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Ingmar’s Linguarium > Middelsprake © Ingmar Roerdinkholder 2004

CONCISE OUTLINES OF MIDDELSPRAKE

The Inter-Germanic Common Language ©Ingmar Roerdinkholder, Summer of 2004

☼ *CONTENTS:

0] Preface; Abbreviations 1] Spelling and Pronunciation 2] Personal and Possessive Pronouns 3] Interrogatives 4] Articles and Demonstratives 5] Numerals 6] Adjectives and Adverbs 7] Prepositions and Conjunctions 8] Nouns 9] Verbs 10] Vocabulary (Thematic) 11] Expressions 12] Examples of Crosswords 13] Texts 14] Middelsprake ~ English ~ Interlingua

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Short Alphabetical Vocabulary 0] *PREFACE

What is Middelsprake?

Middelsprake is an artificial language, based on the common vocabulary of the living Germanic languages, both Western Germanic - High and Low German (Low Saxon), English, Dutch and Frisian, and Scandinavian – Danish, Swedish and (New) Norwegian

The form of a Middelsprake word is as much as possible the meanform of the same word in the Germanic languagesAlthough it was artificially created, Middelsprake has a quite natural appearance

Middelsprake was constructed in a similar way as Interlingua, which has of course a Romance based vocabularyHowever, unlike Interlingua I didn’t create Middelsprake for idealistic purposes but merely out of personal interest and for my own joy, and hopefully for other people’s too! I want to underline here that I take complete distance from all kinds of glorification of Germanic peoples or languages in the present or past, and that MS is a highly tolerant and multicultural design.

A characteristic feature of Middelsprake are the so called krüsworde or cross words, which are not a kind of puzzles but crossings between words that differ quite a lot in the source languages, mostly between Scandinavian and Western Germanic forms See chapter 12 for a few examples

Middelsprake grammar was kept very simple and regularThere are only regular verbs –except for one or two slightlyirregular auxiliary verbs, nouns have just a single gender, plural is formed simply and regularly, adjectives and articleshave only one form and pronunciation can be understood very easily from the totally regular spelling

Abbreviations:

MS Middelsprake [′mıd∂lspra:k∂] Inter-Germanic Common LanguageHD Höögdütisch [′hø:gdy:tı∫] (High) GermanEN Engelisch [′εŋ∂lı∫] English NL Nederlandisch [′ne:d∂rlandı∫] DutchDN Danisch [′da:nı∫] DanishSW Swedenisch [′sve:d∂nı∫] SwedishNS Nedersaksisch [ne:d∂r’saksı∫] Low Saxon (Low German)FR Frisisch [′fri:zı∫] (West)Frisian

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NN Nünorisch [ny:′no:rı∫] (New) Norwegian (Landmål)

1] *SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION

Vowels:

The Middelsprake vowels are: A, E, I, O, Ö, U, Ü, Y

MS vowels can be spelled single - in open syllables- or double - when a syllable ends in one or more consonantsThey can be pronounced short or long, a double spelled vowelis always pronounced long (phonetically indicated by [:]), and so are single vowels in open syllables Single vowels in closed syllables are pronounced shortMS also knows diphthongs: AI, AU, EI, EO, EU, IO, OI, OU, ÖY

A [a:]

aa [a:] gaan, jaar [ga:n], [ja:r] gone, yeara [a:] late, forsta [′la:t∂],[fכr′sta:]to let, to understanda [a:] sla, ja [sla:], [ja:] to hit, yesa [a] nacht, nakke [naχt], [’nak∂] night, neck ai [aj] maid, haie [majd], [′haj∂] girl, sharksau [aw] auto, skaue [′awto:],[′skaw∂] car, shadow/shade

E [e:]

ee [e:] steen, meer [ste:n], [me:r] stone, moree [e:] ete, leder [′e:t∂], [’le:d∂r] to eat, leathere [e:] de, se, we [de:],[se:],[ve:] they, to see, whoé [e:] idé, écru [i:’de:], [e:’kry:]idea, écrue [ε] tenke, det [′tεŋk∂],[dεt] to think, ite [∂](schwa)de, en [d∂],[∂n] the, a(n) [∂] make, begin [′ma:k∂][b∂′gιn] to make, startea [e:a(:)] ideal, theater [i:de:′al],[te:’at∂r]ideal, theateree [e:e:/e:∂]kreere, schéed [kre:’e:r∂],[′∫e:∂d]to create, happenedei [εj] seile, neie [′sεjl∂], [′nεj∂] to sail, to negateeo [e:w] seo, sneoe [se:w],[′sne:w∂] sea, to snow eu [œy] Euro, eukonomisch[′œyro:],[œyko:′no:mı∫]Euro, economic

I [i:]

ii [i:] tiid, siin [ti:d], [si:n] time, hisi [i:] isern, blive [′i:z∂rn],[′bli:v∂]iron, to stayi [i:] mi, fri [mi:], [fri:] me, freei [ı] wirklig, minnest[′vırklıg],[mın∂st]really, least i [i] aktiv, unik [ak’tiv],[u:′nik] active, uniqueie [i:∂] skie, Italie [ski:∂],i:′ta:li:∂]to ski, Italyio [iw] dior, liove [diwr], [′liwv∂] animal, to love

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[iכ] aktion, Zion [’aksiכn],[′zi:כn] action, ZionO [o:]

oo [o:] good, toon [go:d], [to:n] good, toe o [o:] open, hoved [′o:p∂n],[′ho:v∂d] open, heado [o:] two, blo, stro [tvo:],[blo:],[stro:]two, blue, strawo [כ] brost, old [brכst], [כld] breast, oldoe [o:∂] koe, bloer [ko:∂], [′blo:∂r] cows, blueroi [כj] boide, boie [′bכjd∂], [′bכj∂] both, buoy ou [כw] dou, broue [dכw],[′brכw∂] dew, to brew

Ö [ø:]

öö [ø:] gröön, dööd [grø:n], [dø:d] green, deadö [ø:] swöter, hönig [′svø:t∂r],[′hø:nıg]sweeter, honey ö [ø:] tö, nö [tø:], [nø:] thaw, nahö [œ] twölf, köng [tvœlf], [kœŋ] twelve, kingöe [ø:∂] töe, ströe [’tø:∂], [strø:∂] to thaw, to strewöy [œy] öyland, gröyest [′œyland],[′grœy∂st]island, greyest(öy and eu are pronounced the same, the latter occurs only in loan-words)

U [u:]

uu [u:] huus, uut [hu:s], [u:t] house, outu [u:] uter, tusend [′u:t∂r], [′tu:z∂nd]without, thousandu [u:] nu, ju, fru [nu:],[ju:],[fru:] now, you, womanu [u] hund, tunge [hund], [′tuŋ∂] dog, tongueue [u:∂] true, frue [′tru:∂], [′fru:∂] to trust, women

Ü [y:]

üü [y:] füür, düür [fy:r], [dy:r] fire, expensiveü [y:] hüre, dürer [′hy:r∂], [′dy:r∂r] to rent, dearerü [y:] nü, schü [ny:], [∫y:] new, shyü [y] rüg, twüntig [ryg], [′tvyntıg] back, twentyüe [y:∂] schüer, nüest [′∫y:∂r], [′ny:∂st] shyer, newest

Y [’ypsi:lכn] (or [’ιpsi:lכn])

y [i:] type, Syrie [′ti:p∂], [′si:ri∂] type, Syria (alternatively pronounced [y:][′ty:p∂], [′sy:ri∂]) y [y] olympisch,hymne [o:′lympı∫],[′hymn∂]Olympic, hymn (alternatively pronounced [ı] [o:′lımpı∫],[′hımn∂])

long y is pronounced [i:] like long i, with an alternative pronunciation [y:]like long ü

short y is pronounced like [y] short ü,with an alternative pronunciation [ı]like short i

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Consonants:

B [be:] b=[b]

C [se:] c=[s] before e, i, y, c=[k] before a, o, u; ch [χ]

D [de:] d=[d]

F [εf] f=[f]; intervocally f=[v], life [’li:v∂], wolfe=[’vכlv∂]

G [ge:] g=[g] H [ha:] h=[h]

J [jכt] j=[j]

K [ka:] k=[k]

L [εm] l=[l]

N [εn] n=[n]; ng=[ŋ]; nk=[ŋk]

P [pe:] p=[p]; ph=[f]

Q [ku:] qu=[kv]

R [εr] trilled like Scottish or Italian [r], alternative pronunciation uvular like French or German [R] final r must be pronounced clearly rund=[rund](or[Rund]), stern=[stεrn](or[stεRn] S [εs] initial and final s=[s]; intervocally s=[z]; sch=[∫]

T [te:] t=[t]; th=[t]; in suffixes -tion, -tie, t = [ts]

V [ve:]

W [’dכb∂l ve:] w=[v], word initially W is spelled, otherwise V as well as in loan-words like vanille [va′nilj∂]

X [ıks] x=[ks]

Y [′ypsi:lכn] is pronounced [j] in words like yoghurt [′jo:gurt]

Z [zεt] z=[z]

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2] *PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Personal Pronouns:

ig [ıg] I du [du:] you (singular - informal) he [he:] he si [si:] she det [dεt] it wi [vi:] we ji [ji:] you (plural) Ji [ji:] you (sing. + plural - formal) de [de:] they man [man] they, one, you

Höög-dütisch

Enge-lisch

Neder-landisch

Danisch Swede-nisch

Neder-saksisch

Frisisch Nünorisch

ich I ik jeg jag ik ik egdu you(thou) jij du du du do/dû duer he hij han han he hy hansie she zij hun hon se hja/sy hoes it het det det dat it detwir we wij vi vi wi wy viihr you (ye) jullie I ni ji jimme deSie - u (gij) De Ni Se (Ji) jo Desie they zij de de se hja/sy deiman one, they men man man man men man

mi [mi:] me di [di:] you (sg.)hem [hεm] himher [hεr] herdet [dεt] itus [us] usju [ju:] you (pl.)Ju [ju:] you (pol.) dem [dεm] them

HD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNmich/mir me mij mig mig mi my megdich/dir you(thee) jou dig dig di dy degihn/ihm him hem ham honom öm him honomsie/ihr her haar hende henne ehr har hennees it het det det dat it detuns us ons os os u(n)s ús osseuch you jullie jer ni ju jimme dykkSie/Ihr - u Dem Ni Se/Ehr jo Dykksie/ihr them hen dem dem se/ehr har dei

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Possessive Pronouns:

miin [mi:n] my mines [′mi:n∂s] minediin [di:n] your dines [′di:n∂s] yourssiin [si:n] his sines [′si:n∂s] hisher [hεr] her heres [′he:r∂s] hersdets [dεts] its dettes [’dεt∂s] itsuser [’u:z∂r] our useres [′u:z∂r∂s] oursjur [jur] your jures [′ju:r∂s] yoursJur [jur] your Jures [′ju:r∂s] yoursder [dεr] their deres [′de:r∂s] theirs

HD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNmein my mijn min min mien myn mindein your(thy) jouw din din dien dyn dinsein his zijn sin/hans sin/hans sien syn sin/hansihr her haar sin/hendes sin/hennes ehr har sin/hennarsein its zijn sin/hans sin/hans sien syn sin/hansunser our onze vor vår u(n)s ús våreuer your jullie jeres er juun jimme dykkarIhr - uw Deres Er Ehr jo Dykkarihr their hun deres sin/deras ehr har sin/deira

dat is miin man – dat is mines dat is diin fru – dat is dines dat is siin born – dat is sines dat er user elders – dat er useres dat er dets sides - dat er dettes

3] *INTERROGATIVES

wat? [vat] what? watfor? [vat’fכr] what kind of?wilk? [vılk] which? warto? [var′to:] where to?war? [var] where? warfran? [var′fran] whence?ho? [ho:] how? homennig?[ho:′mεnıg]how much?we? [ve:] who? wees? [ve:s] whose?waneer? [va’ne:r] when? wen [vεn] when, ifwarfor? [var’fכr] why?

HD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNwas what Wat hvad vad wat wat kvawer who Wie hvem vem wokeen wa kvenwo where waar hvor var woor wêr kvarwie how Hoe hvordan hur wo hoe korwann when wanneer (hvor)når när wanner wannear nårwarum why waarom hvorfor varför worüm wêrom kviforwelch which welk hvilken vilken welk hokker kva for

Interrogatives cause inversion, like in English and the other Germanic languages:wat wil du köpe? we is du? war schal du ete? ho hete du? waneer

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kom du? warfor segge du dat nik? wilk is dines? warto ga du dis aven?homennig pennig ha du? warfran ha du dis boke? 4] *ARTICLES AND DEMONSTRATIVES

Articles:

en [∂n] a(n) nik en [’nık∂n] no, not ade [d∂] the nikeen [nı’ke:n] no, not a (emphatic)

The articles have the same form for all genders and numbers,like in English

en man a man de man the manen fru a woman de fru the womanen born a child de born the child(enig)elders(some)parents de elders the parents

HD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNder Mann the man de man manden mannen de mann de man mannendie Frau the woman de vrouw kvinden kvinnan de fru de frou kvinnadas Kind the child het kind barnet barnet dat kind it bern barnetdie Eltern

theparents

deouders

forældre-ne

föräldra-ne

de öllern

de âlden

foreldre-ne

ein Mann a man een man en mand en man een mann in man ein mannein Frau a woman een vrouw en kvinde en kvinna een fru in frou ei kvinneein Kind a child een kind et barn et barn een kind in bern eit barn

Demonstratives:

dis [dıs] this, these hir [hır] heredat [dat] that, those dar [dar] there

MS demonstratives have the same form for all genders and numbers

dis man this man dat man that mandis fru this woman dat fru that womandis born this child dat born that childdis elders these parents dat elders those parents

HD EN NL DK SW NS FR NNdieserMann

thisman

dezeman

denne mand

denna man

disse(ü)man

dizzeman

dennemannen

dieseFrau

thiswoman

deze vrouw

denne kvinde

denna kvinna

dissefru

dizzefrou

dennekvinna

diesKind

thischild

dit kind

dette barn

detta barn

dit/dütkind

ditbern

dettebarnet

dieseEltern

theseparents

deze ouders

disse for-ældre

dessa för-äldrane

disseöllern

dizzeâlden

desse for-eldrene

der/jenerMann

thatman

dieman

den mand

den man

de(n) mann

dy man

den mannen

die/jeneFrau

thatwoman

die vrouw

den kvinde

den kvinna

deefru

dy frou

den kvinna

das/jenesKind

thatchild

dat kind

det barn

det barn

datkind

datbern

det barn

die/jene those die de for- de för- dee dy dei for-

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Eltern parents ouders ældrene äldrane öllern âlden eldrene

5] *NUMERALS

0 nul [nul] 20 twüntig1 een [e:n] 21 twüntigoneen2 two [tvo:] 30 tretig3 tre [tre:] 40 fiortig4 fior [fiwr] 50 fimftig5 fimf [fımf] 60 sekstig6 seks [sεks] 70 sövetig7 söve [′sø:v∂] 80 achttig8 acht [aχt] 90 niontig9 nion [niwn] 100 hunderd10 teen [te:n] 101 hunderdoneen11 elve [′εlv∂] 200 twohunderd12 twölf [tvœlf] 1000 tusend13 treteen [′tre:te:n] 1100 elvehunderd14 fiorteen [′fiwrte:n] 2100 twotusend-hunderd15 fimfteen [′fımfte:n] 10000 teentusend16 seksteen [′sεkste:n] 11000 elvetusend17 söveteen [′sø:v∂te:n]100000 hunderdtusend18 achtteen [′aχt:e:n] 1000000 een million19 nionteen [′niwnte:n] 1000000000 een milliard

HD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNeins one Een en en een ien einzwei(zwo) two Twee to två twee twa todrei three Drie tre tre dree trije trevier four Vier fire fyra veer fjouwer firefünf five Vijf fem fem fiev fiif femsechs six Zes seks sex sös seis sekssieben seven Zeven syv sju söben sân sjuacht eight Acht otte åtta acht acht åtteneun nine Negen ni nio negen njoggen nizehn ten Tien ti tio tein tsien tielf eleven Elf elleve elva ölben alve ellevezwölf twelve Twaalf tolv tolv twölv tolf/tolvetolvdreizehn thirteen dertien tretten tretton dörtein trettjin trettenvierzehn fourteen veertien fjorten fjorton veertein fjirtjin fjortenfünfzehn fifteen vijftien femten femton foftein fyftjin femtensechzehn sixteen zestien seksten sexton söstein sechstjin sekstensiebzehn seventeen zeventien sytten sjutton söbentein santjin syttenachzehn eighteen achttien atten arton achtein achttjin attenneunzehn nineteen negentien nitten nitton negentein njoggentjin nittenzwanzig twenty twintig tyve tjugo twintig tweintich tjueeinund-zwanzig

twenty-one

eenen-twintig

enogtyve tjugoen eenun-twintig

ienin-tweintich

tjueen

dreizig thirty Dertig tredive trettio dörtig tritich trettivierzig fourty veertig fyrre fyrtio veertig fjirtich førtifünfzig fifty vijftig halvtreds femtio foftig fyftich femtisechzig sixty Zestig tres sextio söstig sechstich sekstisiebzig seventy zeventig halvfjerds sjuttio söbentig santich syttiachzig eighty tachtig firs åttio achtig tachtich åttineunzig ninety negentig halvfems nittio negentig njoggentichnitti

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hundert hundred honderd hundrede hundra hunnert hûndert hundretausend thousand duizend tusind tusen dusend tûzen tusen

Ordinal numbers:

förste, erste [′fœrst∂],[′εrst∂]twode, andre [′tvo:d∂],[′andr∂]trede [′tre:d∂]fiorde [′fiwrd∂]fimfde [′fımvd∂/′fımft∂]seksde [′sεgzd∂/′sεkst∂]sövede [′sø:v∂d∂]achtde [′aγd:∂/′aχt:∂]nionde [′niwnd∂]teende [′te:nd∂]elvede [′εlv∂d∂]twölfde [′tvœlvd∂/′tvœlft∂]treteende [′tre:te:nd∂]twüntigde [′tvyntıgd∂]twüntigonförste [tvyntıgכn′fœrst∂]tretigde [′tre:tıgd∂]hunderdde [′hund∂rd:∂]tusendde [′tu:z∂nd:∂]millionde [mıli:′jכnd∂]

HD EN NL DN SW LS FR NNerste first Eerste første första ierste,

försteearste,foarste

første

zweite second Tweede Anden andra tweede twadde annandritte third Derde tredje tredje dörde tredde tredjevierte fourth vierde fjerde fjärda veerde fjirde fjerdefünfte fifth vijfde femte femte fievde fiifde femtesechste sixth Zesde sjette sjätte söste seiste sjettesiebte seventh zevende syvende sjunde söbente sânde sjuandeachte eighth achtste ottende åttonde achte achtste åttandeneunte ninth negende niende nionde negente njoggende niandezehnte tenth tiende tiende tionde teinte tsiende tiandeelfte eleventh Elfde ellevte elfte ölbente alfte ellevtezwölfte twelfth twaalfde tolvte tolfte twölfte tolfte tolvtedreizehnte thirteenth dertiende trettende trettonde dörteinte trettjindetrettandezwanzigste twentieth twintigste tyvende tjugonde twintigste tweintichsttjuandeeinund-zwanzigste

twentyfirst

eenen-twintigste

enog-tyvende

tjugo-första

eenun-twintigste

ienin-tweintichst

tjue-første

dreizigste thirtieth dertigste tredivte trettionde dörtigste tritichstetrettiandehundertste hundredth honderdste hundrade hunnerste hûndertstehundradetausendste thousandth duizendste tusende dusendste tûzenste tusende

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6] *ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Adjectives end in a consonant, except for loan-words like rose, beige, écru, lila, extra, dito, as well as ordinal numbers ending in –e, förste, andre, lesteThey have one form for both singular and plural, definite and indefinite, animate and inanimate, and always come before the noun like in all Germanic languages

Comparatives and superlatives:

Comperatives get the suffix –er, superlatives –est

lit [lıt] smalllitter [′lıt∂r] smallerlittest [′lıt∂st] smallest

mennischelig [′mεnı∫∂lıg] humanmennischeligger [′mεnı∫∂lıg∂r] more humanmennischeliggest [′mεnı∫∂lıg∂st] most human

naiv [na’iv] naivenaiver [na′i:v∂r] more naivenaivest [na′i:v∂st] most naive

There are only three irregular forms:

mennig [′mεnıg] many, much, a lot meer [me:r] moremeest [me:st] most

lüttel [′lyt∂l] few, littleminner [′mın∂r] fewer, less minnest [′mın∂st] fewest, least

good [go:d] goodbetter [′bεt∂r] betterbest [bεst] best

ig is so good (lik-)as du I am as good as youig is better den du I am better than youig is de best af us boide I’m the best of both of usen good nabor is better den a good neighbour is better thanen fern fren, doch de best is a far off friend, but it’s best wen nabors kan wese frenne when neighbours can be friends

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In international loan-words from Latin etc. the final consonantis not geminated and consequently the vowel becomes long:

unik > uniker, unikest [u:′nik] [u:′ni:k∂r] [u:′ni:k∂st]naiv > naiver, naivest [na′iv] [na′i:v∂r] [na′i:v∂st]neutral> neutraler,neutralest[nœy′tral][nœy′tra:l∂r][~′tra:l∂st]aktuel > aktueler, aktuelest [aktu:′εl][aktu:′e:l∂r][~tu:′e:l∂st]

In this case the construction with meer, meest is also possible,as with all multisyllabic loans:

en humaner/meer human land [hu:′ma:n∂r ~ me:r hu:′man land]de aktuelest/meest aktuel nüüs [aktu:′e:l∂st~me:st aktu:′εl ny:s]

In native Germanic words with certain suffixes both constructions can be used too:

werdful > werdfuller/werdfullest or meer werdful/meest werdfulwerdlös > werdlösser/werdlössest or meer werdlös/meest werdlöslövewerd> lövewerder/lövewerdest or meer/meest lövewerd(credible)naturlig> naturligger/naturliggest or meer/meest naturlig

Adjectives become nouns by attaching an –e:

en blind man > en blinde a blind mantwo blind manne > two blindes two blind (men)

de övel tinge > de övele the evil things>Evil

dis Engelisch man > dis Engelische this English mandis Engelisch manne > dis Engelisches these English

There are no seperate suffixes for adverbs, the have the sameform as adjectives or prepositions

A few adverbs: nik (not), ofte (often), altiid (always), heem (home), gerne (gladly), in (inside), up/over (upstairs), uut (outside), neder (downstairs)

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7] *PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS

in [ın] in, insideup [up] up, on, above, upstairsan [an] at, onaf [af] of, offfran [fran] from, (out) off to [to:] to, towardsfor [fכr] for, in order tobefor [b∂′fכr] before, in front ofuut [u:t] out, outsideover [′o:v∂r] over, across, about, aboveunder [′und∂r] under, down, beneathafterhind [aft∂r′hınd]behind, at the back ofafter(na) [aft∂r′na:] after, pastantil [an′tıl] until

HD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNin In in i i in yn iauf on, up op på på up op påan at, on aan å å an oan åvon, ab of, from van, af af, fra av, från vun, af fan, ôf av, fråfür, vor For voor for för vör foar for, førunter Under onder under under under ûnder underüber,ober Over over over över över oer overaus Out uit ud ut uut út uthinter Behind achter bag bakom,efter achter efternach After na efter efter nah nei etterzu, nach To naar, toe til till to, nah ta tilbis (un)till tot,aantoe (ind)til till bet,hento oant til

on [כn] andoller [′כl∂r] ormid [mıd] withuter [′u:t∂r] without, exceptfordat [fכr′dat] because, foras, likas [as ~’li:kas]as, likewiil [vi:l] while, duringnik [nık] not

HD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNund And en og och un en ogoder Or of eller eller oder of ellermit With met med/ved med/vid med mei med/vedohne without zonder uden utan ahn sûnder utanweil because omdat fordi för att vunwegen omdat fordials As als som som as as somwährend While terwijl medens medan wieldes wylstnicht Not niet ikke inte nich net ikkje

13


8] *NOUNS

MS nouns all have common gender, as we could see in the part about articlesHumans and most animals (except for insects etc) are refered to according to their natural gender, with he (he) or si (she), to inanimate nouns (including plants) with det (it)The relative pronoun we (who)is used for the animate category,dat (that) for inanimates

Singular monosyllabic nouns always get the plural suffix –e, multisyllables get –s (but –e in case of final s, z or sch) man -> manne man-menfru -> frue woman-womenborn -> borne child-childrenhuus -> huse house-houseswiif -> wife wife-wives

öge -> öges eye-eyesbroder -> broders brother-brothersbegin -> begins beginning-s

mind the following plurals:

man -> manne but buseman -> busemans land -> lande öyland -> öylands dag -> dagge söndag -> söndags

The final consonant of words with a short vowel is geminated,whereas long vowels become single when –e is attached

kat -> katte cat-cats höl -> hölle hill-hillsson -> sonne son-sons

foot -> fote foot-feetöör -> öre ear-earsmuus -> muse mouse-mice

an irregular plural: mennische-> folk (hu)man, peoplefolk is a collective noun, and is treated as if it were singularde mennische is de meester af de werld – al folk is in de kirke man is the master of the world – all people are in the churchmennisches is possible too, e.g dar er two mennisches in de kirke

Genitive: -s is attached or the construction with af is used:de kats fote/de fote af de kat the cat’s feetdis mannes skoe/de skoe af dis manne these men’s shoes

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en fru’s broste/de broste af en fru a woman’s breasts(-’s after long stressed vowels to indicate length, otherwise -s)9] *VERBS

The conjungation of MS verbs is almost completely regular, except for a few exceptions

The following suffixes indicate the tense of a verb:

Infinitive: -e leve [’le:v∂]Present tense: -e ig, du, wi leve [’le:v∂]Past tense: -de ig, du, wi levede [’le:v∂d∂] Perfect: -d ig, du, wi ha leved [ha: ’le:v∂d] Continuous/ -nd ig, wi is/er levend [ıs~εr ’le:v∂nd]participle

leben live leven leve leva leven libben leveich lebe I live ik leef jeg lever jag levar ik leevwir leben we live we leven vi lever vi levar wi leeftich lebte I lived ik leefde vi leved vi levad wi leeftenich habegelebt

I havelived

ik hebgeleefd

jeg harlevet

jag harlevat

ik hebbleeft

lebend living levend -nde levend

Verbs normally end in –e in the infinitive and present tense.There is a small number of monosyllabic verbs: schal, wil, ga, mag, do, sta, sla(ge), kom, se, kan, mot

The auxiliary verbs wese (to be) and have (to have)are conjugated in an irregular way:

-infinitive wese [’ve:z∂] have [′ha:v∂] -present tense ig is ig ha singular du is du ha he/si/det is he/si/det ha plural wi er wi ha ji er ji ha de er de ha -past tense ig ware ig hadde du ware du hadde he/si/det ware he/si/det hadde wi/ji/de ware wi/ji/de hadde -perfect tense ig ha wesed ig ha had -future ig schal wese ig schal have-imperative wese! have!-continuous/ ig is wesend ig is havend participle

HD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNsein be zijn være vara wesen wêze vereich bin I am ik ben jeg er jag är ik bün ik bin eg erdu bist you are je bent du er du är du büst do bist du erer/sie/es ist

he/she/it is

hij/ze/’t is

han/hun/det er

han/hondet är

he/se/et is

hy/hja/it is

han/ho/det er

wir sind we are we zijn vi er vi är wi sünd wy binne vi er

15


Ihr seid you are u bent I er ni är ji sünd jo binne de ersie sind they are ze zijn de er de är se sünd hja binne dei er

ich war I was ik was jeg var jag var ik weer ik wie eg vardu warst you were je was du var du var du

weerst do wiest du var

er/sie/es war

he/she/it was

hij/ze/’t was

han/hun/det var

han/hon/det var

he/se/et weer

hy/hja/it wiene

han/ho/det var

w./I./s. waren

w./y./t. were

w./jl./z. waren

vi/I/de var

vi/ni/de var

wi/ji/se weren

wy/jo/hja wiene

vi/de/deivar

ich bin gewesen

I have been

Ik ben geweest

jeg harværet

jag harvarit

ik bün we(s)en

ik hawest

eg harvore

haben have hebben have ha hebben hawwe haich habe I have ik heb jeg har jag har ik heff ik ha(w) eg harwir haben we have we hebben vi har vi har wi hebbt wy hawwe vi harich hatte I had ik had jeg havde jag hade ik had ik hieich habegehabt

I have had

ik heb gehad

jeg harhaft

jag harhaft

ik heffhad

ik hahân

habend having hebbende hebbend

Verbs ending in a vowel except schwa -e ga, (for)sta, sla(ge), (for)se, do do not have a participle ending in –d but in –n:gaan, (for)staan, slaan/slaged, (for)seen, doon. But NB: schee - scheede – ha schéed [′∫e:∂ ~′∫e:∂d∂ ~′∫e:∂d]etc.For their participle –nd is added as usual, but the vowel must be doubled to indicate a long pronunciation:gaand, (for)staand, slaand/slagend, seend, doond

ga se do sla/slageig ga ig se ig do ig sla/slagewi ga wi se wi do wi sla/slageig gade ig sede ig dode wi slade/slagedeig ha gaan ig ha seen ig ha doon ig ha slaan/slagedgaand seend doond slaand/slagend

gehen go gaan gå gå gahn gean gåich gehe I go ik ga jeg går jag går ik gahwir gehen we go wij gaan vi går vi går wi gahtich gang I went ik ging jeg gik jag gick ik gungich bingegangen

I havegone

ik bengegaan

jeg hargået

jag hargått

ik bünngahn

gehend going gaande gahnd

Verbs ending in a consonant schal, wil, kan etc.

just add –de, -d ig schalde, ig ha schald, wilde, ha wildbut –end schallend, willend

schalig schalwi schal

16


ig schaldeig ha schald

sollen shall zullen skulle ska schullen sille skulleich solle I shall ik zal jeg skal jag ska ik schalwir sollen we shall we zullen vi skal vi ska wi schaltich sollte I should ik zou jeg skulle jag skulle ik schullich habegesollt

I haveshould

- jeg harskullet

- ik hebbschullt

NB: ig mot, ig mottede, ig ha motted

A few other verbs:

do [do:] to do/make segge [′sεg∂] to saykom [kכm] to come make [′ma:k∂] to make/dokan [kan] to be able leve [′le:v∂] to livega [ga:] to go/to walk spreke [′spre:k∂]to speakschal [∫al] shall/will höre [′hø:r∂] to hearse [se:] to see tenke [′tεŋk∂] to thinkwil [vıl] to want to lese [′le:z∂] to readmag [mag] to be allowed skrive [′skri:v∂]to writemot [mכt] to have to helpe [′hεlp∂] to helplate [′la:t∂] to let sta [sta:] to standblive [′bli:v∂]to stay sla(ge) [sla(:g∂)]to hitgeve [′ge:v∂] to give slove [′slo:v∂] to sleep

HD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNtun do doen gøre göra doon dwaan gjerekommen come komen komme komma kommen komme komekönnenich kann

be ableI can

kunnenik kan

kunnejeg kan

kunnajag kan

könnenik kann

kinneik kin

kunneeg kan

gehen go gaan gå gå gahn gean gåsollenich soll

shallI shall

zullenik zal

skullejeg skal

skajag ska

sollenik sall

silleik sil

skulleeg ska

sehen see zien se se sehn sjen sjåwillen want(will)willen ville vilja willen wolle viljemögenich mag

mayI may

mogenik mag

måttejeg må

fåjag må

mögenik mag

meieik mei

fåeg får

mussen must moeten måtte måste mutten moattelassen let laten lade låta laten littebleiben stay blijven blive bliva blieven bliuwe bligeben give geven give ge/giva geven jaan gjesagen say zeggen sige säga seggen sizze seiemachen make maken gøre göra maken meitsje gjereleben live leven leve leva leven libben levesprechen speak spreken tale tala snacken sprekke snakkehören hear horen høre höra hören hearre høyredenken think denken tænke tänka denken tinke tenkjelesen read lezen læse läsa lesen lêze leseschreiben write schrijven skrive skriva schrieven skriuwe skrivehelfen help helpen hjelpe hjälpa helpen helpe hjelpestehen stand staan stå stå stahn stean ståschlagen hit(slay) slaan slå slå slahn slaan slåschlafen sleep slapen sove sova slapen sliepe sove

17


10] *VOCABULARY (THEMATIC)

de familie [d∂ fa′mi:li∂] the familyelders [′εld∂rs] parentsfader [′fa:d∂r] fathermoder [′mo:d∂r] motherbroder [′bro:d∂r] brothersüster [′syst∂r] sisterborn [bכrn] childson [sכn] sondotter [′dכt∂r] daughteroldelders [′כldεld∂rs] grandparentsoldfader [′כltfa:d∂r] grandfatheroldmoder [′כldmo:d∂r] grandmotheronkel [′כŋk∂l] uncletante [′tant∂] aunt

mennische,folk [’mεnı∫∂ ~fclk] (hu)man, peopleman [man] manfru [fru:] womanwiif [vi:f] wifeborn [bכrn] childjunge [’juŋ∂] boymaid [majd] girl

HD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNFamilie family familie familie familj familie famylje familieVater father vader far far vader heit farMutter mother moeder mor mor moder mem morEltern parents ouders forældre föräldrar öllern âlden foreldreBruder brother broe(de)r bro(de)r bror bröör broer brorSchwester sister zuster søster syster süster suster systerKind child kind barn barn kind bern unge/barnSohn son zoon søn son sohn soan sonTochter daughter dochter datter dotter dochter dochter dotterGross-eltern

grand-parents

groot-ouders

bedste-forældre

mor-/far-föräldrar

groot-öllern

pake enbeppe

beste-foreldre

Gross-vater

grand-father

groot-vader

bedstefarmorfar

farfar/morfar

groot-vader

pake bestefar

Gross-mutter

grand-mother

groot-moeder

bedstemormormor

farmor/mormor

groot-moder

beppe bestemor

Onkel uncle oom onkel farbror/morbror

onkel omke onkel

Tante aunt tante tante faster/moster

tante muoike tante

Mann man man mand man mann man mannFrau woman vrouw kvinde,

fruekvinna, fru

fru frou kvinne

Gattin,Weib wife vrouw, wijf

kone, hustru

hustru, fru

wief, fru

frou, wiif

Kind child kind barn barn kind bern barnJunge boy jongen dreng pojke jung jonge,

boai

18


Mädchen girl meisje pige flicka mäken famke

de mennischelig korp [d∂ ′mεnı∫∂lıg kכrp] the human bodykorp ~ body arm ~ arm huud ~ skinhoved head elboge elbow hern, brein brains haar hair hand hand blood bloodansicht face finger finger ader veinöge eye tum(finger)thumb hert heartöör ear nagel nail lever livernase nose brost breast tarm intestinemund mouth buukmage belly mage stomachlippe lip rüg back niore kidneytand tooth hüpt hiptunge tongue been legkinhake chin kne kneekeoke jaw ankel ankle nakke neck foot footskulder shoulder toon toeHD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNKörper body lichaam krop kropp lief lichem kroppHaupt,Kopf head hoofd hoved huvud kopp holle hovudAuge eye oog øje öga oog each augeOhr ear oor øre öra ohr ear øyraNase nose neus næse näsa naas noas naseMund mouth mond mund mun mund mûle munnHaar hair haar hår hår haar hier hårZahn tooth tand tand tand tand tosk tannZunge tongue tong tunge tunga tung tonge tungeKinn chin kin hage haka kinn kin hakekiefer jaw kaak kæbe käke,käft keef kake kjake/kjeve

Nacken neck nek nakke nacke nack/neck nekke nakkeSchulter shoulder schouder skulder axel schulder skouder skulderArm arm arm arm arm arm earm armEllbogen elbow elleboog albue armbåge elbogen earmtakke olbogeHand hand hand hand hand hand hân handFinger finger vinger finger finger finger finger fingerDaumen thumb duim tommel-

fingertumme duum tomme tommel-

fingerNagel nail nagel negl nagel nagel neil naglBrust breast borst bryst bröst bost boarst brystBauch belly buik mave mage buuk,lief liif mageRücken back rug ryg rygg rügg rêch ruggHüfte hip heup hofte höft heupe hofteBein leg been ben ben been skonk beinKnie knee knie knæ knä knei knibbel kneFuss foot voet fod fot foot foet fotZehe toe teen tå tå tehn tean tåHaut skin huid hud,skind hud,skinn huud hûd hudGehirn brain(s) hersenen,

breinhjerne hjärn hassen,

bregenharsens,brein

hjerne

Blut blood bloed blod blod blood bloed blodAder vein ader åre åder ader ier åreHerz heart hart hjerte hjärta hart hert hjarteLeber liver lever lever lever lever lever leverDarm intestine darm tarm tarm darm term tarmMagen stomach maag mave mage magen mage mage

19


Niere kidney nier nyre njure nier nier nyre

de tinge rund us [d∂ ’tıŋ∂ rund us] the things around us

huus [hu:s] house heem [he:m] homeburndhuus [′burndhu:s] farm burnd, landman [burnd~′landman] farmerruum, kammer [ru:m~′kam∂r] roomköke [′kø:k∂] kitchenstool [sto:l] chairdischbord [′dı∫bכrd] tableboddem, floor [′bכd∂m~flo:r] floor (soil)garde [′gard∂] gardenwindöge, fenster [′wındög∂~fεnst∂r] windowdöör [dø:r] doortak [tak] roofstrate [′stra:t∂] street, roadweg [vεg] way, roadgate, gang [′ga:t∂~gaŋ] alley, lanepad [pad] pathskole [′sko:l∂] schoolhandel [′hand∂l] shop,companysiokehuus [′siwk∂hu:s] hospitalstad [stad] towninstad [′ınstad] city, centretorp [tכrp] village(gres)feldmark [′grεsfεldmark] meadowwold [vכld] woodhede(feldmark) [′he:d∂fεldmark] heath

HD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNHaus house Huis hus hus huus hûs husHeim home t(e)huis hjem hem tohuus thús heimBauernhaus farm Boerderij bondegård bondgård buurnhuus buorkerij bondegardZimmer room Kamer værelse,

rum,kammerrum,kammare

stuuv,ruum

keamer rom,stove

Küche kitchen Keuken køkken kök köök koken kjøkkenStuhl chair stoel stol stol stohl stuol stolTisch table tafel bord bord disch tafel bordGarten garden tuin have trädgård goorden tún hageFenster window raam vindue fönster finster finster vindaugeTür door deur dør dörr döör doar dørDach roof dak tag tak dack dak takStrasse street straat gade gata straat strjitte gateWeg way,road weg vej väg weg wei vegPfad path pad sti stig,gång padd paad sti, gangSchule school school skole skola school skuolle skoleLaden shop winkel forretning affär laden winkel forretningKrankenhaus hospital ziekenhuis sygehus sjukhus sükenhuus sikehûs sjukehusStadt town,city stad by stad stadt stêd byDorf village dorp landsby by dörp doarp bygdWiese meadow weiland mark, eng äng wisch greide hamnWald wood bos, woud skov skog woold bosk,wâld skog

20


Heide heath hei(de) (lyng)hede (ljung)hed heid heide lynghei,hede

de naturlig werld [d∂ na′turlıg wεrld] the natural world

dior [diwr] animal beest [be:st] beasthund [hund] dogkat [kat] catko [ko:] cowherst [hεrst] horseskaap [ska:p] sheep swiin [svi:n] pighoon [ho:n] chickenwolf [vכlf] wolffoks [fכks] foxbern [bεrn] bearslange [′slaŋ∂] snakefisch [fı∫] fishwaal [va:l] whaleworm [vכrm] wormfogel [′fo:g∂l] bird

HD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNTier animal dier Dyr djur deer dier dyrBiest beast beest Dyr best beest bistHund dog hond hund hund hund hûn hundKatze cat kat Kat katt katt kat kattKuh cow koe Ko ko ko ko kuPferd horse paard hest häst peer hynder hestSchaf sheep schaap Får får schaap skiep sauSchwein pig,

swinevarken,zwijn

gris,svin

gris,svin

swien baarch,swyn

gris

Huhn chicken kip, hoen høne höna hohn hin høneWolf wolf wolf Ulv varg wulf wolf ulvFuchs fox vos Ræv räv voss foks revBär bear beer bjørn björn beer bear bjørnSchlange snake slang slange orm slang slangeFisch fish vis fisk fisk fisch fisk fiskWal whale walvis hval val wal walfiskWurm worm worm orm mask worm wjirm wormVogel bird vogel fugl fågel vagel fûgel fugl

21


plante [′plant∂] plantbööm, -tre [bø:m], [tre:] treeböök, bööktre [bø:k], [’bø:ktre:] beecheek, eektre [e:k] , [’e:ktre:] oakbirk, birktre [bırk], [’bırktre:] birchblome [′blo:m∂] flowerkorn [kכrn] corn, grainwete [′ve:t∂] wheatrogge [′rכg∂] ryepotappel [po′tap∂l] potatoappel [′ap∂l] apple pere [′pe:r∂] peargres [grεs] grasshöy [hœy] haystro [stro:] strawrottel [′rכt∂l] rootkrüdde [′kryd∂] herbs frucht [fruχt] fruitbladlööf [bladlø:f] leaf, leaves

HD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNPflanze plant plant plante planta plant plant planteBaum tree boom træ träd boom beam treBuche beech beuk bøg bok book boek bøkEich oak eik eg ek eekboom iik eikBirke birch berk birk björk birk bjirk bjørkBlume flower bloem blomst blomma bloom blom blomeKorn corn,

grainkoren,graan

korn säd korn nôt korn

Weizen wheat tarwe hvede vete weten weet kveiteRoggen rye rogge rug råg roggen rogge rugKartoffel potato aardappel

patatkartoffel potatis kantüffel ierappel potet

Apfel apple appel æble äpple appel appel epleBirne pear peer pære päron beer par pæreGrass grass gras grås gräs gras gers gressHeu hay hooi hø hö hau/hei hea høyStroh straw stro strå halm stroh strie halmWurzel root wortel rod rot wurtel woartel rotKraut herb kruid urt krydda,ört kruud krûd krydder,urtFrucht fruit vrucht frugt frukt frucht frucht fruktBlatt,Laub

leave blad,lof,lover

blad blad blatt,loof

blêd,lof,leaf

blad,lauv

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wedder [′vεd∂r] weather soln [sכln] sunmone [′mo:n∂] moonstern [stεrn] starshevel [′he:v∂l] heavensküwolk [′sky:vכlk] cloudregen [′re:g∂n] rainskuur [sku:r] shower wind [vınd] windstorm [stכrm] stormsolnschiin [′sכln∫i:n] sunshineskaue [’skaw∂] shadow, shadesneo [sne:w] snowiis [i:s] icedou [dכw] dewtö(wedder) [tø:~vεd∂r] thawblikslüchten [′blıkslyχt∂n] lightningtonder [′tכnd∂r] thunderwarmte [′warmt∂] warmthheette [′he:t:∂] heatkoldte [′kכlt:∂] coldköölte [′kø:lt∂] coolnessdag [dag] daymorgen [′mכrg∂n] morningafter(na)middag [aft∂r~na:~′mıdag] afternoon aven [′a:v∂n] eveningnacht [naχt] night

HD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNWetter weather Weer vejr väder wed(d)er waar vêrSonne sun Zon sol sol sünn sinne solMond moon Maan måne måne maan(d) moanne måneStern star Ster stjerne stjärna steern stjer stjerneHimmel heaven Hemel himmel himmel heven himel himmelWolke cloud Wolk sky moln, sky wulk wolk skyRegen rain Regen regn regn regn rein regnwind Wind Wind vind vind wind wyn vindSturm storm Storm storm storm storm stoarm stormSonnen-schein

sun-shine

zonne-schijn

solskin solsken sünn-schien

sinneskyn solskin

Schnee snow Sneeuw sne snö snee snie snøTau dew Dauw dug dagg dau dau doggTauwetter thaw Dooi tø töväder dauweder tei(waar) tøyvêrBlitz light-

ningbliksem,weerlicht

lyn blixt blitz,lüchten

wjer-ljocht

lyn

Donner thunder Donder torden åska dunner tonger toreWärme warmth Warmte varme värme hitt waarmte varmeHitze heat Hitte hede hetta hitt hjittens heteKälte cold Koude kulde kyla kööl kjeld kuldekühl- coolness Koelte kølig- kylig- koelens kjølig-Tag day Dag dag dag dag dei dagNacht night Nacht nat natt natt nacht natt

23


Abend evening Avond aften kväll/afton obend jûn kveldMorgen morning Morgen morgen morgon mor(ge)n moarn morgonwatern [′va:t∂rn] waterflood, strööm [flo:d], [strø:m] river, streamseo [se:w] seainseo [′ınse:w] lakeöyland [′œyland] islandstrand [strand] beachküst [kyst] coastklippes [′klıp∂s] rocksberg [bεrg] mountainhöl [hœl] hilldal [dal] valleyfeldmark [′fεldmark] fieldwold [vכld] woodsteen [ste:n] stone flintsteen [′flıntste:n] flintstonemoor [mo:r] moor morsch, sumpe [mכr∫], [′sump∂] marsh, swampfüür [fy:r] fireluft [luft] airgrund [grund] ground

HD EN NL DN SW NS FR NNWasser water Water vand vatten water wetter vatnFluss,Strom

river,stream

rivier,stroom

flod,strøm

flod,ström

stroom stream straum,elv

Meer sea zee hav Hav see see hav, sjøSee lake meer sø Sjö meer/see mar innsjøInsel island eiland ø Ö insel eilân øyStrand beach strand strand strand strand strân strandKüste coast kust kyst Kust küst kust kystKlippe rock klip,rots klippe klippa klipp klippe bergBerg mountain berg bjerg Berg barg berch fjellHügel hill heuvel høj Höjd barg heuvel haugTal valley dal dal Dal dal delte dalFeld field veld mark Mark feld fjild markWald wood woud(bos) skov Skog woold wâld skogStein stone steen sten Sten steen stien steinFeuerstein flintstone vuursteen flintesten flintsten flint fjoerstienMoor fen,moor veen mor, mose torv/träsk fehn,moor feanMarsch,Sumpfe

marsh,swamp

moeras,zomp

mose,sump

myr,sumpmark

marsch moeras,sompe

myr

Feuer fire vuur fyr, ild Eld füer fjoer eldLuft air/sky lucht luft Luft/sky luft loft luftGrund ground grond grund grund grund grûn grund

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11] *A FEW EXPRESSIONS

ja/nei/magschee yes/no/maybe [ja:~nεj~mag′∫e:∂]good dag good day [go:′d:ag]good aftermiddag good afternoon [go:d aft∂r′mıdag]good aven good evening [go:d ′a:v∂n]good nacht good night [go:d naχt]welkomme welcome [′vεlkכm∂]good reise have a good trip [go:d ′rεjz∂]farewel farewell [fa:r∂′vεl]ete smakelig bon appetit [′e:t∂ ′sma:k∂lıg]have en good maal have a good meal [′ha:v∂n go:d ma:l]antil weder see you later, goodbye [an′tıl ′ve:d∂r]antil later see you later, goodbye [an′tıl ′la:t∂r]ho ga det Ju/di? how are you doing? [ho: ga: dεt ju:~di:]det ga mi good I’m fine [dεt ga: mi go:d]nik so good not so well [nık so: go:d]warfran kom Ji/du?where are you from? [var′fran kכm ji:~du:]fran Dütischland from Germany [’dy:tı∫land]fran Engeland from England [’εŋ∂land]fran Holland/NL from Holland [’hכland ~ ’ne:d∂rland]fran Flandern/B from Flanders/Belgium [’fland∂rn ~’bεlgi∂]fran Danemark from Denmark [’da:n∂mark]fran Swedenriik from Sweden [’sve:d∂nri:k]fran Norwege from Norway [’nכrve:g∂] fran Friisland from Friesland [’fri:sland]spreke Ji … ? do you speak … ? [’spre:k∂ ji:]Middelsprake Middelsprake [’mıd∂lspra:k∂]Dütisch German [’dy:tı∫]Engelisch English [’εŋ∂lı∫]Nederlandisch Dutch [’ne:d∂rlandı∫]Danisch Danish [’da:nı∫]Swedenisch Swedish [’sve:d∂nı∫]Norisch Norwegian [’no:rı∫]Frisisch Frisian [’fri:zı∫]Fransisch French [’franzı∫]Italianisch Italian [i:ta:li:’a:nı∫]Spanisch Spanish [’spa:nı∫]Russisch Russian [’rusı∫]Chinesisch Chinese [χi:’ne:zı∫]Arabisch Arabic [a:’ra:bı∫]Interlingua Interlingua [ınt∂r’lıŋgva:]

kan Ji/du helpe mi? can you help me?gerne; wese so frenlig please; be so kindtanke Ju/di; tusend tank thank you; thanks a lotkan Ji/du segge mi… ? can you tell me… ?kan Ji/du wise mi… ? can you show/direct me?

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De tiid: Time

En sekonde a second [s∂’kכnd∂]En minut a minute [mi’nut]En kwart uur a quarter [kvart u:r]En (klok-)uur an hour [’klכku:r] En half uur half an hour [half u:r]

Wat is de tiid? What time is it? Det is een klokuur it’s one o’clockDet is fimf after een it’s five past oneDet is teen befor een it’s ten to oneKwart after een quarter past oneHalf after een half past oneFive after half after een01:35Kwart befor two quarter to twoEen in de nacht/morgen one o’clock AMEen in de aftermiddag one o’clock PM

Een dag – two dagge day [dag]Een wöke- two wökes week [’vø:k∂]Een moned-two moneds month [’mo:n∂d]Een jaar –two jare jaar [ja:r]

De dele af de dag/de dags dele:

Morgen morning [’mכrg∂n]Middag noon [’mıdag]After(na)middag afternoon [aft∂rna:’mıdag]Aven evening [’a:v∂n]Nacht night [naχt]Dis dag today [dız’dag] Morgen(dag) tomorrow [’mכrg∂ndag]Gester(dag) yesterday [’gεst∂rdag]

De dagge af de wöke/de wökes dagge:

Moondag Monday [’mo:ndag]Tirnsdag Tuesday [’tırnzdag]Wonsdag Wednesday [’vכnzdag]Tondersag Thursday [’tכnd∂rzdag]Fridag Friday [’fri:dag] Salerdag Saturday [’sa:l∂rdag]Söndag Sunday [’sœndag]

De sesons af de jaar/de jaars sesons: [se:’zכn]

Winter winter [’vınt∂r]Forjaar spring [’fכrja:r]

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Sommer summer [’sכm∂r]Afterjaar autumn [’aft∂rja:r]12]*EXAMPLES OF CROSS WORDS:

Krüsworde or cross words are the result of a crossing or mixing process between words that differ quite a lot in the resource vocabularies, often with the Western Germanic (German, English, Dutch etc)languages on one side and the Scandinavian (Danish, Swedish, Norwegian) on the other.

Examples:

Western Germanic X Scandinavian => Middelsprake

oder, or, of eller oller (or)und, and, en og, och on (and)water (wasser) vand, vatn, vatten watern (water)Sonne, sun, son sol soln (sun)schlafen, sleep, slapen sove, sova slove (sleep)nicht, not, niet ikk(j)e, inte nik (not)ich, I, ik (j)eg, jag ig (I)Bär, bear, beer bjørn, björn bern (bear)Wurzel, wortel, X root rod, rot rotel (root)Schnee X snow, sneeuw sne X snö, snø sneo (snow)fünf X five, vijf fem fimf (five)Feld, field, veld mark feldmark(field)wann, when X wanneer (hvor)når, när waneer (when)horse, hengst hest, häst herst (horse)Bauch, buik, buuk mave, mage buukmage(belly)Wolke, wolk sky sküwolk (cloud)Schatten, shadow, schaduw skygge, skugga skaue (shadow)Kinn, chin, kin hage, haka, hake kinhake (chin)Himmel, hemel X heaven, himmel hevel (heaven)NS hevenBauer, boer, buur bonde, bunde burnd (farmer)dunkel, dark, duister mørk, mörk dörk (dark)island, eiland ø, ö, øy öyland (island)Marsch, marsh X moeras mose, myr morsch (marsh)Kartoffel, potato, aard- kartoffel,potatis, potappel(potato)appel/patat potetklingeln, ring, rinkelen ringe, ringa ringele (ring, call)antworten, answer svare, svara answorde(answer)mögen, mogen kunne lide mag lide(like, appreciate)Freund, friend, vriend ven, vän fren (friend)Woche, week uge, vecka, veke wöke (week)nie, nimmer, never niver (never)

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13] *TEXTS:

User Fader - The Lord’s Prayer

User Fader (Du) we is in hevelDiin name schal wese helligedDiin riik schal komDiin wille schal schee, so up erd as in hevelGeve us dis dag user daglig bröödOn forgeve us user skuldLikas wi ha forgeved det af anderes (user skuldeners)On late us nik wese forsökedDoch make us fri fran övelFordat Dines is de riik on de kraft (macht) on de herligheedAntil in everigheed Amen

De Heggeköng – The Wren

De heggeköng hadde bued siin nest in de wagenskure.Nu de elders ha boide flioged uut, de wilde fatte enigting to ete for de lit fogels – on de ha lated dem heel alene.

After enig tiid de fader kom weder heem.“Wat ha schéed hir?” he segge. “We ha doon ju enigwat, borne?Ji er jo heel scherriked!”“Och fader,” de segge. “Hir komde so en gröt buseman forbi, he liked so övel on früchtelig. He starede mid siin gröt öges inuser nest. Darfor wi ware so früchted.”“So,” de fader segge. “Warto ha he gaan dan nu?”“Wel,” de segge. “He ha gaan to dat siid.”“Wate hir,”de fader segge. “Ig schal ga after hem. Blive stil,ji borne; ig schal fatte hem.”

On he flioge after hem.Wen he kom rund de hörk, dar ga de leo.De heggeköng is doch nik früchted. He lande up de leos rüg on beginne to schelde.“Warfor ha du komd to miin huus” he segge “on ha du früchted miinborne?”De leo handele likas he merke nikenting on he ga wider.Dan de lit skrier ware ennoch rasender.“Du ha nik enigting to make dar, so ig segge di, on wen duschalde kom weder” he segge “dan du schal se wat schee!”“Ig do det nik gerne,” he segge, on lifte een af siin bene up“doch dan ig mot breke diin rüg in two stükke!”

Dan he flioge weder to siin nest. “So, miin borne,” he segge. “Ig ha lerned hem en lektion, he schalnik kom weder hir!”

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Skarfe – Scars (Poem)

De skarfe in miin liif de ermiin weses merktekenskarved diop in ’til miin seol

Likas in en old eektreen name kratsed fran en jung handis waksed höög mid up

Dat is ho de old wunde dater doon an mi in jaar on dagga mid mi antil d’end

Doch nu ig lese dem, ig se:de karver döde lang alré’de bööm sta ennoch recht

De Nord-Wind on de Soln – the North Wind and the Sun

De nord-wind on de soln hadde unenigheed over we ware starker, wen en reisende mid en warm kleed komde forbi.De ha wesed enig dat de förste af dem we schalde kan late dat reisend man neme af siin kleed, ware starker den de andre.Dan de nord-wind blosede so hard as he kande, doch ho meer he blosede, so meer de man ha folded siin kleed rund hem, on to lest de wind mottede geve up.Dan de sol beginde schine siin warm strale on de reisende ha nemed af de kleed. On so de nord-wind mottede geve to dat de soln ware starkest af dem boide.

De Torn af Babel-Förste book Mose 11 – The Tower of Babel–Genesis 11

On de heel werld hadde de saam worde on en meen sprake. De folk waksede on trekkede östward.De findede en flakmark in de land Schinear on seddelede sig dar.On de seggede: late us bue en gröt stad af bakked stene, on make en torn dats top kom antil de hevel. Dan wi schal have en name for us, so wi er nik meer spreded over de heel erd. On de Her komde to se de stad on de torn dat de folk buede.De Her seggede: de er een folk on de ha een sprake, on se wat de ha doon alrede. Dar schal wese nikenting dat is unmögelig for dem.Late Us ga neder on forwerre der sprake, so de kan nik meer forsta de ander folk.So de Her spredede de mennisches over de heel erd, on de stoppede to bue de stad.Darfor man namede det Babel – fordat de Her forwerrede de heel erds sprake on sprede de folk over de heel werld.

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14] *VOCABULARY (ALPHABETICAL):

-A-Middelsprake English Interlinguaacht eight octoachtde eighth octaveachtteen eighteen dece-octoachttig eighty octantaader vein venaaf of, off de, abafter(na) after postafter(na)middag afternoon mediedieafterhind behind, at the back detraafterjaar autumn autumnoakseptere to accept acceptaraktion action actionaktiv active activeaktuel recent, latest actualal all tote, omnealrede already jamaltiid always semprean at, on aander other altereandre second secundeankel ankle caviliaansicht face facieansword answer responsaansworde to answer responderantil untill usque apothek pharmacy apothecaApril April aprilarm arm; poor bracio; povreas as comoAugusti August augustoauto car autoaven evening vespere

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-B-Middelsprake English Interlinguabeen, bene leg; bone gamba; ossobefor before,in front of,ago ante, avantebegin beginning, start comenciamentobeginne to begin comenciarbeige beige beigeber, berre berry bacaberg, -e mountain montebern, -e bear ursobest best le melio(r)betale to pay pagarbetter better melio(r)biir beer birabirk(-tre) birch betulabladlööf leaf, leaves folioblikslüchten lightning fulmineblind blind cecblinde, -s blind person persona cecblive to stay restarblo, bloer, bloest blue blaublome, -s flower florblood blood sanguineblose to blow sufflarboddem, -s floor, soil, bottom fundo, soloboide both ambeboie, -s buoy boiaböök(-tre) beech fagobook, boke book librobööm, böme tree arboreboren, wese ~ born, to be ~ nascerborensdag birthday die natal;anniversarioborn, -e child infantebrein brain(s) cerebrobreke to break rumperbriif, brife letter litterabriifmark, -s stamp timbrobringe to bring apportarbroder, -s brother fratrebrog bridge pontebrööd, bröde bread panbrost, -e breast pectore, mamabrosttippel, -s nipple mamillabroue to brew facer birabue to build construerbueding, -s building edificioburnd, -e farmer agricultorburndhuus, -huse farm fermabusholdeplats bus stop halto de autobusesbuukmage belly ventre(buuk-)navel, -s navle umbilico

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-C-Middelsprake English Interlinguacentrum centre centroChinesisch Chinese chinesecitron lemon citro, limocrème cream, crème (colour) crema

-D- Middelsprake English Interlinguadag, dagge day die, jornodaglig daily quotidiandal, dalle valley valledan then alora, tuncDanemark Denmark DanmarkDanisch Danish danesedar there illacdarfor therefor ergodat that, those illede the; they le; illesDecember Decemberdem them lesden than queder their lorderes theirsdessert, -s dessert dessertdet it illodets its sudettes its suedi you tediin your tudiner, -s dinner cenadines yours le tuediop deep profundedior, -e animal animaldis this, these istedis dag today hodiedischbord, -s table tabulado, dode, ha doon to do, did, have done facerdobbel double dupledoch but seddöde to die; dead person morir; mortodööd dead mortedoond doing facentedöör, döre door portadörk dark obscurdotter, -s daughter filiadou dew roredrink, -e drink, beverage biberagedrinke to drink biberdu you (sing. informal) tuDütisch German german; germano

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Dütischland Germany Germaniadüür expensive; dear car

-E-

Middelsprake English Interlinguaécru ecru ecrueek(-tre) oak quercoeen one unekskusere sig to excuse oneself excusar seelboge, -s elbow cubitoelders parents parenteselve eleven dece-unelvede eleventh undecimeen a(n) unenes once un viceEngeland England AnglaterraEngelisch English angleseenig some, any; unique alicun; unicenigting something aliqueenigwat something alcoennoch still, yet ancoraer are sonerd earth terraerste primary, first principal, primeete to eat mangiareukonomisch economic economicEuropeisch European europeoeverigheed eternity eternitate

-F-

Middelsprake English Interlinguafader, -s father patrefamilie, -s family familiafarewel farewell adeofatte to catch, to take prenderFebruari Februaryfeldmark, -s field, meadow agro, campofern far distantefimf five cinquefimfde fifth quintefimfteen fifteen dece-cinquefimftig fifty cinquantafinde to find trovarfinger, -s finger digitofior four quatrofiorde fourth quartefiorteen fourteen dece-quatrofiortig forty quarantafisch, -e fish pesceFlaamland Flanders Flandra

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Flamisch Flemish flaminge flesch meat carneflintsteen flintstone siliceflioge to fly volarflood, flode river fluviofoder food nutrimentofogel, -s bird avefoks, -e fox vulpefolk, -e people, nation gente, populo, nationfoot, fote foot pedefor for proforbi by, gone passateforgeve to forgive pardonarforjaar spring primaveraforsé foresee previderforsta to understand comprenderfran from de, a partir deFransisch French francesefren, frenne friend amicofrennin, -s (girl)friend amicafri, frier, friest free libreFridag Friday venerdiFriisland Frisia FrisiaFrisisch Frisian frisianfru, frue woman feminafrüchte to frighten intimidarfrucht, -e fruit fructofrüchted afraid, scared timorosefrüchtelig terrible, horrible horribile, terribilefüür, füre fire foco -G-

Middelsprake English Interlinguaga, gade, ha gaan to go irgaand going vadentegang alley, corridor corridorgarde, -s garden jardingate, -s alley sentieroGermanisch Germanic germanicgerne please, gladly de bon volutantegester(-dag) yesterday herigeve to give donarGod God Deogood good, well bon, bengratulere to congratulate felicitargres grass herbagresfeldmark lawn gazongröön green verdegröönfoder vegetables verduragröt big, great grandegröy grey grisgrund, -e ground; reason solo; motivo

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-H-Middelsprake English Interlinguahaar, hare hair capillohai, haie shark squalohalf half (adj.) mediehalfte, -s half (noun) medietatehand, -e hand manohandel, -s shop, company magazine, negotiohave: ha, hadde, ha had to have haberhe he illehede heath ericaheel whole, complete intacte, integreheem home a casaheet, heter, hetest hot caldeheette heat calorhei hello, hi, hey hallohele to heal, to cure curarhellig holy sanctehelpe to help adjutarhem him (il)leher her su (fem.)heres hers le sue (fem.)herlig, herligger,herliggest

delicious, great, fine deliciose

hern brains cerebrohert heart cordehertlig cordial, heartful cordialhete to be named appellarhevel heaven celohir here hicho how comohöl, hölle hill collehomennig how much quantohönig honey mellehöög, höger, högest high alteHöögdütisch High German Germanhoon, hone chicken gallinahöre to hear audirhoved, -s head capitehöy hay fenohund, -e dog canhunderd hundred centohunderdde hundredth centisimehunger hunger famehüpt, -e hip coxahüre to rent, to hire locarhuud, hude skin pellehuus, huse house casahymne hymn hymno

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-I-

Middelsprake English Interlinguaidé, idees idea ideaideal ideal idealig I ioiis ice glaciein in ininseo, -s lake lacoinstad city, centre centroInterlingua, Romanischmeen sprake

Interlingua, Romancecommon language

Interlingua

is is, am esisern iron ferroisernweg railroads via ferreeisernwegstation trainstation station de trainoItalie Italy Italia

-J-Middelsprake English Interlinguaja yes sijaar, jare year annoJanuari Januaryji you (pl.) vosJi, Ju, Jur, Jures you (formal) Vosju you (pl.) vosJuli July juliojung young juvenejunge, -s boy pueroJuni June juniojur your (pl.) vostrejures yours (pl.) le vostre

-K- Middelsprake English Interlinguakaffi coffee caffekammer, -s room camerakan, kande, ha kand to be able poterkart, -e card cartakarve to carve intaliarkat, katte cat cattokenne to know cognoscerkeoke, -s jaw maxillakinhake, -s chin mentokirke, -s church ecclesiaklede sig to dress oneself vestir sekleed, klede cloth vestimentosklippe, -s rock roccaklok)uur, ure hour horaklok, klokke clock, bell horologio, campana

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kne, knee knee geniculoko, koe cow vaccakoflesch beef carne bovinkoke to cook cocerköke, -s kitchen cocinakold cold (adj.) frigidekoldte cold (noun) frigorkölig cool, chilly fresckom, komde, ha komd to come venirköölte coolness frescoseköpe to buy comprarkorn corn, grain granokorp, -e body corporekort short breve, curteKoscher kosher cosherkoste to cost costarkraft, -e power fortiakratse to scratch grattarkreditkart creditcard carta de creditokrüdde herbs herbaskrüs cross crucekrüsword crossword parola cruciateküst, -e coast costakwart quarter quarto

-L-Middelsprake English Interlingualand, -e country, land terra, paislang long longelate, latede, ha lated to let, to leave lassarleder leather coriolektion, -s lesson lectionleo, leoe lion leonlerne to learn, to teach apprenderlese to read legerleve to live viverlever, -s liver ficatolicht light (colour), lamp lumine, clarlift left sinistrelifte to lift levarliif life vitaliik alike, equal equal, similelikas like, as comolike to seem, to look like similarliof, liofer, liofest dear, lovely amabileliove to love amarlippe, -s lip labiolit, litter, littest small, little parvelücht light (weight) leveluft air, sky aere, celolufthaven airport aeroportoluked closed, shut cluselükkig happy, lucky felice, fortunate

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lüttel, minner, minnest little, few pauc(o)

-M-Middelsprake English Interlinguamaal meal repastomacht power potentiamag lide to like amarmag, magde, ha magd to be allowed haber permissionmagschee maybe forsanMai May maiomaid, -e girl pueramake to make facerman, manne man nomineMarts March martiomeer more plusmeest most le plusmennig much, many, very multe, multomennische, -s/folk man, human, person homine, personamennischelig human humanmi me memid with conmiddag noon meridiemiddagmaal lunch prandiomiddel middle; between medie; interMiddelsprake,Germanisch meen sprake

Middelsprake, Germaniccommon language

Middelsprake, Inter-lingua germanic

miin my mimines mine le mieminner less, fewer minusminnest least, fewest le minusminut, -s minute minutamoder, -s mother matremone, -s moon lunamoned, -s month mensemoondag Monday lunedimoor, more moor turfamorgen(-dag) tomorrow demanmorgen, -s morning matinomorgenmaal breakfast jentarmorsch, -e marsh, swamp maremmamot, mottede, ha motted to have to debermund, -e mouth buccamuseum, -s museum museomuus, muse mouse mus

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-N-Middelsprake English Interlinguanaar near(-by) pressonabor, -s neighbour vicinonacht, -e night noctenagel, -s nail ungulanakke, -s neck nucaname, -s name nominenase, -s nose nasonaturlig of course naturalmenteneder down, below a bassoNederland Netherlands NederlandNederlander, -s Dutchman nederlandeseNederlandisch Dutch nederlandeseNedersaksisch Low Saxon basso-germannei no noniver never nunquamnest, -e nest nidonik not nonnikenting nothing nihilnion nine novemnionde ninth nonenionteen nineteen dece-novemniontig ninety novantaniore, -s kidney rennord North nordNorisch Norwegian norvegianNorwege Norway NorvegiaNovember November novembrenu now oranü, nüer, nüest new novenul zero zero -O/Ö-Middelsprake English Interlinguaocean, -s ocean oceanoofte often soventeöge, -s eye oculoögeblik moment momentooktober October octobreold old vetuleoldelders grandparents grantparentesoldfader, olfa grandfather grantpatreoldmoder, olma grandmother grantmatreoller or oon and eonkel, -s uncle oncleonskulde sig to excuse oneself excusar seöör, öre ear aureopen open aperteöst east estövel bad, evil, wrong malover over,about,above,across super, trans

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öyland, -s island insula

-P-Middelsprake English Interlinguaparkere to park parcarpasport, -s passport passaportopepper pepper piperepere, -s pear piraplante, -s plant; to plant planta; plantarplats, -e place; square loco; placiapolitibüro police office commissariato de policiapostbüro, -s post office officia de postapostkart, -s postcard carta postalpostmark, -s stamp timbropotappel, -s potato patata

-R-Middelsprake English Interlinguarasend angry furioserecht right dextere; (di)recteregen rain pluviaregne to rain pluverreise, -s trip; to travel viage; viagiarreisekart ticket billetreservering reservation reservationricht-uut straight derecteringele to ring telefonarrogge rye secalerottel, -s root; carrot radice; carotarüg, rügge back dorsorund (a)round ronde; circaruum, rume room camera

-S-Middelsprake English Interlinguasalad, -s salad salatasalerdag Saturday sabbatosalt salt salschal, schalde, schald shall/will deber/vaderschee, scheede, schéed to happen evenirschü shy timidese, sede, ha seen to see vidersegge to say dicerseigle to sail navigar (a vela)seker sure, safe certe, securseks six sexseksde sixth sexteseksteen sixteen sedece

40


sekstig sixty sexantaself self mesmeseo, seoe sea marseol, -e soul animaSeptember September septembresi she illasig oneself sesiin his susines his le suesiok ill, sick maladesiokehuus hospital hospitalskaap, skape sheep oveskarf, -e scar cicatriceskaue shadow, shade umbrasko, skoe shoe scarpaskole school scholaskrive to write scriberskuld, -e debt debitaskulder, -s shoulder spatulaskure, -s shed, garage remissaskuur, skure (douche) shower duchasküwolk, -s cloud nubesla, slade, ha slaan to hit, to beat batterslage, slagede, slaged to hit, to beat batterslange, -s snake serpenteslim very multoslove to sleep dormirsmakelig tasty, delicious gustose, deliciosesneo snow nivesneoe, sneoede, sneoede to snow nivarso so, as assisoln sun solsolnschiin sunshine brillar del solsommer Summer estateson, sonne son filiosöndag Sunday dominicasöve seven septesövede seventh septimesöveteen seventeen dece-septesövetig seventy septantaSpanie Spain Espania Spanisch Spanish espaniolsprake, -s language linguaspreke to speak parlarsta, stade, ha staan to stand starstad, stadde city, town citatestark strong fortested, stedde place, spot placia, locosteen, stene stone, rock petrastern, -e star stellastil quiet silentiosestool, stole chair sediastorm, -e storm tempesta

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strand, -e beach plagiastro straw paleaströe to strew seminarströöm, ströme stream, river fluviasüd South sudsüdlig Southern meridionalsund healthy, sane sansüster, -s sister sororSwed(en)isch Swedish svedeseSwedenriik Sweden Svedia swiin, swine pig porcoswiinflesch porc carne de porcoswimbad swimmingpool piscinaswimme to swim natarswööt sweet dulce

-T-Middelsprake English Interlingua

tak, takke roof tectotand, -e tooth dentetanke to thank regratiartante, -s aunt amitatarm, tarme intestine intestinoteken, -s sign signotekene to draw designartenke to think pensar, credertiid, tide time temporetirnsdag Tuesday martedito to, towards atö(wedder) thaw disgelotonder thunder tonitrotondersdag Thirsday joveditoon, tone toe digito de pedetorp, torpe village villagetre three trestrede third tertietreteen thirteen tredecetretig thirty trentatrue to trust confidertum(finger), tumme thumb pollicetunge tongue linguatusend thousand milletwo two duotwode (andre) second secundetwölf twelve duodecetwüntig twenty vintitype type typo

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-U/Ü- Middelsprake English Interlinguaule, -s owl ulucounder under subunfal accident accidenteunik unique unicunlük misfortune infortunaunsin nonsense nonsensoup up surus us nosuser our nostreuseres ours le nostreuter without; except sin; salvouur, ure (klokuur) hour horauut out ex, deuniversiteet university universitate -V- Middelsprake English Interlinguavakantion vacation vacantiasvanille vanilla vanillavariere to vary variarvase, -s vase vasovegetarisch vegetarian (adj) vegetarianvokal, -s vowel vocalvulkan, -s vulcan vulcano

-W- Middelsprake English Interlinguawaal, wale whale balenawagen, -s car carrowakse to grow crescerwaneer when quandowar where ubiware was, were erawarfor why pro quewarfran whence de ubiwarm warm caldewarmte warmth calorwarto where to a ubiwaske to wash lavarwat what quewatern water aquawatfor what kind ofwe who quiwedder weather temporeweder again, back de noveweek weak tenerewees whose cujeweg, wegge way, road viaweksele to change cambiarwel well benwelkomme welcome benvenita

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wen (in fal) when, if quando, siwerd worth validewerld world mundowese to be esserwesed been essitewest West occidentewete to know; wheat saperwi we noswider further, wider plus lontanwiid far, wide lontan, largewiif, wife wife sponsawiil while, during durantewiis wise sagewiit white blancwil, wilde, ha wild to want to volerwilk which qualwille will voluntatewind, -e wind ventowindöge window fenestrawinter Winter hibernowirke to work travaliarwirklig real(ly) real(mente)wödend angry furiosewöke, -s week septimanawold, -e wood lignowolf, -e wolf lupewönsche to wish desirarwonsdag Wednesday mercuridiword, -e word parolaworm, -e worm vermewul wool lana

-Y- Middelsprake English Interlinguayacht, -e yacht yachtyoga yoga yogayoghurt yoghurt yoghurtypsilon letter y yyuppie, -s yuppie yuppie

-Z-Middelsprake English Interlinguazebra, -s zebra zebrazenit zenith zenitzink zink zinczone zone zonazoo/diorgarde zoo jardin zoologiczoomlinse zoom lense lente zoom

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AEnglish Middelsprake Interlingua(a)round rund ronde; circaa(n) en unable, to be~ kan, kande, ha kand poteraccept akseptere acceptaraccident unfal accidenteaction aktion actionactive aktiv activeafraid, scared früchted timoroseafter after(na) postafternoon after(na)middag mediedieagain, back weder de noveair, sky luft aere, celoairport lufthaven aeroportoalike, equal liik equal, simileall al tote, omnealley gate, -s sentieroalley, corridor gang corridorallowed, to be~ mag, magde, ha magd haber permissionalready alrede jamalways altiid sempreand on eangry rasend furioseangry wödend furioseanimal dior, -e animalankle ankel caviliaanswer answord responsaanswer answorde responderApril April aprilare er sonarm; poor arm bracio; povreas as comoat, on an aAugust Augusti augustoaunt tante, -s amitaautumn afterjaar autumnoback rüg, rügge dorsobad, evil, wrong övel mal

BBe wese esserbeach strand, -e plagiabear bern, -e ursobeech böök(-tre) fagobeef koflesch carne bovinbeen wesed essitebeer biir birabefore,in front of,ago befor ante, avantebegin beginne comenciarbeginning, start begin comenciamentobehind, at the back afterhind detrabeige beige beigebelly buukmage ventre

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berry ber, berre bacabest best le melio(r)better better melio(r)big, great gröt grandebirch birk(-tre) betulabird fogel, -s avebirthday borensdag die natal;anniversarioblind blind cecblind person blinde, -s persona cecblood blood sanguineblow (v) blose sufflarblue blo, bloer, bloest blaubody korp, -e corporebook book, boke libroborn, to be ~ boren, wese ~ nascerboth boide ambeboy junge, -s puerobrain(s) brein cerebrobrains hern cerebrobread brööd, bröde panbreak (v) breke rumperbreakfast morgenmaal jentarbreast brost, -e pectore, mamabrew broue facer birabridge brog pontebring bringe apportarbrother broder, -s fratrebuild bue construerbuilding bueding, -s edificiobuoy boie, -s boiabus stop busholdeplats halto de autobusesbut doch sedbuy köpe comprarby, gone forbi passate

CCar auto autocar wagen, -s carrocard kart, -e cartacarve karve intaliarcat kat, katte cattocentre centrum centrochair stool, stole sediachange (v) weksele cambiarchicken hoon, hone gallinachild born, -e infantechin kinhake, -s mentoChinese Chinesisch chinesechurch kirke, -s ecclesiacity, centre instad centrocity, town stad, stadde citateclock, bell klok, klokke horologio, campanaclosed, shut luked clusecloth kleed, klede vestimentos

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cloud sküwolk, -s nubecoast küst, -e costacoffee kaffi caffecold (adj.) kold frigidecold (noun) koldte frigorcome kom, komde, ha komd venircongratulate gratulere felicitarcook (v) koke cocercool, chilly kölig fresccoolness köölte frescosecordial, heartful hertlig cordialcorn, grain korn granocost (v) koste costarcountry, land land, -e terra, paiscow ko, koe vaccacream, crème (colour) crème cremacreditcard kreditkart carta de creditocross krüs crucecrossword krüsword parola cruciate

DDaily daglig quotidianDanish Danisch danesedark dörk obscurdaughter dotter, -s filiaday dag, dagge die, jornodead dööd mortedear, lovely liof, liofer, liofest amabiledebt skuld, -e debitaDecember Decemberdeep diop profundedelicious, great, fine herlig, herligger,

herliggestdeliciose

Denmark Danemark Danmarkdessert dessert, -s dessertdew dou roredie; dead person döde morir; mortodinner diner, -s cenado, did, have done do, dode, ha doon facerdog hund, -e candoing doond facentedoor döör, döre portadouble dobbel dupledown, below neder a bassodraw tekene designardress oneself klede sig vestir sedrink (v) drinke biberdrink, beverage drink, -e biberageDutch Nederlandisch nederlandeseDutchman Nederlander, -s nederlandese

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EEar öör, öre aureearth erd terraeast öst esteat ete mangiareconomic eukonomisch economicecru écru ecrueight acht octoeighteen achtteen dece-octoeighth achtde octaveeighty achttig octantaelbow elboge, -s cubitoeleven elve dece-uneleventh elvede undecimeEngland Engeland AnglaterraEnglish Engelisch angleseeternity everigheed eternitateEuropean Europeisch europeoevening aven vespereexcuse oneself ekskusere sig excusar seexcuse oneself onskulde sig excusar seexpensive; dear düür careye öge, -s oculo

FFace Ansicht faciefamily familie, -s familiafar fern distantefar, wide wiid lontan, largefarewell farewel adeofarm burndhuus, -huse fermafarmer burnd, -e agricultorfather fader, -s patreFebruary Februarifield, meadow feldmark, -s agro, campofifteen fimfteen dece-cinquefifth fimfde quintefifty fimftig cinquantafind finde trovarfinger finger, -s digitofire füür, füre focofish fisch, -e pescefive fimf cinqueFlanders Flaamland FlandraFlemish Flamisch flaminge flintstone flintsteen silicefloor, soil, bottom boddem, -s fundo, soloflower blome, -s florfly (v) flioge volarfood foder nutrimentofoot foot, fote pedefor for proforesee forsé previderforgive forgeve pardonar

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forty fiortig quarantafour fior quatrofourteen fiorteen dece-quatrofourth fiorde quartefox foks, -e vulpefree fri, frier, friest libreFrench Fransisch franceseFriday Fridag venerdifriend fren, frenne amicofrighten früchte intimidarFrisia Friisland FrisiaFrisian Frisisch frisianfrom fran de, a partir defruit frucht, -e fructofurther, wider wider plus lontan

GGarden garde, -s jardinGerman Dütisch german; germanoGermanic Germanisch germanicGermany Dütischland Germaniagirl maid, -e pueragirlfriend frennin, -s amicagive geve donargo ga, gade, ha gaan irGod God Deogoing gaand vadentegood, well good bon, bengrandfather oldfader, olfa grantpatregrandmother oldmoder, olma grantmatregrandparents oldelders grantparentesgrass gres herbagreen gröön verdegrey gröy grisground; reason grund, -e solo; motivogrow wakse crescer

HHair haar, hare capillohalf (adj.) half mediehalf (noun) halfte, -s medietatehand hand, -e manohappen schee, scheede, schéed evenirhappy, lucky lükkig felice, fortunatehave have: ha, hadde, ha had haberhave to mot, mottede, ha motted deberhay höy fenohe he illehead hoved, -s capiteheal, to cure hele curarhealthy, sane sund sanhear höre audirheart hert cordeheat heette calorheath hede erica

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heaven hevel celohello, hi, hey hei hallohelp (v) helpe adjutarher her su (fem.)herbs krüdde herbashere hir hichers heres le sue (fem.)high höög, höger, högest alteHigh German Höögdütisch Germanhill höl, hölle collehim hem (il)lehip hüpt, -e coxahis siin suhis sines le suehit, to beat sla, slade, ha slaan batterhit, to beat slage, slagede, slaged batterholy hellig sanctehome heem a casahoney hönig mellehospital siokehuus hospitalhot heet, heter, hetest caldehour klok)uur, ure horahour uur, ure (klokuur) horahouse huus, huse casahow ho comohow much homennig quantohuman mennischelig humanhundred hunderd centohundredth hunderdde centisimehunger hunger famehymn hymne hymno

II ig ioice iis glacieidea idé, idees ideaideal ideal idealill, sick siok maladein in inInterlingua, Romancecommon language

Interlingua, Romanischmeen sprake

Interlingua

intestine tarm, tarme intestinoiron isern ferrois, am is esisland öyland, -s insulait det illoItaly Italie Italiaits dets suits dettes sue

JJanuary Januarijaw keoke, -s maxillaJuly Juli julioJune Juni junio

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KKidney niore, -s renkitchen köke, -s cocinaknee kne, knee geniculoknow kenne cognoscerknow; wheat wete saperkosher Koscher cosher

LLake inseo, -s lacolanguage sprake, -s lingualawn gresfeldmark gazonleaf, leaves bladlööf foliolearn lerne apprenderleast, fewest minnest le minusleather leder corioleft lift sinistreleg; bone been, bene gamba; ossolemon citron citro, limoless, fewer minner minuslesson lektion, -s lectionlet, to leave late, latede, ha lated lassarletter briif, brife litteraletter y ypsilon ylife liif vitalift (v) lifte levarlight (colour), lamp lücht lumine, clarlight (weight) licht levelightning blikslüchten fulminelike (v) mag lide amarlike, as likas comolion leo, leoe leonlip lippe, -s labiolittle, few lüttel, minner, minnest pauc(o)live leve viverliver lever, -s ficatolong lang longelove (v) liove amarLow Saxon Nedersaksisch basso-germanlunch middagmaal prandio

MMake make facerman man, manne nomineman, human, person mennische, -s/folk homine, personaMarch Marts martiomarsh, swamp morsch, -e maremmaMay Mai maiomaybe magschee forsanme mi memeal maal repastomeat flesch carneMiddelsprake,Inter-Ger-manic common language

Middelsprake, Inter-germanisch meen sprake

Middelsprake, Inter-lingua germanic

middle; between middel medie; inter

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mine mines le mieminute minut, -s minutamisfortune unlük infortunamoment ögeblik momentoMonday moondag lunedimonth moned, -s mensemoon mone, -s lunamoor moor, more turfamore meer plusmorning morgen, -s matinomost meest le plusmother moder, -s matremountain berg, -e montemouse muus, muse musmouth mund, -e buccamuch, many, very mennig multe, multomuseum museum, -s museomy miin mi

NNail nagel, -s ungulaname name, -s nominenamed, to be~ hete appellarnavle (buuk-)navel, -s umbiliconear(-by) naar pressoneck nakke, -s nucaneighbour nabor, -s vicinonest nest, -e nidoNetherlands Nederland Nederlandnever niver nunquamnew nü, nüer, nüest novenight nacht, -e noctenine nion novemnineteen nionteen dece-novemninety niontig novantaninth nionde nonenipple brosttippel, -s mamillano nei nononsense unsin nonsensonoon middag meridieNorth nord nordNorway Norwege NorvegiaNorwegian Nor(weg)isch norvegiannose nase, -s nasonot nik nonnothing nikenting nihilNovember November novembrenow nu ora

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OOak eek(-tre) quercoocean ocean, -s oceanoOctober oktober octobreof course naturlig naturalmenteof, off af de, aboften ofte soventeold old vetuleonce enes un viceone een unoneself sig seopen open aperteor oller oother ander altereour user nostreours useres le nostreout uut ex, deover,about,above,across over super, transowl ule, -s uluco

PParents elders parentespark (v) parkere parcarpassport pasport, -s passaportopay betale pagarpear pere, -s pirapeople, nation folk, -e gente, populo, nationpepper pepper piperepharmacy apothek apothecapig swiin, swine porcoplace, spot sted, stedde placia, locoplace; square plats, -e loco; placiaplant; to plant plante, -s planta; plantarplease, gladly gerne de bon volutantepolice office politibüro commissariato de policiaporc swiinflesch carne de porcopost office postbüro, -s officia de postapostcard postkart, -s carta postalpotato potappel, -s patatapower kraft, -e fortiapower macht potentiaprimary, first erste principal, prime

QQuarter kwart quartoquiet stil silentiose

RRailroads isernweg via ferreerain regen pluviarain (v) regne pluverread lese legerreal(ly) wirklig real(mente)recent, latest aktuel actualrent, to hire hüre locarreservation reservering reservation

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right recht dextere; (di)rectering (v) ringele telefonarriver flood, flode fluviorock klippe, -s roccaroof tak, takke tectoroom kammer, -s cameraroom ruum, rume cameraroot; carrot rottel, -s radice; carotarye rogge secale

Ssail (v) seigle navigar (a vela)salad salad, -s salatasalt salt salSaturday salerdag sabbatosay segge dicerscar skarf, -e cicatriceschool skole scholascratch kratse grattarsea seo, seoe marsecond andre secundesecond twode (andre) secundesee se, sede, ha seen viderseem, to look like like similarself self mesmeSeptember September septembreseven söve septeseventeen söveteen dece-septeseventh sövede septimeseventy sövetig septantashadow, shade skaue umbrashall/will schal, schalde, schald deber/vadershark hai, haie squaloshe si illashed, garage skure, -s remissasheep skaap, skape oveshoe sko, skoe scarpashop, company handel, -s magazine, negotioshort kort breve, curteshoulder skulder, -s spatulashower skuur, skure (douche) duchashy schü timidesign teken, -s signosister süster, -s sororsix seks sexsixteen seksteen sedecesixth seksde sextesixty sekstig sexantaskin huud, hude pellesleep (v) slove dormirsmall, little lit, litter, littest parvesnake slange, -s serpentesnow sneo nivesnow (v) sneoe, sneoede, sneoede nivar

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so, as so assisome, any; unique enig alicun; unicsomething enigting aliquesomething enigwat alcoson son, sonne filiosoul seol, -e animaSouth süd sudSouthern südlig meridionalSpain Spanie Espania Spanish Spanisch espaniolspeak spreke parlarspring forjaar primaverastamp briifmark, -s timbrostamp postmark, -s timbrostand (v) sta, stade, ha staan starstar stern, -e stellastay blive restarstill, yet ennoch ancorastone, rock steen, stene petrastorm storm, -e tempestastraight richt-uut derectestraw stro paleastream, river strööm, ströme fluviastrew ströe seminarstrong stark forteSummer sommer estatesun soln solSunday söndag dominicasunshine solnschiin brillar del solsure, safe seker certe, securSweden Swedenriik Svedia Swedish Swed(en)isch svedesesweet swööt dulceswim swimme natarswimmingpool swimbad piscina

TTable dischbord, -s tabulatake, to catch fatte prendertasty, delicious smakelig gustose, delicioseterrible, horrible früchtelig horribile, terribilethan den quethank tanke regratiarthat, those dat illethaw tö(wedder) disgelothe; they de le; illestheir der lortheirs deresthem dem lesthen dan alora, tuncthere dar illactherefor darfor ergothink tenke pensar, crederthird trede tertie

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Thirsday tondersdag jovedithirteen treteen tredecethirty tretig trentathis, these dis istethousand tusend millethree tre tresthumb tum(finger), tumme pollicethunder tonder tonitroticket reisekart billettime tiid, tide temporeto, towards to atoday dis dag hodietoe toon, tone digito de pedetomorrow morgen(-dag) demantongue tunge linguatooth tand, -e dentetrainstation isernwegstation station de trainotree bööm, böme arboretrip; to travel reise, -s viage; viagiartrust (v) true confiderTuesday tirnsdag marteditwelve twölf duodecetwenty twüntig vintitwo two duotype type typo

UUncle onkel, -s oncleunder under subunderstand forsta comprenderunique unik unicuniversity universiteet universitateuntill antil usque up up surus us nos

VVacation vakantion vacantiasvalley dal, dalle vallevanilla vanille vanillavary variere variarvase vase, -s vasovegetables gröönfoder verduravegetarian vegetarisch vegetarianvein ader venavery slim multovillage torp, torpe villagevowel vokal, -s vocalvulcan vulkan, -s vulcano

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Wwant to wil, wilde, ha wild volerwarm warm caldewarmth warmte calorwas, were ware erawash waske lavarwater watern aquaway, road weg, wegge viawe wi nosweak week tenereweather wedder temporeWednesday wonsdag mercuridiweek wöke, -s septimanawelcome welkomme benvenitawell wel benWest west occidentewhale waal, wale balenawhat wat quewhat kind of watforwhen waneer quandowhen, if wen (in fal) quando, siwhence warfran de ubiwhere war ubiwhere to warto a ubiwhich wilk qualwhile, during wiil durantewhite wiit blancwho we quiwhole, complete heel intacte, integrewhose wees cujewhy warfor pro quewife wiif, wife sponsawill wille voluntatewind wind, -e ventowindow windöge fenestraWinter winter hibernowise wiis sagewish (v) wönsche desirarwith mid conwithout; except uter sin; salvowolf wolf, -e lupewoman fru, frue feminawood wold, -e lignowool wul lanaword word, -e parolawork (v) wirke travaliarworld werld mundoworm worm, -e vermeworth werd validewrite skrive scriber

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YYacht yacht, -e yachtyear jaar, jare annoyes ja siyesterday gester(-dag) heriyoga yoga yogayoghurt yoghurt yoghurtyou di teyou (formal) Ji, Ju, Jur, Jures Vosyou (pl.) ji vosyou (pl.) ju vosyou (sing. informal) du tuyoung jung juveneyour diin tuyour (pl.) jur vostreyours dines le tueyours (pl.) jures le vostreyuppie yuppie, -s yuppie

ZZebra zebra, -s zebrazenith zenit zenitzero nul zerozink zink zinczone zone zonazoo zoo/diorgarde jardin zoologiczoom lense zoomlinse lente zoom

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