article 75-1 of the Code of the Kyrgyz Republic on Administrative Responsibility22 and were fined a total of 32,500 soms, 6 people - according to the Article 39123 were fined for 6,000 soms, and 3 business enter-prises were fined for 6,000 soms.

Figure 16. The annual number of persons convicted for bringing migrant workers to the Kyrgyz Republic


22 Article 75-1 CoAR of KR «Violation of the procedure of inviting and using foreign labor force in the Kyrgyz Republic ».23 Article 391 CoAR of KR «Violation by administrative personnel of the receiving organization, by individuals and legal entities, who invited foreign citizens or stateless people to Kyrgyz Republic of the established rues of stay of foreign citizens and stateless people».


Figure 17. The number of foreigners deported from outside the Kyrgyz Republic (persons)

Source: according to MOI of KR

Figure 18. The number of foreigners who have committed administrative offenses (persons)

Source: according to MoI of KR (2008 data not shown).


The number of foreign nationals who have been refused entry to the KR while trying to cross the border through the established checkpoints in the last 5 years reduced on average by 35%.

А 4. Internal migration

There are two main strands in the development of the internal migration of the popula-tion of the Kyrgyz Republic - inter-regional and intra-regional travel. The existing disparity in development between urban and rural areas, regional centers and remote regions lead to increased internal migration processes.

Migration growth within the country is observed in Chui oblast and Bishkek, while the other regions continue to lose population. The share of the population living in the capital, accounts for nearly half of the urban population and 16% of the total population of the country.

However, according to the Household Budget Survey 2011, 9% of the population of Bish-kek who arrived here in the last 10 years from other parts of the country do not have the registration in the capital, which is one of the reasons for lack of access to social welfare, education services and health care (in 98% of those not registered Bishkek lack private houses/apartments).

Figure 19. Internal migration in the Kyrgyz Republic (persons)



It should be noted that the official statistics does not cover all migrant workers (not only domestic, but also traveling outside the country) due to the fact that many of them do not resort to the procedure of in- and out-registration, making it difficult to estimate their total number, in particular this concerns external migrant workers.


В. IMPACT OF MIGRATION

В I. Migration and Human Development

The change in the population is affected by the natural increase of the population, which is formed under the influence of changes in fertility and mortality rates and the level of migration. The dynamics of growth of the birth rate is due to increase in the contribution of birth of the first child in a row in the final number of the newborn.

Figure 20. The population of the Kyrgyz Republic (persons)


Since the migration balance for the past five years was characterized by a significant excess of emigrants over immigrants, population growth is only due to natural growth. In 2011, the growth of the country›s population was 1.4%.


Figure 21. The rate of population growth in the Kyrgyz Republic (%)


There is an increase in the birth rate, the highest peak in the analyzed period is observed in 2010 (7.8% compared to 2009). At the same time the birth rate in rural areas is higher than in urban areas: the birth rate in rural areas increased by 23.3% in urban areas - 18.1%.

However, the mortality rate tends to decrease, both in rural and urban areas. Nationwide, the number of deaths over 5 years decreased by 5.9%.


Figure 22. Birth and death rates (per 1,000 inhabitants)


The greatest concern is the children›s and infant mortality, despite the fact that the num-ber of deaths of children and infants falling from year to year, but the mortality rate re-mains high. In the republic mortality among children under 5 years fell by 15.9%, infants mortality - by 16.5%.

However, there is an increase in maternal mortality: since 2007 the maternal mortality has increased by 28.1%. In the rural areas the figure is many times (on average three times) higher than the rate of maternal mortality in the cities.


Figure 23. Child and infant mortality in the Kyrgyz Republic (persons)


ВIn general, the current situation in Kyrgyzstan is characterized by the deterioration of the demographic situation in the country due to the outflow of young people and middle-aged population, which is the basis for the functioning of the social system.

These processes lead to the depopulation of remote regions of the country and spontaneous uneven distribution of population in the territory, increase in the number of depressed areas.

В 2. Migration and Economic Development

The lack of stability of socio-economic processes inevitably leads to increased labor migra-tion.

Current demographic and migratory trends are a reflection of «irregularities» in the socio-economic development of the country, changes in its political situation. As a result, the current trends of population development have a negative impact on various sectors of the economy and, in general, on the current socio-economic situation, determining its outcome in the long run.

For example, according to the Ministry of Health of KR, in 2012 there were 1,365 doctors and 3,901 nurses with specialist education who came to work to medical institutions, and 1,278 physicians and 3,068 specialists with secondary medical education left the institu-tions, including 105 doctors and 312 specialists with secondary medical education who


left the country. The lowest supply of health professionals is observed in remote areas of the country. The main reasons for the reluctance of health workers to work in rural areas remain poor infrastructure in the regions, limited opportunity for professional growth and unsettled living conditions.

The major economic factors that affect the process of labor migration are:

- a different level of economic development, which entails a different level of average wages, migrant workers move from countries with lower standards of living to a country with a high standard of living, i.e., with higher levels of income and GDP per capita

- dissatisfaction with living conditions;

- a high level of unemployment in the country that makes people look for work abroad.

The main countries of destination for migrant workers from Kyrgyzstan are the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to the statistics of these countries, the average monthly wage in Russia and Kazakhstan, on average, more than 3 times higher than in Kyrgyzstan. GDP per capita is also many times more than in Kyrgyzstan. In general, one of the negative effects of emigration is the outflow of the workforce in most working age («brain drain»).

However, it should be noted that the country exporting labor, to some extent is getting a payment back for such exports in the form of remittances sent back home by migrant workers. In addition, there is reduced pressure of surplus labor, less social tensions, and migrant workers acquire new professional knowledge and skills that can be applied by them upon their return.

Figure 24. The average monthly wage in KR compared with the main countries of destination of workers – migrants (USD)

Source: Calculated based on data from the NSC of KR, the Russian Statistical Yearbook, the Statistics Agency of RK


Figure 25. GDP per capita in the KR compared with the main countries of destination of workers – migrants (USD)

Source: Calculated based on data from the NSC of KR, the Russian Statistical Yearbook, the Statistics Agency of RK

Remittances individuals made through the transfer system are steadily growing with each year. It should be noted that this figure could be much higher due to the fact that a certain percentage of remittances may be sent home through informal channels - through friends, relatives, carried by a migrant worker.


Figure 26. Remittances of migrant workers - citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic (% of GDP)

Source: Calculated based on data from the National Bank and Ministry of Economy of the Kyrgyz Republic

Thus, it should be openly recognized that the external labor migration is formatted in one of the segments of the economy of the Kyrgyz Republic.

At the expense of workers:

• there are improvements of the standard of living of households of migrant workers who provide financial support to their families;

• consumption patterns are changing, population improve their living conditions. A proportion of savings goes to education;

• part of the money spent on the development of small businesses, the conditions for entrepreneurial activity;

• at the same time, the income of migrant workers allow them to provide charitable assistance aimed at the development of local areas (small «Homeland»), which is expressed in the construction or repair of public facilities (schools, kindergartens), opening small businesses (shops, sewing shops)24 .

24 Analytic report on research “Conditions and the state of social rehabilitation of labor migrants – citizens of Kyrgyz Republic upon return to the homeland”, International Institute for Strategic Studies of KR, 2007


Figure 27. Remittance flows formal money transfer systems (USD million)

Source: According to the National Bank of Kyrgyz Republic. Without revaluation of National Bank; Anelik, Blizko, Contact, Migom, MoneyGram, Western Union, Unistream, Golden Crown, Leader, Fast Mail, Allure and other transfer systems and transfers through the State Enterprise «Kyrgyzpochtasy»

Appearance of discrimination against foreigners, ethnic hostility, resentment of the indig-enous population, the emergence of elements of social tensions can be attributed to the negative aspects associated with the import of labor. As migration has both positive and negative aspects for the countries of origin and countries of destination of migrant work-ers, the public authorities should work to eliminate the negative effects of this phenom-enon, providing recommendations to address the problems for all parties involved.

В 3. Migration, Employment and Labour Market

The labor market, the general characteristics and outcomes for migrant workers

There is an increase in the number of economically active population in Kyrgyzstan for the analyzed period The greatest increase in the number of economically active population occurred among people with secondary (general) education (by 85.2 thousand in 2011 compared to 2007).


Figure 28. The employment rate of the population aged 15 years and over by place of residence and sex (%)


In conditions of a low standard of living of the population, activities that bring a quick profit and, as a rule, do not require a high level of education and skills are popular (demanded). A transition of skilled workers to better paying but less-skilled jobs, as well as the «brain drain» abroad, is on the rise. Youth is more oriented not on education and skilled trades, but on the high-paid, sometimes primitive activities. This is no accident: workers of skilled labor were both on the level of payment and on the possible employment are one of the most vulnerable social groups25.

25«Labor market and social policy in Central and Eastern Europe: transition period and further development», Vaclav Havel, Prague, 1994


Figure 29. Economically active population by level of education (persons)


Kyrgyzstan has a tendency for the distribution of the employed population by areas, which reflects the trend of the economy. Thus, employment growth is observed in those industries which have more significant shares of GDP: construction, mining, trade, services, financial sector. In recent years, the provision of services for the household is becoming more popular and is in demand among the population, which is reflected in the increase of the employed population in the service sector double (within five years by 15.2 thousand people). In this connection the main trends in the labor market at present can be identified:

• during the period of 2007-2011 the number of employees in enterprises and organizations has increased by 5.8%. At the same time there is an increase of employment in the mining sector by 27.5%, in construction - by 21.3%

• the tendency to reduce the population engaged in agriculture remains: from 2001 to 2005 the number of employed (farmer) farms decreased by 10.1 thousand people, from 2007 to 2011 – by 41.9 thousand people

• there is a decline in employment in the health sector. For example, from 2001 to 2005, the number of medical personnel decreased by 10%. Over the period 2007 - 2011 years employment in health care has decreased by 8.9%. At the same time the number of medical organizations decreases too. In particular, the number of hospitals in 2005 decreased by 41%. A particularly acute problem of hiring doctors


in remote areas of the country. Here the number of physicians in 2005 were less than 10 specialists for 10,000 people.

• at the same time, it should be noted that workers professions are in the greatest demand: in the analyzed period the number of skilled workers in various industries, increased by 11%, or 40 million people, the number of unskilled workers - by 58.4%, or 94.3 thousand people

• at the same time there an increase of the number of workers hired by private citizens and in service provision, in particular, the provision of services by hotels and restaurants (2 times).

Traditionally there is an excess of number of women employed in education, health, trade, manufacturing, hotels and restaurants. However, there is a tendency to an increase in women’s employment in sectors such as public administration and finance.

Figure 30. The structure of the employed population by economic activity in the main job, place of residence and sex (%, 2011)

The following trend is noted - increasing the employment rate of the older population in the category of 60 years and older. At the same time an annual growth rate of employment of the population aged 60-69 years on average for the period under review amounted to 9%, in the category of the population aged 70 years and older – 11%.


This situation indicates that the low level of pensions leads to the need by the older gen-eration to seek additional income that would provide an acceptable standard of living.

However, the employment rate among young and middle-aged (15-39 years) is reduced: by 7.3% in the category of 15-19 years and 6.6% in the category of 20-29 years. It is as-sumed that a significant number of young people involved in the migration process.

One cannot underemphasize the trend of the post-Soviet economies, including in Kyrgyz-stan – the number of employed people in the informal sector, many times more than the population employed in the formal sector.

Figure 31. Employment in the formal and informal sectors of the Kyrgyz Republic (as a percentage of total employment)


At the same time the employment of women in the informal sector to total employment was 64.3% (604 thousand), men - 74.7% (999.9 million).


Figure 32. Workers in the informal sector as % of total employment (2011)


It should be noted that employment among the rural population exceeds the employment rate of the urban population. This may reflect the fact that in rural areas there are only those remain who have a stable income that allows to provide an acceptable standard of living. Unemployed population flows into the city, on the one hand increasing the burden on the labor market in the informal sector, on the other hand, swelling the ranks of the unemployed.

The statistics also shows a systematic decrease in employment among women. On the whole, employment growth is supported by employment growth among men, which can be explained by the development in recent years of mining and construction sectors.

However, it should be noted that the greatest demand is for workers’ professions - during the analyzed period, the number of skilled workers in various industries, increased by 11%, or 40 million people, the number of unskilled workers - by 58.4%, or by 94.3 thousand people.

At the same time the number of people employed in agriculture has declined by 6% (40.3 million people). In addition to this, in 2010 - 2011 years marked increase in the number of new jobs created in the industrial sector, trade, services, hotel and restaurant business, education, transport and communications.

Over the last few years there is a significant rate of growth the population of working age (from 3 million 96 thousand, or 59.0% of the total population - in early 2007, to 3 million 384 thousand, or 61.0 % - at the beginning of 2012). This trend is due to the completion of this age category by young people the mid-1980’s, early 1990’s date of birth, when there was a baby boom.


Thanks to the growth of the number of persons of working age, declining dependency ratio (the ratio of non-productive population, ie younger and older than working age by 1000 the population of working age), who composed at 640 people the beginning of 2012.

The excessive concentration of the population in some few centers and urban areas, having socio-economic, territorial and infrastructural and communication constraints leads to overcrowding, increased social tensions and problems in their labor markets. Therefore, among the most urgent problems of the Kyrgyz Republic at the present stage is the migration situation which becomes more acute.

The unemployment rate

The number of unemployed according to the labor force survey in 2011 amounted to 212.4 thousand, of which 52% were men and 48% - women. In 2007-2011, a more tense situation was observed in the labor market in the cities where the unemployment rate was 10.4%, while in rural areas it was only 7.5%. The extent of unemployment among women (9.9%) was greater than among men (7.6%). In addition, according to data describing fe-male unemployment from 2009 to 2011, there has been a tendency of decreasing the level of this index as a percentage of the labor force.

The high unemployment level among the population is noted in the age group 15-29 years. Since 2007 the youth unemployment rate increased by 21% in the category of 15-19 years and 33.3% in the category of 20-29 years. It should be noted that the growth in the num-ber of unemployed youth in the rural areas higher than in urban areas. In the villages in 2011 the growth rate compared to 2007 was 38% in urban areas - 21.7%, which explains the involvement in the process of labor migration of a large number of rural youth.


Figure 33. The number of unemployed persons registered with the employment services bythe territory of residence (persons)


Figure 34. The unemployment rate at 15 years and older by sex (%)



Figure 35. Women’s unemployment rate (% of labor force)


ВAt the same time, as the data in the NSC shows, the number of unemployed people with work experience is much greater than the number of unemployed with no work experience. This trend shows several features of economic development of the Kyrgyz Republic:

• the modern period of development of the economy of Kyrgyzstan aims to attract the mass of unskilled labor; collision is in the fact that the priority sectors of the economy are those that require the development of new professions and specialties, qualifications;

• the growth of informal employment/self-employment;

• the education system prepares specialists in isolation from the needs of the labor market

It should be noted that the difference is decreasing from year to year. So, if in 2007 the number of unemployed people with work experience exceeded the number of unemployed with no work experience is 57.2 thousand people, in 2011 this difference reached 35.4 thousand people.


Figure 36. Unemployed people aged 15 years and older by education (in thousands)


To improve the competitiveness of the unemployed in the labor market, taking into ac-count the needs of the labor market for labor in certain occupations, the employment services on 1 January 2013 sent 6.5 thousand people for vocational training, which is 24% less than in 2012.

Education of unemployed people was conducted mainly in the professions that are in de-mand in the labor market: welder, driver, barber, computer operator, accountant, cook, seamstress, administrative assistant, electrician, tractor driver.

There are micro-credits to unemployed citizens which are given in order to create new jobs in the labor market through the development of small and medium-sized businesses. On 1 January 2013, the regional micro-credit agencies of the Ministry of Labor, Migration and Youth of the Kyrgyz Republic gave micro-credits to 4.4 thousands unemployed citi-zens, which is 2.2 more than the figure in 2011. As a result of utilizing micro-credits unem-ployed people organized sewing factories, the production of folk crafts, mini-mills, trade and public catering, domestic services (maintenance services), companies for car repairs, agriculture (growing cattle, sheep and cattle farming) and etc26 .

26 According to the Ministry of labor, migration and youth of KR


В 4. Migration and social development

The living conditions and poverty

According to statistics from the NSC, the past years have seen the growth of the main indicators of the standard of living of the population.

Figure 37. The average monthly salary of an employee and the level of the subsistence minimum (soms)


The well-being of the population is also characterized by a tendency to purchase durable goods in the household. For example, during the period under review there is a significant increase of purchase of cell phones, in 2011 the figure was 137 units per 100 households.


Figure 38. Availability of durable goods in the household (units per 100 households)


Despite the positive dynamics of the living conditions, they still have a major impact on the dynamics of migration processes. The desire to improve the quality of life, to increase revenues, still is among the main causes of migration, both internal and external.

Currently there is still a between asset owners, in particular, depending on the territory. Thus, the level of poverty in rural areas is higher than in urban areas.

The Kyrgyz Republic is an interesting case study in terms of the prosperity gap because of obvious and long-standing differences between the regions, and rural and urban areas of the country despite the economic growth and overall poverty reduction (World Bank, 2011). The differences in the level of well-being are particularly noticeable among the growing capital city of Bishkek and other regions of the country. For example, the poverty rate in the Naryn region is 50% compared to 18% in the capital27.

27 Regional differences in the level of wellbeing of population of Kyrgyz Republic. Aziz Atamanov (World Bank), April, 2013


Figure 39. The level of poverty in urban and rural areas (% of poor)


Figure 40. The poverty rate by the territory (%)



One of the best known and most widely used measures of inequality is the Gini coefficient, the value of which ranges from 0 to 1, describing the distribution of income among the population in the range of perfectly uniform (G = 0) to completely unequal (G = l). As can be seen from the following chart, the figure is growing in the country since 2008.

Figure 41. The Gini coefficient (by income)


Issues of increasing welfare gains and poverty reduction (particularly in rural areas) should occupy a key place in the process of social development, which includes not only the pro-vision of opportunities for decent employment and education, but also to receive quality health care services, and the protection of vulnerable groups of the population most af-fected by poverty.


В 5. Migration and Health

Migrant workers from Kyrgyzstan with irregular status and their families in the host country (Kazakhstan and Russia) find themselves outside of the system for social services: health care, social benefits and guarantees, access to education for migrant children, pensions, services on social adaptation in the country of destination. One of the solutions for these issues is to acquire the citizenship of the country of labor migration, which includes among other things, the possibility to have a full access to social services.

Figure 42. The acquisition of Russian citizenship by country of previous nationality (persons)


Analysis of statistics and research studies enables to see the major health problems that affect migrant workers from Kyrgyzstan, based on living conditions and the area of employment:

• injury,

• gastro-intestinal tract,

• cardiovascular disease,

• infectious diseases,


• dental disease,

• urological diseases.

СIt should be noted that the dynamics of mortality of migrants, including by reason of diseases, is increasing. The below table shows the official data registered in the Center of employment of citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic.

It can be assumed that the actual situation is many times more than the official statistics. The number of deaths of migrant workers who worked in Russia amounted to 70 people in 2010 and 90 people in 2011. The age group with the major percentage (29%) of died workers – 22-30 years.

In this context, the relevant coverage of migrant workers with health insurance, life insur-ance, accident insurance is the relevant issue. Understanding the risks, the bulk of migrant workers from Kyrgyzstan are willing to buy an insurance policy.

However, there are at least two key factors that prevent to use this right: the first is the situation of workers - migrants with an unregulated status, the second - the availability of insurance. According to Russian researchers, «... many migrant workers chose not to be insured because of the lack of appropriate information on private health insurance and its high cost for most of them. Moreover, the amount of insurance depends on the degree of risk of trauma and the type of work where migrant workers are employed»28. The results of the survey show that 50% of migrant workers are willing to pay for the insurance of 1,500 rubles.

Causes of death migrants working abroad (Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Korea) 2010 - 2011 years.

28 «Issues of providing medical assistance to foreign citizens and stateless people in Russian Federation». Proceedings of the working group on medical and social issues of labor migrants for 2010.


Causes of death 2010 г. 2011 г.

Diseases 22 23

Accidents 22 14

Murders 6 7

Traffic accidents 5 14

Suicides 3 4

Not determined 13 32

Total: 71 94

From total died worked in Russia 70 90

Source: The report on activities to compensate for the costs of delivery to the home corps of citizens who died abroad during the period of their employment in 2010-2011. The Center for Employment of the Kyrgyz Republic

Figure 43. Interest in purchasing medical insurance medical (persons)

Source: «The issues of provision of medical assistance to foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Russian Federation.» Proceedings of the working group on health and social problems of migrant workers for 2010. Moscow 2011.


One cannot underemphasize the feature which is characteristic to migrants from Kyrgyz-stan. In case of need for health care services, migrant workers prefer to go to their compa-triots working in the health system29 . According to a study conducted in 2011 by the Cen-ter for Migration Studies «Women - migrants from the CIS countries in Russia»: «among women workers the most widespread diseases are sexually transmitted infections, in sec-ond place - tuberculosis, and the last – HIV, 100 thousand). At the same time, HIV infection is less prevalent among migrants than among the Russian citizens number of new cases of detection of antibodies to HIV in 2009 was among the Russian citizens 229.4 per 100,000 of the population surveyed, and among foreign nationals - 149.6 per 100,000 foreigners surveyed. Thus, migrants often «imported» to us tuberculosis and probably sexually trans-mitted dieseases, and «take out» HIV».

It should also be noted that many migrants return to Kyrgyzstan from Russia›s northern regions with advanced disease (severe inflammation of the lungs, Koch›s bacillus), which is a consequence of unusual cold weather, crowding in sleeping areas, unsanitary and unhealthy diet. As noted in the local migration services, a significant portion of migrant workers are hired to work without complying with the relevant legal provisions, and does not have any kind of legal and social protection on the spot30.

As for the medical care of foreign citizens on the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic, accord-ing to the order of Ministry of Health dated August 7 of 2000 # 257, medical assistance to foreign nationals who are in the Kyrgyz Republic is provided only by public hospitals, which are included in the list approved by the Governmental Decree of 15 June 2000 № 346 «On medical services to foreign citizens» (25 institutions).

In the case of appeal to the services of an interpreter, it is paid by a foreign citizen. For ev-ery foreign patient a medical record is put in an official language on forms approved by the Ministry of Health, the diagnosis and the prescription drugs are written in Russian or Latin.

The hospital management and organization, which employs a citizen, should be informed about foreign citizen’s treatment. According to the Intergovernmental agreements the diplomatic staff of the embassies of Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan and Turkey served free of charge in healthcare organization of the Office of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic. Ad-ministrative and technical staff of the above mentioned embassies is served free of charge in the territorial polyclinics.

Monitoring the quality of medical assistance to foreign nationals is assigned to the Minis-try of Health.

29 From the study «The need for introduction of social insurance of labor migrants, as a factor of protection of interests of citizens of Kyrgyzstan in the country of labor migration» National Institute of Strategic Studies, The Employment Center 2012. 30 «Doctors in the south concerned with the health condition of labor migrants», information portal www.kginform.com, 26.11.12


С. MIGRATION MANAGEMENT

С I. Legal and regulatory framework governing the sphere of migration and migration policy

During 2012, work on the improvement of the regulatory framework in the field of regula-tion of migration processes continued. In particular, with the aim to implement the laws of the Kyrgyz Republic «On the external migration» and «On the external labor migration» the following resolutions of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic were developed and subsequently adopted:

«On the determination of quotas for labor migration, which sets the maximum number of foreign citizens and stateless persons arriving to the Kyrgyz Republic for the purpose of employment by economic sectors and regions of the Kyrgyz Republic for 2012» dated April 25, 2012 # 259;

«On approval of the immigration quota for 2012» from dated 25 June 2012 # 439.

Later on June 27, 2012 the size of the immigration quota for 2012 WAS approved by the Parliament of KR.

Attempts have been made to develop standardized procedures for the provision of ser-vices to the citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic going abroad for employment. Development of standards and administrative regulations on the provision of services to citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic going abroad for employment will significantly allow migrant workers to receive better service, and also to be able to evaluate its quality. In addition, the introduc-tion of standards and administrative regulations, would greatly contribute to the employ-ment of migrant workers through the centers and agencies, as this will ensure safety for employment abroad, especially for youth and women.

Guidelines for standardized procedures for the provision of services to the citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic going abroad for employment are designed and recommended for use by public and private centers/employment agencies for the provision of quality employ-ment services for the citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic abroad, and for the migrant workers themselves.

The guide includes two main sections:

• Standard for the provision of services to citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic going abroad for employment - information part, designed specifically for job seekers (migrant worker), which includes the necessary information for him on service provision.


• Administrative Rules and guidelines for its implementation - information sections intended for public and private centers/employment agencies for the provision of quality services to the citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic going abroad for employment.

In general international conventions form the legal basis for regulation of migration in Kyrgyzstan. As a member of the fundamental documents of the UN, by the ILO Conventions Kyrgyzstan has committed itself to the protection of human rights and the protection of the rights of persons involved in the migration process31.

Labour migration from the CIS countries is governed by a number of Agreements of the countries of Commonwealth. The basis ones are:

• Agreement «On guarantees of the rights of citizens - participants of the CIS in the field of pensions» dated March 13, 1992

• The agreement of the Commonwealth «Cooperation in the field of labor migration and social protection of migrant workers» dated April 15, 1994, which is supported by bilateral intergovernmental agreements between the Russian Federation and Kyrgyzstan, as well as between Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

• Agreement on cooperation of CIS member states in the fight against illegal migration, 1998

• The CIS Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, 2008

Also among governments of Kyrgyzstan and the Russian Federation have been concluded:

i. The agreement between the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation on the facilitation of the acquisition of citizenship by citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic arriving for permanent residence to the Russian Federation, Russian nationals arriving for permanent residence to the Kyrgyz Republic, and the exit from previous nationality, signed on March 28, 1996.

ii. Agreement between the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Government of the Russian Federation on employment and social protection of migrant workers dated March 28, 1996.

iii. A Protocol on Amendments to the Agreement between the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Government of the Russian Federation on employment and social protection of migrant workers dated March 28, 1996, signed September 22, 2003.

31 From the study «The need for introduction of social insurance of labor migrants, as a factor of protection of interests of citizens of Kyrgyzstan in the country of labor migration» National Institute of Strategic Studies, The Employment Center of MLMY of KR.


iii.i. An Agreement between the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Government of the Russian Federation on readmission and an executive protocol on the procedure of its implementation dated October 11, 2012 (at this stage it is in the process of ratification).

In addition to these international agreements, labor activities of Kyrgyz citizens in Russia are carried out in the framework of agreements between the Kyrgyz Republic and the regions of Russia. For example, there are agreements with the Ural and Siberian Federal Districts of the Russian Federation; A «Memorandum of Cooperation between the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Government of Moscow and the Russian Federation on mutual employment of citizens « has been signed.

International contractual basis with the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of migration is based on the following intergovernmental agreements (bilateral) format:

i. Agreement between the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan «On labor and social protection of migrant workers employed in agricultural work in the border areas» dated July 9, 2002

ii. Agreement between the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan «On employment and protection of the rights of migrant workers and citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic working temporarily in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, on employment and protection of the rights of migrant workers and citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan,working temporarily in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic» dated July 4, 2006.

iii. Agreement between the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan «On procedure of self-employment by citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic» dated 16 June 2009 (the agreement has not yet entered into force).

However, it should be noted that the regulatory framework governing the migration processes between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan lags behind, in terms of the time, from approval and adoption of regulations governing the migration processes between Kyrgyzstan and Russia. The international contractual basis with the Republic of Kazakhstan, in addition to the establishment of quotas for labor (e.g. the Agreement on «Labor and social protection of migrant workers employed in agricultural work in the border areas») strictly prescribes items that should include a contract of employment. However, the conditions of the provision of medical care are mentioned. Thus, routine medical care to migrant workers is done at the expense of the employer in the manner and amount set forth by the agreement (contract), or at citizens’ own expense. Payment for treatment of occupational diseases or injuries suffered by migrant workers in the course of their work are carried out by the employer in the manner and subject to the conditions provided by the law of the state of employment.


Analysis of the existing legal framework allows to make the following conclusion: the adoption of legal acts regulates only the main directions of cooperation in the field of social security and the protection of migrant workers and members of their families. These agreements contain provisions of a general nature and do not address issues related to the direct provision of a particular type of social welfare to workers. For example, the Agreement of the CIS states dated March 13, 1992 «On guarantees of the rights of citizens of the states - participants of CIS countries in the area of pensions» only in a general way regulates pension provision for migrant workers. The Agreement was signed between the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation on employment and social protection of migrant workers, in general terms provides that «migrant workers work in the territory of the receiving state on the basis of an employment contract (contract) concluded with the employer receiving state». In this case, it is not clearly indicated which specific items to ensure social protection of migrant workers in the country of destination must be included the contract. The problems associated with the protection of the rights of migrants in the Russian Federation occur at different stages of their migration, stay, residence and employment. Thus, the difficulties associated with the violation of the rights arise when entering the Russian Federation and the departure from the Russian Federation, search for migrant of the host for the registration of notice of arrival, legal ways of finding housing and work, registration permits in order to work, access to health and education facilities and etc32.

In general, the activation of migration processes in the CIS results in the need for “civilizing” the issues of management of migration flows at the legal level. It is obvious that at this stage the existing legal framework to regulate migration, both within countries as between states, lags behind the general trend of migration processes.

The existing legislation has more a controlling character, rather than regulating, just paying little attention to social issues33. Migrant workers are forced to create their own efforts parallel to the state social protection mechanisms. For example, in Russia migrants from Kyrgyzstan organize private clinics, which are served by their compatriots.

However, at the same time it should be noted that the legal regulation of migration undergoes its stages of development, resulting in the adoption of additional changes to the existing legal framework.

From 1 January 2012 the State Duma passed amendments to legislation that will oblige Russian employers to pay insurance premiums to the Pension Fund of Russia (PFR) for each legal migrant worker, the funds will be sent to the insurance part of labor pensions.

32 Protection of social and working rights of labor migrants on the territory of CIS. Analytic digest , April 201233 S.Glazunova «Social assistance to migrants residing on the territory of Russian Federation and to some categories of Russian citizens». Thematic digest for Russian and foreign citizens, civil servants and NGO workers who work in the area of migration. St-Petersburg, 2009.


As suggested by the initiators of the bill, the introduction of pensions for migrant workers will drive up official employment. «Without this, they (the workers) get a break in the ac-cumulation of pension rights if they go to work in Russia. Now the law will provide them with a full pension, which will be paid in the country where they live,» commented the initiative the chairman of the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia (FITUR) M.Shmakov. We can assume that one of the reasons that influenced the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation to take a similar norm is that in the Russian Federa-tion reduced pension base that is formed by the amount of insurance premiums34, as it is observed that in Russia there is reduction processes of decrease and of aging of popula-tion, and such a decision will pay pensions to citizens of the Russian Federation at the expense of migrant workers. It should be borne in mind that due to such deductions wages of migrant workers will be reduced because employers usually pay no interest payments from their own funds. Migrant workers may subsequently qualify for a pension in Russia, but only as citizens of the Russian Federation, or, if between states there will an agree-ment on mutual account of pension funds and work years. It should be noted that such agreements have been concluded between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus, between Russia and Lithuania, and the agreement is being prepared to be signed between Russia and Latvia. However, we must emphasize that the procedure of mutual pension savings between the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation until now is not well thought out – if in Russia there is the principle of proportional distribution of pen-sions, in Kyrgyzstan the territorial principle, which according to experts of the Social Fund of the Kyrgyz Republic is considered to be the most fair, takes into account the interests of our workers.

However, it should be noted that the territorial principle presumes payment of pensions under the legislation of the country of residence. While the proportional principle comes from the fact that each party is liable only for the work years which were acquired on its territory. Many experts consider the proportional treaties with more objective and equi-table. It is noteworthy that this type of international pension arrangements is prevailing in the world.

Another initiative was proposed by the fall of 2012 by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation, which considers necessary to oblige employers to ensure migrant workers with health insurance. The ministry published a draft federal law that sets new requirements for the procedure of adoption of foreigners to work. Valid-ity of medical insurance should be not less than the period of an employment contract. According to the draft law it is required to include in an employment contract or a civil contract for works (services) with a foreign citizen temporarily residing in the territory of the Russian Federation, the condition of ensuring the employer or customer of works (ser-

34 The main source of funding of pension payments became insurance contributions and fees, which were paid by employers for insured people. As a result it is not the state budget, but the insurance payment became the source of implementing the state guarantees for pensioners


vices), voluntary medical insurance of the foreign citizen or a foreign national with primary health care and specialized medical care on the basis of the agreement concluded by the employer or customer of works (services) with a medical institution in the amount not less than the amount of care provided by the territorial program of state guarantees. The amendments change also the conditions for obtaining a work permit. The foreign national must submit a copy of the contract will be voluntary medical insurance or contract entered into by an employer with a medical organization to receive primary health care and spe-cialized medical care. The period of the insurance should be not less than the term of the employment contract and not less than the term of the work permit.

In November 2012 an agreement signed between the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation dated 28 March 1996 on the facilitation of the acquisition of citizenship by citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic, residing in the Russian Federation and Russian citizens residing in the Kyrgyz Republic lost its power. A simplified regime assumed acquisition of citizenship by citizens of both countries from 3 to 6 months. The initiative of Russia›s unilateral withdrawal from the agreement with Kyrgyzstan came from FMS. After review and approval by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the law of denunciation of the bilateral agreement, the Russian side has notified in writing the Kyrgyz side of the inten-tion to terminate the agreement, the note dated by April 23, 2012 Analysis of application of the Agreement in 1996 shows that, basically, the agreement for the acquisition of Rus-sian citizenship was enjoyed by Kyrgyz citizens, of which 60% - this is Kyrgyz, 20% - Uzbeks, and 20% - Russians .

Bilateral agreement on all major parameters mostly duplicated the content of the quadri-partite agreement on the same subject dated 26 February 1999 with the participation of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia. However, the acquisition of citizenship for citi-zens - members of the Agreement is possible within 1.5 years after receiving a residence permit, to obtain a residence permit foreign citizen must live in the Russian Federation for at least one year on the basis of a temporary residence permit. Such conditions affect the interests of migrant workers, who tend to remain in Russia from 3 to 9 months, while engaged in seasonal work. It can be assumed that the rule will trigger the development of corruption mechanism that has already been formed around getting permits for migrant workers, the increase in the number of illegal immigrants, making more acute the issue of social protection of migrant workers.

At the same time, it should be understood that any change in the laws of the countries of destination in relation to migrant workers meant in the first place to protect the national interests of countries receiving migrant workers. This is manifested by the denunciation of the bilateral agreement on the facilitation of the acquisition of citizenship between Russia and Kyrgyzstan. Thus, the Russian side seeks to protect itself from the mass influx of low-skilled population.


Analysis of the existing legal framework between the states of origin and destination indicates that:

• despite the existing agreements between the two countries, the problem of access of migrant workers to social security is still unresolved. These agreements contain provisions of a general nature and do not address issues related to the direct provision of a particular type of social security for migrant workers;

• the existing legal framework to regulate migration between states, lags behind the general trend of migration processes, passing through its formation stages (improvement);

• any change in the laws governing the migration processes in the countries of destination, are designed primarily to protect the national interests of these countries;

• migrant workers, in turn, are faced with the need to protect their own interests, use a variety of mechanisms, including the acquisition of citizenship of the country of destination, the creation of parallel, government, agencies, such as health care fellow at affordable prices, etc.

Also, there is a number of inconsistencies between «national» concepts and definitions in the field of labor migration and international standards, as well as there is the lack of a policy on labor migration (the Concept of State Migration Policy of the Kyrgyz Republic had been implemented until 2010).

Based on the above, the following recommendations regarding improvement of legislation regulating migration processes are made:

i. Make changes and amendments to the legislation on labor migration aimed at implementation of international agreements in the field of labor migration to which the Kyrgyz Republic is a party, and in particular the Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.

ii. In connection with the initiatives of Kyrgyzstan’s accession to the Customs Union and Common Economic Space to ensure the necessary preparations for the

32 Защита социальных и трудовых правмигрантов на пространстве СНГ. Аналитический сборник,апрель 201233 С.Глазунова «СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПОМОЩЬ мигрантам, находящимся на территории Российской Федерации, и некоторым категориям российских граждан». Тематический справочник для российских и иностранных граждан, государственных служащих практических работников некоммерческих организаций, работающих в сфере миграции. Санкт-Петербург,2009г. 34Основным источником финансирования пенсионных выплат стали страховые взносы и платежи, которые уплачиваются работодателями за застрахованных лиц. В результате источником выполнения государством его обязательств перед пенсионерами стал не государственный бюджет, а страховой платеж.


harmonization of national laws and regulations governing the activities of the Customs Union and Common Economic Space in the field of labor migration.

iii. Make changes and amendments to the legislation on labor migration aimed at social protection of migrant workers and their families.

iv. To introduce into the law of the Kyrgyz Republic (including the Law «On foreign labor migration») the relevant sections governing the legal status of migrant women as a special category.

v. Make the legal regulation of the employment of migrant workers under 18 years of age.

vi. Replace the legislatively guaranteed fee to the employer, in the case involving a foreign citizen to work by a legal guarantee of ensuring an exit of the foreign worker from the KR.

vii. Legislate responsibility to provide sending companies and/or the authorized state agency to prepare migrant workers on the basics of the national legislation of the host country in the field of labor rights and duties, administrative and criminal law.

viii. Proceed with the development of the National Strategy of Human Resource Management, designed for long-term period during which to create a human resources management system, to ensure optimal planning of employment of population.

ix. As a transitional step, it is recommended to develop and bring to the discussion and adoption of a strategy for migration policy until 2020. The main objective of the strategy should be protection of the rights and interests of migrant workers, respect the public interest in the development and implementation of programs on migration, creating a system of migration control, migration management, taking into account the socio-economic development, combating illegal migration.

x. Develop and implement a program for building a developed infrastructure for migration policy, including:

• creation of a network of pre-departure training to ensure the legitimacy, awareness, safety, and training of migrant workers;

• creation of a single database on migration (availability of labor vacancies, register of organizations dealing with migration issues, consideration of crossing the border, the removal from the register), development of standards and methodologies for the collection of statistical information on labor migration for improving the quality of statistical data in terms of coverage of gender characteristics of migration;


• start the projects to create a «trust services», «hot lines» and centers for migrants in host countries;

• establishment of the Migration Fund, aimed at protecting the rights of migrants, helping them regardless of the status of their stay in the country labor migration;

• supporting existing and promoting new associations of migrant workers to mobilize their efforts to provide comprehensive assistance to migrant workers, aimed at the protection of their economic and social rights, the creation of conditions for rapid adaptation and satisfaction of basic needs during the period of employment.

xi. Develop drafts of bilateral agreements with the governments of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan on cooperation in the areas of pensions and health insurance, which will provide mechanisms for the implementation of pension rights and health care of citizens temporarily residing in the territory of both countries36.

С 2. The institutional framework

ТLabor migration is an area that involves a fairly large number of people of different professions, government agencies and departments, non-governmental and international organizations implementing projects in this area.

The analysis of the effectiveness of the existing structure of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic with the formulation of policies and the implementation of measures in the field of international migration (including labor) are transferred from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Ministry of Labor, Migration and Youth (KR Government Resolution dated March 5, 2013 № 109 «On the functional and structural changes in the system of government agencies of the Kyrgyz Republic).

Also among government agencies involved in migration the Center of Eployment for citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic under the Ministry of Labor, Migration and Youth of the Kyrgyz Republic (hereinafter - the Center) should be noted, which provides assistance in employment of citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic in both domestic and foreign labor market.

The center provides information and advice on employment organized both within the country and abroad, it is engaged in the development of cooperation with employers (the heads of enterprises, institutions and organizations) engaged in the recruitment and employment of citizens, creating a data base for jobs, employers and individuals seeking job.

36 Analysis of legislation of Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Tajikistan, Russian Federation, and republic of Kazakhstan in the area of labor migration and recommendations on its improvement. Bishkek, 2013


С 3. The policy framework

The migration policy of a country must be one of the highest priorities of the public authorities, the part of the socio-economic development and foreign policy. Until 2010, the country had implemented the Concept of State Migration Policy, approved by the Decree of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic dated 30 April 2004 # 151. Currently a strategy to regulate foreign labor migration of the Kyrgyz Republic for the period up to 2020 is under discussion, which is developed by the Department of External Migration of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic, in partnership with international experts.

The above mentioned strategy defines the priorities and directions of the state policy targeting the development of new markets, employment, socio-economic and legal protection of migrant workers, facilitation of establishment of vocational training for migrant workers. The strategy also aims to ensure efficient and effective coordination among governmental agencies on issues of migration.

Also the issue of Kyrgyzstan accession into the Customs Union (Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus) is widely discussed. One of the benefits that are fixed in the treaties and agreements in the framework of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space is holding a free immigration policy without quotas and restrictions, which, in turn, will enable migrant workers to enjoy all the rights that citizens have the state of stay. In addition, under the agreements of CU there is employment by employers of migrant workers without restrictions for the protection of the national labor market and migrant workers are not required to obtain permits for work in the territory of the customs «trio». Also, in the agreements of CU there are provisions to send the children of migrant workers to schools and other educational institutions. In addition to the potential benefits in joining the TA there are risks, one of which is the absence of thorough legal and regulatory framework governing the migration process.

To prevent the negative impact of migration on the socio-economic development of the country a clear policy on regulation of migration processes should be developed. First of all, the management of labor migration is based on the principles of reducing irregular migration and expansion of channels organized employment from overseas in compliance with standardized procedures and the establishment of training centers of pre-immigration preparation whose task should include the training of potential migrant workers, the organization of learning the language of the destination country , the study of immigration laws, culture and traditions, as well as providing the necessary information relating to the delivery of health services and the list of places where the migrant worker may apply in case of problems (in particular, information about the consulate of the Kyrgyz Republic, diasporas, medical facilities and police stations).

High levels of labor migration, which are dominated by people of working age, as well as different levels of socio-economic development of regions resulting in an internal


migration, mainly to Chui region and to the capital of the republic, are some of the problems of employment. There is a need to reinforce a set of measures of employment policy in the country, which should not be limited only by the unemployed, the employment policy should pursue a broad range of goals: a more effective involvement of underutilized labor, creating opportunities for the development of productive and well-paid employment, promoting the development of industrial and social infrastructure.

Currently a project of the Program «Policies to promote employment of population of the Kyrgyz Republic for the period 2013-2020 years» is under discussion, and its purpose is to implement public policies to promote employment, activation of promoting employment, taking into account a more complete and efficient use of human and territorial resources and opportunities to provide employment based on development of decent work. Its effective implementation will help increase employment, strengthen the search for such market-based solutions that will enable citizens to earn a decent living and to create an environment conducive to increased entrepreneurial initiatives of the community, as well as to allow the unemployed who are for a long out of work to undergo psychological and rehabilitative counseling for effective job search.


ANNEXES

Annex 1: The regulatory framework governing the sphere of migration

At present, Kyrgyzstan has the following legal framework regulating labor migration in Kyrgyzstan:

1. Law «On the external labor migration» of January 13, 2006 number 4.

2. Law «On the external migration» from July 17, 2000 № 61.

3. Law «On prevention and combating trafficking in human beings» from March 17, 2005 № 55.

4. Law «On the external labor migration» of January 13, 2006 number 4.

5. Law «On accession of the Kyrgyz Republic to the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families of 18 December 1990» from April 15, 2003 number 80

6. Law «On Ratification of the Agreement on Cooperation of the CIS Member States in the fight against illegal migration» from August 1, 2003 number 180

7. Law «On Ratification of the Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers and Members of their Families of the Commonwealth of Independent States, signed November 14, 2008 in Chisinau,» from November 26, 2009 № 305

8. Government Resolution of 17 August 2004 № 625 «On the establishment of the State Committee of Representatives of the Kyrgyz Republic on Migration and Employment in the Russian Federation at the Embassy of the Kyrgyz Republic in the Russian Federation (H Moscow)»

9. Resolution of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic on October 31, 2006 № 754 «On approval of list price quotations for the issuance of permits to conduct activities related to the involvement of foreign labor in the Kyrgyz Republic and the employment of citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic abroad»

36 Анализ законодательств Кыргызской Республики, Республики Таджикистан, Российской Федерации и Республики Казахстан в сфере трудовой миграции и рекомендаций по их усовершенствованию. Бишкек 2013 г.


10. Regulation «On the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Migration of the Kyrgyz Republic.» Approved by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic on November 17, 2009 number 709 (as amended by decree of the Provisional Government of the KR dated July 9, 2010 VP number 120)

11. Government Resolution of 8 September 2006 N639 «On approval of the Regulation on the procedure for employment of foreign citizens and stateless persons in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Regulation on the implementation of the employment of citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic abroad»

12. Regulation «On the representation of the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Migration of the Kyrgyz Republic in foreign institutions of the Kyrgyz Republic.» Approved by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic dated March 2, 2011 number 87

13. Regulation «On the recognition of a citizen of the Kyrgyz Republic of forced migrants.» Approved by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic on April 5, 2004 № 229

14. Regulation «On the procedure of employment of citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic abroad.» Approved by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic on September 8, 2006 № 639

15. Regulation «On the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic.» Approved by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic on February 20, 2012 № 113

16. Regulation «On the Department of external migration at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic.» Approved by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic on February 20, 2012 № 139

17. Regulation «On the Job Center of citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic under the Ministry of Youth, Labour and Employment of the Kyrgyz Republic.» Approved by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic on May 25, 2012 № 317

18. Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic on employment and social protection of migrant workers employed in agricultural work in the border areas from July 9, 2002

19. Agreement between the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan on employment and social protection of migrant workers on April 23, 1997

20. Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic on employment and social protection of migrant workers from the March 28, 1996


21. Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan and the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic on employment and social protection of migrant workers from the May 6, 1998

22. Agreement between the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on labor activity and protection of the rights of migrant workers and citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic, working temporarily in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, on employment and protection of the rights of migrant workers and citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan, working temporarily in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic on July 4, 2006.

23. The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.

24. The Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers and Members of their Families - members of the Commonwealth of Independent States of 14 November 2008.

25. Order of the Ministry of Labor KR on May 20, 2004 № 60 «On informing and advising citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic on the employment and training outside the Kyrgyz Republic.»


Annex 2: Statistical Data

Table1. The number of foreign citizens, arrived to KR, by countries (estimates without taking into account those who came for permanent residence and service personnel)

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Total, people 1655833 2435386 2146740 1316207 3114372

Australia 1292 1504 1883 1189 1375

Azerbaijan 1566 1237 1158 984 3983

Germany 9794 10010 9374 6980 8432

UK 4519 3261 3827 2716 3127

Russian Federation 118604 193998 157008 132493 1020102

Kazakhstan 1125214 1078945 1036322 837609 1437739

China 20201 21921 21879 18167 25059

Korea 6417 4526 4790 4207 3681

Uzbekistan 283396 758423 474751 140644 433363

Turkey 17110 15611 12265 11098 15237

Other countries 67720 345950 423483 160120 162274 Source: according to NSC of KR

Тable 2. The number of foreign students in KR from non-CIS countries (persons) Country 2006/ 2007 2007/ 2008 2008/ 2009 2009/ 2010 2010/ 2011Total 3 342 2 713 3 113 3 431 3 366

Afghanistan 128 75 62 87 73

China 250 294 507 601 539

India 256 426 406 497 581

Iran 11 18 24 18 17

Mongolia 22 27 30 28 13

Nepal 22 27 30 28 13

Syria 13 50 48 52 82

Pakistan 275 624 724 22 27

Пакистан 274 12 911 955

Турция 1 033 1 199 1 199 1 057 793

Другие 110 181 147 281 Source: according to NSC of KR


Тable 3. The number of foreign students in KR from CIS countries (persons)

Indicator

(country)2006/ 2007 2007/ 2008 2008/ 2009 2009/ 2010 2010/ 2011

Total 24 863 22 293 17 123 12 994 9 814

Azerbaijan 10 7 13 16 21

Armenia 1 2 3

Belarus 2 8 41

Georgia 8 22 289 11 5

Kazakhstan 4 298 4 314 3 370 3 107 2 700

Moldova 41 1 1 2

Russia 399 635 748 842 818

Tajikistan 784 1 040 1 495 1 196 570

Turkmenistan 409 880 1 008 1 751 1 567

Ukraine 3 16 26 71 11

Uzbekistan 18 909 15 329 10 173 5 967 4 122 Source: according to NSC of KR

Тable 4. The number of refugees in KR (persons)

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

The number of refugees in KR (people), including

640 256 238 205 175

Women 276 105 101 83 77

Men 364 151 137 122 98The number of refugees by countries of origin:

Afghanistan 265 238 219 194 168

Iraq 5 - - - -

Iran 8 8 8 4 3

North Korean 5 6 7 3 2

Syria 4 4 4 4 2

Tajikistan 353 - - - -


The number of people who were refused to be granted the refugee status

134 285 165 25 79

Distribution of refugees by gender and age:

Women 17 3 2 2 2

0-5 years 12 8 8 7 7

6-15 years 52 18 14 17 23In the working age 195 76 77 57 45

Above the working age

Men

0-5 years 6 6 7 6 14

6-15 years 41 8 5 15 15In the working age 308 131 118 95 64

Above the working age 9 6 7 6 5

Source: according to NSC of KR

Table 5. External migration by the age group and sex in 2007-20 11г. (persons)

Total migrantsFrom them in age, years

Less than working Working Above working

2007

The number of arrived

Both sexes 3 960 336 3 211 413

Men 1 952 161 1 676 115

Women 2 008 175 1 535 298

The number of departed

Both sexes 54 608 3 885 46 747 3 976

Men 27 183 2 007 24 144 1 032

Women 27 425 1 878 22 603 2 944

2008


Both sexes 3 497 278 2 861 358


Men 1 648 130 1 423 95

Women 1 849 148 1 438 263


Both sexes 41 287 3 468 33 956 3 863

Men 19 792 1 727 17 098 967

Women 21 495 1 741 16 858 2 896

2009

Число прибывших

The number of arrived 3 829 262 3 233 334

Both sexes 1 901 146 1 666 89

Men 1 928 116 1 567 245

Women


Both sexes 33 380 2 501 27 911 2 968

Men 21 495 1 741 16 858 2 896

Women


Both sexes 3 903 262 3 352 289

Men 1 929 127 1 717 85

Women 1 974 135 1 635 204


Both sexes 54 531 4 117 46 950 3 464

Men 27 440 2 183 24 405 852

Women 27 091 1 934 22 545 2 612

2011


Both sexes 6 337 387 5 635 315

Men 3 162 206 2 876 80

Women 3 175 181 2 759 235


Both sexes 45 740 3 315 39 537 2 888

Men 22 121 1 756 19 720 645

Women 23 619 1 559 19 817 2 243



Note: According to explanation of the Ministry of Labor, Employment and Migration of KR, the population of working age since 2011 includes men in the age 16-62, women – 16-57 (till 2011 the limits of the working age for men were 16-59 years and for women - 16-54 years); the population above the working age included men in the age of 63лет and older; women - 58 лет and older (till 2011 correspondingly, men - 60 and older; women – 55 and older).


Тabl

e 6.

Ext

erna

l mig

ratio

n of

KR

by th

e co

untr

y to

arr

ival

(dep

artu

re) 2

007-

2011

, (pe

rson

s)

Yea

rs20

0720

0820

0920

1020

11

Arriv

edDe

par

ted

Mig

ratio

n in

flux,

ou

t-flu

x

(-)

Arriv

edDe

par

ted

Mig

ratio

n in

flux,

ou

t-flu

x (-)

Arriv

edDe

par

ted

Mig

ratio

n in

flux,

ou

t-flu

x

(-)

Arriv

edDe

par

ted

Mig

ratio

n in

flux,

ou

t-flu

x

(-)

Arriv

edDe

par

ted

Mig

ratio

n in

flux,

out

-flu

x

(-)

Tota

l:39

6054

608

-506

4834

9741

287

-377

9038

2933

380

-295

5139

0354

531

-50

628

6337

4574

0-3

9403

Incl

udin

g in

CI

S:38

4454

078

-502

3433

7840

877

-374

9937

1633

031

-293

1537

9254

222

-50

430

6244

4550

5-3

9261

Azer

baija

n3

20-1

71

11-1

09

29-2

07

25-1

8-

23-2

3

Arm

enia

42

2-

1-1

1-

11

-1

-1

-1

Bel

arus

1193

-82

757

-50

755

-48

976

-67

837

-29

Geo

rgia

-

--

-2

-2-

--

--

--

--

Kaz

akhs

tan

530

4 24

3-3

713

515

3 06

8-2

553

556

3 20

9-2

653

699

5 63

6-4

937

813

3629

-281

6

Mol

dova

--

-1

-1

--

--

--

--

-

Rus

sia

2 67

349

333

-46

660

2 30

437

47

2-3

5168

2671

29

429

-267

582

689

4810

3-4

5414

5 08

241

558

-364

76

Taj

ikis

tan

475

7739

841

152

359

233

5717

621

652

164

178

4613

2


Turk

m

enis

tan

51

49

18

24

-23

12

11

-

Uzb

ekis

tan

120

190

-70

118

154

-36

223

192

3115

123

9-8

815

113

021

Ukr

aine

2311

7-9

412

59-4

714

53-3

917

90-7

311

78-6

7

CIS

with

out

men

tioni

ng

terr

itory

2-2

--

--

3-3

--

--

2-2

Lat

via

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

-

Lith

uani

a2

11

--

--

--

-3

-3-

--

Est

onia

-

2-2

--

--

1-1

--

--

--

Coun

trie

s ou

tsid

e of

CI

S11

452

7-4

1311

941

0-2

9111

334

8-2

3511

130

6-1

9593

235

-142

Sour

ce: a

ccor

ding

to N

SC o

f KR


Тabl

e 7.

Ext

erna

l mig

ratio

n of

pop

ulat

ion

of K

R by

eth

nici

ty, 2

007-

201,

(per

sons

)

Yea

rs20

0720

0820

0920

1020

11Ar

rived

Depa

r te

dM

igra

tion

influ

x,

out-

flux

(-)

Arriv

edDe

par

ted

Mig

ratio

n in

flux,

out

-flu

x (-)

Arriv

edDe

par

ted

Mig

ratio

n in

flux,

ou

t-flu

x

(-)

Arriv

edDe

par

ted

Mig

ratio

n in

flux,

ou

t-flu

x

(-)

Arriv

edDe

par

ted

Mig

ratio

n in

flux,

ou

t-flu

x

(-)

Tota

l:3

960

54 6

08-5

0 64

83

497

41 2

87-3

7 79

03

829

33

380

-29

551

3 90

354

53

1-5

0 62

86

337

45

740

-394

03

incl

udin

g:

Kyrg

yz1

329

27 4

37-2

6 10

81

380

15 2

92-1

3 91

21

590

14

552

-12

962

1 83

821

34

7-1

9 50

92

692

17

711

-15

019

Russ

ians

1 22

313

143

-11

920

1 12

015

470

-14

350

1 13

19

971

-8 8

4098

912

69

7-1

1 70

81

576

12

834

-11

258

Ukr

aini

ans

138

1 45

4-1

316

116

1 50

7-1

391

109

971

-862

103

1 12

9-1

026

163

1 13

4-9

71

Bela

rusi

ans

570

-65

786

-79

460

-56

573

-68

669

-63

Uzb

eks

604

6 77

8-6

174

241

3 62

0-3

379

298

3 14

5-2

847

266

13

132

-12

866

931

8 75

1-7

820

Kaza

khs

951

091

-996

7477

5-7

0110

773

7-6

3011

187

0-7

5911

266

2-5

50

Geo

rgia

ns

216

-14

115

-14

-12

-12

-9

-9-

14-1

4

Azer

ba

ijani

s 21

165

-144

2515

7-1

3225

155

-130

3624

2-2

0637

241

-204

Lith

uani

ans

25

-3-

2-2

12

-1-

14-1

4-

3-3

Mol

dova

ns2

15-1

32

20-1

81

16-1

52

17-1

53

17-1

4


Latv

ians

537

-32

527

-22

225

-23

523

-18

310

-7

Tajik

s 37

284

-247

3220

7-1

7530

206

-176

3436

8-3

3443

336

-293

Arm

enia

ns7

37-3

02

32-3

03

25-2

24

36-3

22

31-2

9

Turk

men

s1

6-5

16

-51

2-1

67

-11

9-8

Esto

nian

s-

9-9

-7

-7-

5-5

14

-31

-1

Tata

rs11

41

049

-935

991

140

-1 0

4113

478

7-6

5311

21

127

-1 0

1514

91

019

-870

Jew

s4

8-4

328

-25

-16

-16

-7

-72

15-1

3

Ger

man

s 61

568

-507

5756

4-5

0735

337

-302

2531

0-2

8546

410

-364

Uig

hurs

57

413

-356

5230

9-2

5769

259

-190

7361

8-5

4515

357

2-4

19

Dung

ans

5157

1-5

2087

642

-555

6166

3-6

0250

621

-571

7741

2-3

35

Kore

ans

6738

1-3

1457

332

-275

7228

7-2

1586

455

-369

118

417

-299

Turk

s29

154

-125

2013

5-1

1524

155

-131

1625

8-2

4228

182

-154

Chec

hens

977

-68

2392

-69

866

-58

1060

-50

2389

-66

Oth

er

ethn

iciti

es

9784

0-7

4393

822

-729

124

926

-802

131

1 10

7-9

7617

180

2-6

31

Sour

ce: a

ccor

ding

to N

SC o

f KR


Тabl

e 8.

Ext

erna

l mig

ratio

n of

pop

ulat

ion

of K

R in

200

7-20

11

Yea

rsPe

ople

In p

erce

ntag

es

Arriv

ed

Depa

rted

Ar

rived

De

part

ed

2007

3 96

01

952

2 00

854

608

27 1

8327

425

100

49,3

50,7

100

49,8

50,2

2008

3 49

71

648

1 84

941

287

19 7

9221

495

100

47,1

52,9

100

47,9

52,1

2009

3 82

91

901

1 92

833

380

15 7

2917

651

100

49,6

50,4

100

47,1

52,9

2010

3 90

31

929

1 97

454

531

27 4

4027

091

100

49,4

50,6

100

50,3

49,7

2011

6 33

73

162

3 17

545

740

22 1

2123

619

100

49,9

50,1

100

48,4

51,6

Sour

ce: a

ccor

ding

to N

SC o

f KR


Тable 9. The dynamics of growth of emigration of citizens of Kyrgyz Republic in 2006-2011Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Number of emigrants, people

53 745 40 799 33 149 54 276 45 441


Тable 10. Illegal migration and crimes

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Revealed facts of illegal migrations, counts

69 76 78 22 53

Annual number of people sentenced for bringing in worker migrants in KR

68 76 78 22 53

Number of foreign citizens expelled from the country, people

575 452 330 240 259

Number of foreign citizens, accused in committing crimes , people

157 196 235 166 202

Number of foreigners who committed administrative violations, people

3 745 … 7 838 1 944 2 612

Number of foreigners who were brought to custody, people

… 8 15 11 76

Source: according to MoI and NSC of KR

Тable 11.Number of foreign citizens who were refused entrance to KRIndicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Total, people 83 124 49 48 54

Source: according to the Border Guard Service of KR

Тable 12. Main indicators of internal migration of population

Показатель 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Indicator 27 434 24 220 23 363 24 370 25 373

Arrived, people 10 792 10 017 9 436 9 445 9 472

Men 16 642 14 203 13 927 14 925 15 901


Women 22 831 20 237 19 574 20 476 21 761

Number of arrived in the working age, people 27 252 24 709 23 754 26 354 27 110

Departed, people 10 765 9 884 9 274 9 979 9 956

Men 16 487 14 825 14 480 16 375 17 154

Women 23 879 22 134 21 155 23 268 24 508

Number of departed in the working age, people 182 -489 -391 -1 984 -1 737

Migration influx, out-flux (-), people -1 048 -1 897 -1 581 -2 792 -2 747

Migration influx, out-flux (-) in the working age, people


Тable 13. Main demograhic indicators of KR

Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011Number of permanent population (the start of the year), people37

5 289 204 5 348 254 5 418 299 5 477 620

From them men 2 608 604 2 638 546 2 674 773 2 703 688

women 2 680 600 2 709 708 2 743 526 2 773 932

Urban population, people 1 810 489 1 823 282 1 846 773 1 861 717

Men 854 990 860 758 872 678 879 561

Women 955 499 962 524 974 095 982 156

Rural population, people 3 478 715 3 524 972 3 571 526 3 615 903

Men 1 753 614 1 777 788 1 802 095 1 824 127

Women 1 725 101 1 747 184 1 769 431 1 791 776

37 По оценке на 1 января


The number of permanent population Численность in the age 0 – 15 years, people

1 729 468 1 736 125 1 750 142 1 771 346

Men 879 663 883 993 892 185 903 020

Women 849 805 852 132 857 957 868 326

The number of permanent population in the age 65 and older, people

271 503 255978 246299 239305

Men 108 815 102281 97875 94633

Women 162 688 153697 148424 144672

The dynamics of annual growth, percentage

101,1 101,3 101,1 101,4

Urban population 100,7 101,3 100,8 101,2

Rural population 101,3 101,3 101,2 101,4

Density of population, number of people per 1 sq. km.

26 27 27 27

Birth rate (per1000 inhabitants) 24,1 25,2 26,8 27,1

Mortality rate (per 1000 inhabitants) 7,1 6,7 6,6 6,5

The growth of population


Тable 14. The ethnic composition of population of KR

Indicator 2008 2009 2010 2011

The number of permanent population, people

5 289 204 5 348 254 5 418 299 5 477 620

Including in percentage, Kyryz

71,0 71,3 71,7

Russians 7,8 7,5 7,2

Uzbeks 14,3 14,4 14,4

Other ethnicities 6,9 6,8 6,7



Тable 15. The number of born in KR

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Total, people 123 251 127 332 135 494 146 123 149 612

Urban population 41 402 43 974 46 924 49 905 48 906

Rural population 81 849 83 358 88 570 96 218 100 706

Per 1 000 people 23,4 23,9 25,2 26,8 27,1

Urban population 22,9 24,2 25,6 26,9 26,1

Rural population 23,6 23,8 25 26,8 27,7


Тable 16. The number of died in KR

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Total, people 38 180 37 710 35 898 36 174 35 941



Per 1 000 people 7,2 7,1 6,7 6,6 6,5


Rural population 6,8 6,7 6,4 6,4 6,3


Тable 17. Maternal mortality (number of women died from pregnancy complications, during and after birth giving)

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Total, people 64 70 86 75 82

Urban population 15 19 20 16 22

Rural population 49 51 66 59 60

Per 100 thousand newborn 51,9 55,0 63,5 51,3 54,8





Тable 18. Child mortality in (in the age 0-4)

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Total, people 4 319 3 976 3 923 3 809 3 633



Per 1 000 live births 35,3 31,5 29,3 26,5 24,5




Тable 19. Infant mortality in KR (in the age up to 1 year)

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Total, people 3 771 3 453 3 393 3 337 3 150



Per 1 000 live births 30,6 27,1 25,0 22,8 21,1




Тable 20. Number of infected with HIV/AIDS (registered at the end of given year, among the citizens of KR), persons Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011The share of population with HIV-infection who have access to anti-virus therapy (registered at the end of given year among the citizens of Kyrgyzstan)

1152 1622 2168 2627 3111

Source: according to NSC of KR (MDG)


Тable 21. Main indicators of economic development

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

GDP in current prices, millions soms 141897,7 187991,9 201222,9 220369,3 285989,1

GDP (calculated on average quarterly exchange rate of som for USD in current prices), millions of USD

3827,6 5143,5 4666,4 4600,8 5931,8

The growth of real GDP (in national currency), in percentage to the previous year 108,5 108,4 102,9 99,5 106,0

GDP per capita (annual existing) population, in current prices, thousands soms 28,1 37,0 39,2 42,4 54,4

GDP per capita (annual exisiting) population, USD (calculated on average quarterly exchange rate of som to USD in current prices)

757 1013 910 886 1128

GDP growth per capita, in percentage to the previous year 108,1 108,0 101,9 98,2 104,7

Unobserved economy (estimate), in percentage to GDP 18,3 18,8 19,8 19,1 19,5

The size of the labor force in the shadow economy (estimate percentage from the overall size of the labor force)

70,4 71,4 71,9 68,8 -

Energy independence:2389,7 579,9 977,4 1635,8 2794,9

- export of electricity (in mln Kwt/h) 0,2 0,1 0,0 13,3 0,1

- import of electricity (in mln of Kwt/h) 110,2 124,5 106,8 108,0 116,6

Inflation rate -1275,8 -1879,2 -1119,8 -1198,3 -1664,7

Trade balance, mln USD38 -1275,8 -1879,2 -1119,8 -1198,3 -1664,7


38 Данные из Платежного баланса с учетом оценочных данных НБКР


Тable 22. Economically active population of KR, thousands of persons

Indicators 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Forecast and estimates of economically active population (thousands people) 2343,8 2379,9 2420,1 2456 2490,1

Share of economically active population from the population size, % 45,00 45,25 45,33 45,45


Тable 23. Economically active population by the level of education, thousands of persons

Years Total

as well have education

Univer-sity

Unfin-ished

univer-sity

Second-ary voca-

tional

Primary vocational

Basic full Basic Primary, do not have

primary and illiterate

2007 2 343,8 406,1 56,3 315,7 227,7 1 132,6 147,2 58,2

2008 2 379,9 405,1 67,1 310,6 235,2 1 154,8 151,2 55,8

2009 2 420,1 406,0 66,8 302,0 232,1 1 187,8 164,5 60,8

2010 2 456,0 413,5 70,5 305,6 240,3 1 204,8 162,3 59,1

2011 2 490,1 438,7 59,9 312,3 242,2 1 217,8 165,8 53,4


Тable 24. The level of employment of population

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Total, in % from the labor force 68,5 68,3 66,7 65,5 66,3



Тable 25. The level of employment of population in the age of 15 and older

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

All population , (in percentage) 59,8 60,0 59,0 58,6 59,3

15-19 24,6 24,7 25,6 24,1 22,8

20-29 66,1 66,1 61,7 61,0 61,7

30-39 78,9 78,7 76,5 77,0 77,6

40-49 81,6 81,3 82,2 81,0 82

50-59 67,3 67,9 69,0 68,1 69,4

60-69 24,5 27,1 29,9 32,5 34,9

70 and older 5,4 5,9 7,8 7,2 8,0

The level of employment of population, in % from labor force 68,5 68,3 66,7 65,5 66,3


Тable 26. The level of employment of population in the age 15 and older by the place of residence and by sex, %

Years 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Total 59,8 60,0 59,0 58,6 59,3



Men 71,3 70,9 70,7 70,7 71,6

Women 48,8 49,7 47,9 47,1 47,6


Тable 27. The share of unofficial employment from the overall employment

The share of employment of population in the informal sector(in percentage from the total employed population)

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Total population 70,4 71,4 71,9 68,8 70,4



Тable 28. The share of official employment from the overall employment

The share of employed population in the formal sector (in percentage from the overall employed population)

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

All population 29,6 28,6 28,1 31,2 29,6


Тable 29. Employed population in the age 15 and older by sex (thousands people)

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Total 2 152,7 2 184,3 2 216,4 2 243,7 2 277,7

Men 1 251,6 1 257,0 1 292,2 1 317,7 1 338,8

Women 901,1 927,3 924,2 926,0 938,9


Тable 30. Employment by types of economic activity, thousands persons

Employed population in the age of 15 and older by types of economic activity on main job

(thousands people)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Total population 2 152,7 2 184,3 2 216,4 2 243,7 2277,7

including:

Agriculture, hunting and forestry 742,1 742,9 718,5 699,1 700,2

Fishing, fish-farming 0,3 0,1 0,1 … 0,1

Mining 13,1 13,3 14,7 17,5 16,7

Manufacturing 179,8 178,0 172,6 174,6 173,1

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 38,3 37,8 38,8 41,4 38,7

Construction 205,3 221,9 244,0 240,1 249,1

Trade; car repair, households goods and personal items 316,9 319,4 316,0 337,5 345,9

Hotels and restaurants 58,4 66,2 82,2 82,8 86,5

Transportation and communication 133,3 133,8 144,9 147,5 147,2


Finance 9,7 12,2 15,8 18,2 17,7

Real estate operations, rent and service to customers 45,8 49,7 55,4 58,4 56

Public administration 106,8 101,7 103,6 99,9 102,6

Education 156,6 156,1 164,3 171,9 177,1

Health and social services 86,2 86,3 79,4 74,4 78,5

Utility, social and personal services 43,0 49,4 43,9 48,7 56,0

Services for households 16,2 15,4 22,1 31,1 31,4

Activities of ex-territorial organizations 1,1 0,3 0,2 0,6 0,9


Тable 31. Employment by the type of activity

Employed population in the age of 15 and older by type of activity on the main job (thousands people)

Years 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Total 2 152,7 2 184,3 2 216,4 2 243,7 2 277,7

Including by activities :

Heads (representatives) of public authorities of all levels, including heads of entities, organizations and enterprises

52,3 43,6 39,2 35,2 34,2

Specialist of highest level of qualification 204,9 203,0 202,0 206,3 212,7

Specialist of middle level of qualification 138,5 136,4 144,3 147,3 152,4

Employees, working on preparing information, documentation, accounting, financial and informational services

51,3 50,8 46,8 44,7 42,7

Employees of the service sector, utility sector, trade and related activities 348,3 355,8 356,7 373,1 368,0

Qualified workers of agriculture, fisheries, forestry, fishing and farm-fishing 695,2 704,0 674,1 655,1 654,9

Qualified workers of big and small industrial enterprises, crafts, construction, transportation, communication, geology, and mining exploration

356,0 379,4 400,0 400,0 396,2


Operators and machine operators, operators of plants and machinery, locksmiths 144,8 143,0 161,6 161,5 160,8

Unqualified workers 161,5 168,3 191,6 220,6 255,8


Тable 32. The number of newly created jobs by types of economic activities

Показатель 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Всего 119 549 121 205 116 718 111 761 106 634

Agriculture, hunting and forestry 20 480 31 697 32 831 32 169 30 033

Fishing, fish-farming 52 18 1 8 0

Industry 13 227 10 155 9 364 6 577 6 680

Construction 13 086 12 360 13 168 8 768 7 989

Trade; car repair, households goods and personal items 29 472 26 812 23 242 22 479 24 207

Hotels and restaurants 3 075 2 258 2 959 2 704 3 364

Transportation and communication 4 372 6 683 5 275 9 626 10 672

Finance 2 845 2 282 1 723 1 026 886

Real estate operations, rent and service to customers

4 824 3 345 4 060 2 138 2 372

Public administration 1 862 723 902 1 605 953

Education 2 913 2 675 2 386 2 081 3 386

Health and social services2 075 1 471 1 340 1 010 1 831

Utility, social and personal services9 574 8 988 10 944 4 338 5 947

Undistributed types of activities 11 692 10 538 8 523 17 232 8 314


Тable 33. The number of newly created jobs by territory

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Kyrgyz Republic 119 549 121 205 116 718 111 761 106 634

Batken oblast 8 157 8 619 7 506 8 412 9 198

Djalal Abad oblast 21 217 22 928 25 620 21 741 22 345

Issyk Kul oblast 8 179 9 521 7 006 5 259 5 755

Naryn oblast 4 979 2 240 3 804 3 226 2 278

Osh oblast 11 643 10 790 11 139 10 952 10 665


Talas oblast 4 953 7 248 4 056 3 749 3 009

Chui oblast 19 389 23 873 26 185 26 619 28 165

Bishkek city 31 436 29 386 22 864 23 610 20 739

Osh city 9 596 6 600 8 478 8 193 4 480


Тable 34. The unemployment rate in the age of 15 and older by the place of living and sex (in percentage)

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Total 8,2 8,2 8,4 8,6 8,5

10,7 9,8 10,4 10,9 10,4



Men 9,0 9,4 9,8 9,9 9,9

Women


Тable 35. The unemployment rate by age, %

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Total population 8,2 8,2 8,4 8,6 8,5

15-19 15,1 13,3 16,8 19,1 18,9

20-29 10,2 11,4 12,7 12,4 12,5

30-39 7,2 7,3 6,1 6,2 6,5

40-49 6,2 6,2 5,2 5,9 5,5

50-59 5,7 4,5 4,6 4,8 4,6

60-69 2,9 0,8 1,5 2,3 2,4

70 and older … … … 0,6 0,5


Тable 36. Main indicators of unemployment among women

The level of unemployment among women, in % from the total population

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Women 1,82 1,79 1,77 1,75

The level of unemployment among women, in % from the labor force

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011


Women 2,82 3,00 3,02 2,99 2,98

The unemployment level, in % from the labor force

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011



Тable 37. The unemployment rate by the level of education

Unemployed in the age of 15 and older by education, (thousands people)

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011


University 25,6 24,7 17,8 21,6 28,1

Unfinished university 4,5 13,1 14,0 13,7 12,4

Secondary vocational 19,8 23,8 15,1 18,6 19,6

Primary vocational 15,2 17,8 13,1 13,4 19,1

Full basic 98,9 95,8 116,0 120,0 109,9

Basic 20,2 15,9 21,1 19,2 17,6

Primary, do not have primary or illiterate 6,8 4,5 6,6 5,8 5,6


Тable 38. The unemployment rate and the number of newly created jobs in KR Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011The unemployment rate, % 8,2 8,2 8,4 8,6 8,5

The number of newly created jobs, number 119549 121205 116718 111761 106634


Тable 39: The number of unemployed, registered in the employment services on the territory of their living, persons

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Batken oblast 6597 5499 5864 5482 5697

Djalal Abad oblast 21343 18707 14676 13401 11638

Issyk Kul oblast 4945 4902 4629 4510 4379

Naryn oblast 7431 6922 6672 6560 6462


Osh oblast 13792 13656 12918 13155 12453

Tals oblast 2193 2136 2123 2253 2312

Chui oblast 7489 7089 6563 6192 6093

Bishkek city 6275 6311 6522 9861 9667

Osh city 1202 1956 1412 1989 2373


Тable 40. The main indicators of the level of life of population in KR

Indicators 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

The share of population having income less than 1 USD (PPP) a day (in percentage from the total population):

City

Village

0,13

0,33

0,02

0,09

0,11

0,08

0,29

0,19

0,35

0,28

0,16

0,35

0,01

0,01

0,02

The share of population living below the absolute poverty line, %

35,5 31,7 31,7 33,7 36,8

The share of children less than 18 years old living in households situated below the poverty line, %

43,3 33,8 37,9 40,9 44,6

Spread of poverty (spread х depth of poverty)

6,6 7,5 6,1 7,5 7,5

Income per capita (in soms) 1417.32 2028.58 2311.91 2494.4 2936.37

Access to water 93,0 90,4 90,4 91,5 92,4


Indicators 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

The share of underweight children

(1- 6 year), %

City

Village

5,2

4,9

5,4

6,5

5,5

7,0

4,6

6,0

3,9

7,4

11,4

5,4

6,9

8,1

6,3

Index of poverty of population 6,9 6,4 6,1 6,1 5,6

The share of less well-to-do quintile in income of population, %

5,2 6,8 6,4 6,4 6,1



Тable 41. Income of population

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Average monthly salary per employee, som

In USD

3970

106

5378

147

6161

144

7189

156

9304

202

Average monthly salary per employee by types of economic activity, som agriculturefishing, fish-farmingminingmanufacturingproduction and distribution of electricity, gas and water construction

Trade; car repair, households goods and personal items

Hotels and restaurantsTransportation and communicationFinance Real estate operations, rent and service to customersг Public Administration

EducationHealth and social services

Utility, social and personal services

17881471

1471

46096254

6315

3613 314241946497

10791

45764469

3541

2536

24162915

5749

78127935

5245

448747699897

14864

6326

69583424

3486

3414

33473957

5856

95468734

6620

647757939717

16750

7853

61063638

3909

3566

43603655

7857

1098610675

8012

72006631

11981 18766

8424

9422 3991

4216

5825

Minimum wage, som

In USD

340 9

340

9

340

8

340

7

690

15

Average monthly pension of pension taking into account compensation benefits, som

In USD

1120

30

1460

40

2121

49

2886

63

3853

84



Тable 42. Average monthly salary of one employee and the level of minimal cost of living (soms)

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Average monthly salary 3970 5378 6161 7189 9304

The level of minimal cost of living 2795,9 3571 3263,2 3502,7 4390,2

The cost of food basket of the minimal cost of living 1788,3 2284 2121,1 2276,7 2853,5

The minimal cost of living per capita, in % from the average monthly к salary 70 66 53 49 47


Тable 43. Presence of durable goods in households, units per 100 households

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

TV sets 108 110 112 114 119

Washing machines 51 51 55 59 60

Refrigerators 61 63 66 68 69

Cell phones 32 59 88 114 137


Тable 44. The poverty level, urban and rural, % Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

The level of poverty, % 35 31,7 31,7 33,7 36,8

The poverty level in cities, % 23,2 22,6 21,9 23,6 30,7

The poverty level in rural areas, % 41,7 36,8 37,1 39,5 40,4



Тable 45. The poverty level by territories, % Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Kyrgyz Republic 35,0 31,7 31,7 33,7 36,8

Batken oblast 40,4 20,7 31,5 33,6 35,6

Djalal Abad oblast 53,0 40,1 36,9 44,7 45,3

Issyk Kul oblast 38,6 52,2 46,1 38,0 29,5

Naryn oblast 45,2 42,7 44,1 53,5 49,9

Osh oblast 46,6 37,5 38,3 41,9 44,7

Talas oblast 35,3 43,0 33,0 42,3 50,2

Chui oblast 15,0 15,8 21,2 21,9 28,6

Bishkek city 5,0 15,2 13,2 7,9 18,4


Тable 46. Gini coefficient (by income)

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Gini coefficient (by income) 0,422 0,363 0,371 0,371 0,382


Тable 47. Medical examination of foreigners in KR

Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Medical examination of foreigners for the purpose of getting work permit in KR, people 9523 4301 3931 2457 3283

Source: according to Republic Center «SPID»

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