Midterm review

AP World History Ms. Heath

The Test

• 80 Multiple Choice Questions – 20% Period 1 (14 questions) – 20% Period 2 – 20% Period 3– 40% Period 4 (38 questions)

• 20 Geography questions• 1 Comparative Essay

Period 1

Technological and Environmental Transformationsto c. 600 B.C.E.

Vocabulary (for the Midterm)

• Neolithic revolution• Sedentary• Domestication• Pastoral• Social hierarchy• Specialization• Social stratification

OVERVIEW OF TOPICSPeriod 1

Topic of Period 1

• Paleolithic Age• Neolithic Age• Neolithic revolution

• River Valley Civilization

Paleolithic Age• Foraging (hunter and gathering)– Men hunting – Women gathering

Neolithic Age

• Neolithic Revolution – Development of agriculture

• Development – Gradual process: happened in different areas

independently

Neolithic Age cont. • Characteristic – Required more work than foraging– Population growth – Permanent settlements (increase of diseases)– Domestication of plants and animals

• Effects– Specialization of labor – Increase of population – Trade begins – Social Stratification – Development of Writing

River Valley Civilization • River Valley civilizations – Tigris and Euphrates River • Mesopotamia (Sumerians) –earliest civilization • Characteristics-

– Writing Cuneiform– Ziggurats- building for worship (pyramid like) – Patriarchal society

– Indus River (unpredictable flooding) • Harappan • Characteristics-

– Unable to read writing – Laid cities in a precise grid like formation– Decline unknown

River Valley civilizations cont – Huang He River

• The Shang & Zhou dynasties • Characteristics

– Isolated from the others – Oracle bones – Social stratification – Women subordinate to men– Zhou-mandate of heaven

– Nile River • Egypt• Characteristics

– Irrigation projects to water fields– Pharaoh- king of Egypt Social stratification– Writing –hieroglyphics– Build pyramids

Map of River Valley civilizations

Other items to know

• Relationship between writing and civilization– Allowed for record keeping– Organized governments

Review Questions!

1. The Neolithic Age a) Saw the beginnings of urbanization b) Saw the process of agriculture carried out

without the use of metal toolsc) Produced societies without class divisionsd) Saw a decline in global populationse) Witnessed the end of nomadic societies

Review Questions

1. The development of agriculture caused important changes in all of the following EXCEPTa) population size and life expectancy.b) male-female relations.c) the development of complex social patterns.d) the stability of human settlements.e) the tendency to believe in many gods.

Review Question

3. The Neolithic revolution occurred first ina) India.b) the Middle East.c) China.d) Egypt.e) Central America.

Review Question

1. The Indus River valley civilization a. Relied heavily on communal planning b. Is best studied through its written records c. Was isolated from other river valley civilizations

because of surrounding mountainsd. Declined after the arrival of Aryan invaderse. Shared similar flood control concerns with the

Egyptians

Answer sheet

1. E2. E3. B 4. A

Period 2

Vocabulary

• Reincarnation • Missionary • Cultural diffusion • Patriarchy• Democracy • Monsoon• Social Hierarchy• Stratification

OVERVIEW OF PERIOD 2

Topic in Period 2

• Classical Civilizations• Origins of World Religions • Trade and interactions

Classical Civilization • Classical China

– The Zhou• Mandate of Heaven • Centralized the government

– The Qin• Came to power after the Era of Warring states • Build the Great Wall • Encouraged the manufacturing of Silk

– The Han• Government bureaucracy grew stronger• Traded along the silk road• Expanded territory - recruited the local elite

• Classical India – Monsoon controlled agriculture– Mauryan

• Asoka– Gupta

• Society: patriarchal • Downfall: invasions

Classical Civilization cont.• Classical Greece

– Government: City-state • Classical Rome

– Fall: too large for government to control and invasions – Characteristics

• Republic• Empire: pax romana • Conquering other: recruit local elites

• Persia– Locations: in Anatolia and the fertile crescents – Tolerance toward the customs of conquered people

• Americas– Olmacs and Mayan

• No interaction with the western hemisphere

• Hellenistic Culture – Alexander the Great

• Regions brought together by Alexander the Great: Middle East, Mediterranean and south Asia

Religions – Judaism– Hinduism

• Belief system in India• No founder• Vedas- religious scriptures • Reincarnation • Trying to reach mosha• Caste system

– Buddhism• Formed from Hinduism (also founded in India) • Does not believe in the caste system

– Confucianism• Found by confusion during the period of warring states in china• Filial piety: patriarchal family -> respect for one’s elders and ancestors

– Daoism• Also developed during the Era of warring states

– Christianity• Also “people of the book”• Believe that Jesus Christ is the massiah

Trade and interactions

• Silk Road– Connected the Mediterranean with east Asia

• Indian Ocean trade– The maritime trade route

• Trans-Saharan– Connecting West Africa with North Africa

Indian Ocean and Silk Road

Review Questions

Review Questions

1. The Qin dynasty differed from the Zhou in that

a. it lasted longer.b. it was more centralized.c. it was defeated by invading Huns.d. it practiced Confucianism.e. it eventually declined and fell.

Review Questions

1. The Persiansa. Were noted for their harsh treatment towards

conquered peopleb. Continued the traditions of ancient Mesopotamia c. Introduced a new religion similar to the structure

of Hinduism d. Failed to establish a unified empire e. Focused on their commercial activity on trade

with china

Review Question

1. The Hellenistic empire of Alexandera. Continued the competition with Persia begun under the

Greek poleisb. Was successful in curbing foreign influence upon

Greece c. Produced theories that accurately explained the nature

of the universed. Blended Mediterranean and the Middle Eastern culture e. Strengthened its hold upon the Mediterranean world

after Alexander’s death

Review Questions

1. Both Hinduism and Buddhism a. Supported the caste system b. Revered women c. Became increasing popular in India d. All of the above e. None of the above

Review Questions

1. The declining years of Han China and the Roman Empire shared all of the following EXCEPT

a. A decline in morality b. Assimilation of invading peoples into imperial

culture c. Unequal land distribution d. Decline in trade

Review Questions

1. Indian Ocean trade1. Flourished in spite of constant interferences from

nomadic tribe 2. Saw mariners utilize the geographic forces of the

Indian Ocean 3. Declined with the fall of classical empires 4. Failed to establish connections with land routes5. Concentrated on trade among neighboring

people rather than long-distance trade

Answers

1. B2. B 3. D4. E5. C 6. B

Period 3

Vocabulary

• Mosque • Indigenous • Interregional• Feudalism • Serfs• Bureaucracy

Overview

• Rise and Spread of Islam • Expansion of China • Changes in European Institution • Trade• Americas

Rise and Spread of Islam

• Rise – Origins: Muhammad– Split between the sunni and shia

• Spread – Through trade and military conquest – Umayyad Caliphate– Abbasid Caliphate• Bagdad- downfall when city captured by the Mongols

Expansion of China

• Tang Dynasty – Expanded the empire– Expanded the bureaucracy– Scholar-gently – Restricted the Buddhist monasteries

• Song Dynasty – Civil service exams emphasized in gain government posts – Bureaucracy expanded

• Mongol invasion – Restricted Chinese– Chinese no longer able to participate in their government

Changes in European Institution • The Middle Ages

– Battle of Tours-prevents the Muslims from moving into Europe (Iberian Continent becomes Islamic)

– Feudalism- political, economic and social system • Serfs- bound to the land but were not slaves (can’t be bought or sold)

– Plague • Disease that killed the majority of the European populations • Effects: More jobs for peasant and craftspeople who were in scarce supply

– Crusades • Christian campaigns trying to take back the holy land from the Muslims• Opened Europe up to new contacts and ideas

• Byzantine Empire– Acted as the trading center between Asia and Western Europe – Interacts with the Slavs

• Slavic Homeland – North of the byzantine Empire– Trades raw materials– Large homeland – Convert to Eastern orthodox

Trade

• Bantu Migrations– Exchange of ideas, technology and language in sub-

Saharan Africa through the migration of the Bantu speaking peoples.

• Increase of trade– Trade along the Swahili coast (connected to the red sea,

Indian Ocean and Arabian sea) – Growth of cities by the increase of trade– Mongol Empire control lands in which the silk road pasted

through and makes the silk road secure for travelers

Americas

• Incas – Located along the Western coast line of South

America– Expanded through military conquest

• Aztecs – Located in central Mexico– Inherent customs from previous civilizations – Expanded through military conquest – Change their environment for their needs

Review Questions

Review Questions

• What was the most important "stepchild" of the Byzantine civilization?– A) the Middle East– B) Russia– C) Italy– D) Poland– E) Greece

Review Questions

• Which of the following statements concerning the agricultural laborers of the medieval West is NOT true?– A) They were slaves.– B) They received protection and the administration of

justice from their landlords.– C) They were obligated to turn over part of their goods

to remain on the land.– D) They retained essential ownership of their houses.– E) They had heavy obligations to their lords.

Review Questions

• Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of American civilizations during the post-classic period?– A) diverse civilizations– B) elaborate cultural systems– C) monotheism– D) highly developed agriculture– E) large cities based on elaborate political and

economic organization

Review Questions

• The bubonic plague changed the economic relationship between the upper and lower classes of Europe. This occurred because– A. Jobs were plentiful and peasants and craftspeople

were in scarce supply – B. There were fewer jobs because of the population

decline – C. Nobles paid less because they needed less– D. Nobles raised wages because the plague was a

warning sign from god.

Review Questions

• Of those listed below, which civilization existed in the most complete state of isolation in the period 600-1450?– A. Ming China – B. Delhi Sultanate– C. Aztec Empire– D. Carolingian France– E. Kievan Rus

Answers

1. B2. A3. A4. A

Period 4

Vocabulary • Columbian exchange • Renaissance• Plantations• Middle Passage• Mercantilist• Absolutist• Liberia• Peninsular• Matriarchal• Indigenous• Reconquista• Catholic Reformation • Enlightenment• Scientific Revolution• Isolationism• Jesuits

Overview• Empires and other political system• Exchanges and trade• System of Slavery • Cultural and Intellectual Changes

Empires and other Political System• Spain

– Spanish colonies (Caribbean, Central, Latin and South America) – Colonized- created settlement. (little Spain) – reconquista

• Portugal– Colony- Brazil- plantations and port. – Slave trade

• France – Absolute monarchy

• England – Parliamentary Monarchy – Henry VIII- separated from the Roman Church –Anglican Church

• Russia– Expanded territory (Eastern Europe to Eastern Asia) – Peter and Catherine the Great- lead reforms to westernize part of Russian

culture

Empires and other Political System• Ottoman

– Sunni Muslims – Conquered Constantinople – Thoughts on the west

• Mughals– Located in India– Thought on the west – Accepting of Hinduism

• Ming– Key feature

• Went into a state of isolationism• Confucian based bureaucracy • Expansion • Jesuit tried to convert Chinese

• Safavid – Shi’a Muslim– Thought on Europeans

Exchanges and trade• Trading Companies– Set up to help finance expeditions

• Columbian exchange– Exchange of crops, animals and diseases between

Europe, Africa and the Americas– European disease caused depopulation of the native

Americas– New crops cause population increase in Europe (potato)

• Triangular trade – Europe sending manufactured good to Africa in

exchange for slave who were then sent to the Americas for raw material which were sent to Europe

System of Slavery • Beginnings– European with new technologies started to trade and

establish forts along the west African coast line – Slave trade had existed before but will become more extreme

• Trans-Atlantic Trade– European set up fort along the coast line. – Native African kingdoms raid neighboring kingdoms and tribe

for slaves– Slave traders preferred men than women – Many slaves died during the “middle passage” – the journey

between Africa and Americas

Cultural and Intellectual Changes • Reformation

– Started by Martin Luther (Germany) – Split from the catholic church

• Catholic Reformation – Roman Catholic church reactions to the reformation. – Establish the Jesuit order

• Scientific Revolution – New ideas about the natural word– Established the tradition of seeking answers to question about nature

through the application of reason and methodical investigation of the World

– Galileo– Newton

• Enlightenment – Inspired by the scientific Revolution – Applied reason to the problems of human affairs and can be understood .

Review Questions

Review Questions

• Which of the following represents a difference between the origins of the Ottomans and the Safavids?– A) The Safavids originated from a Turkish nomadic

group.– B) The Safavids represented a highly militant strain of

Islam.– C) The Safavids represented the Shi'ite strain of Islam,– D) The Safavids were of Chinese Origin.– E) The Safavids were originally frontier warriors.

Review Questions

• What was the political impact of the presence of Europeans on the African coast?– A) State formation in Africa took place on the Indian Ocean

coast away from the trade routes established by the Europeans.

– B) Strong centralized states began to form on the coastline in close proximity to the European trade forts.

– C) Europeans immediately divided up the entire continent.– D) States were more likely to form in the savanna regions of

Africa.– E) West and central African kingdoms just inland from the

forts began to redirect their trade and expand their influence.

Review Questions • What was the primary difference between the Spanish and

Portuguese empires?– A) The Portuguese treated their slaves better than did the Spanish.– B) Portuguese colonies lacked the bureaucratic structure that

characterized the Spanish colonies after the middle of the sixteenth century.

– C) The Portuguese colony of Brazil was more intellectually independent of the mother country than were the Spanish colonies in Latin America.

– D) Portuguese colonies did not have the heavy influence of the Catholic Church found in Spanish colonies.

– E) Unlike the Spanish empire that was almost exclusively American, the Portuguese empire included colonies and outposts in Asia and Africa as well as Brazil.

Review questions

• As part of the "Colombian Exchange," which of the following was a European contribution to the Americas.– A) bullion– B) potatoes– C) disease– D) corn– E) raw materials

Review Questions • What was the Western response to the problems of

international trade that they experienced in 1400?– A) Western nations began explorations of alternative routes to

Asia that would bypass the Middle East and Muslim realms.– B) Western nations halted trade with Asia and the East and

became more dependent on European-produced commodities.– C) They began to pull back from all but regional trade.– D) Many nations sought to establish alliances with the Ottoman

Empire in order to restore the trade routes.– E) Overland trade routes through northern Russia were

established to the East.

Answer Key

• 1. c• 2. e • 3. e• 4. c• 5.a