middleages 110929084312-phpapp02
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
The Middle The Middle AgesAges
The beginning…Early Middle The beginning…Early Middle AgesAges
Decline of Roman Empire Decline of Roman Empire Rise of Northern Europe Rise of Northern Europe New forms of government New forms of government Heavy “Heavy “RomanizationRomanization” ”
(religion, language, laws, (religion, language, laws, architecture, government)architecture, government)
LatinLatin- “medium aevum” - “medium aevum” means “middle age” and means “middle age” and is source of English word is source of English word “medieval”“medieval”
Early Middle Early Middle AgesAges
Dark AgesDark Ages (500 CE- 1000 CE)- scholars (500 CE- 1000 CE)- scholars named this as a time when the forces of named this as a time when the forces of darkness (barbarians) overwhelmed the darkness (barbarians) overwhelmed the forces of light (Romans) forces of light (Romans)
Rise of influence of Rise of influence of barbariansbarbarians as Roman as Roman Emperors had granted barbarian Emperors had granted barbarian mercenaries land with the Roman Empire in mercenaries land with the Roman Empire in return for military service and it was these return for military service and it was these barbarians who eventually became the new barbarians who eventually became the new rulers rulers
Warriors and Warbands in the Warriors and Warbands in the WestWest
Period of change in Western Europe as Period of change in Western Europe as barbarians were migrating in to areas given barbarians were migrating in to areas given up by Romansup by Romans
As more barbarians moved westward, other As more barbarians moved westward, other tribes were forced to movetribes were forced to move
Groups categorized by languages and little Groups categorized by languages and little elseelse
CelticCeltic: Gauls, Britons, Bretons: Gauls, Britons, Bretons GermanicGermanic: Goths, Frank, Vandals, Saxons: Goths, Frank, Vandals, Saxons SlavicSlavic: Wends: Wends
From Rome to From Rome to ConstantinopleConstantinople
ConstantinopleConstantinople
(former city of Byzantium) became new capital and (former city of Byzantium) became new capital and control centre for Roman Empirecontrol centre for Roman Empire
Was largest city by population in the world west of Was largest city by population in the world west of ChinaChina
Strategic location on trade routesStrategic location on trade routes One of largest natural harbours in the world linked One of largest natural harbours in the world linked
the east and westthe east and west Byzantine gold coin (bezant) was the main currency Byzantine gold coin (bezant) was the main currency
of international tradeof international trade Ruled provinces by Roman model (governors, Ruled provinces by Roman model (governors,
bureaucracy and imperial army, heavy taxation and bureaucracy and imperial army, heavy taxation and favouring of royal family and priests in trade and favouring of royal family and priests in trade and taxestaxes
Expanding Influence of the Expanding Influence of the ChurchChurch
Christian ChurchChristian Church has become an important has become an important political, economic, spiritual and cultural political, economic, spiritual and cultural force in Europeforce in Europe
Leading officials of Church were the Leading officials of Church were the PopePope and and PatriarchPatriarch
Banning of Banning of heresyheresy (holding beliefs that (holding beliefs that contradict the official religion)contradict the official religion)
conversion by forceconversion by force Eventually in 11Eventually in 11thth Century, Church split Century, Church split
into two independent branches into two independent branches Eastern Eastern OrthodoxOrthodox (Greek) based in Constantinople (Greek) based in Constantinople and and Roman CatholicRoman Catholic in Rome in Rome
You scratch my You scratch my back…back…
I’ll scratch yours…. I’ll scratch yours….
ChurchChurch was granted favors by was granted favors by Roman EmperorsRoman Emperors / Kings (land, exemption / Kings (land, exemption from taxes, immunity in courts, positions from taxes, immunity in courts, positions in courts) and in return the Church would in courts) and in return the Church would endorse kings to help secure their ruleendorse kings to help secure their rule
KingsKings looked to looked to ChurchChurch to supply to supply educated administrators to help run educated administrators to help run kingdoms and in return kings would kingdoms and in return kings would enforce laws that prohibited other enforce laws that prohibited other religionsreligions
Monasticism Monasticism and Saintsand Saints
MonksMonks were people who gave up worldly were people who gave up worldly possessions and devote themselves to possessions and devote themselves to a religious lifea religious life
Established between 400 -700 communities Established between 400 -700 communities called monasteries which became centres of called monasteries which became centres of education, literacy and learningeducation, literacy and learning
Strict codes of monastic conduct called Strict codes of monastic conduct called Rule Rule of St. Benedict of St. Benedict
Saints- one who performs miracles that are Saints- one who performs miracles that are interpreted as evidence of a special interpreted as evidence of a special relationship with Godrelationship with God
St. Augustine-St. Augustine- wrote “Confessions” which wrote “Confessions” which discussed ideas of ethics, self knowledge, discussed ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and the role of free will which shaped and the role of free will which shaped monastic tradition and the influence of monastic tradition and the influence of ChurchChurch
Justinian the Great Justinian the Great (ruled 527-565 CE)(ruled 527-565 CE)
Byzantine EmperorByzantine Emperor
goal to reunite the Roman world goal to reunite the Roman world as a Christian Empire and as a Christian Empire and suppressed all paganismsuppressed all paganism
Ordered the codification of Ordered the codification of Roman laws in the Roman laws in the Justinian CodeJustinian Code or “Body of Civil Law” that or “Body of Civil Law” that defined civil law in the Middle defined civil law in the Middle Ages and the modern worldAges and the modern world
Crushed the Crushed the Nika RiotNika Riot with the with the help of his wife Theodorahelp of his wife Theodora
During his reign During his reign LatinLatin was the was the official language of the Byzantine official language of the Byzantine Empire, but was later changed to Empire, but was later changed to Greek (another difference Greek (another difference between two regions)between two regions)
Byzantine Empire in 6th Century
MerovingiansMerovingians
Merovingian is derived from the leader of the Merovingian is derived from the leader of the tribe of Frankstribe of Franks
First dynasty after the Romans and ruled for 300 yearsFirst dynasty after the Romans and ruled for 300 years Leader in 481 CE was Leader in 481 CE was Clovis I-Clovis I- he united Frankish tribes he united Frankish tribes
and expanded territoryand expanded territory His His conversionconversion to Christianity won him support from the to Christianity won him support from the
ChurchChurch Clovis I wrote Clovis I wrote Salic LawSalic Law - assigned a specific financial - assigned a specific financial
value to everyone and everything; concept of value to everyone and everything; concept of trial trial optionsoptions (trial by oath and trial by ordeal) (trial by oath and trial by ordeal)
Merovingian's founded and built many monasteries, Merovingian's founded and built many monasteries, churches and palaces and spread Christianity churches and palaces and spread Christianity throughout Western Europethroughout Western Europe
IMPACT = Eventually dynasty declined as kings relaxed IMPACT = Eventually dynasty declined as kings relaxed power and became more like figure heads whereas the power and became more like figure heads whereas the real power lay with the powerful officials and leading real power lay with the powerful officials and leading aristocracyaristocracy
CarolingiansCarolingians Rise of aristocratic Rise of aristocratic Charles MartelCharles Martel who who
dominated Frankish kingdom in 8dominated Frankish kingdom in 8thth century century
He confiscated land given to Church and began He confiscated land given to Church and began Church reforms that would restore spirituality Church reforms that would restore spirituality to clerical lifeto clerical life
His son His son Pepin the ShortPepin the Short continued continued Church reforms and eventuallyChurch reforms and eventually with the support of reformed with the support of reformed Church, removed last Church, removed last Merovingian king from throneMerovingian king from throne
Established the Established the Carolingian Carolingian dynastydynasty, named to protect the, named to protect thepapacy and establish the popepapacy and establish the popeand bishops are the makers of kingsand bishops are the makers of kings
Greatest legacy was CharlesGreatest legacy was Charles the Great, or the Great, or CharlemagneCharlemagne
The Holy Roman The Holy Roman Empire & Empire &
CharlemagneCharlemagne CharlemagneCharlemagne (Charles the Great) who was a (Charles the Great) who was a
military general and restored Pope Leo III who military general and restored Pope Leo III who had been exiledhad been exiled
In return, Leo placed a crown on Charlemagne In return, Leo placed a crown on Charlemagne and named him the and named him the “Emperor of the Romans“Emperor of the Romans” ” which secured the relationship between which secured the relationship between Frankish kings and the papacyFrankish kings and the papacy
Charlemagne became the first ruler of the Charlemagne became the first ruler of the Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire, a dynasty that would last , a dynasty that would last for more than 700 yearsfor more than 700 years
CharlemagneCharlemagne- imposed order on empire - imposed order on empire through the Church and statethrough the Church and state
Ordered the Ordered the standardization of Latinstandardization of Latin, , textbooks, manuals for preaching, schools for textbooks, manuals for preaching, schools for clergy and people, new form of handwritingclergy and people, new form of handwriting
All these promoted education and scholars All these promoted education and scholars and produced a precise written language and produced a precise written language (Latin)(Latin)
Slaves and SerfsSlaves and Serfs
Slaves made up of conquered Slaves made up of conquered peoplespeoples
Some treated harshly, while other Some treated harshly, while other were treated fairlywere treated fairly
Rural slaves became serfs, who Rural slaves became serfs, who worked the land and provided labour worked the land and provided labour for owner (in return from protection)for owner (in return from protection)
Set up for system of feudalismSet up for system of feudalism
Birth of Modern LanguagesBirth of Modern Languages
Development of Middle AgesDevelopment of Middle Ages New languages born through New languages born through
migration, resettlement, conflict and migration, resettlement, conflict and changeschanges
Old English (Anglo Saxon) began to Old English (Anglo Saxon) began to incorporate words borrowed from Latin incorporate words borrowed from Latin and Old French, Old German and Old and Old French, Old German and Old NorseNorse
Roots of contemporary Spanish, Italian Roots of contemporary Spanish, Italian and other Romance languages and other Romance languages