MIGRATION NOTES

Eight Great Modern Migrations• What is Modern?

• From 1450 on• Generally the Renaissance

From Europe to North America• Religious freedom• Puritan migration

From Iberia to South & Central America

• Age of Exploration• Treaty of Tordesillas

• Portugal got everything East of

line, Spain got everything West

• Portugal occupied parts of Brazil (official language Portuguese)

• Spain everywhere else• Economic migration

From British Isles to British Empire• To South Africa, Australia & New Zealand• Beginning of the British Empire• Economic migration• What about India?

• Established trading posts in East Africa• From there moved to India• But not in huge numbers

From West Africa to Caribbean, S. America & American South• Caribbean

• Jamaica (90% African descent) & Haiti (95%)

• S. America• Coastal Brazil

• American South• Smallest amount from West Africa came here

From India to British Empire• Slavery ends, British used Indians to harvest crops in British

colonies• “Indian Diaspora”

• Diaspora: From Greek for “to disperse” forced or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place

• Kenya• S. Africa• SE Asia

• Indonesia still has a small Hindu minority

• Fiji• 2nd largest Ethnic group

• Guyana• 28.4% Hindu

• Suriname• Hindustani predominate ethnic group

From China to SE Asia & W. North America

• “Chinese Diaspora”• SE Asia

• Malaysia• Persecuted• Still 2nd highest ethnic group

• Singapore• 76.8% of the population

• “Bamboo Network”• A network of close-knit Chinese entrepreneurs with large corporate

empires in southeast Asia

• N. America• Seattle, San Francisco, & Vancouver

From E. North America to W. North America

• Manifest Destiny• The 19th century belief that Americans would eventually expand

west to the Pacific Ocean

• What about Native Americans?

From W. Russia to E. Russia & Central Asia

• Mirror image of N. America• Russians settled Siberia like we settled W. North America• What about native Siberians?

• Handled like Native Americans• Poorer than other Russians• Set up on reservations• On the worst land

Movement• Mobility – All types of movement from one location to

another.• Activity space – The space within which daily activity occurs; space

allotted for a certain industry or activity.

• Emigration – Migration from a location• Immigration – Migration to a new location• Net migration – The difference between the level of

immigration and the level of emigration.• Emigration > Immigration = Net “out migration”• Immigration > Emigration = Net “in migration”

Net Migration

Types of Migration• Transnational

• a.k.a. International Migration: Permanent movement from one country to another

• Internal• Permanent movement within a particular country.

• Chain• Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the

same nationality previously migrated there.

• Step• Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to

nearby village and later to town and city.• e.g. Brazilian family moves from village to town and then finally Sao Paulo or Rio

de Janeiro

• Seasonal Agriculture• Transhumance : A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock

between highland and lowland pastures.

• Rural to Urban• Permanent move from an agrarian lifestyle to a city lifestyle

Types of Migration

Voluntary Migration

• Choose to migrate• Remember

• Must be permanent• If they return (guest workers,

time-contract workers) they are not included in these numbers

Forced Migration

• a.k.a. Involuntary migration

• Examples:• Triangle Trade

• Atlantic Arm

• Native American relocation in Great Plains region of U.S.

Internal Migrations• Two kinds

• Intraregional• Interregional

• Intraregional: people moving within one geographic region within a country• Urbanization: move from rural to urban• Suburbanization: move from urban to suburban• Counterurbanization: move from urban to rural

• Interregional: people moving from one region to another within a country• Can be international if culture is maintained

Interregional Examples

Ravenstein’s “Laws” of Migration• British sociologist (1834 – 1913)• Laws of Migrations:

1. Most migrants go only a short distance (internal)• Distance Decay

2. If they do move a long distance, they are more likely to travel to a big city (Gravity Model)

3. Most migrations proceed step-by-step (Lee’s Model/Step Migration)

4. Most migration is from rural to urban

5. Every migration flow produces a counterflow• Rural migrants move to city; city dwellers move to suburbs

6. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

7. Most international migrants are young males• Changed with time; women comprise 40-60% of International migrants

(55% of U.S. migrants)

Why?• Most people migrate for ECONOMIC reasons

• New jobs• Better wages• Escape poverty• Find higher standard of living

• Push and Pull factors• Push: Factor that induces people to leave old residences.

• Push us from one place

• Pull: Factor that induces people to move to a new location.• Pull us to another

Global Migration Trends

Migration Patterns• Intercontinental

• From one continent to another

• Interregional• From one region of a country to another

• Intraregional• Within one region of a country

• Rural to Urban

Migration Transition Model• Migration transition – Change in the migration pattern in a

society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.• Wilbur Zelinsky

• Stage 1• Migration for food, rather than permanent migration

• Stage 2• High population, technological improvements lead to out-migration

• Stage 3 & 4• Destination of international migrants from Stage 2 countries• Most internal migration is intraregional

• Cities to suburbs

Global Migration Trends• 3 largest migration

flows• Asia to Europe• Asia to North America• Latin America to North

America

• Net In Migration: Europe, North America & Oceania

• Net Out Migration: Asia, Latin America & Africa

Case Study: Europe• 1800-1920

• CDR drops, population soars• Led to Europe being a source region for migrants• “Net Out Migration”• Other factors as well

• Agriculture: Irish potato famine• Economic: Downturns in Europe; job opportunities in the U.S.• Cultural: Religious persecution; network connections/chain migration• Political: Instability, repression, lack of freedoms

• 1960-2000• CBR, CDR drops, increase in elderly population (graying of Europe)• Europe = destination for migrants, particularly from North Africa• “Net In Migration”• Results

• Labor shortages in Europe• Labor surplus in N. Africa• Overpopulated in N. Africa

U.S. Immigration Trends• 3 Phases

1. American colonies• European settlement, mainly British• African slaves

2. Nineteenth-Twentieth Century• 1840-1850: Western Europe • 1880s: Northern Europe • Beginning of Twentieth Century: Southern & Eastern Europe

3. 2nd Half of Twentieth Century• Latin America & Asia

• Periods of Decline• U.S. Civil War, 1893 Depression, WWI, Great Depression, WWII

20th C. U.S. Immigration

Early

• Source: E. & S. Europe• Push:

• Political Instability (WWI, Russian Rev.)

• Lack of jobs• Religious persecution• Overpopulation (Stage 2)

• Pull:• U.S. Industrialization• Increased demand for labor• Specific industries: construction,

transportation, city expansion

Late

• Source: Asia & Latin Am.• Push:

• End of Cold War• Poverty, lack of jobs• Overpopulation (Stage 2)• Religious/ethnic conflict• Environmental problems

• Pull:• U.S. shift to service-based industry• Increased demand for low-wage jobs• Expansion of ethnic economy• Expansion of “agribusiness” • High Tech Industry = need for

software & hardware production

Internal U.S. Migration

U.S. Internal Migration

In Migration

• Regions: • Pacific Northwest,

Southwest, Northeast

• States:• Arizona, California,

Delaware, Florida, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia

Out Migration

• Regions:• Great Plains, Midwest, Rust

Belt, Deep South, Corn Belt

• States:• Alabama, Illinois, Kansas,

Louisiana, Massachusetts, Montana, New York, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah

Why?• Economic Structure

• Deindustrialization• Shift to service/technology industries away from agriculture• Suburbanization

• Friction of Distance• Gravity Model (FoD tied to migration decisions)• Telecommuting (FoD not as important as it used to be)• Improved transportation/communication (FoD not as important)

• Age Structure• Retirees moving to Sun Belt states, Florida• Young professionals move to areas for job opportunities• Young couples move to suburbs to provide lots of amenities

Internal Net Migration • Net Migration (County Scale)

Refugees, Asylum Seekers, IDPs• Refugees

• UN Definition: A person who has well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political group

• Asylum Seekers• Someone who has applied for asylum and is waiting for a

decision as to whether or not they are a refugee• U.S. 2013: 84,343 Asylum claims

• Largest recipient of claims in the world• 8th year in a row

• Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)• Forcibly uprooted people displaced within their own country

Refugees• UN reports 45.2 million refugees worldwide

• Numbers vary a lot

• Two types• International refugees

• Crossed one or more international borders and are in a country other than their own

• Intranational• Abandoned their homes but not their homeland

• IDPs

Refugees

IDPs 2010

1. Sudan1. 4.9 million

2. Colombia1. 3.3 million

3. Iraq1. 2.7 million

How do you identify a refugee?• UN Definition• 3 General Characteristics

• Move with only what they can carry• Begin journey by foot, bicycle, wagon or boat• Lack official documents usually needed for international migration

U.S. Refugee Numbers• Refugee Arrivals by Country of Nationality: Fiscal Years 2009 to 2011

2011 2010 2009• Country of nationality Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent • Total ................ 56,384 100.0 73,293 100.0 74,602 100.0• Burma ................ 16,972 30.1 16,693 22.8 18,202 24.4• Bhutan ............... 14,999 26.6 12,363 16.9 13,452 18.0• Iraq .................. 9,388 16.7 18,016 24.6 18,838 25.3• Somalia ............... 3,161 5.6 4,884 6.7 4,189 5.6• Cuba ................. 2,920 5.2 4,818 6.6 4,800 6.4• Eritrea ................ 2,032 3.6 2,570 3.5 1,571 2.1• Iran .................. 2,032 3.6 3,543 4.8 5,381 7.2• DR Congo............. 977 1.7 3,174 4.3 1,135 1.5• Ethiopia ............... 560 1.0 668 0.9 321 0.4• Afghanistan ............ 428 0.8 515 0.7 349 0.5• All other countries, • including unknown ............. 2,915 5.2 6,049 8.3 6,364 8.5

Examples • Syrian Refugees• Civil Wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Angola, & Sudan• Ethnic war between Hutu & Tutsi groups in Rwanda

• Has spilled over into DRC & Burundi

• Displacement due to ongoing dispute between Israelis & Palestinians

• Afghanistan• Due to Taliban rule• Soviet Invasion in 1970-80s• U.S. involvement during 2000s

• “Boat People” who fled Communist rule in Vietnam

Yugoslavia• After the collapse of the

former Yugoslavia, over 1 million were displaced

• Formed 5 independent countries• Bosnia & Herzegovina• Croatia• Macedonia• Serbia & Montenegro

(which later split)• Slovenia

LEE’S MODEL OF MIGRATION

Key Terms• Push Factor: Factor that induces people to leave old

residences.• Pull Factor: Factor that induces people to move to a new

location.• Intervening Obstacle: An environmental or cultural feature

of the landscape that hinders migration.• Intervening Opportunity: A favorable environmental,

economic or cultural feature that redirects migration.

Lee’s Model of Migration

Push Factors1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Source Region

InterveningObstacle

Migration

Pull Factors1.2.3. 4.5.6. 7. 8.

Destination

Push/Pull Factors

1. Economic

2. Environmental

3. Cultural

• Economic & Environmental push/pull factors are generally associated with voluntary migration.

• Cultural push/pull factors are generally associated with forced migration

• Note: people tend to move on excessively positive images/expectations that may not always be accurate

Push/Pull Factors

Push Factors• Economic

• Poverty• Few job opportunities• Low wages

• Environmental• Hazardous regions• Adverse physical conditions• Too little water/too much water

• Cultural• Slavery• Political instability• Religious/ethnic persecution

(refugees)

Pull Factors

• Economic• Higher standard of living• More job opportunities• Higher wages

• Environmental• Stable climates

• Cultural• Stable political conditions

Intervening Obstacle/Opportunity• Examples of Obstacles

• Environmental• Mountains, rivers, bodies of water, etc.

• Cultural• Passport to leave/visa to come in

• Economic• Run out of money

• Examples of Opportunities• Economic

• New jobs along migration route

• Environmental• Jobs created to divert rivers for irrigation (economic as well)

• Cultural• Move into an ethnic enclave along route

Practical Application of Lee’s ModelSource Region

Destination Region

Push Factors

- -- - -

Pull Factors

+ + +

+ +

Migration

Intervening Obstacle

Anti-push factors

+ +

+

+ +

Anti-pull factors

- -- - - -

Return

Other Destination

Intervening Opportunity

Few ArriveMany

leave

GRAVITY MODEL

Ravenstein’s Laws

1. Most migrants go only a short distance

2. Most migrations proceed step-by-step

3. If they do move a long distance, they are more likely to travel to a big city

4. Every migration flow produces a counterflow

5. Most migration is from rural to urban

6. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

7. Most international migrants are young males

Background• Interaction is proportional to the multiplication of the two

populations divided by the distance between them (distance decay); based on Newton’s Law of Gravity

Example: HendersonPlace Population Distance (from Henderson) Henderson N/A Las Vegas Moapa Valley Los Angeles, CA

256,445

567,641

7,632

11 miles

48 miles

12,828,837 230 miles

Henderson to Las Vegas• 256,445 x 567,641

11²

MIGRATION MODELSMigration Models