Middle-Class ReformChapter 9:i

[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 260.]

The reforms movement was largely rooted in religious faith

of Protestant revivalists.

[Image source: Eyes of the Nation, page 102.]

Charles Grandison Finney, a former

attorney, sparked

revivals in upper-state New York. [Image source:

http://www.cc.oberlin.edu/~EOG/images/CharlesGrandisonFinney.html]

Lyman Beecher, a

revivalist from New England,

taught that good people

would make a good country.

[Image source: http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brady/gallery/07gal.html]

Rev. Beecher became the

patriarch of a great clan that

included . . .[Image source:

http://newman.baruch.cuny.edu/digital/2001/beecher/images/beecher_002.jpg]

preacher and lecturer Henry Ward Beecher,

[Image source: http://www.stereoviews.com/beecher1.jpg]

writer and antislavery

activist Harriet Beecher Stowe,

[Image source: http://www.npg.si.edu/img2/brush/big/bigstow.jpg]

who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and

[Image source: http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/JACOBS/utcabin.gif]

Catherine Beecher, a key figure

in women’s education.

[Image source: http://www.pbs.org/kcet/publicschool/images/inn_beecher.jpg]

Transcendentalism taught that the process of spiritual discovery and insight would lead a person to profound

truths beyond human reason.

[Image source: http://images.google.com/images?q=transcendentalism&hl=en&sa=N&tab=wi]

Poet Ralph Waldo Emerson,

the leading Transcendentalist

of his day, was convinced that people could transcend the

material world.[Image source: http://www.uua.org/info/Emerson-RalphWaldo.jpg]

Fellow Transcendentalist

Henry David Thoreau explored

the value of leisure and the

benefits of living closely with

nature.[http://cgee.hamline.edu/see/thoreau/thor_head.gif]

Thoreau published a collection of

essays in 1854 describing his experiment in living simply.

[Image source: http://www.levity.com/seabrook/walden.gif]

Thoreau’s imprisonment for his opposition to America’s war with Mexico was described in an essay

entitled “Civil Disobedience”.

[Image source: http://info.pue.udlap.mx/ri/trabajos/1999/nt200925/battle6.GIF]

America’s consumption of alcoholic

beverages per capita peaked in the early-

1800s.[http://www.librarycompany.org/Ardent%20Spirits/temperance-BrandyDrops.GIF]

[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 285.]

Alcohol Consumption,1800-1860

[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 261.]

Reformers, opposed to

alcohol consumption, preached the value of self-control and

self-discipline.[Image source: America - Pathways to the

Present, page 283.]

[Image source: http://entomology.unl.edu/beekpg/tidings/btid1999/temperance.jpg]

Under the leadership of

Horace Mann, Massachusetts

pioneered school reform, making public education free.

[http://www.pbs.org/kcet/publicschool/images/inn_mann.jpg]

Mann believed that education could be used to promote self-

discipline and good citizenship.

[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 262.]

Many children learned through a popular series of textbooks called the McGuffy’s

Readers.

[Image source: http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/library/watkinson/collections/images/children_1.jpg]

William McGuffy promoted

evangelical Protestant values

such as thrift, obedience,

honesty, and temperance.

Schools were often segregated by race as well as sex.

[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 382.]

School Enrollment, 1840-1870

Schoolteacher Dorothea Dix submitted a

detailed report to the state of Massachusetts revealing the

shocking conditions

found in most prisons. [Image source:

http://www.scc.rutgers.edu/njwomenshistory/Period_3/images/dix.jpg]

Miss Dix’s efforts resulted states establishing separate institutions

for the mentally ill.

[Image source: http://darkspire.org/asylums/harrisburg_pa/daddix.gif]

Some reformers tried to create utopian communties dedicated to perfection in

social and political conditions.

[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 263.]

Scottish industrialist Robert Owen envisioned a community where

well-educated, hardworking people

would share property in common.

[Image source: http://images.google.com/images?num=20&hl=en&q=Robert+Owen]

Owen established New Harmony, Indiana.

[Image source: http://www.msdmv.k12.in.us/mvjhs/staff/Teacher's%20Web%20Sites/Orisky/harm.gif]

Bronson Alcott, the father of

Louisa May Alcott, . . .

[Image source: http://www.alcottweb.com/picturegallery/images/bronsonlarge.jpg]

in association with the novelist

Nathaniel Hawthorne,

[Image source: http://www.pem.org/images/hawthorne.jpg]

founded Brook Farm in 1841.

[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 263.]

Most utopian communities

were religiously oriented, such as the Ephrata

Cloisters in Pennsylvania,

founded in 1732, . . .

[Image source: http://www2.cr.nps.gov/tps/tpsgraphics/cloisters.jpg]

the Oneida community in Putney, Vermont, . . .

[Image source: http://libwww.syr.edu/digital/images/o/OneidaCommunityPhotos/710.jpg]

[Image source: http://www.borg.com/~mcholli/graphics/oneida29.jpg]

Zoar community in Ohio, . . .

[Image source: http://www.zca.org/images/memhead.jpg]

and the Amana

Colonies in Iowa.

[Image source: http://www.cr.nps.gov/NR/travel/amana/buildings/breadgirl3.gif]

The Shakers were an offshoot of the Quakers.

[Image source: http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/shaker/images/shakers.gif]

N. O. Nelson

[Image source: http://www.firehydrant.org/pictures/i/0463.jpg]