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MIDDLE ATLANTIC
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE
35TH ANNUAL MEETING OF
THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE
March 11th-13th, 2005
Atlantic Sands Hotel and Conference Center
Rehoboth Beach, Delaware
Program Chairs:
Scott Emory & Bill Liebeknecht
Local Arrangements Chair:
Ed Otter
"At the heart of the complex field of cultural resource ma,wgement is the work archaeologists do to determine the significance of a particular site. 011 a daily basis, they often face the question of what should be protected for future generations, salvaged in the face of impending destruction, or allowed to be destroyed ivitftout record. Frequently, their assessments are at odds with segments of society ivftose culturally conditioned values conflict with tfte practical management of resources. "
Heritage of Value, Archaeology of Renown: Reshaping Archaeological Assessment
and Significance. 2005 University Press of Florida
Clay Mathers, Timothy Darvill, and Barbara J. Little
Est. in 1739, The Woodland Ferry has been crossing the Nanticoke River west of Seaford, DE for over 200 years. The Ferry
is operated by DeIDOT and carries an
average of 70,000 vehicles a year. This photograph was taken in 1946
35TH ANNUAL MEETING OF
THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL
CONFERENCE
List of Officers
President Cara Blume
President-elect Carole Nash
Recording Secretary Liz Crowell
Treasurer Carol Ebright
• Membership Secretary Faye Stocum
Member-at-Large David Mudge
Web Master Alice Guerrant
Program Chairs Bill Liebeknecht & Scott Emory
Arrangement Chair Ed Otter
Registration Heather Wholey
35TH ANNUAL MEETING OF
THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE
Third Annual Student Paper Competition
Papers will be judged by a panel of MAAC member judges with diverse backgrounds in the field of archaeology. The papers will be judged on content and presentation. This competition is unique in that each student participant will be paired with a mentor of a similar focus in archaeology. Winners will receive a monetary prize and a certificate of award from the MAAC President. All papers will be submitted for publication in the Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology.
Student Competition Co-Chairs
Eleanor Breen (Mount Vernon Archaeology) Josh Duncan (Mary Washington College)
Student Competition Participants (Presenters noted with an * in sessions)
Karl Austin Graduate Student: Catholic University of America Session # 9 USS Alligator: The Navy's First Submarine in the Community and in the Classroom
Bill Schindler PhD Candidate, Temple University Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, Monmouth University Session# 11 No Bones About It: An Experimental Study in Prehistoric Shad Exploitation in the Delaware Valley
J. Blondino, M. Kaktins, E. Krall, and G. Pevamik Temple University Session# 11 A Surface Attrition Study of Low-Fired Ceramic Vessels: Cooking with Hot Rocks
Tim Messner & Ruth Dickau Department of AnthropologyTemple University Session# 11 New Directions, New lnte,pretations: Paleoethnobotany in the Upper Delaware Valley and the utility of starch grain research in the Middle Atlantic.
MIDDLE ATLANTIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE
March 10-13, 2005 Atlantic Sands Hotel and Conference Center
Rehoboth Beach, Delaware OVERVIEW
Thursday, March 10, 2005 Tour of the Cape Henlopen Archaeological District followed by a Tour of the DeBraak Hull at Zwaanendael Museum-Cara Blume, Bill Chadwick and Chuck Fithian
Friday morning, March 11, 2005 Session I: The 'State'of Collections: Curation and Conservation Issues in the Middle Atlantic Region Session 2: General Prehistoric Session 3: Ceramics in the Middle Atlantic Region Session 4: Environmental Site Fonnation
Friday afternoon, March 11, 2005 Session 5: General Historic Session 6: Military Sites
Friday evening, March 11, 2005 Session 7: Indigenous Issues
Saturday, morning March 12, 2005 Session 8: Current State and Future Prospects of Geographic Information Systems at the Department's of Transportation, State Historic Preservation Offices, Public Agencies, and Consultants within the Middle Atlantic States Session 9: Underwater Archaeology
Saturday, afternoon March 12, 2005 Session 10: (Session 8 Continued) Session 11: Alternative Analysis
Saturday, evening March 12, 2005 Business meeting Reception
Sunday, morning March 13, 2005 Session 12: Lithic Workshop (Limited to first 30 people) Session 13: Tales of Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: Post-Bellum through 21st Century Archaeologies
Thrusday morning March 1 0, 2005
For more than a century, Delaware has been renowned for its coastal beaches, which have provided summer retreats for families since the mid-19th century. But the beaches and the surrounding ocean, bays and dunes also provide areas of fruitful research for archaeologists and geologists, much of it at Delaware's Cape Henlopen State Park. Delaware State Museums archaeologist Chuck Fithian will lead us on an examination of the DeBraak hull and talk about Delaware's maritime archaeology in the morning. Delaware State Parks archaeologist Cara Blume and geologist Bill Chadwick from John Milner Associates will then lead a walk into the dunes to explore one of the park's unique features-a progressive series of sand spits that mark the development of the Cape and the track the history of Indian people in this coastal environment.
Meet at the Biden Environmental Center, Cape Henlopen State Park at 11 :00 AM. Bring your lunch, and be prepared for a hike.
Friday morning March 11, 2005
Session 1: The 'State'of Collections: Curation and Conservation Issues in the Middle Atlantic Region
Chaired by: By Silas D. Hurry and Lisa A. Young
8:20-8:40 The 'State 'of Collections: Curation and Conservation Issues in the Middle Atlantic Region - Lisa A. Young, Alexandria Conservation; Services, Ltd [email protected]
8:40-9:00 Preservation through Standards and Guidelines for Archaeological Collections in Maryland - Betty L. Seifert, Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum [email protected]. us
9:00-9:20 Contract Curation: Managing Federal Collections at a State Repository - -rJ/iJ., h, /..v,.. Sara Rivers, Cofield Curator of Federal Collections Maryland
�' j � Archaeological Conservation Laboratory Jefferson Patterson Park & f" � J
I { Museum [email protected]
9:20-9:40 Curation and Storage of Artifacts: A Complex Issue in the District of Columbia - Nancy J. Kassner, DC Office of Planning/ Historic Preservation Office [email protected]
9:40-10:00 That the Present May Learn from the Past: Archaeological Collections at Colonial Williamsburg - Emily Williams and Kelly Ladd-Kostro, Dept. of Conservation-BHW [email protected] and [email protected]
10:00-10:20 Break
10:20-10:40 Curation And Collection Management At The Virginia Department Of Historic Recources - Keith T. Egloff, Department of Historic Resources Richmond, VA [email protected]�gov
10:40-11:00 Saving the Past for the Future: Curating Pennsylvania's Archaeological Compliance Collections - Stephen G. Warfel, The State Museum of Pennsylvania [email protected]
11 :00-11 :20 The Preservation of Archival Materials in Archaeological Collections -Molly Gleeson, Emily Williams and Pamela Young, Dept. of Conservation-BHW, [email protected] [email protected] and pyoung@cwf org
11 :20-11 :40 Conservation FAQs and Facts: Developing an Interactive CD of Conse,,,ation and Collections Care Guidelines for Archaeologists - Claire Peachey, Naval Historical Center [email protected]
11 :40-12:00 Moderated Discussion with Session Participants - Silas D. Hurry, Historic St. Mary's City [email protected]
Session 2: Prehistory in the Middle Atlantic Region: Current Research
Chaired by: Elizabeth Crowell., Fairfax County Park Authority
8:00-8:20
8:20-8:40
8:40-9:00
9:00-9:20
Excavations at the Shoemaker Ferry Site (28WA274), Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area - William Barse, URS, [email protected]
Inferring Hunter-Gatherer Territorial Density- Heather A. Wholey, West Chester University, [email protected]
Genesis of the Cherokee in the Late Archaic Period of the Southern Appalachian Mountains -Thomas R. Whyte, Applachian State University, [email protected]
Late Archaic Occupation at the Raker I Site, Northumberland County, PA: Implications for Settlement Models in the Central Susquehanna Drainage - Andrew Wyatt and Robert Eiswert, McCormick Taylor, Inc., [email protected] and [email protected]
9:40-10:00 Ceramics Recovered from Stratified Deposits Overlooking the Arthur Kill, Staten Island, New York Jeff Harbison, URS Corp, [email protected]
10:00-10:10 Break
10:10-10:30 So You Think You Want to be an Archaeologist?: PENNDOT District 9-0's First Annual Archaeology Day - Richard White, Eric Scouteguazza, Bill Savage, Chan Funk, Barbara Shaffer, McCormick Taylor & Associates, PENNDOT and PHMC, [email protected] and [email protected]
10:30-10:50 Recent Archaeological Investigations in Rock Creek Park, Washington, DC - Stephen Potter and Stuart Fiedel, National Park Service and Louis Berger Group
10:50-11: 10 The Problem With the Williamson Site - William --Jack" Hranicky, [email protected]
11: 10-11 :30 Lee Road 2: A Probable Clovis-Hornfels Association - Michael Johnson, Fairfax County Park Authority/ASV, [email protected]
11 :30-11 :50 Stratified Prehistoric Sites Along the C&O Canal - Stuart Fiedel and Stephen Potter, Louis Berger Group and National Park Service
11:50-12:10 Land Bay A.1 Features Under Features in an Unplowed Upland ContextBernard Tops and Michael Johnson Fairfax County Park Authority [email protected]
LUNCH
Friday Afternoon
Session 3: Ceramics in the Middle Atlantic Region
Chaired by: Tom Bodor [email protected]
1:30-1:50
1 :50-2: 10
Carpetbaggers and Pottery Kilns: A Historical Context for the Frederick Decker Kiln in Abingdon, Virginia - Chris Sperling [email protected]
The Stoneware Kiln of Charles F. Decker in Washington County, Virginia (1869-1873) - Willie T. Hoffman [email protected]
2:10-2:30
2:30-2:50
2:50-3:10
3: I 0-3:30
3:30-3:40
Rockingham Wares from the Coxon Waster Dump in Trenton, New Jersey - Rebecca White, Hunter Research, Inc. [email protected]
Ringoes Stoneware- Connections to New York City !'otters - Brenda Springsted, Richard Grubb and Associates, BSprin504 [email protected]
Lost Tradition: A Proposal to Rediscover Historic Pottery-Making in Delaware - Christopher Espenshade and Jim Koterski, Skelly and Loy� [email protected]
A Clean, Well-lighted Place: An Analysis o/Ceramic Assemblages <?(the King's Arms and Bunch of Grapes Taverns, Hampton, Virginia -Christopher McDaid, U.S. Army Installation Mgt Agency, [email protected]
Break
Session 4: Environmental Site Formation
Chaired By: Scott Emory
3:40-4:00 Traditional Trapping in De.laware: A Forgotten Contributor - Christopher Espenshade, Skelly and Loy, [email protected]
4:00-4:20 The Environment and Site Formation: Preliminary Findings at the SR I . North Frederica Intersection project - Scott Emory, A.D. Marble & Company, [email protected], and Amy Fanz, A.D. Marble & Company, [email protected]
4:20-4:40 Fifty Years of Inte,preting Rockshelters in the Big Gunpowder Falls Watershed in North-central Maryland's Piedmont: What We Wanted to Find and What We Found Out - Stephen Israel, ASM Central Chapter, [email protected]
4:40-5:00 Deep Site Formation in the Upper Potomac River Valley: The Barton Site - Robert D. Wall, TRC Garrow, [email protected]
5:00-5:20 Prehistoric Modification of Forest Cover in the Delaware Coastal Plain: An Interpretive Model for the Large D-Shaped Pit Formation -Christopher Egghart, Parsons Inc., [email protected]
5:20- 5:40 Prehistoric Settlement Patterning in the Uplands of VA: Do the Models Fit the Data? - George Tolley, USDA Forest Service Washington and Jefferson National Forest, [email protected], and Michael Barber, USDA Forest Service Washington and Jefferson National Forest, [email protected]
Session 5: General Historic
Chaired by: Bill Liebeknecht
1:00-1:20
1:20-1:40
1:40-2:00
2:00-2:20
2:20-2:40
2:40-3:00
3:00-3:20
3:20-3:40
3:40-4:00
4:00-4:10
A Few Early Colonial Tidewater Sites Represented by a Few ArtifactsJames Gibb [email protected]
On Living and Dying in the Colonial Chesapeake - Catherine Alston Maryland, Archaeological Conservation Laboratory, [email protected]. us
Life On The Periphe,y: The Wilson Tract Site (36CH687), Tredtffrin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania - Richard M. Affleck, URS Corporation Richard_ [email protected]
Rumney's Tavern Talks: Plates. Pipes, and the Rockman-Rothschild Paradigm - Mechelle Kerns-Nocerito, Anne Arundel County's Lost Towns Project, [email protected]
The Historical Settlement of Quantico Neck, Virginia (The North Half): 165 0-1900 - Kevin Mock, URS, Kevin_ W _ [email protected]
The Crimean Oven: What Is it? It's Most Certain(v Not a Drain! Phase!Phase II Archaeological Investigations at 206 North Quaker Lane, Alexandria, V!rginia- Tammy Bryant, Thunderbird Archaeology, [email protected] and Walton H. Owen II, Assistant Director Fort Ward Museum Alexandria, Virginia
Puzzle Beneath the Plaza: Archeology at the New Castle Courthouse -Wade Catts and Mark Tobias, John Milner Associates, [email protected]
Diamond Pond Mill and Its Context in Delaware - Brian Crane and Dennis Knepper, Parsons, [email protected] and [email protected]
Archaeology on Washington & Lee University's Colonnade - Laura Galke, Washington and Lee University, [email protected]
Break
Session 6: Military Sites
Chaired By: Richard Veit
4:10-4:30
4:30-4:50
4:50-5:10
5: 1 0-5:30
5:30-5:50
5:50-6:10
Traditio,n, History, and the Archaeological Potential of the Cooch 's Bridge Battlefield, New Castle County, Delaware - Wade Catts, John Milner Associates, [email protected]
The Pennsylvania Brigade at Valley Forge: An Holistic Portrait of a Revolutionary War American Encampment - David Orr, National Park Service, [email protected]
Revolutionary War Mass Graves at Langhorne, PA - Michael Stewart, Temple University, schurch@ushwyl .com
Spring Training Circa 1 777: A Comparative Study of Revolutionary War British and Continental Encampments - Richard Veit and John Martin, Monmouth University and Ganett Flemming, [email protected] and [email protected]
The American Battlefield Protection Program - Grants, Research and More- Kristen L. Stevens American Battlefield Protection Program, National Park Service
"A Revolutionary War Burial ground in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania " - Mark Shaffer, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission [email protected]. us
Friday Evening
Session 7: Archaeogists and American Indians: Wary Allies or Willing Partners in Site Stewardship? Chaired by: Cara Lee Blume, [email protected]
7:30-9:00
Participants: Cynthia Bundy (Powhatan-Renape), Rev. Roy Bundy (Powhatan-Renape), Chief Dennis J. Coker (Lenape), Chris Espenshade, Tina Pierce Fragoso (Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape), Chief Mark M. Gould (Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape), Daniel R. Griffith, Larry Jackson (Nanticoke), Bill Liebeknecht, Carole Nash, Urie Ridgeway (Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape ),
As American Indian tribes in the Middle Atlantic Region have come to feel more comfortable about publicly declaring their Indian identity, they have also begun to advocate for the preservation of specific archaeological sites. Community and environmental groups seek the support of tribes in fighting development of various kinds, often citing local stories of Indian burial grounds or villages. Archaeologists, on the other hand, frequently seem reluctant to collaborate with tribes, even on projects of mutual interest. This roundtable discussion is intended to explore the roles American Indians can play as stewards of their own past through the experiences of participantsboth Indian and archaeologist-from throughout the Middle Atlantic.
Saturday Morning and Afternoon
Posters
"Interdisciplinary Investigations at Camelback Rockshelter (36MR1 80), Monroe County, Pennsylvania" - Robert E . Kruchoski, John S. Wah, and Jonathan A. Bums AXIS Research, Inc.
New Science Meets Old Archaeology: AMS Dating of Curated Collections from the Somerset County (PA) New Deal Excavations - Bernard Means, VCU [email protected]
The Pennsylvania Ave. Sousa Bridge Site, District of Columbia - James Krakker, National Museum of Natural History, [email protected]
Archaeological Investigations of the Susquehanna River Bridge Replacement Project, Dauphin and York Counties, Pennsylvania - Douglas Mooney, KSK, Patricia Miller, KCI Technologies, and Andrew Lutz, Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission [email protected], [email protected], dmooney(m,kskl .com
Rediscovering Blues/one Reservoir: An Exploration of a River Basin Survey Site 50 Years in the Making - Randall Scott, National Museum of Natural History, scottr@si .edu, and Sarah Zabriskie, National Museum ofNatural History, [email protected]
Saturday Morning
Session 8: Current State and Future Prospects of Geographic Information Systems at the Department's of Transportation, State Historic Preservation Offices, Public Agencies, and Consultants within the Middle Atlantic States
Chaired by: Kevin Cunningham, Delaware Department of Transportation
9:00-9: 10
9: 10-9:30
9:30-9:50
Introduction
On the Same Page: WEB-GIS and CRM- Barbara Gundy and Brian Schilling, Skelly and Loy, Inc., [email protected] and [email protected]
MHT GJS: Expansion in the Digital Realm - Jennifer Chadwick-Moore, Maryland Historical Trust, Department of Housing and Community Development, [email protected]. us
9:50- 1 0: 1 0 Digging with Data: GJS Archaeological Predictive Modeling - Barbara J. Shaffer, Christopher C. Salvatico, and David A. Krilov McCormick Taylor, Inc., [email protected], [email protected], and [email protected]
10: 1 0- 1 0:30 Break
10:30-10:50 Flood Protection, Pollution Control, and Traffic Safety - Stephen W. Tull, URS Corporation, steve _ [email protected]
10:50-11 :10 GIS Development in the District of Columbia: How Do We Find the Really Interesting Sites Without a Decent Map? - Charles LeeDecker, The Louis Berger Group, Inc., [email protected]
11 : 10-1 1: 30 The Development of Prehistoric and Historic Sensitivity Models for Transportation System Planning in Delaware - Grace H. Ziesing, William Chadwick, and Matthew D. Harris John Milner Associates, Inc.
11:30- 11 :50 Where Would You Live? Seasonal Resource Driven Approaches To Predictive Site Modeling - John Branigan, John W. Lawrence, and Robert Herbstritt, A.O. Marble & Co., [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
LUNCH
Session 9: Underwater Archaeology and General Historic
Chaired by: Stephen R. Bilicki
8:20-8:30
8:30-8:50
8:50-9: 1 0
9: 1 0-9:30
Introduction
Scratching the Surface: Some Geophysical Results from Maryland Maritime Archaeology Program 's Remote Sensing Surveys - Stephen R. Bilicki, Maryland Maritime Archaeology Program, [email protected] and Jeffery Morris, GEOMAR, [email protected]
Cultural Resources From The Tidal Zone along the Delaware Bay in Cape May County, New Jersey - William B. Liebeknecht, [email protected]
Shipwrecks Lost and Found: Developing and Testing a Searchable Shipwreck Database of Maryland Waters - Bridget C. McVae, St. Mary's College, [email protected]
9:30-9:50 USS Alligator: The Navy 's First Submarine in the Community and in the Classroom - Karl Austin *, Catholic University of America, [email protected]
9:50- 10:·oo Break
10:00- 10:20 Paleo Indian Period: Mega1auna (Mammoth and Mastodon) Have Been Recovered by Shell Fishermen and What They Look Like - David Parris, New Jersey State Museum, [email protected]
10:20-10 :40 Rocks, Wrecks and ObshAuctions in the Mid-Atlantic: How NOAA Uncovers Our Maritime Heritage Along the Atlantic Coast and in Chesapeake Bay -Lt. Jeremy Weirich, NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration, Maritime Archaeological Program Officer, [email protected] and Lt. Holly DeHart, NOAA Office of Coast Survey, Hydrographic Survey Division Staff Assistant, [email protected]
10:40- 1 1 :00 Queen Anne 's Revenge Shipwreck Project: Conservation of Iron Arlf(ac/s - Eric Nordgren, Sarah Watkins-Kenney, Wendy Welsh, and Nathan Henry, Underwater Archaeology Branch, North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, [email protected]
1 1 :00:. 1 1 :20 Lewes Delaware Beach lt�ms: Possible 17th Centll1Jl Dutch Whaling Sile -Craig Lukezic, craig.lukezic@ST A TE.DE. US
1 1 :20- 1 1 :40 . It 's STILL There: Preliminary Excavations at an 18th Centw:v Farm/Distille,y in Pennsylvania - Patricia Gibble
1 1 :40- 12 :00 Exciting Evidence from Routine Trenches: Excavations at Colonial Williamsburg 's Charlton House - Mark Kostro
LUNCH
Saturday Afternoon
Session 10: (Session 8 Continued) Current State and Future Prospects of Geographic Information Systems at the Department's of Transportation, State Historic Preservation Offices, Public Agencies, and Consultants within the Middle Atlantic States
1 :00- 1 :20
1 :20-1 :40
Ask ReGIS what he knows about PA - Noel Strattan, Bureau for Historic Preservation, [email protected] and Scott C. Shaffer, PennDOT Engineering District 2-0, [email protected]
Layers in Archaeology: Thematic Approaches to Physical Palimpsests at the Willow Grove Plantation - Thomas Barrett, Senior
1 :40-2:00
2:00-2:20
2:20-2:40
2:40-3:00
3:00-3:20
3 :20-3 :40
Archaeologist,Cultural Resources Director, and Tonika Berkley, Matthew Gill, Pamela Mock, and Nate Smith, Greenhome & O'Mara, Inc. , [email protected]
Protecting the Past: Arc View and Cultural Resource Management - John M. Rutherford, Fairfax County Park Authority, Cultural Resources Management & Protection Section, [email protected]
Break
A Data Sharing System GJS Collaboration at the VDOT and VDHR - Tony Opperman, Virginia Department of Transportation, Environmental Division, [email protected]'
New Jersey's Cultural Resources GIS: Current And Future Development Kinney Clark and Kate Marcopul, New Jersey Historic Preservation Office, kinney [email protected] and [email protected]
GJS in CRM· the Future of Mapping the Past - Rick Duncan KCI Technologies, Inc [email protected]
Discussion
Session 1 1 : Alternative Analysis
Chaired by: William Schindler*
1 :00-1 : 1 0
1 : 1 0- 1 :30
1 :30-1 :50
1 :50-2 : 1 0
2 : 1 0-2:30
2 :30-2:40
2 :40-3 :00
Introduction
The Use and Abuse of Mass Analysis in Lithic Debitage Studies - William Andrefsky, Jr., Washington State University, [email protected]
Blood Residue Testing - Al Vish and Ted Yeshion, Skelly and Loy and Clue Finders Inc.
Clay Sources and Variability in Native American Pottery - Michael Stewart, Temple University, [email protected]
No Bones About It: An Experimental Study in Prehistoric Shad Exploitation in the Delcrware Valley - Bill Schindler *, Temple University, [email protected]
Break
New Science Meets Old Archaeology: AMS Dating of Curated Collections
3:00-3:20
3:20-3:40
3:40-4:00
4:00-4:20
4:20-4:40
4:50-5:00
from Somerset County (PA) New Deal Excavations -·Bernard Means, VCU [email protected]
New Directions, New Interpretations: Paleoethnobotany in the Upper Delaware Valley and the Utility of Starch Grain Research in the Middle Atlantic - Tim Messner* and Ruth Dickau*, Temple University, [email protected]
A Surface Attrition Study of Low-Fired Ceramic Vessels: Cooking With Hot Rocks - Joseph Blandino*, M. Kaktins, E. Krall*, and G. Pevarnik*, Temple University [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Thermally Altered Stone Feature Form and Function: Attribute Analysis at the Hicko,y Bluff Site, Dover, Delaware - Christopher Bowen, Christopher Egghart, Dennis Knepper Parsons, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Crossing the De/cm,are: Documenting Super-Long Distance Obsidian Exchange in New Jersey - Carolyn Dillan, CRCG and Charles Bello, CRCG, and M. Steven Shackley, University of California, Berkeley [email protected]
A Scaled Appf?ach to Cultural Regionalism: A Great Valley of Virginia Example -Michael B. Barber USDA-Forest Service
Discussion
Saturday Evening 7:00 Business meeting 8:30 Reception
Sunday Morning
Session 12: Litbic Workshop with Jack Cresson Fee $35.00 Limited to first 30 people
9:00- 1 1 :00
Session 13: Tales of Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: Post-Bellum through 21st Century Archaeologies
Chaired by: Matt Tomaso and David G. Orr
9:00-9: 10 Introduction
9: 10-9:20 Alterna(ive Community, Resort, Back-water, Historic Park: The Cultural Landscape of Post-Bel/um Feltville/Glenside Park, Union County, New Jersey - Matt Tomaso and Liza A. Gijanto, Marija Mahac and Raymond Ismaelito, [email protected]
9:20-9:40 A Series of Late 19th to Early 20th Century Middens in an Adirondack Mill Town - Marty Pickands, New York State Museum, [email protected]
9:40- 1 0:00 Archaeology and the Recent Past at Camp Robert Fechner, Shenandoah National Park - Carole L. Nash and Lillian J. Ledford, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, James Madison University, [email protected]
10:00- 1 0:30 Break
10:30-10:50 WARNING: Objects May Cause Scales to Grow All Over Body!: The Blessing and Curses of the Picadome Time Capsule Project - Sarah Miller and Gwynn Henderson, Kentucky Archaeological Survey
10:50-11:10 Gold Rushes and Silver Linings: Silicon Valley's Emerging Computer Heritage - How Tech Turned Co/lectqble (and Geeks Turned Collectors) .Dr.Christine A.Finn, FSA, University of Bradford
1 1 : 1 0- 1 1 :30 Discussion: Lu Ann DeCunzo and David G. Orr
Affleck, Richard M. richard [email protected]
Life on the Periphery: The Wilson Tract Site (36CH687), Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania
For a period of roughly 40 years, from circa 1780 to 1820, a small dwelling stood in a far comer of the Samuel Havard farm in Tredyffrin Township, Chester County Pennsylvania. Who may have lived at what is today called the Wilson Tract Site (36CH687) is unknown and the only historical reference to the structure is an incomplete entry in the 1798 Direct Tax. The owners of the property during this period, Samuel Havard and his successor, John
Havard Davis, are, on the other hand, extensively documented. While the occupants of the small house on the Wilson Tract Site, located more than a mile from the main Havard dwelling, remain anonymous, even their presence would have gone unremarked had PennDOT not planned to expand an existing wetland into this location along U.S. Route 202. This paper discusses the resulting archaeological investigations of the site and examines the historical and archaeological data in the context of class and social diversity in rural Pennsylvania during the first half century of the new United States.
Alston, Catherine [email protected]. us
On Living and Dying in the Colonial Chesapeake
Human remains are an important source of information about past populations. By analyzing and interpreting skeletal remains, the contexts in which they are found, and the artifacts associated with them, we have the ability to identify not only age, sex, and ethnicity, but diet and health, genetic relationships, and the social structure as well. The research project "A Comparative Archaeological Study of Colonial Chesapeake Culture" has compiled information from 18 sites in Maryland and Virginia, of which seven contained evidence of colonial burials. By studying the osteological and mortuary characteristics of these population groups we can better understand the lives of the earliest immigrants to the Chesapeake. This paper re-examines the human remains from these colonial sites and the information gleaned from them.
Andrefsky, Bill [email protected]
The Use and Abuse of Mass Analysis in Lithic Debitage Studies
Archaeologists in all regions of the U.S. have adopted a form of lithic debitage analysis known as "mass analysis" to make technological interpretations of site assemblages. One '
advantage of mass analysis is that the researcher can process thousands of debitage specimens in a short period of time with little or no need to handle the specimens. In this paper I argue that mass analysis is ineffective for making technological or behavioral interpretations of lithic assemblages if it is conducted on debitage that has not been handled and individually analyzed. Both excavated and replicated lithic assemblages are used to evaluate the effectiveness of mass analysis. Results show that mass analysis (though inexpensive and requiring little training), tends to produce spurious results when used on raw excavated collections. However, it may be effective if used on assemblages that have been previously analyzed using a more detailed form of analysis.
Austin, Karl [email protected]
USS Alligator: The Navy's First Submarine in the Community and in the Classroom
In 1861 the United States Navy began building their first submarine from a design by Brutus de Villeroi. In 1863 this technological wonder was sent to Charleston, SC to fight against Confederate ironclads. As the Alligator was being towed by the USS Sumpter it encountered a strong storm off the coast of North Carolina. Due to the strength of the storni the Sumpter's crew had to cut the Alligator free, saving themselves but losing the submarine. In 2004 the search began for the Alligator, with efforts being led by NOAA, the Office of Naval Research and the Maritime Archaeology Department of Eastern Carolina University. This paper will discuss the efforts going into find this historical vessel and the programs that have been developed to involve communities and classrooms across the nation. The hope is to create a sense of national heritage by allowing communities and schools to actively participate in the search.
Barber, Michael B. [email protected]
A Scaled Approach to Cultural Regionalism: A Great Valley of Virginia Example
Regional synthesis has long been a goal of archaeology in a Middle Atlantic context. Although based in a 1970s quest for cultural universals, regionalism has matured into a study of particulars through a synthesis of similarity to achieve a broader understanding of inter- and intra-regional developments. A number of theoretical approaches have been brought to bear on the data with an eclectic series of results. Not straying from this realm, an evolutionary approach emphasizing the neo-Darwinian . evolution and punctuated equilibria conscepts of boundaries and drift. The lowest level of acuity used will be 2 lithic assemblages from different regions of the Great Valley of Virginia : the Sawyer site (44RN39) in Roanoke County and the Keyser Farm site (44PA1) in Page County. Building on the continuity and lack thereof, a higher level analysis will include the fauna and ceramics to approach a more holistic understanding of the cultural areas. In conclusion, the paper will offer several suggestions for altering field methodology,
analytical processes, and reporting techniques which may lead to a better synthesis of the understanding of the past.
Barrett, Thomas [email protected]
Layers in Archaeology: Thematic Approaches to Physical Palimpsests at the Willow Grove Plantation
Willow Grove was a tobacco plantation in Prince George's County, Maryland. Greenhome & O'Mara, Inc. conducted Phase III Data Recovery at this site, which had an occupation spanning the 1 8th to 20th centuries. During this time, the plantation was home to members of the local elite (the Bowie family), enslaved African-Americans, and various tenant farmers. During this time, several building episodes and agricultural reorientations left often overlapping physical signatures at the site - these are often referred to as 'archaeological palimpsests'. As part of our recovery efforts, we sought to disentangle this multi-layered story by the use of thematic mapping. These GIS methods helped to recover a rich record of significant social changes, as well as forming the basis for a predictive spatial model of middling plantation properties across the county and the region.
Barse, William P. [email protected]
Excavations at the Shoemaker Ferry Site (28WA274), Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area
Excavations at the Shoemaker Ferry site (28WA274) in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Warren County, New Jersey, revealed a seasonal Late Woodland village situated on a recent levee of the Delaware River. Fieldwork at this site was conducted to mitigate impacts that would result from proposed construction of a swim beach at the river's edge. Machine stripping conducted within the confines of the proposed swim beach revealed floor plans of four separate structures. Three of these domestic structures were elliptical in shape, the fourth being circular. Associated with these structures were 32 pit features with varying quantities of cultural material. Ceramics recovered from this site include both collared and un-collared vessels with both corded and incised design motifs and suggest a date between about AD 1250 to 1 300 AD. These wares can be related to Oak Hill and Chance phase ceramics. Cultigens were recovered from the site and include two carbonized maize kernels and a carbonized squash seed. Overall, artifact density was extremely low from all contexts sampled. It is argued that this site is a seasonal occupation, perhaps tied to planting and tending small swidden plots, associated with the Harry's Farm site located immediately to the south or to the Pahaquarra site situated about I 000 meters upriver.
Bilicki, Stephen R., [email protected], and Jeffery Morris, wreckm�[email protected]
Scratching the swface: Some geophysical results from Maryland Mariti�e Archaeology Program's remote sensing surveys
Underwater archaeologists use a variety of instruments and techniques to complete a remote sensing survey. MMAP has used several systems over the past fifteen years starting with analog sonar and proton magnetometer to digital upgraded sonar and a cesium magnetometer for primary survey in Maryland waters. The program has mapped thousands of acres of submerged bottomlands to identify the state's sunken heritage using these nondestructive detection systems. Recently, some sub-bottom testing has revealed additional information on two MMAP targets. This paper will review MMAP's significant finds with evaluations of what each anomaly historically should be. An affirmation wi 1 1 prove the value of the remote sensing techniques for submerged and buried cultural recourses. Secondly, the importance of professional analysis of the anomalies by trained experts will show the time saving value to cultural resource management. Thus the benefit and significance of professional underwater archaeological survey.
Blondino, J., jdino(@temple.edu, M. Kaktins, [email protected]� E. Kratt [email protected], and G. Pevamik, [email protected]
A Surface Attrition Study of Low-Fired Ceramic Vessels: Cooking with Hot Rocks
Fire-cracked rock (FCR) is believed to often be indicative of stone cooking in preceramic periods; however, equal quantities are consistently recovered from Woodland period contexts when ceramic vessels would permit direct cooking over fire, presumably making stone b,c,iling unnecessary. Was hot rock cooking used in conjunction with pottery vessels? An experiment was designed to explore whether this cooking technique produces identifiable use-wear patterns that, in conjunction with the presence of FCR, might constitute an archaeological ."signature" for stone boiling. Several low-fired ceramic vessels were constructed and cooking was conducted in them using hot rocks. The results of the experiment indicate that stone boiling does indeed result in particular use-wear patterns which may be distinguishable from those caused by other possible sources of attrition. Although the results of this experiment are to be considered preliminary, it is clear that this line of research has potential and should continue to be investigated.
Bowen, Christopher, [email protected], Christopher Egghart, [email protected], and Dennis Knepper, [email protected]
Thermally Altered Stone Feature Form and Function: Attribute Analysis at the Hickory Bluff Site, Dover, Delaware
Artifact clusters consisting of thermally altered stone are commonly encountered on prehistoric sites in the Middle Atlantic region. These features have traditionally been interpreted as fire hearth locations or, alternatively, as piles discarded of stone used for indirect heating or cooking activities. Yet, a range of activities may be represented in these features both within and beyond these general interpretations. This paper presents the results of attribute analysis of thermally altered stone features documented at the Hickory Bluff Site (7NC-C-4 l l ), · located on the St. Jones River, in Dover, Delaware. The results of the study highlight the variety of features identified at the site, underscoring a multi-faceted use of stone in heat-related activities. The study also generated insights as to which attributes may be the most significant in interpreting thermally altered feature use.
Branigan, John, [email protected], John W. Lawrence, iwlaw(iv,admarble.com, and Robert Herbstritt
Where Would You Live? Seasonal Resource Driven Approaches to Predictive Site Modeling
This paper describes how GIS was applied to a deductive approach to predictive modeling using anthropological models of hunter/gatherer ancf agriculturalist subsistence and settlement patterns. The underlying concept is that the search for Native American settlements should begin with a search for the location of the natural resources exploited from those settlements. The model begins with a virtual environmental reconstruction, in which the seasonal spatial distribution of plant and animal species economically important to Native Americans is mapped. The activities of different functional site types can then be projected onto the resource distribution map, predicting not only site location, but site type as well. Topics covered will include data preparation, landform analysis, difficulties encountered in attempting to map certain resources, and constructing and evaluating the final probability surface. A 34-square kilometer area along the North Branch of the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania is used for a test application.
Bryant, Tammy, [email protected], and Walter H. Owen II, wal [email protected]. us
"The Crimean Oven": What is it?? It 's most certainly not a Drain! ! !
During a Phase I Archeological Survey in Alexandria, Virginia, Thunderbird Archeological Associates uncovered a rare Civil War brick feature, referred to in period documents as a "Crimean Oven." Discovered were the remains of a large brick heating device probably used to heat a hospital tent during the winter of 186 1- 1862. This
consisted of an external fire box and a long subterranean brick-lined flue once covered with sheet metal which terminated in a chimney. Documents and regimental accounts dating to the winter of 1 86 1 testify to the use of similar devices by the Eighth Brigade, which ·was positioned in the general area at that time. This paper will give life to this "'Crimean Oven" through documentation from the historical record, an interpretive drawing, and the trial and tribulations of uncovering this feature during archeological excavations. This feature seems to be the most complete known archeological example of such a system, giving the site particular significance and making a substantial contribution to our knowledge of Civil War technologies.
Bums, Jonathan A., [email protected], Robert E. Kruchoski, and John S. Wah (AXIS Research, Inc.)
Interdisciplinary Investigations at Camelback Rockshelter (36MR1 80), Monroe County, Pennsylvania
Poster
Catts, Wade wpcatts(ii), j ohnmi lnerassociates.com
Tradition, History, and the Archaeological Potential of the Cooch's Bridge Battlefield, New Castle County, Delaware
On the morning of September 3rd, 1 777 a short, sharp engagement was fought between
the lead elements of the British Army and light troops of the Continental Army in the shadow of Iron Hill, Delaware. The battle ended with American troops retreating, and the British remained as masters of the field, buried the dead, and encamped in the area for a brief time. The battle and the British sojourn have shaped the history and local traditions of the area for over 225 years. Family tradition and local legends are rife with stories of earthworks, British graves, cannon balls, and of, course, American flags. Recently published historical accounts of the battle, combined with detailed examination of other written sources, are combined to offer a new perspective on the battle and its aftermath, the opposing sides, and the archeological potential of the area. Despite this scholarship, tradition's roots are planted deep in the community, and are not likely to be easily dug out.
Catts, Wade, [email protected], and Mark Tobias
Puzzle Beneath the Plaza: Archeology at the New Castle Courthouse
In the late summer of 2003, archeologists with John Milner Associates, Inc. were retained by the State of Delaware to conduct archeological investigations beneath the brick plaza at the historic New Castle Courthouse, in New Castle, Delaware. The work was part of
the restoration and renovation activities at the museum site in conjunction with a National Park Service Treasures of America grant. Replacing one built circa 1689, the current courthouse was initially constructed circa 1730-31, with wings added in 1765, 1802, and 1845. Based on previous archeological testing of the plaza, it was anticipated that the excavations would encounter features related to the building's additions, and archeological evidence of mid-eighteenth century use, and landscape changes. Unexpectedly, the brick pavers were found to be sealing several archeological features, including a late-seventeenth to early-eighteenth century cellar, a wooden palisade line, post holes and molds, drainage features, and stone and brick foundations. The discovery of these archeological remains has contributed new insights and offers additional perspectives to the history of the courthouse and the plaza and the interpretations provided to the visiting public.
Chadwick-Moore, Jennifer [email protected] .us
MHT GIS: Expansion in the Digital Realm
The Geographic Information System (GIS) for the Maryland Historical Trust (MHT) has been functioning since 1992. Thirteen years and many grants later, the GIS is still growing and evolving. With just finishing the first phase (?f the MHT Digital Library, the new grant will continue to enhance the project with new GIS data. The current Transportation Enhancement Program (TEA-21) grant allows for the creation of two new GIS layers, Archeology quad files and ineligible DOEs (Determination of Eligibility). The grant will also pennit geocoding of previously unmappable Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties (MIHP). As the Trust continues forward on the digital information highway, the goal is to have the MHT digital library and the GIS on the internet in the foreseeable future. The evolution of data and new layers will require MHT to update and create a new library user interface for the 1000+ library information requests per year.
Clark, Kinney, [email protected], and Kate Marcopul, [email protected] . us
New Jersey's Cultural Resources GIS: Current And Future Development
The NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) has made the development of GIS data a departmental priority, and has been a leader in making spatial data available to regulated agencies and the general public. The New Jersey Historic Preservation Office (HPO) is responding to that priority through a variety of Cultural Resources GIS (CR GIS) initiatives to develop tools and applications by which CR GIS data may_ be crea�ed, maintained and distributed statewide. The HPO's ISTEA funded GIS Pilot ProJect initiated our CR GIS efforts, and has resulted in a spatial data struc�u�� that represen!s cultural resources and test data sets for legacy data and dat� acqms1t1on. CR GIS 1s comprehensively defined, encompassing both archaeological and above-ground
resources, and areas of investigation. The HPO is in the process of populating the defined data layers, and is actively pursuing disseminating the data already developed through multiple channels. Prototype databases for tabular cultural resource data are being refined through funding from FHW A, and the HPO has participated in the development of NJ DEP's ImapNJ ArclMS based internet mapping to create an easily accessible CR GIS application. Examples of these initiatives will be presented along with opportunities and challenges for continued development.
Cofield, Sara Rivers [email protected]
Contract Curation: Managing Federal Collections at a State Repository
The State-owned and operated Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory at Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum was designed to house and preserve archaeological collections from the State of Maryland. Many of the collections that have been generated from compliance archaeology in the State derive from Federal property and are therefore owned by the Federal government. Although the collections are not owned by the State, the State nonetheless has an interest in these . materials because of their importance to Maryland history and culture. Therefore, to make these federally owned collections from Maryland accessible to the state's citizens, the MAC Lab has entered into contractual agreements with Federal agencies, and has designed a program that manages their collections according to Federal guidelines while integrating them into the overall mission of making Maryland's archaeological resources available for study. The interplay between Federal and State standards for housing collections, as well as the differences in how the collections are accepted and managed at the MAC Lab will be discussed.
Crane, Brian, brian.crane(@.parsons.com, and Dennis Knepper, [email protected]
Diamond Pond Mill and Its Context in Delaware
Like many ponds across the state of Delaware, Diamond Pond, outside of the town of Milton, is artificial. It is a reservoir, constructed in the 19th century as a mill pond. Mills were located at either end of the earthen dam creating the pond, harnessing the energy of the stored water. During recent widening of the road across the dam, part of DelDOT's ongoing upgrade of the state's highway system, the remains of one . of the mills was exposed. The structure revealed was the base of a saw mill, initially built in 1815 and in operation through the end of the century. Although disturbed by nearly two centuries of water flow, post-field analysis has allowed the mill timbers to be schematically reconstructed, and the context of the mill to be assessed in relation to other mills in the region.
Dillan, Carolyn, Charles Bello, [email protected], and M. Steven Shackley
Crossing the Delaware: Documenting Super-Long Distance Obsidi�n Exchange in New Jersey
Super-long distance exchange has been documented through the occurrence of materials such as shell, copper, or obsidian from archaeological contexts. However .. X-ray fluorescence analyses of five obsidian samples from archaeological sites in New Jersey have revealed connections with the western United States that are truly unprecedented. A discussion of archaeological provenience and geologic provenance is provided to situate these objects within a scientifically rigorous context. ·Finally, in this paper" we explore the role of the exotic as a symbol of places both known and unknown.
Duncan, Richard [email protected]
GIS in CRM: The Future of Mapping the Past
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have entered many facets of our lives. from our personal cars and cell phones, to our c0111munity planning and national security. Within Cultural Resource Management (CRM), GIS is becoming an increasingly vital tool for the collection, management, analysis, and sharing of cultural resource information. Current uses include the development of archaeological site predictive models or resource sensitivity maps, the spatial analyses of archaeological site data, the creation of local and regional cultural resource databases, and the distribution of cultural resources information via Web-based GIS products. Several applications of GIS within CRM will be discussed within this paper, utilizing example resource data from KCI Technologies, Inc. and other outside sources. Prospects for innovati've and more extensive uses of GIS within the future pf CRM will also be explored.
Egghart, Chris [email protected]
Prehistoric Modification of Forest Cover in the Delaware Coastal Plain: An Interpretive Model for the Large D-shaped Pit Formation
A well-known aspect of Delaware prehistoric archaeology is the occurrence of very large apparent pit features commonly identified on, or along the edges of prehistoric site locations in the state. These features, which often exhibit a "D"-shaped or crescentic plan, have variously been interpreted as the remains of pit houses, simple tree falls, or as resulting from the interactions of multiple formation processes. This paper presents an alternative interpretation for the formation of these features. It is argued that these
archaeological entities share a common, cultural origin. It is also postulated that the features represent disturbances caused by the active modification of the local forest cover by prehistoric peoples. Such modification would have been undertaken in order to promote the growth edible wild plant food species, enhance mast production by eliminating competing trees, facilitate nascent horticulture, provide a ready supply of limb firewood, or a combination of these impetuses.
Egloff, Keith T. Egloff [email protected]
Curation And Collection Management At The Virginia Department Of Historic Resources
The Virginia Department of Historic Resources (OHR) serves as the principal repository for archaeological collections retrieved from the Commonwealth of Virginia. As such its primary responsibilities are to make the collections available for research and study, exhibit them for the education of the public, and maintain them in a safe environment. To meet these goals we accept collections offered to the state by archaeologists and citizens who have collections which otherwise would not be available for study or exhibit. The OHR has developed procedures for the processing and long-term management of collections for i�temal use and as guidelines for other facilities in Virginia. How does the OHR do this with limited fimds and with staff that have the additional responsibilities of preservation education, exhibits, archives and site management, National Register nomination, site evaluation, editing archaeological reports, and networking with other Departments within the Secretariat?
Emory, Scott, [email protected], and Amy Fanz, [email protected]
The Environment and Site Formation: Preliminary Findings at the SR 1 North Frederica Intersection Project, Frederica, Kent County, Delaware
A Phase I Archaeological Survey for the proposed SR 1 North Frederica Intersection project produced a large assortment of Native American tools spanning the Middle to Late Archaic through Woodland II periods, evidence of subsurface features associated with Native American activities, and temporally distinctive episodes of occupation across the site. In addition, the archaeological survey identified the presence of a mid-nineteenth century farmstead in the project APE, including foundation remains, architectural debris, a possible post mold feature, and a variety of domestic refuse associated with the occupation of the residence. It is speculated that the topographic setting of the project area in the Murderkill River drainage created an ideal locale for extensive periods of prehistoric and historic occupation of the landscape. This presentation will address the environmental factors influencing the prehistoric and historic occupation of the project area and the future research objectives with the upcoming archaeological investigations.
Espenshade, Christopher, [email protected]
Traditional Trapping in Delaware: A Forgotten Contributor
The typical Delaware archaeologist never thinks of animal trapping as an important precontact economic activity. Settlement and subsistence patterns are reconstructed with nary a mention of trapping, despite the fact that contact period Indians of the region were known as excellent trappers. This overview will demonstrate that pre-contact peoples of Delaware had the opportunity ( a rich fur-bearer biomass), the means ( effective deadfalls and snares), and the motive (need for meat, pelts, bone, sinew, antler) to make trapping a seasonally important part of their subsistence. It is argued that regional researchers should pay more attention to the value of trapping to pre-contact groups.
Espenshade, Christopher, [email protected], and James Koterski, [email protected]
Lost Tradition: A Proposal to Rediscover Historic Pottery-Making in Delaware
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Delaware had a thriving domestic pottery production. Unfortunately, this tradition was ultimately overshadowed by the immense ceramics industry of New Jersey, and little is now known of Delaware potters ·and their wares. With the exception of William Hare, Delaware potters rarely marked their products, and archaeology is the only means to document the wares of the various shops. A proposal is offered to undertake a survey of pottery production sites in Delaware to more fully document the accomplishments of local potters and to better understand the marketing and distribution of domestic ceramics in the state.
Fiedel, Stuart J., [email protected], and Stephen Potter
Stratified Prehistoric Sites Along the C&O Canal
Geoarchaeological "prospecting," using a predictive model based upon Coe's Roanoke River basin strategy, has resulted in discovery of several deeply stratified, multicomponent prehistoric sites on Potomac River floodplains within the C&O Canal National Historical Park. Occupation zones sealed by alluvial deposits include several Late Woodland components, a Terminal Archaic Broadspear component at Broad Run (18MO572), and an Early Woodland component at 1 8FR798 (Tuscarora Creek) containing Marcey Creek, Selden Island, and Accokeek pottery. An Early Archaic or Paleoindian component at 1 8FR 798, dated to ca. 9300 rcbp, is characterized by debitage of exotic-looking materials such as jasper, chert, and chalcedony. We explore both the culture-historical significance and resource management implications of this ongoing research.
Finn, Dr. Christine A.
Gold Rushes and Silver Linings: Silicon Valley's Emerging Computer Heritage - How Tech Turned Collectable (and Geeks Turned Collectors)
The research for this paper is ongoing, and began at the tail end of the dot.com boom in Silicon Valley. At that time (the fall of 1999) I was interested in the possibility of computers being collected in museums, and my research in that area over the next six months yielded surprising collections of material, both institutionalised, and personal, all over the United States and beyond. This discovery coincided with the beginning of the dot.com crash, and I found the potential for a boomtime shifting from the 'new, new thing' to the 'old, old thing'. As computers were becoming heritage, a new culture linked with this phenomenon was beginning to emerge. A subsequent book 'Artifacts: an archaeologist's year in Silicon Valley' (MIT Press, 200 I /2) exampled this fieldwork in a series of anecdotes, observations and researches from Seattle to Tokyo. I maintained this reportage was still a form of archaeology, but one on the move and swiftly adapting to the concepts of shifting values. In essence, Silicon Valley became the ideal place to watch, over months, the changes we monitor over centuries or millenia in traditional archaeology. In a fast-paced cultural landscape which, to a greater extent denied its heritage for five years, a further challenge is posed by recovery and transformation. Not least, ways of evaluating these new artifacts are evolving; what is defunct and what is collectable? This paper will chart my research over time, and _discuss the criteria for the age of computer heritage.
Galke, Laura [email protected]
Archaeology on Washington & Lee University's Colonnade
Washington and Lee University students and staff received an opportunity last spring to conduct limited testing at Washington Hall, the central building on the University's Colonnade. Dating from the early nineteenth century, this structure and those surrounding it, give the appearance of permanence and immutability. However, excavations revealed a dynamic and unrecorded history of significant landscape alterations performed by the University. This presentation will share the findings of these limited excavations and discuss some of the challenges facing archaeological resources within a dynamic academic setting.
Gibb, James G. J [email protected]
A Few Early Colonial Tidewater Sites Represented by Few Artifacts
Three early Colonial sites in Maryland's Tidewater revealed themselves through low artifact densities, one by only four artifacts from more than 40 shovel tests at 25-ft to 50-ft intervals. This paper relates the results of shovel-testing and surface-collecting to the subsurface features exposed by machine-grading. ldlewild Farm (18AN1257), Garrett's Chance #3 (18PR), and the Roberts (18CV350) sites demonstrate the importance of recognizing and examining low-density early Colonial sites.
Gibble, Patricia [email protected]
It's STILL There: Preliminary Excavations at an 18th Century Farm/Distillery m Pennsylvania
When British and continental farmers immigrated to the newly colonized American frontier, they sought to transplant many economic and social traditions from their former homelands. Domestic distilling of alcoholic spirits had always been an important economic enterprise in European contexts, supplementing agricultural incomes through the sale of whiskey, rye, apple jack and other fermented and distilled liquors. Early 18th
century Pennsylvania farmers produced a variety of distilled beverages which they sold for cash or bartered for a variety of imported and domestic goods. This presentation highlights the preliminary excavations that took place in June 2004 at the Alexander Schaeffer Farm/Distillery. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the site presents archaeological evidences of this early cottage industry. Brick and tile fireboxes that held fuel and supported large copper stills were uncovered, representing tangible physical evidence of an early distillery operation in the Pennsylvania province.
Gleeson, Molly, [email protected] .. Emily Williams, [email protected] .. and Pamela Young, [email protected]
The Preservation of Archival Materials in Archaeological Collections
Archaeologists have come to realize the importance of preserving the artifacts that they excavate. Most are familiar with the need to provide adequate environmental parameters and archival quality packing materials. However less thought is often given to what to do with the archival materials in the collections. Archival materials such as site maps, slides, negatives and site notes form a very important part of nearly every archaeological collection. They contain information that is critical to elucidating the site both now and in the future. This paper will offer tips for ensuring the long-term preservation of this material and offer several case studies.
Gundy, Barbara, [email protected], [email protected]
On the Same Page: WEB-GIS and CRM
and Brian Schilling,
The growth and maturation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), in particular Webbased GIS, have created powerful, flexible tools and innovative approaches for the management and dissemination of Cultural Resources information within transportation planning. In this presentation, we will demonstrate several applications of spatial technologies within the transportation project planning process, focusing on the management of a cultural resources database and the creation of a cultural resources Web-GIS site. These applications go beyond the simple presentation of colorfully mapped data; they identify patterns and key resource issues, facilitate the decision making process, and enhance the communication of cultural resource information between planners, engineers, transportation departments, preservationists, and the public at large.
Harbison, Jeff harbison6 l [email protected]
Ceramics Recovered from Stratified Deposits Overlooking the Arthur Kill, Staten Island, New York
URS Corporation conducted Phase II and III excavations on a high terrace overlooking the Arthur Kill in Richmond County, Staten Island, New York. The project was undertaken in advance of a residential development project, The Tides of Charleston. Eight Loci were examined during the initial stages of work, and of these, two Loci yielded intact prehistoric deposits. A range of prehistoric ware types was recovered. The assemblage includes early to middle woodland varieties as well as zone decorated examples of Late Woodland Ceramics. The ceramics from these excavations will provide a basis for viewing this site in a broader regional context.
Hoffinan, Willie [email protected]
The Stoneware Kiln of Charles F. Decker in Washington County, Virginia (1869-1873)
Born in Germany, the potter Charles F. Decker immigrated to the United States while in his teens, initially working at various shops in Pennsylvania and Delaware. His travels illustrate the post-Civil War migration of American and foreign-born merchants and artisans into the South, traveling along the Great Road that extended between Pennsylvania and Tennessee. Decker finally settled in Johnson City, Tennessee and established the Keystone Pottery where he produced both plain and decorative stoneware until his death in 1914. This large-scale production establishment is where Decker's
more famous and collectable wares were produced. Prior to establishing the Keystone Pottery, however, Charles F. Decker operated a stoneware kiln in Washington . County, Virginia between 1 869 and 1 873. Recent archaeological investigations have shed light on Deck�r's brief sojourn at this lesser-known and smaller shop ii:t Washington County, Virginia. This paper examines the stoneware Decker produced and the kiln he used during his short occupation in Washington County, Virginia and presents a comparison with his products from the Keystone Pottery. Changes in local ceramic production during this period are considered in relation to the development of the commercial ceramic industry.
Hranicky, Wm Jack [email protected]
The Problem with the Williamson Site . . .
This paper presents the basic argument: the problem with the Williamson site is: everyone going there is looking for Clovis points. The site has produced approximately 8000 blade/flake tools and approximately 400 Clovis points. Or, 20 tools for every projectile point. Tools seem to be lost in the site's importance. The author has over 30 years of association with the site, and this paper presents an overview of the archaeology of the site, location of current site collections, old parts of the site, and newly discovered artifacts that suggest a possible pre-Clovis occupation at the site. Finally. the paper presents Williamson tools in comparison to Old World tools from which a technology legacy is argued.
Israel, Stephen [email protected]
Fifty Years of lnt�rpreting Rockshelters in the Big Gunpowder Falls Watershed in northcentral Maryland's Piedmont. What we wanted to find and what we found out.
This presentation summarizes 50 years of looting, surveys, excavations and interpretations of rockshelters in the Big Gunpowder Falls Watershed beginning in the 1 940s, 1 960s, 1 990s and in the early 2 1st Century. The watershed is located in the Eastern Piedmont Province in north-central Maryland. The goal of the 1990's, ASM Central Chapter, survey was to systematically document the rockshelter resources, assess their research potential, establish a more complete data base of the Maryland's archeological resources, and increase public awareness. Rockshelter types include the simple overhang, closed-air overhang, vertical rock face and a combination chamber/simple overhang. A sample testing of a number of the rockshelters revealed mixed shelter deposits influenced by past hydrologic and climatic and recent pot hunting events. Documenting and understanding the Paleozoic and Mesozoic geological events, and later Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene climate, changing weather, hydrologic, physical environmental conditions and influences first will increase our understanding of
the Prehistoric Archaic and Woodland Periods; cultural interpretations and advance our research goals and data collection for the Big Gunpowder Falls watershed.
Johnson, Michael F. [email protected]
Lee Road 2: A Probable Clovis-Hornfels Association
This paper is an update of a paper presented at the Archeological Society of Virginia's 2004 Annual Meeting in which four hypotheses were generated from the results of an intensive transect interval sample and plowzone excavation by the Fairfax County Park Authority on the extensively disturbed Lee Road 2 site (44FX2553) in the interior Culpeper Basin of western Fairfax County, Virginia. The hypotheses covered the probable hornfels-Clovis association, a Late Woodland Potomac Creek pottery occurrence in the Culpeper Basin, a wide range of lithic raw material in association with a hornfels quarry base camp, and a hornfels quarry workshop pattern similar to that found at the Thunderbird site. Subsequent evaluation of separate dry and wet screen data also produced a marked contrast in raw material and ceramic recovery patterns demonstrating the wet screen sort imperative.
Kassner, Nancy J. [email protected]
Curation and Storage of Artifacts: A Complex Issue in the District of Columbia
The D.C. Office of Historic Preservation had been seeking storage space for it's artifacts for over 20 years. Finally, in 1995 the City Archives agreed to take some of the archaeological collections. In 1999, when the Historical Society of Washington, D.C. was making plans for a new City Museum, space was allocated in that facility for the archaeological collections. However, shortly after this it became evident that storage space was an issue in the Museum, and that the artifacts would not be able to be stored there. The building in which the Archives and the archaeological collections are housed now is in disrepair and has no climate control. This has been a long standing issue. Recently several newspaper articles have been published talking about the poor condition of the facility. To date, the city has not identified a new space. This paper will discuss the difficulties that occur when a city government does not recognize the importance of their historic documents and archaeological collections, and, present some solutions that are being discussed by preservation groups in the District.
Kerns-Nocerito, Mechelle [email protected]
Romney's Tavern Talks: Plates, Pipes, and the Rockman-Rothschild Paradigm
This paper outlines the material culture recovered from the Runmey's Tavern Cellar at London Town. This "lost town" was a vibrant colonial tobacco port in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. A complex and rich feature, the cellar contained 21 main stratigraphic layers and excavation took more than four years. Dating the Romney's Tavern Cellar was a main objective of the excavation and a detailed study of the cellar artifacts concentrated on pottery vessels and tobacco pipes. Findings help explain the nature of the tavern and its role in the town, especially when compared to other sites. Theories presented by Rockman and Rothschild provided a framework for comparison regarding the utility and nature of the site.
Kostro, Mark [email protected]
Exciting Evidence from Routine Trenches: Excavations at Colonial Williamsburg's Charlton House
In the over 75-year history since the first shovels pierced the ground at Williamsburg, archaeological research at Colonial Williamsburg has been primarily a research-oriented program aimed at exploring the remains of material life in Williamsburg. In the last twenty-years, however, complimenting the Department of Archaeological Research's commitment to research oriented excavation has been a corresponding commitment to service-related projects carried out in response to threats to .the archaeological record. These ''salvage" excavations have also yielded exciting new information about the town that has often rivaled the findings of research sites. This paper focuses on one such example, the Charlton House on Williamsburg's Duke of Gloucester Street. A recent archaeological excavation in advance of routine maintenance of the· building's foundations revealed new evidence not only regarding the occupation of the house and property, but of the town, and the occupation of the town site prior to Williamsburg's founding. The Charlton House site is just example that highlights how new and important information can be recovered from service-related excavation.
Krakker, James [email protected]
The Pennsylvania Ave. Sousa Bridge Site, District of Columbia
A substantial prehistoric occupation site existed at the east end of the Pennsylvania A venue Sousa Bridge over the Anacostia River in the District of Columbia, Twining neighborhood. A large collection accumulated by John Bury before 1890 documents the site now much disturbed if not completely destroyed by urban development. Late prehistoric Potomac Creek occupation is represented with substantial earlier occupation also.
LeeDecker, Charles [email protected]
GIS Development in the District of Columbia: How Do We Find the Really Interesting Sites Without a Decent Map?
Historical GIS coverage has been under development for several years in the District of Columbia, with funding from Preservation Planning Grants administered by the D.C. Historic Preservation Office and long-term archaeological studies sponsored by the National Park Service. These studies began with a reconstruction of eighteenth and nineteenth century landscape contours and early patent boundaries and have continued with geo referencing of detailed mapping from the mid 19th century. What has emerged from the ongoing research and analysis is the realization that many of the region's earliest and most interesting sites never appear on any maps. These sites can best be identified through a combination of GIS, documentary research, and field survey.
Liebeknecht, Bill [email protected]
Cultural Resources From The Tidal Zone along the Delaware Bay in Cape May County, New Jersey
This brief paper describes the results of a Phase I and II cultural resources investigation conducted along the Delaware Bay shoreline in Middle Township, Cape May County, New Jersey. The study area includes the beachfront tidal zone between the communities known as Pierce's Point and Norbury's Landing. This project was undertaken in connection with a program of beach nourishment and shoreline erosion control planned by the Philadelphia District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Two features consisting of an early barrel privy with a light artifact scatter and a sluice gate system consisting of a buried, hollow log, pilings and timbers were identified. The sluice system is considered eligible for the National Register under Criterion C, because its function and design embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period and method of sluice construction integrally tied to the common historic practice of reclaiming tidal marshes in southern New Jersey for agricultural pursuits.
Lukezic, Craig craig. [email protected]
Lewes Delaware Beach Items: Possible 1 7th Century Dutch Whaling Site
McDaid, Christopher
A Clean, Well-lighted Place: An analysis of ceramic assemblages of the King's Arms and Bunch of Grapes Taverns, Hampton, VA
Previous research (presented at MAAC 2004) on two taverns that operated in eighteenthcentury Hampton, Virginia indicated the functions of the taverns were different. This paper will analyze if there is a relationship between a tavern's function and the cost or value of its ceramic assemblages. The "Bunch of Grapes" tavern seems to have provided more meals and was more for lodging while the "King's Arms" acted more as a meeting place and drinking establishment. Working from an assumption that wealthier people are more likely to travel and need lodging, I think the ceramics used to serve food and drink at the Bunch opf Grapes will be of higher value then those at the King's Arms.
McVae, Bridget C. [email protected]
Shipwrecks Lost and Found: Developing and Testing a Searchable Shipwreck Database of Maryland Waters
The purpose of this project was to create a searchable qatabase of shipwrecks in the Chesapeake Bay using Microsoft Access as the platform. The information to populate the
· database was a compilation of several other databases including partial records from numerous older, and incomplete databases, A WOIS information, as well as original research using primary sources from repositories such as the NARA (National Archives and Records Administration), and the United States Coast Guard. It was necessary for this database to be compatible with the extent of the Maryland GIS system, as well as being searchable using many different variables. Though the accident statistics are recorded, there has been no previous analysis of the data for trends in wreck location, time of year, and accident dates. A study of shipwrecks in the Baltimore Harbor was used to test the limits of this database, and evaluate its usefulness. Based on a preliminary examination of the results, we believe there is an adequate sample size to ensure a reliable analysis. A study of this location is especially relevant, and has practical application, because there are numerous compliance-related projects pending in the Harbor and its environs. This project was undertaken through an IMPART (Institute of Museum, Preservation, Archaeology, Research and Training) assistantship. Research and analysis will continue as time and funding is available.
Means, Bernard K. [email protected]
New Science Meets Old Archaeology: AMS Dating Of Curated Collections From The Somerset County (Pa.) New Deal Excavations
The 1934 to 1940 Somerset County (Pennsylvania) Relief Excavations completely revealed the community patterns of a larger number of Late Prehistoric (AD 1000-1700) village sites in southwestern Pennsylvania than had ever been done before or has been done since. Any serious study of community patterns in this region must therefore turn its attention toward sites excavated during the New Deal, nearly seven decades ago. However, since they were excavated many years before the advent of radiocarbon dating, chronological data were weak or absent for these sites until recently. The uncertainty surrounding the dates of their occupations hampered incorporation of these village sites into modem community pattern studies. Fortunately, with support from the National Science Foundation (grant BCS-0226785), strict chronological control was obtained for several sites through accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating of organic remains and ceramics with organic residues located in museum collections. By integrating a stronger chronological framework created through AMS dating and models of village spatial layouts, a broader understanding of cultural developments in southwestern Pennsylvania during the Late Prehistoric period is achieved.
Messner, Tim, [email protected], and Ruth Dickau
New Directions, New Interpretations: PaleoethI)obotany in the Upper Delaware Valley and the utility of starch grain research in the Middle Atlantic
Paleoethnobotancial inquiry in the Middle Atlantic has primarily revolved around macrobotanical, pollen, and phytolith analyses. In spite of the great advances made in archaeology using these techniques, numerous suspected economic plant species continue to be underrepresented or are entirely absent from the archaeobotanical record. This paper discusses the utility of starch grain analysis for overcoming this dearth in the record. Initial testing of tools from the Manna site near Milford, Pennsylvania, demonstrates that starch grains can and do preserve within the micro-topography of stone tools in temperate climates. We report on our preliminary results from fieldwork and analysis, and examine the research potential and future prospects of starch analysis in the Middle Atlantic region.
Miller, Sarah E., [email protected], and A. Gwynn Henderson
WARNING: Objects May Cause Scales to Grow All Over Body! : The Blessing and Curses of the Picadome Time Capsule Project
New directions in archaeology often come from surprising places.. Recently, the Kentucky Archaeological Survey helped excavate Picadome Elementary School's 1968 time capsule. In addition to taking an inventory of the contents and making recommendations for the preservation of items prior to reburial, we surveyed current students about what they expected to find and what they would put into a time capsule and why. The project integrated an analysis of recent materials, engaged in contextual
theory by seeking multiple perspectives, and examined ethical considerations related to ownership of the recent past.
Mock, Kevin kevin w [email protected]
The Historical Settlement of Quantico Neck, VA (The north Halt): 1650-1900
Quantico Neck lies to the northeast of Dumfries, Virginia, which was a major tobacco port in the 18th and early 19th century and thus played a prominent role in the tobacco trade of the Northern Neck. The first land grants on Quantico Neck were patented in 1654 with plantations constructed soon after. By the 18th century nearly the entire neck was patented as tobacco agriculture dominated the landscape. The landscape was composed predominantly of plantations until the Civil War. The war had a dramatic effect on the social character of the region after which the cultural landscape shifted from one dominated by plantations to small-scale farmsteads. By the 20th century even small scale farming had faded from the cultural landscape. Despite the effects on the local economy from fluctuating tobacco prices, the Revolutionary War and Civil War and the decline of Dumfries as a tobacco trading port, the Neck remained populated through the 20th
century, when a small village, called Cherry Hill, developed.
In · 1997, an intensive investigation for archaeological sites on Quantico Neck was undertaken. In 2003 and 2004, the National Capital Area office of URS Corporation excavated six historic sites, on the north half of the Neck, identified during the 1997 field season. Each of these sites, dating from the early 18th century through the early 20th
century, provide a unique perspective on the evolving culture of the people living in this area.
Mooney, Douglas B., dmooney@kskl .com, Patricia E. Miller, [email protected], and Andrew P. Lutz, [email protected]
Archaeological Investigations of the Susquehanna River Bridge Replacement Project, Dauphin and York Counties, Pennsylvania
In 2003-2004 archaeologists from Kise Straw & Kolodner and KCI Technologies, Inc. conducted intensive archaeological investigations for the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission's Susquehanna River Bridge Replacement Project, near Harrisburg. Excavations in the East Shore study area involved data recovery excavations of a stratified Early Woodland component, as well as the historic documentation and archaeological evaluation of portions of the adjacent Pennsylvania Mainline Canal. Continuing investigations on Calver Island have so far encompassed some 200 m2 and resulted in the identification of a series of stratified Transitional through Late Archaic occupation horizons extending to a depth of 3 .2 meters below ground surface. Prehistoric sites in both areas produced intact artifact deposits associated with preserved hearth,
storage/refuse and other features, and together represent an unbroken archaeological record documenting more than 5,000 years of Native American occupation in the lower Susquehanna River Valley.
Nash, Carole L., [email protected], and Lillian J. Ledford
Archaeology and the Recent Past at Camp Robert Fechner, Shenandoah National Park
Historians and archaeologists are increasingly faced with the question of the preservation and interpretation of 20th century sites and landscapes that represent the transition between recorded history and remembered events. Rapidly disappearing with the acceleration of the modem built environment, the significance of these sites will not be determined by the passage of time but rather by conscious choices on the part of scholars and activists who accept the recent past as a heritage frontier deserving of new perspectives and methodologies. One such example comes from the archaeological study of Camp Robert Fechner, a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp in Shenandoah National Park (SNP). Housing 250 'boys' each year from 1933- 1942, Camp Fechner began as a grouping of WWI army surplus tents, soon becoming a standardized, 35�acre military installation for young men involved in the construction of the new national park. Ironically, while making a lasting impact on SNP, the physical remains of the temporary CCC community are barely detectable using traditional a�chaeological methods, despite the passage of only 70 years. Because known historic documents pertaining to the camp are few in number, the archaeological study relied on methods seen as auxiliary but not central to field work: aerial photography, oral history, global positioning systems, and repeat photography. The resulting analysis of spatial relationships between work, domestic, and recreation areas provides insight into the general culture of the CCC as well as the particular conditions of life at Big Meadows. The archaeological investigation of Camp Fechner offers a template for the study of the undocumented CCC presence in the Shenandoah Valley and adjacent Blue Ridge, where as many as 20 such camps were established. By tying the history of public lands in this region to that of the CCC, Camp Fechner and sites like it become places where we commemorate the massive work effort required to create the landscapes we take for granted as 'natural.'
Nordgren, Eric, [email protected], Sarah Watkins-Kenney, Wendy Welsh, & Nathan Henry
Queen Anne 's Revenge Shipwreck Project: Conservation of Iron Artifacts
This paper will present the work of the Queen Anne 's Revenge Shipwreck Project, (QAR) Conservation Laboratory, NC, Department of Cultural Resources, Underwater Archaeology Branch, to conserve artifacts made of cast (including 5 cannon) and wrought iron from an early eighteenth century shipwreck. The shipwreck (NC 31 CR314), found in November 1996, is believed to be The Queen Anne 's Revenge
(QAR), flagship of the pirate Blackbeard, which sank in 1 7 1 8 off the coast of North Carolina.
Opperman, Tony A. [email protected]
A Data Sharing System GIS Collaboration at the VDOT and VDHR
Over the last decade, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR) have collaborated on the development and implementation of a web-enabled historic resource data system that integrates both spatial and non-spatial information. That system, the Data Sharing System (DSS), .now constitutes the backbone of the Commonwealth's historic resource inventory and also supports VDOT's Environmental Integrator (GIS) system. The development, implementation, and costs of these systems are reviewed along with prospects for future system enhancements.
Orr, David, [email protected], and Julia Steele, julia steele(a),nps.gov
The Pennsylvania Brigade at Valley Forge: An Holistic Portrait of a Revolutionary War American Encampment
During 2000-2003, excavations were conducted by the National Park Service at the site of the Pennsylvania Brigade at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. Subsequent analysis has revealed much about both the organization and layout of the brigade as well as soldierly life during the 1 777-78 encampment. For the first time an archaeological image of the original encampment landscape has emerged. This paper will illustrate what the archaeological evidence has revealed in relationship to:
1. An archaeological transect across the encampment line revealing all of its major components.
2. Soldier life as revealed by activity areas and their features. . 3. Foodways and logistical supply efforts as viewed from the archaeolog1cal
evidence. 4. Discipline and order within the camp.
Additionally, this discussion will compare the encampment features with other �merican camps and also with other areas within the Valley Forge cantonment. Fmally the evidence will be contrasted with the enduring American "myth" of Valley Forge and a more reasonable argument for the sacrifice and tenacity of George Washington's army will be presented.
Parris, David
Pleistocene Fossils from the Continental Shelf
Fossils of Pleistocene elephants, walruses, and other megafauna have long been known to occur in continental shelf sediments, tracts that were above sea level before the disappearance of the North American continental glaciation. Past recoveries of specimens have been largely accidental, primarily from dredging by shellfishermen. Offshore projects currently planned will employ new dredge technologies and geographic positioning systems, enabling more systematic recovery and study of such specimens. Of particular importance will be the possibilities of recovering smaller specimens and of more extensive study of postcranials. Examples of potential contributions include possible new information on Pleistocene horses and Bison, taxa for which the Middle Atlantic fossil record is almost non-existent.
Peachey, Claire [email protected]
Conservation FAQs and Facts: Developing an Interactive CD of Conservation and Collections Care Guidelines for Archaeologists
A group of archaeological conservators is· developing an interactive CP of conservation and collections care guidelines for archaeologists. At this presentation, the preliminary format of the CD will be introduced, and feedback will be requested from the audience: what other topics should be -included, which formats and contents are most useful, what web links can be added? The CD will compile information that is most requested of conservators by archaeologists, and will include an extensive set of Frequently Asked Questions hyperlinked to sections with more detailed information and bibliographies. The user can delve as little or as much as desired into any topic of interest. It will also include Powerpoint presentations on topics such as packing artifacts in the field; applying number to artifacts; good, bad and ugly storage materials; what is conservation· and creating stable microenvironments. The peer-reviewed CD will be useful for a 'wide audience. It will be available at archaeological conferences and by request.
Pickand, Marty [email protected]
A Series of Late 19th to Early 20th Century Middens in a� Adirondack Mill Town
Excavations on the Dowling House Site and Spain's Boardinghouse Site in Thendara, New York en�ountered a group of t:n middens related to a small neighborhood of company housmg and two small boardmg houses. The contents of these middens reveal several mecha�isms of dep_osition suggesting a process of change in the ways residents o:fthe commumty coped with the growing volume of refuse caused by the increase in
mass-produced products that characterized this period. In addition, two kitchen middens associated with a small boardinghouse reveal economic differences between the structure's early occupation as company-owned workers' housing and its subsequent operation as a small rural boardinghouse business. Comparison of these two- middens with a third suggests a method of characterization of midden features by means of the ratios of different classes of glass containers in their contents.
Potter, Stephen, and Stuart Feidel, [email protected]
Recent Archaeological Investigations in Rock Creek Park, Washington, DC
We will describe the highlights of ongoing research in Rock Creek Park. These include: re-examination of the piney Branch quartzite cobble quarry; testing of two extraordinarily rich, undisturbed multi-component (Late Archaic through Late Woodland) sites in the floodplain of Maddox Run; and identification of a probable skirmishing line form the battle of Fort Stevens ( 1 864).
Rutherford, John M. [email protected]
Protecting the Past: Arc View and Cultural Resource Management
The Cultural Resources and Protection Section of the Fairfax County Park Authority manage multiple archaeological site data bases utilizing GIS technologies. As technologies change, so do the manner in which these data can allow the GIS user to interpret and protect existing sites, assess new areas not previously surveyed and control vast amounts of data concerning sites. In order to control development in a rapidly growing county in the Washington DC metropolitan area, these cultural resources assessments can be made quickly and accurately. This provides various county agencies with up to the minute cultural resource data. The multiple data sets linked to the archaeological layers within our GIS project contain cast amounts of different data pertaining to each site. These data then can be manipulated for far reaching archaeological goals. This paper will show the range of the uses of GIS from the cultural resources perspective.
Schindler, William [email protected]
No Bones About It: An Experimental Study in Prehistoric Shad Exploitation in the Delaware Valley
A multi-phased experimental/living archaeology research study took place during the spring of 2004 in hopes to gain a better understanding of the Middle Woodland procurement, processing, and use of anadromous fish in the Delaware Valley. This paper summarizes and presents on two important phases of this work ( I ) the replication, maintenance, and use of an experimental fish weir, and (2) the living archaeology field research phase. Topics of note include fish procurement (nets, hooks, and poison), fish processing (butchering, drying, oil rendering), fish use (food and oil), and finally fish storage. Additionally, the experimental site's current utilization as a testing area for understanding site formation processes will also be discussed.
Scott, Randall, [email protected], and Sarah Zabriskie, [email protected]
Rediscovering Bluestone Reservoir: An Exploration of a River Basin Survey Site 50 Years in the Making
As part of the Smithsonian Institution River Basin Survey (RBS) program the Bluestone Reservoir was surveyed in Monroe and Summers Counties, West Virginia and Giles County, Virginia. During the survey Ralph Solecki recorded 42 sites representing a wide range of time periods. More than 50 years later the collection is worth a reexamination.
Seifert, Betty L. [email protected]. us
Preservation through Standards and Guidelines for Archaeological Collections in Maryland
In 1999, the Maryland Historical Trust published, Technical Update No. 1 of the Standards and Guidelines for Archeological Investigations in Maryland. The purpose of these guidelines is the preservation and long-term stability of the archaeological collections transferred to the State and curated in the Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory. Currently, the standards and guidelines are being revised to reflect changes in data collection and management, to add additional criteria for accepting collections and new terms used, and to provide clarification and simplification in preparing collections for curation. An important aspect of the guidelines is an emphasis in providing guidance for conservation, stabilization, and preservation of artifacts and archives (digital and paper) which will be addressed in this presentation.
Shaffer, Barbara J., [email protected], Christopher C. Salvatico, [email protected], and David A. Krilov, [email protected]
Digging with Data: GIS Archaeological Predictive Modeling
The development of archaeological predictive models using GIS has greatly increased in recent years. By examining the way some spatially distributed feature is correlated with areas of the physical environment, archaeologists can assess the probability of prehistoric sites within a spatial landscape. The reason GIS has helped significantly in the predictive model process in recent years is due to innovations in computer hardware and software that have contributed to processing the large amounts of data more efficiently. Using GIS as a tool, data can be analyzed in greater quantity, complexity, and flexibility. The power of GIS to quickly and quantitatively manipulate vast amounts of locational data into secondary datasets and examine possible relationships between these datasets has made archaeological predictive modeling more efficient. The purpose of this presentation will be to explain the general process of developing a G IS predictive model and how it can be implemented in project work.
Shaffer, Mark [email protected]. us
A Revolutionary War Burial ground in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
In 1995, construction activity in a residential part of the City of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania unearthed a human burial thought to be associated with the Continental Army's General Hospital, which was located at Bethlehem during t.he winters of 1 776-77 and 1777-78. Shortly after this discovery, archaeologists with the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission visited the site and identified and excavated a �econd burial before it was adversely impacted by earthmoving activity. Historical documentation, primarily in the form of contemporary written accounts left by Bethlehem's Moravian congregation, coupled with the physical evidence from the site strongly suggests these are the graves of two of the estimated 500 Continental Army soldiers who perished in the General Hospital established at Bethlehem. This presentation will summarize the historical documentation and the archaeological fieldwork as well as the ceremonial re-interment of these soldiers' remains in a public commemorative event sponsored by the local community in 1996.
Sperling, Christopher [email protected]
Carpetbaggers and Pottery Kilns: A Historical Context for the Frederick Decker Kiln in Abingdon, Va
With the American south still reeling from the effects of the Civil War, Charles F. Decker traveled the well-worn path through the mountains of western Maryland and Virginia known as the Great Road. By this time, the road network had already served as the primary artery linking the urban commercial centers of the northeast with the fertile stretches of the Shenandoah Valley and beyond. Decker, a stoneware artisan, settled outside the Southwest Virginia mountain tewn of Abingdon (Washington County), where for four years he plied his trade. He was not the first potter of German ancestry to
migrate southward along the Great Road, nor was he the last. In fact, he followed a wellestablished tradition that profoundly impacted regional commercial and socio-economic development. Nonetheless, Decker's specific historical situation factored heavily in the establishment of his little kiln on the mountain's edge. The following paper strives to provide a broader historic context for the Charles Decker Kiln site in Abingdon, and, in doing so, hopefully allow us to better understand the role of this particular carpetbagger in the Reconstruction Era Old Dominion.
Springsted, Brenda BSprin504 [email protected]
Ringoes Stoneware - Connection to New York City Potters
The Kemple family operated a pottery producing earthenwares and gray saltglazed stoneware in the Germanic tradition on their farm in Ringoes, New Jersey. A common story, but what makes this story and this place intriguing is the fact that they wre working in the wilderness, known as the 'hinterlands' away from cities or known clay sources in the 18th century to produce wares that are perhaps indistinguishable from more well known makers such as Morgan, Crolius, Remmey and Staats. Recent research links the Kemple family to pottery producing families in New York City. This paper explores these connections and provides a fresh look at an old pottery.
Stevens, Kristen [email protected]
The American Battlefield protection Program - Grants, Research, and More
Since the early 1990s and the battle over Manassas, Congress has acknowledged the Federal government's leading role in battlefield preservation. The American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP) was created through the National Park Service to assist local communities in saving their battlefields as cultural landscapes. The ABPP funds research that leads to site preservation, interpretation and registration on the National Register of Historic Places. Of interest to archeologists may be the funding available for the inventory of battlefield features and site boundary definition. This paper will introduce the program and its intended audience for grants and technical assistance. The funding mechanisms will be explained and archeological case studies will be noted.
Stewart, Michael michael.stewa1t<@temple.edu
Clay Sources and Variability in Native American Pottery.
Preliminary studies of clay sources in coastal New Jersey provide insights regarding the variability of attributes in assemblages of prehistoric pottery from the Delaware Valley,
and what patterning in these attributes imply about pottery technology and other aspects of native society. A variety of useful clays co-occur and exist over broad areas, each visibly different in their raw, processed, and fired states. Yet not all of these clays appear to have been used by native potters on a regular basis; technological and cultural reasons for this pattern are explored. The research potential of clay source · studies in conjunction with pottery analysis is summarized for the Delaware Valley and beyond.
Stewart, Michael [email protected]
Revolutionary War Mass Graves at Langhorne, Pennsylvania.
How believable is an 1869 diary entry about the creation of a cemetery during the winter of 1776-77 in Langhorne, Pennsylvania? How trustworthy is any document written so long after an event has taken place? This paper describes the search for a forgotten Revolutionary War cemetery containing soldiers who died during the winter following the Battle of Trenton. The Langhorne project resulted in the discovery of 29 mass graves presumably containing the remains of soldiers who fought with George Washington.
Strattan, Noel, [email protected], and Scott C. Shaffer, [email protected]
Ask ReGIS what he knows about PA
Web-based GIS products have made it possible to share information about cultural resources with a variety of audiences. Each has their own needs and concerns, which can conflict with each other. There is a delicate balance between too little and too much information. In a state the size of Pennsylvania, there are also concerns about the scale of the system, and the accuracy and completeness of legacy data. In the first part of this presentation, the SHPO will show the search and display capabilities of the Pennsylvania's publicly available web-based CRGIS and the Ask ReGIS querying tool and discuss some of the data and security issues. PennDOT will then show how access to the system has effected the day-to-day operations of the Cultural Resources Section and discuss the potential use of the system by the consulting community.
Tolley, George A., [email protected], and Michael B. Barber, mbarber(a),fs.fed.us
Prehistoric Settlement Patterning in the Uplands of Virginia: Do the Models Fit the Data
Prehistoric settlement patterning models have been used in the Middle Atlantic region since the mid to late 1970's, primarily based in models developed by archaeologists from The Catholic University of America (Gardner and Boyer 1978). Since these models were primarily formulated in a qualitative sense, the authors have chosen to examine the models as presented for upland settings from a quantitative basis. Data collected from over twenty five years of archaeological research in the mountainous terrain of Virginia
will be utilized in this �xamination. The study area for this paper will primarily focus on the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia, with a brief excursion onto the Appalachian Plateau in the far southwestern portion of the state.
Tomaso, Matt, [email protected], Liza A. Gijanto, Marija Mahac and Raymond Ismaelito
Alternative Community, Resort, Back-water, Historic Park: The Cultural Landscape of Post-Bellum Feltville/Glenside Park, Union County, New Jersey
How does one community comprehensively adopt four strikingly different economic identities in the span of 160 years? Feltville / Glenside Park has been a quasi-utopian mill village ( 1845-1860), an Adirondack-styled resort ( 1882- 1916), a county administered housing relief area ( 1929-ca. 1940), and a developing historic park ( ca. 1985 - present). Its archaeology and historical geography both shape and recount the context and processes involved in this small town tale. Investigations performed as part of the Feltville Archaeology Project over the last seven years confront local folklore, explore the material manifestations of local and regional economic changes, and struggle to reflexively recast our own appreciation and interpretation of the 'mundane' world of recent history. The problem of defining or constructing 'authenticity' in studies of the recent past is confronted directly through the always challenging and sometimes ambiguous interpretation of recovered recent m�terial culture and the often misleading oral and written sources.
Tops, Bernard, and Michael F. Johnson, michaeUohnson(@fairfaxcountv.gov
Land Bay A: Features under Features in an Unplowed Upland Context
This paper covers the results of a joint, twelve-month data recovery effort by Cultural Resources Incorporated and the Fairfax County Park Authority on an unplowed, upland, Piedmont, prehistoric site in central Fairfax County, Virginia. Data recovery included approximately 10% of the site and involved various sampling strategies designed to maximize identification and recovery of features and isolated horizontal cultural expressions. Numerous undisturbed hearth-like features were exposed and recovered from immediately under the "Ao" soil horizon. Additionally, several temporally discrete artifact clusters involving lithic raw material and ceramics were identified and recovered. Most importantly, three intrusive features were recovered from below one large "·platform" hearth-like feature. Charred residues were also observed on mapped FCR concentrated in several of the features.
Tull, Stephen W. Steve [email protected]
Flood Protection, Pollution Control, and Traffic Safety
All of these significant issues confront every American on a daily basis. Oftentimes, the public urgency of these issues forces America's past to become the least enforced environmental project constraint. America's heritage can be accurately identified and better preserved through Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
As part of an 83-mile environmental corridor study for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers along Long Island's South Shore in New York, URS created a project-wide GIS that included data for over 40,000 flood-prone buildings and provided an automatic georeferenced data link between cultural resource sites and other survey data. The project resulted in the development of unique evaluation criteria for historic suburbs, a decisionmaking process, and design guidelines that enable the Corps to minimize harm to historic resources while protecting communities from future flooding.
URS is providing General Electric, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the New York State Historic Preservation Office an archaeological sensitivity layer for intelligent maps stretching 40 miles along the Upper Hudson River to show areas of submerged and shoreline archaeological sites. GIS will link "high-potential" areas with the dredging areas and depths targeted for PCB soil removal. This selected remedy will provide the Pl:lblic with an environmentally protected waterway while avoiding significant archaeological sites.
As part of the U.S. 30 1 Highway Corridor Project in Charles and Prince Georges Counties, URS, the Maryland Historical Trust, and the Maryland State Highway Administration determined the selection of the sample units to be examined during the survey based on environmental data as well as data on current land uses available in a GIS format for the project area. The predictive model was developed and will be used to evaluate the extent to which each of the alternatives may impact archaeological resources while providing a measure of safety to the downtown residents and businesses of Waldorf, Maryland.
Veit, Richard F., [email protected], and John W. Martin, [email protected]
Spring Training Circa 1 777: A Comparative Study of Revolutionary War British and Continental Encampments
Recent excavations of both Continental and British encampments occupied during the spring of 1 777 provide a basis for examining the archaeological signature of military camps inhabited for only weeks. Calder's Brigade was part of the British force occupying New Brunswick and Raritan Landing in the winter and spring of 1 777. Prior to beginning the 1 777 military campaign, the British Army readied itself by establishing camps on the surrounding landscape, inventorying equipment, and ordering needed supplies. During this same six-week period, Wayne's Brigade of Continental soldiers occupied a
temporary camp in Bridgewater Township. Investigations at both sites yielded Revolutionary War military artifacts and greater numbers, though still small assemblages, of contemporary artifacts. While both sites have been intensively collected by people with metal detectors, a model for such short-term camps is suggested to revise expectations and enhance the search for and interpretation of these important sites.
Vish, Al, [email protected], and Ted Y eshion
Blood Residue Testing
Much controversy exists surrounding the reliability of the science of blood residue and taxa identification in archaeology. The use of Luminol provides a new presumptive blood test to be used on prehistoric artifacts and can provide more efficacious results than past methods. Validating simple presumptive blood tests before proceeding to taxa identification should be an immediate priority. This paper points out problems and solutions to past presumptive tests while introducing the benefits and procedure of using Luminol in a prehistoric context.
Wall, Robert [email protected]
Deep Site Formation in the Upper Potomac River Valley: The Barton Site
Since 1 996, archaeological excavations on the Barton site, a deeply stratified prehistoric site on the North Branch of the Potomac River, has been the focus of Towson University summer archaeological field schools. The Barton site is located within an area comprising approximately 7 5 acres and contains surface evidence, on its upper terraces, representing all stages of eastern North American prehistory dating to as early as the Paleoindian period. Site investigations in the levee area have revealed a number of prehistoric occupations in the upper soil layers, dating from ca. 2000 BC to the early historic period ( ca. AD 1600). Excavations in the last 3 years have focused on locating the remains of the earliest occupations on the site. In the summer of 2004, an effort to expose a larger area of this previously sampled occupation has revealed what appears to be a substantial early occupation buried more than 2 meters below surface. Recently obtained radiocarbon dates (2 sigma calibrated to 14,000 BC) from a buried soil horizon containing the remains of a hearth feature and associated stone tool manufacturing debris evidences the significance of this very early component at the Barton site. Additional radiocarbon and stratigraphic data are presented to address the context and age of these finds and how they relate to site formation processes in the North Branch valley of the Potomac River.
Warfel, Stephen G.
Saving the Past for the Future: Curating Pennsylvania's Archaeological Compliance Collections
Prior to passage of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and the Pennsylvania Historic Preservation Act of 1978 The State Museum of Pennsylvania principally acquired archaeological collections through donation, occasional purchase, and staff research. Historic preservation legislation, however, provided yet another source of collections, as federal and state agencies were required to identify and evaluate archaeological sites when sponsoring or undertaking land-modification projects. Today, more than half of the archaeological artifacts accessioned by the museum each year are the product of cultural resource management studies and compliance with preservation laws. This presentation will not review The State Museum's detailed Curation Guidelines, which are published. Rather, it will describe how and why these collections are processed after submission for long-term curation. It is hoped that a better understanding of The State Museum's curation responsibilities and practices will encourage the submission of more carefully prepared collections.
Weirich, Lt. Jeremy, [email protected], and Lt. Holly DeHart, [email protected]
Rocks, Wrecks and Obstructions in the Mid-Atlantic: How NOAA uncovers our maritime heritage along the Atlantic Coast and in Chesapeake Bay
No other U.S. government agency deals with shipwrecks on a regular basis more than NOAA's Office of Coast Survey (OCS). Tasked with surveying our coastlines and waterways for the purpose of safe navigation, OCS investigates thousands of square nautical miles each year to identify dangers to navigation and other items hidden on the seafloor. An obvious byproduct of nautical charting is rediscovering lost shipwrecks and other maritime heritage items which sometimes hold local, regional or national importance. Although accurately located, these items and their associated information often go undisclosed, or are not examined from a cultural · resource management perspective. Though a partnership with NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration, OCS is utilizing its unique resources to look at maritime heritage material with new consideration. Using three shipwreck surveys in the Mid-Atlantic region as a backdrop, the paper show how advancements in sonar technologies, coupled with NOAA's survey expertise, can add to our nation's cultural landscape. In addition, this paper _identifies avenues for appropriate data distribution, and encourages regional collaborations to better capitalize on future hydrographic survey activities.
White, Rebecca [email protected]
Rockingham wares from the Coxon waster dump in Trenton
In September of 2000, archaeological monitoring conducted by Hunter Research, Inc. prior to the construction of the Marriott Hotel in downtown Trento�, New Jersey, included sampling of a waster deposit of plain yellow ware, Rockingham ware, and related kiln furniture. The deposit, observed in the side of a construction trench., was roughly twenty feet in length and up to two and a half feet thick, and consisted of a densely packed lens of several thousand sherds and kiln fragments. Analysis of these materials and of the land use history of the hotel site has enabled the assemblage to be attributed to Charles Coxon's Clinton Street Pottery and assigned a manufacturing date between 1 863 and 1 868.
White, Richard, rlwhite@mtmail .biz, Eric Scuoteguazza, Bill Savage, Chan Funk .. [email protected], and Barbara Shaffer, [email protected]
So You Think You Want to be an Archaeologist?: PENNDOT District 9-0's First Annual Archaeology Day
On September 1 7, 2004, students from Juniata Valley High School joined representat ives from the Federal Highway Administration, Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Protection Agency, Pennsylvania Histo.rical and Museum Commission, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, and Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, along with staff from several cultural resource management forms .. to volunteer at the proposed SR 0026 Stockpile Maintenance Facility in Jackson Township, Huntingdon County for PennDOT District 9-0's First Annual Archaeology Day. Despite less than optimal weather conditions as a result of Hurricane Ivan, the day was a complete success. This paper will report the events of the day as well as touch briefly on the importance of public involvement in the Section 1_06 process.
Wholey, Heather [email protected]
Inferring Hunter-Gatherer Territorial Density
Population density is a product of raw or estimated numbers of people occupying a specified territorial unit. Relative density estimates for hunter-gatherer populations may correlate to intensity and/or strategy of mobility and subsistence, social organization, or as has also been argued, kinship structures. This paper outlines approaches for estimating hunter-gatherer territorial density, and considers factors such as actual population growth, rate of increase, patterns of mobility and land use, and territorial configurations. It further evaluates density estimates for hunting and gathering societies of the Middle Atlantic.
Whyte, Thomas R.
Genesis of the Cherokee in the Late Archaic Period of the Southern Appalachian Mountains
The Late Archaic Period of the Appalachian Mountains and contiguous regions is characterized by: ( 1) dependence upon specific lithic resources such as soapstone, greenstone, rhyolite, and quartzite; (2) a presence of Brewerton and Lamoka type projectile point types; and (3) evidence of intensive harvesting and processing of nut crops. Coincidentally, glottochronologic estimates for Cherokee divergence from Iroquoian stock are placed at the end of the Late Archaic period (2,000-1 ,500 B.C. ). One hypothesis explaining this evidence is that Iroquoian groups resided throughout the Appalachian region in the Late Archaic period and controlled access to important lithic and food resources. When ceramic technology and changes in human subsistence emphases arrived at the end of the Archaic period, the economic and political systems in place along the Appalachian chain were defused, thus isolating the people who would become the Cherokees from their Northern Iroquoian roots.
Williams, Emily, [email protected], and Kelly Ladd-Kostro, [email protected]
That the Present May Learn from the Past: Archaeological Collections at Colonial Williamsburg
The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation has conducted excavations in and around Williamsburg, Virginia, for nearly eighty years, amassing a large collection of seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth century material. Over the decades the Foundations approach to the management, curation, conservation and documentation of the collection has necessarily changed and evolved. This paper will review some of the developments in Colonial Williamsburg's approach to its collections and discuss present practice and future prospects.
Wyatt, Andrew, [email protected], and Robert Eiswert, rheiswert(@mtmail.biz
Late Archaic Occupation at the Raker I Site (36NB58), Northumberland County, Pennsylvania: Implications for Settlements Models in the Central Susquehanna Drainage
The Raker I Site (36NB58) was the subject of data recovery excavations by McCormick Taylor, Inc., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania for PENNDOT District 3-0 and FHW A. The site is located in the Ridge and Valley physiographic province, occupying a small terrace of the Susquehanna river approximately one mile below the City of Sunbury. The majority of artifacts and features recovered from intact, sub-plowzone contexts at the site are associated with early Late Archaic occupations of the terrace based on six radiocarbon assays ranging between ca. 5 100 and 4 700 B.P . Perhaps the most salient result of the data recovery lies in the identification and analysis of five deep, cylindrical pit features of
early Late Archaic age. Their resemblance to large Late Woodland pits suggests higher levels of sedentism than are currently envisioned for the time frame and supports current reconstructions of logistical mobility among Late Archaic period Native Americans.
Young, Lisa A. [email protected]
The 'State' of Collections: Curation and Conservation Issues in the Middle Atlantic Region
Each Federal, State and City entity within the Middle Atlantic Region of the United States has their own set of curation, collections management and conservation guidelines. These guidelines range from simply packaging artifacts in acid-free boxes to placing artifacts that are stabilized by modem conservation standards in a state-of-the-art storage repository. Each entity expects their own guidelines and standards to be adhered to, yet the guidelines are sometimes vague, questions arise, and too often they are interpreted differently. The Middle Atlantic Archaeology conference currently does not have a curation and collections committee. This session will strive to initiate dialog between members of the meeting who have concerns and questions regarding the curation and conservation guidelines for each State respectively. Case studies from several States will be presented, as well as examples pertaining to collections maintained by Federal and City jurisdictions. Conservators will present information pertaining to the storage of archeological archives.
Ziesing, Grace H., Matthew D. Harris and William Chadwick, [email protected]
The Development of Prehistoric and Historic Sensitivity Models for Transportation System Planning in Delaware
John Milner Associates, Inc. has constructed a Cultural Resource Properties Database (Del CRSdb) within a GIS platform in response to several Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT) highway studies. In addition to using known properties in the planning process, JMA has also produced a historic properties sensitivity analysis and a prehistoric predictive/sensitivity model that provides insight into additional potential cultural resources within the present US 113 study areas. Although serving the same planning purpose, these models are produced using very different methodologies. Based primarily on a quantitative approach, the prehistoric model relies on regression statistics and the discrimination of certain landforms to map areas sensitive to prehistoric use. On the other hand, the historic model is based primarily on a qualitative locational analysis which interprets and mitigates cartographic error to determine the location and likelihood of historic archaeological deposits. The substantially different methodologies employed in these models are brought together by the flexibility inherent in the Cultural Resources GIS. By integrating known cultural resources with identified areas for potential cultural
resources, it is expected that those involved in the planning of the potential alternatives will be able to avoid potential impacts to cultural resources or, if unavoidable, have an understanding of what resource types may be impacted.
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