microscopic models for chemical thermodynamics · hal id: inria-00070792 submitted on 19 may 2006...
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HAL Id: inria-00070792https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070792
Submitted on 19 May 2006
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Microscopic Models for Chemical ThermodynamicsVadim A. Malyshev
To cite this version:Vadim A. Malyshev. Microscopic Models for Chemical Thermodynamics. [Research Report] RR-5200,INRIA. 2004, pp.22. inria-00070792
ISS
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FR
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THÈME 1
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Microscopic Models for Chemical Thermodynamics
V. A. Malyshev
INRIA, France
N° 5200
May 2004
Unité de recherche INRIA RocquencourtDomaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)
Téléphone : +33 1 39 63 55 11 — Télécopie : +33 1 39 63 53 30
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ji = jN = n1 + ... + nJ
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(u)N
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c]P1c]PpT\rcg^nc]Td\]oR^@tT
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(t, t+dt)T=^@tuP¥9j`iusbTigT=sq¦oR^ni
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(j, T ), (j′, T ′)tj@i20
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′
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spTvR\]cgTK\P (b)(j1, T1, , j
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j, j′, T, T ′, j1, T1, j′
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h¢ TvRjnc]T
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M1^nc'c]ST
tJ∑
j=1
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pt(j, T )dT = 1
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π(j, T ) = limt→∞ pt(j, T )©sbT=oqT=vRsbvp*j@vªc]PpTvRcg^`mtj`vRsbc]j`vq\q£qTKt^n_q\rTc]Pp\dtuPR^`v
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cj(t) = limΛ→∞ Λ−1 < nj(t >= pt(j)cbPpT=i]T
pt(j)\
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pt(j, T )
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∂t=
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j
∫
(P (t; j1, T1|j, T )pt(j, T ) − P (t; j, T |j1, T1)pt(j1, T1))dT
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.0/ S1.32
!#"$ %&('()!( *$
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∫
dT ′dT ′
12bjj′P(b)(j1, T1, j
′
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pt(j′, T ′)δ(T + K + T ′ + K ′ − K1 − T1 − K ′
1 − T ′
1),
P (3) = Pj(t; T1|T )δjj1 ,
P (4) = hδjj1P(β)(T1|T )
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Ij =
dj−3∑
k=1
mj,kw2j,k
2
PRTigTmj,k, k = 1, ..., dj−3
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Ej = Tj + Ij + Kj
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jn oR^`ircgtmTK\Ijn®cfeo7T=\j = 1, ..., J
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Θ(j, β) =
∞∑
nj=0
1
nj !
(
nj∏
i=1
∫
Λ
∫
R3
∫
Ij
d~xj,id~vj,idyj.i
)
expβ(µjnj−
nj∑
i=1
(mjv
2j,i
2+Ij(yj,i))−Kj) =
.0/ S1.32
!#"$ %&('()!( *$ V@V
=∞∑
nj=0
1
nj !Λnj β−
dj2
nj Bnj
j exp β(µj − Kj)nj = exp(Λβ−
dj2
j Bj exp βj µj)
PRTigT
Bj = (2π
mj
)3
2
dj−3∏
k=1
(2π
mj,k
)1
2 , µj = µj − Kj
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Θ =
J∏
j=1
Θ(j, β) = exp(Λ∑
j
λj expβµj), λj = β−dj2 Bj
TqvpT¬c]PpT@ig^`vRscgPpTigSUjbsbevR^nSUto7jncgTvNc]^nm
Ω = ΩΛ = −β−1 ln Θ = −β−1Λ∑
j
λj expβµj
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¥ tj@vRtT=v@cgig^nc]j`vq¦cj
R^`vRs
cj =< nj >Λ
Λ= β−1 ∂ ln Θ
∂µj
= λj exp βµj = exp(βµj − βµj,0 − βKj)
h3_bcc = c1 + ... + cJ
¢(O'PpTv
µj = β−1 ln(< nj >
Λλ−1
j ) = µj,0 + β−1 ln cj + Kj ,¥ y`¦
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dj
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cj = 1¢
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∑
j
< nj > (dj
2β−1 + Kj)
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P = −∂Ω
∂Λ= Λ−1β−1
∑
j
< nj >= β−1∑
j
cj =∑
j
pj
SMSUT(VXW$Y$Z$Z
Vz M ! '
PRTigTpj = β−1cj
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βP = limV →∞
1
Λln Θ
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PΛ = β−1∑
j
< nj >¥ n¦
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Sj = −∂Ωj
∂(β−1)= Λλj exp(βµj)(
dj
2+ 1 − βµj) =< nj > (
dj
2+ 1 + βKj − βµj)
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S =∑
j
Sj = Λ∑
j
λj exp(βµj)(dj
2+ 1 + βKj − βµj) =
∑
j
< nj > (dj
2+ 1 + βKj − βµj)
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T=v@cgPR^nmoe
H = U +PΛ =∑
j
(< nj > (dj
2β−1 +Kj)+β−1 < nj >) = β−1
∑
j
< nj > (dj
2+1+βKj),
¥ ¦3X£p£R\ i]T=TXT=vpTig`e
G = H − β−1S = β−1∑
j
< nj > (dj
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dj
2+ 1 + βKj − βµj)) =
∑
j
µj < nj >,
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g = limΛ→∞
G
Λ=∑
µjcj
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s =∑
j
cj(dj
2+ 1 + βKj − β(µj,0 + β−1 ln cj + Kj)) =
∑
j
cj(− ln cj +dj
2+ 1 − βµj,0)
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ν ∈ M0\^opigjbsb_RtEc
ν = ν1 × ...× νJ
^`vRscgPpTXoqj@vNcg\j`M0
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Cc(t) = limsf→∞
Xc(t), Oc,β(t) = limsh→∞
Cc(t)
IB!)X'" t ( D !()R (1
M0 ) (!($!) !O $ X+ X9<&$
Cc(t)(9!)X' !& $
u, b, h%"9 %!)X (>
M0,β
! ) !$!() !O B $ X Oc,β(t)
hIigjjnf¢%O'PRTTa\rc]TvqtTjnd£7jncgP%mSUcg\U'^`\v9^`tcopigjl`TKs.v ? z&@¢O'PpTj@vpmesb¨©TigTvqtT\cgPR^cc]PpT\ro7TTKsp\¥9ig^nc]TK\g¦
fjj′S^e£qTsb¨©TigTvNc j@isb¨©TigTvNcdcfeo7T=\=¢ / \v ? z@0j`vRTt^`v¡tj`vq\rsbTi
N0oR^`ircgtmT#speNvq^nSUt=\^`vRsopigjl`T¬cgPR^cc]PpTopigjtT=\g\PR^@\d^D_RvpN_pT_pvp j`igS sb\rc]ig£p_bc]j`vRcgPR^cX\
NoR^ni]c]tmT=\^nigTc]PpigjvD_pvR j@i]SUmej@v
[0, E]PpTigT
E =∑N
i=1 Ti
\tj@vR\rT=i]l@T=s®¢M8 c j@mmj \(cgPR^cv
N → ∞mSUc
Ti
mmPR^l`TXTabo7j`vpT=v@cg^`m sb\fcgi]£p_bcgj@vβ exp(−βx)
j`i \]j`SUTβ > 0
¢O'P_R\=0v cgPpT*oRi]jbtTK\]\
Cc(t)cgPpT*vpTcgt*TvpT=i]@TK\#PR^l@TD¡^abTmmsb\fcgi]£p_bcgj@v^cU^nve¡cgSUT
SUj@ST=vNc=¢B7pj`i#c]PpTopi]jbtT=\g\Oc,β(t)
SUj`igTjl`T=i= ^nc^nve|c]STtcgPpTcgTSUoqT=ig^nc]_pigTD\TN_R^`mIcgj
β
cgPR^c\dc]PpT=i]T\dPpT=^ncdTaptuPR^`vp`Tc]PªcgPpTT=vlNigj`vpSUTvNc¥9j`o7Tv|\]eb\fcgTSD¦E¢ O'Pp\X^nm\rjU j@mmj \' igj`S? z&@ ¢O'PpTi]TK\r_RmcgvpopigjtT=\g\
Cc(t)j`v
M0t=^nv#£7TsbTRvpTKs®_R\]vpdc]PpTTl@j`m_bc]j`vj`
cj(t)^`vRs¬ j@i]S_pm^
¥y`¦^nm\]j£e*spTc]T=i]SUvp\fcgt¬T=l`j`m_bcgj@vj`c]PRTl`T=tc]j@i
M(t) = (β(t), µ1(t), ..., µJ (t))
O'PRTigT\^_pvpN_pTRaTKs¡^c]c]iu^`tc]vp*o7j`vNcM(∞)
j`ic]Pp\¬\reb\rc]TS¢O'Pp\ j@mmj \d i]j@S tj`vl`T=i20@TvRtT#jnj`vpT0oR^`ircgtmT#|^nig`jl*oRi]jbtTK\]\
Mt
c]j*c]PpTU\fcu^cgj@vR^nigesp\rc]ig£R_bc]j`v ©Icu\Xigi]TKsb_Rt£pmcfe\^`\g\]_pSUT=s®¢
NTc _R\S^``T¬Riu\fc \]j`SUTigTS^nigb\^`£qj@_bcdtj@vR\]Tigl`T=sN_R^nvNc]c]T=\=¢ djnc]T¬cgPR^cN =
∑
j < nj >¥ j`iRvpc]TΛ¦^nvqs ∑
j cj
¥ j`iUvpqvpcgTl@j`m_pSUTK¦^nigTtj@vR\]Tigl`T=s ¢1O'PpT=v igj`S c]PpTTN_R^nc]j`vj`
SMSUT(VXW$Y$Z$Z
V= M ! '
\rcg^nc]T¥ n¦Ic j`mmj \(c]Pq^cP\'tj@vR\]Tigl`T=s¥ j`ipabT=s
β¦ENc]PpT¬\g^nSUT j@iIc]PRT@ig^`vRsUoqj`c]T=v@cg^`m ¢(O'P_R\
vj`_pidSjbsbT=mN, P, Λ
^nigT#tj@vR\]Tigl`T=s ¢ jncgT`bcgPR^c_pvRsbT=ic]PpTK\rT#tj`vRspcgj@vR\'T=^@tuP\]_p£pS^`vp j@msj`M0,β
sbTqvpT=s£ec]PRTTN_R^cgj@v∑
j
λj exp βµj =∑
j
cj = c
\^nm\]jvl^nig^`v@cK¢
$w'0!)+"! +!# " 0"#.;#+
7R_pi]c]PpT=ij`v TDtj@vR\]sbT=i#j`vRme1c]PpTopigjtT=\g\Oc,β(t)
¢¡O'PpT=v%^nmmIcgPpTigSUjspeNvq^nSUtUo7jncgTvNc]^nm\^`i]T _RvRtEcgj@vR\¡¥ j@ipabT=s
K1, ..., KJ
¦j`vM0β
j`iDTap^nSUopmTcgPpT¡T=v@cgPR^nmoeH'j`iUcgPpT 3X£p£R\U igTT
T=vpTig`eG¢
ª° K9 ³ j@vR\rsbT=icfjDsp¨©TigTvNcdopigjbtTK\]\]T=\µ
(1)j (t)
^nvRsµ
(2)j (t), j = 1, ..., J
qj`vM0,β
R j`iTap^nSUopmTXc]Pªsb¨©TigTvNc i]TK^`tc]j`v*iu^cgT=\=¢ / \g\r_pSUT^nm\]jcgPR^c j@i \rj@SUT
T > 0
µ(1)j (0) = µ
(2)j (0), µ
(1)j (T ) = µ
(2)j (T ), j = 1, ..., J
cgPR^cX\dc]PRT=\]Tcfo¡oRi]jbtTK\]\]T=\dPR^l`T#c]PpTU\]^`SUT#vRcg^`m0^`vRsRvq^nmoqj@vNcg\=¢¬O'PpTvªcgPpT%5 T=\g\m^w\g^e\cgPR^ccgPpT#sb¨7T=i]T=vRtTK\'£qTcfT=Tvvpcg^`m^nvqs*qvR^nm T=vNc]PR^`mopT=\^`i]TXcgPpT#\]^`SUT j@i £7jnc]PopigjbtTK\]\]T=\=¢I8 v9^@tEcKnc]PR\3m^Ppj`msp\I^`_bc]j@SU^nc]t^`mme#vj`_pi(SUjbsbTm`£7T=t=^n_R\]T£7jnc]PoRi]jbtTK\]\]T=\(^`i]TsbTK\]ti]£7T=s£e#cfjoq^c]Pq\'j`v
M0,β
c]PcgPpT#\]^`SUTXvpc]^nm^`vRsRvR^`m®oqj@vNcg\=R^`vRsc]PpTT=v@cgPR^nmoeD\^ _pvRtEcgj@vj`vc]PpTvl^nig^`v@c'S^nvp j`ms
M0,β
¢O'PpT\]SUopmT=\rc tm^`\g\rqt=^c]j`v*jn;igT=^@tEcgj@vR\3\'v*cgTigSU\'j` c]PRTTvNc]PR^`moe
H¢I8
∆H = H(∞)−H(0) < 0
cgPpTv|c]PpTi]TK^`tc]j`vª\t=^nmmTKsªTabjncgPpTigSUt`pcgPpTPRT=^cQ\ `jTK\c]j*c]PpTTvli]j@vpSUTvNc=q
∆H > 0cgPpTi]TK^`tEcgj@vª\TvqsbjncgPpTigSUt^nvRscgPpTPpT=^nc\ cu^n`T=vª igj`S c]PpTTvligj`vRST=vNc=¢O'Pq^c\
∆H = Q¢
9; ´ µ ´ T^`\g\r_pSUT¬ _pi]c]PRTi j@vc]PR^ncc]PpT=i]T^`i]T¬vpjD\]mj £pvR^`i]eDigT=^@tEcgj@vR\SUj@i]T=jl`TiTtj`vR\]sbTiXSUj@\rc]mecgPpTUt^`\]T
J = 2¢¬O'PR^cX\=®tj@vR\rsbT=idcgPpT\]eb\fcgTS c]PªcfjDcfeo7T=\
^`vRs*cfjUigTl`T=ig\]£pmTXigT=^`tc]j`vR\1 2
¢0O'P_R\'T¬PR^l`T#zoR^`ig^`STc]T=ig\µ1, µ2
^nvqsDpabTKsβ¢
NTc_R\i]T=SUvRs.PRjcgPpT*T @_Rm£Ri]_pStj`vRspcgj@vµ1 = µ2
^nopo7T=^`ig\vtuPpT=St^`mIcgPpTigSUjspe0vq^nSUt=\¢ 7pj@icgPpTTac]T=vR\]l@Tl^nig^n£pmT
X =< n1 >cgPpTªtj`igigT=\]oqj@vRsbvp1tj`vkf_pN^cgTl^nig^n£pmT
A¥ c]PpT=i]SUjbsbevR^`St j`iutT¦3\#¥ ^`\g\r_pSUvpN =< n1 > + < n2 >
pabT=sq¦'t^nmmT=sG¥9tuPpT=St^`m¦'^Kvpcfe
A = −∂G
∂X|β,P,N = −µ1 + µ2 = −∆G0 − β−1 ln
c1
c2, ∆G0 = µ1,0 − µ2,0 − (K1 + K2)
∆G0\t^nmmT=sªcgPpTU igTTTvpT=i]@eªjnIcgPpTi]TK^`tc]j`v ¢ djncgTcgPR^cvR\rc]T=^@s¡j`l`TKtEcgj`iu\
(µ1, ..., µJ) j`i
cgPpTo7j`v@cu\'jnM0,β
j@vpTt^nv_R\]Toqj@vNcu\(c1, ..., cJ)
¢IO'PpT=vAt=^nv^nm\rjU£7T#sbTqvpT=s^`\
A = −∂g
∂c1|β, P, c
.0/ S1.32
!#"$ %&('()!( *$ Vy
O'PRTXT N_R^cgj@vj`0\rcg^nc]T¥ igTm^cgj@v£7TcfTT=vX^nvRs
A¦\
c1 =c
1 + exp(−βA − ∆G0)
- @_Rm£Ri]_pS&o7j`vNcg\(^nigT'sbTRvRT=s^`\0o7j`v@cu\0PpTigTA = 0
nc]Pp\0`l`TK\µ1 = µ2
¢ 7Ri]j@S ¥ y@¦c0 j`mmj \cgPR^ccgPpTDT @_Rm£Ri]_pStj`vqsbcgj@v
µ1 = µ2vtuPpTSUt^`m(c]PpT=i]SUjbsbevR^`St\#_pvp@_RTme1sbTRvpT=\#c]PpT
N_pj`c]TvNc c1,e
c2,e
j`c]PRTTN_pm£pig_pS sbTvq\rc]T=\cj,e
¢IO'PpTT @_Rm£Ri]_pS tj`vR\rcg^`v@c\ sbTRvpT=s^`\
κ =c1,e
c2,e
= exp(−β∆G0)¥@¦
¡j`igTjl`T=i=N j@i ^U`l`Tvcc]PRT#TN_pm£pig_RS tj`vRsbc]j`v_pvRN_pT=mesbTRvRT=\ ^ª¥ pabT=sR¦'o7j`vNcdj`v
M0,β
cgPR^c \c]PRTvl^nig^`vNc63X£p£R\SUTK^`\]_pi]T@¢
´ ´ ´ 9 ±|´ °° ± ´ ° µβ
O'Pp\(m^\g^eb\cgPR^c#3X£p£q\0 i]T=TTvpT=i]@eGPR^`\
cg\3SUvpS_RS ^ncIc]PpT pabT=sUo7j`v@c^nvRsG(t)
\3Sj@vpjncgj`vpt'vUc]ST@¢I8 c3\ITlspTvNc3vUc]PpT ltvpcfej`cgPpTT N_pm£pi]_pS oqj@vNcK¢X«vpTt=^nv¡\g^eSUj`igT`q(cgPpToRi]jbtTK\]\
cj(t)tj`igi]TK\ro7j`vqsp\'c]j\rj@ST¡^nig`jl
oRi]jbtTK\]\=¢NTcd^nve*|^nig`jlUopigjtT=\g\cgPcfj\fcu^cgT=\
1, 2£7T`l`T=v\]_RtuPc]PR^nc j`i \]j`SUTtj@vR\fcu^nvNc
C
p1(t) = Cc1(t), p2(t) = Cc2(t), π1 = Cc1,e, π2 = Cc2,e
¥rV=@¦
PRTigTpj(t)
^nigTXcu\opigj`£R^`£pmc]T=\^c'cgSUTtR^`vRs
πj
^nigTXcg\d\fcu^c]j`vq^nigeopi]j@£R^n£RmcgTK\¢YT=SUvRs*c]Pq^c' j`i ^Rvpc]T¬i]igT=sb_qt£pmT¬¡^`i]@jltuPR^`vcgP*cgPpT¬ig^nc]TK\
wjj′cgPpT¬TvNc]igj`oeUjn;c]PpT
o7j@\]c]l`T'SUT=^`\]_pigTp = (p1, ..., pJ)
igTm^cgl@T3cgj¬c]PpT\rcg^cgj@vR^nigeSUT=^@\r_pigTπ = (π1, ..., πJ )
\IsbTRvpTKs^@\
SM =∑
pj lnpj
πj
= C∑
cj lncj
cj,e
¥rV`VK¦
dj§Tmm®opigjl`Tc]PR^ncc]PpT93X£p£R\' igTT¬T=vpi]@eg^nvqs¡^`i]@jlUTvNc]igj`oe
SM
^nigTT @_q^nm®_poc]j^S_pmcgoRmt^nc]l`T^nvRs^@spsbc]l`Ttj@vR\fcu^nvNcg\=¢
°´ ° #!()X') t! ! (+ # *) ' )$ '
g(t)
g(t) = µc +1
βCSM (t)
!MX µ = µ1 = µ2
R( >&!I ! g(t)
+ %9 %)< )X( 6<
pj(t) !& '( ) J)RX & ! () !1
hIigjjnf¢ 7Rj`i'c]PRT93X£p£q\' i]T=T¬TvpT=i]@eDsbTvR\]cfe*TX@Tc_R\]vR¥y`¦
g = limΛ
G
Λ=∑
j
cjµj = β−1∑
j
cj ln cj +∑
j
cj(µj,0 + Kj) =¥fVz`¦
SMSUT(VXW$Y$Z$Z
V&F M ! '
= β−1∑
j
cj ln cj +∑
j
cj(µ − β−1 ln cj,e) = µc + β−1∑
j
cj lncj
cj,e
/ ccgPpT#\g^nSUTXc]STSM =
∑
pj lnpj
πj
= C∑
cj lncj
cj,e/ \SM
\¬NvRjv|cgjsbTKtigT=^@\rTUsb_pigvR¡^`i]@jlTl`j@m_pc]j`v \]TT ? y&@c]PpT\]T=tj`vRs1^`\g\rT=ircgj@v|jnc]PpTcgPpTj@i]T=S j`mmj \^@\'T=mm¢
NTc_R\\]Ppj&vpjc]PR^ncXcgPpTigTU\¬_RvpN_pTtuPpj@tTj`sbevR^`SUt=\®cgPR^c\Xc]PpTUiu^cgT=\vjj′
PptuP@l@T'TN_pm£pig_pS tj@vRsbc]j`v
µ1 = µ2¢ -3^`tuP¡^`i]@jl#tuPR^nvUcgPUcfj\rcg^nc]T \(igTl`T=ig\]£pmT@£qTKt^`_R\rT
igTl@Tiu\r£pmcfeDtj@vRsbc]j`vπ1v12 = π2v21
j`mmj \SSUTKsb^nc]T=me* i]j@S dj@mSUj@`j`igjlTN_R^cgj@v
dπ1
dt= π2v21 − π1v12
O'PRTvπ1
π2=
c1,e
c2,e
¥rV+@¦
8 v9^@tEc' i]j@Sπ1
π2=
v21
v12^`vRs.¥fV&+@¦cd j`mmj \cgPR^cvjj′
^nigTX_RvpN_pT=mesbTqvpT=s_pocgjD\rj@STtj`vR\rcg^`v@cCRPptuPªsbTc]T=i]SUvpT=\
\]j`SUTtj@SSUj@v c]SUT\gt^`mT.¥9\]o7TT=sjn£qj`c]Pi]TK^`tEcgj@vR\u¦#^nvqs\igi]T=mT=l^`vNcc]jGcgPpTigSUjspeNvq^nSUt=\¢O'PRTj`igTS\opigjl`TKs®¢
dj T1`l`T1^`v Tap^`SoRmT1jn\]_RtuP opigjbtTK\]\*v j`_pit^@\rT@¢ / \g\]_pSUTK1 < K2
¢ / \g\r_RSTvRj&c]PRTD\rSUopmTK\fc#o7j@\g\]£pmTsbTo7TvqsbTvRtTjn
ujj′j`v
T
ujj′ (T )T @_q^nm\\rj@STtj`vR\rcg^`v@cu\
wjj′
Tj + Kj − Kj′ ≥ 0^nvRs
ujj′(T ) = 0j`c]PpT=i]\]T`¢%O'PpT=v%cgPpTopigjtT=\g\
Oc,β(t)t=^nv%£7T`l`T=v
Tabopmtc]T=me@¢ dT=vpjncgTgβ(r) = P (|ξ| > r)
j@icgPpTN^n_R\g\]^`vi=¢ l©¢ξcgPSUTK^nv
0^nvRs vl`T=ig\]T
cgTSUo7Tiu^c]_Ri]Tβ¢
8 cX\T=^@\rec]j*\]TT#c]PR^ncdc]PRTopigjbtT=\g\Oc,β(t)
t^nvª£7TigT=sp_RtTKsc]jcgPpT|^nig`jl*tuPR^`v|j`v1, 2c]Piu^cgT=\
v21 = w21, v12 = gβ(K2 − K1)w12YT=m^nc]j`vcgP1«vR\g^n`T=i3cgPpTj@i]e*vj`_RiTap^nSUopmTX\'cgPpT¬ j`mmjvpq¢0O'PRT q_ba\sbTqvpT=s^`\
J1 = X1
j@i'vc]PRT¬c]PpT=i]SUjbsbevR^nSUtXmSUc
J1 =dc1
dt/ vRs i]j@Sc]PRTTN_R^cgj@vR\dc1
dt= c2u21 − c1u12, c2 = c − c1
T¬PR^l`T
J1 =1 − exp(−βA)
u−121 + u−1
12 exp(−βA)
.0/ S1.32
!#"$ %&('()!( *$ V
° ± ° µ 9=9; ´ / \]\]_pSUTcgPR^c^cc]SUTt = 0
^nvG^nig£pcgig^`i]esb\fcgi]£p_bcgj@vp0(j, T )
j`cgPpTl`TKtEcgj`i
(j, T )\`l`T=v ¢(O'PpTvª^nc^`ve
t > 0c]PpT#sbT=vR\]cgTK\
pt(j, T ) j`i ^`vNe*oR^ni]c]tmT¬mm®£qT
β exp(−βT )pt(j)¥fV=N¦
j@i \rj@SUTpt(j)
¢O'PR\ t=^nv£qT#\]Ppjv^`\' j@mmj \=¢ / \'c]PRT#vNcgTigvR^nm sbT=`igT=\g\jn i]T=T=sbj@S jn0vpRvpc]Tv_pS£qT=ijn0oR^ni]c]tmT=\'^`i]T¬¢ ¢ s ¢(ig^`vRsbj`S l^`i]^n£RmTK\Nc]PRTvc]PpT=i]T¬Ta\rcd^p¢ \¢c]PRTmSUcu\
T (t) = limΛ→∞
1
Λ
∑
i:xi∈Λ
Ti(t), K(t) = limΛ→∞
1
Λ
∑
i:xi∈Λ
Kji(t)
Tab\rc ^cd^nveUcgSUTt¢O8 voR^ni]c]t_Rm^`i=b^p¢ \=¢0 j`i ^nveUpabTKsl^`m_pTK\'jn
Kji(t)
c]PpTmSUcg\
T (t) = limΛ→∞
1
Λ
∑
i:xi∈Λ
Ti(t, ~K(t))
Tab\rc ^nvRs^nigTXTN_R^nm¢O5 T=i]T ~K(t) = Kji(t), i = 1, 2, ...
¢ªj@i]T=jl`T=i3 j@i ^nveD`l`T=v ~K(t)
c]PpT=i]T\^U\rT N_pTvRtT¬jn7kf_pSUoSUj@ST=vNcg\
t1 < t2 < ... < tn < ...
j`q9^@\fcI£RvR^`i]etj`mm\]j@vR\(^nvqsPRT=^c(cgig^`vR\r TiKnPptuPUspjvpjnc3tuPR^`vp`T'oR^`ig^`SUTc]T=ig\ji
¥ ^nvRsc]P_R\Kji
¦j`0c]PpTSj@mTKt_pmT=\=¢#8
sf
^nvqssβ
¢ c]T=vRscgjDvpRvpcfeT#PR^l@T#^p¢ \¢cgPpTigT#mm£qTD:EvbRvpc]T :¬v_pS£7Tij`9^@\fctj`mm\]j@vR\^nvRsGPpTK^ccgig^`vR\f T=ig\¬£7TcfTT=v ^nveªcfj_RvR^nige|igT=^@tEc]j`vq\¢ 8 c j@mmj \Xc]PR^nc^nvecgSUT
tTPR^l@TX^opigjbsb_Rtc STK^`\]_pigT¥rVN¦¢
Tmm0\rc]_qsbec]PpTU\rT N_pTvRtTK(t)
¢ / \X^nvec]SUTSUj@ST=vNct ≥ 0
TPq^l`TT (t) = β−1 op_bc^`m\]j
T (0) = β−1 j`i tj@vNc]vN_Rcfe@¢ j cgPpTigTXcfjUo7j@\g\r£pmc]T=\
V`¢K(0) < K(∞)
c]PR\SUT=^`vR\IcgPR^cc]PRTvpTcgtTvpT=i]@e`Nop_pSUo7T=s_poDcgjcgPpTX\]eb\fcgTS c]Pc]PpTPpT=^nc=p\c]iu^nvq\f j@i]SUT=s*c]jcgPpT#tuPpTSUt^`m®TvpT=i]@e
zb¢K(0) > K(∞)
'c]PR\SUTK^nvR\UcgPR^ccgPpT|tuPpT=SUt=^nmTvRTig`e\Uc]iu^nvq\f j@i]SUT=s%c]j.cgPpT¡vpTcgtTvpT=i]@e`bPptuP`jT=\'j@_bc ^`\c]PRTPpT=^nc=¢
8 vNc]T=i]TK\fcgvRU\]c]_R^nc]j`vR\^`opoqTK^ni' j@iJ > 2
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Unité de recherche INRIA RocquencourtDomaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt - BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)
Unité de recherche INRIA Lorraine : LORIA, Technopôle de Nancy-Brabois - Campus scientifique615, rue du Jardin Botanique - BP 101 - 54602 Villers-lès-Nancy Cedex (France)
Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France)Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes : 655, avenue de l’Europe - 38330 Montbonnot-St-Martin (France)
Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis : 2004, route des Lucioles - BP 93 - 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France)
ÉditeurINRIA - Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt, BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)
ISSN 0249-6399